EP3969940A1 - Vorrichtung zur erfassung einer auf eine augenlinse auftreffenden strahlungsdosis - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zur erfassung einer auf eine augenlinse auftreffenden strahlungsdosisInfo
- Publication number
- EP3969940A1 EP3969940A1 EP20729962.9A EP20729962A EP3969940A1 EP 3969940 A1 EP3969940 A1 EP 3969940A1 EP 20729962 A EP20729962 A EP 20729962A EP 3969940 A1 EP3969940 A1 EP 3969940A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- radiation
- detector
- dose
- incidence
- sensor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/02—Dosimeters
- G01T1/023—Scintillation dose-rate meters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/02—Dosimeters
- G01T1/026—Semiconductor dose-rate meters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T7/00—Details of radiation-measuring instruments
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for detecting a radiation dose impinging on an eye lens.
- the invention also relates to a protective device with such a device.
- the invention also relates to the use of a corresponding device for determining a radiation dose actually hitting the eye lens of a user.
- the invention also relates to a protective device with such a device for determining a radiation dose impinging on an eye lens.
- the invention relates to a method for determining a radiation dose striking an eye lens of a user.
- a device for measuring the eye lens dose is known from DE 20 2014 005 506 Ul.
- An active dosimeter system is also known from EP 3 220 166 B1.
- the essence of the invention consists in providing the device for detecting a radiation dose impinging on the eye lens of a user with a means for attenuating the radiation to be detected by means of at least one sensor element.
- From the attenuating means is assigned in particular to the at least one sensor element. It is arranged in particular adjacent to the at least one sensor element. In particular, it is at a distance of at most 5 cm, in particular at most 3 cm, in particular at most 2 cm, in particular at most 1 cm from the sensor element.
- the device for detecting the radiation dose impinging on an eye lens is also referred to as an eye lens dosimeter. According to the invention, it was recognized that this allows account to be taken of the fact that a user of the device according to the invention often wears protective equipment, in particular protective goggles, so that only part of the radiation reaches the user's eye.
- the radiation to be detected is in particular ionizing radiation, in particular special X-rays. It can also be radioactive radiation.
- the radiation to be detected has in particular photon energies in the range of 1 keV to 20 MeV, in particular in the range of up to 250 keV, in particular in the range of up to 100 keV, in particular in the range of 1 keV to 200 keV.
- an electronic detector device is designated as the active detector device.
- the means for attenuating the radiation to be detected by means of the at least one sensor element leads in particular to the attenuation of radiation with photon energies in the range from 1 keV to 100 keV, in particular in the range from 1 keV to 200 keV by at least 10%, in particular at least 20 %, in particular at least 30%.
- the means for attenuating the radiation to be detected leads, in particular, to a weakening of the radiation in a predetermined range of the expected photon energy, which precisely corresponds to the attenuation of a specific protective device.
- the means for attenuating the radiation to be detected by means of the at least one sensor element for radiation with a photon energy in the range of up to 150 keV has a transmittance of at most 70%, in particular at most 50%.
- the means for attenuating the radiation to be detected by means of the at least one sensor element corresponds in particular to a Bl ei equivalent of at least 0.1 mm, in particular at least 0.2 mm, in particular at least 0.35 mm, in particular at least 0.5 mm.
- the attenuating agent acts as a radiation blocker for a considerable proportion of the radiation to be detected.
- the means for attenuating the radiation to be detected by means of the at least one sensor element for radiation in the visible range has a transmittance of at least 70%, in particular at least 85%. This information applies in particular to a wavelength of 500 nm.
- the means for attenuation can in particular be optically transparent. This makes it possible to use the attenuating means not only to attenuate the radiation impinging on the sensor element, but at the same time also to attenuate the radiation actually impinging on the eye lens.
- the means for weakening has a proportion of lead, tungsten, bismuth, strontium or a compound of these elements, in particular lead oxide.
- the attenuating means can in particular comprise a lead glass or a lead plate.
- the means for attenuating the radiation is exchangeable.
- the attenuating means can be replaced without tools. In particular, it can be manually inserted, for example inserted, into a holder provided for this purpose. This facilitates the replacement of the attenuating agent.
- the attenuating means from the intended use of the device is arranged rostrally from the at least one sensor element.
- it is arranged in front of the sensor element, in particular in front of the entry surface of the entirety of the sensor elements.
- the distance between the attenuating agent and the sensor element is preferably small. It is in particular at most 3 cm, in particular at most 2 cm, in particular at most 1 cm, in particular at most 5 mm, in particular at most 3 mm.
- the attenuation means protrudes laterally over the entirety of the sensor elements. In particular, it projects up to 0.5 cm, in particular up to 1 cm, over the entirety of the sensor elements.
- the total extent of the weakening agent in a main direction of extent is in particular in the range from 5 mm to 30 mm, in particular in the range from 10 mm to 20 mm.
- the smallest possible design of the from weakening means leads to a particularly light design of the device. This leads to greater comfort when the device is worn on the head.
- radiation protective goggles or a dummy of such radiation protective goggles are used as the attenuating means.
- the filter can also be made of a different material, but have the same absorption capacity as specified protective goggles.
- a filter made from the glass of protective goggles or a material corresponding to the absorption capacity can serve as the attenuating means. This can in particular be arranged in front of the detector device, in particular in front of the sensor element.
- the device has a holding device for arranging the detector device in the vicinity of a user's eyes.
- the holding device in particular enables the detector device to be arranged at a distance of at most 30 cm, in particular at most 20 cm, in particular at most 10 cm, in particular at most 5 cm, in particular at most 3 cm from the lens of a user.
- the detector device By arranging the detector device in the vicinity of the eye it can be achieved that the radiation dose impinging on the eye lens is actually detected.
- the detector device has at least two sensor elements. At least one of the sensor elements is assigned to one eye.
- the device has in particular at least one sensor element assigned to the left eye and at least one sensor element assigned to the right eye.
- the sensor elements assigned to the two eyes are designed separately, in particular at a distance from one another. They can have a distance which corresponds to the eye relief.
- the distance between the two sensor elements is in particular in the range from 4 cm to 8 cm, in particular in the range from 5 cm to 7 cm.
- the distance between the sensor elements can also be in the range of up to 30 cm. It is preferably at most 20 cm.
- the sensor element has a plurality of sensor pixels in each case.
- the sensor element is therefore also referred to as pixelated.
- a pixelated design of the sensor element enables greater flexibility in the acquisition and / or further processing of the radiation pattern.
- a plurality of sensor pixels can in particular be used to determine an angle dependency.
- the sensor pixels can be arranged in an array, in particular in a 1D array or a 2D array.
- the number of sensor pixels can be at least 2, especially at least 4, especially at least 6, especially 9, especially at least 12, especially at least 16, especially at least 25, especially at least 36, especially at least 64, especially at least 256, especially at least 1024, in particular at least 10,000, in particular at least 100,000, in particular at least 300,000, in particular at least 1,000,000 amounts.
- the size of the sensor pixels is in the range from 10 ⁇ m to 1 mm, in particular in the range from 25 ⁇ m to 1 mm. It is preferably at most 100 ⁇ m.
- the size of a pixel is understood here to mean in particular the maximum diameter of the entry area of this pixel.
- the sensor element can in particular be designed as a semiconductor detector, in particular with a radiation-sensitive sensor layer made of silicon, gallium arsenite, cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride.
- a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) or a CCD camera can also be used.
- the sensor element has at least two subsets of sensor pixels of different sizes and / or dimensions.
- the sensor element can in particular have exactly two, three, four, five or more subsets of sensor pixels of different sizes and / or dimensions.
- the sensor pixels of different sizes differ in particular by at least a factor of 2. They are designed in particular in such a way that in each case a larger pixel can be replaced by a plurality of smaller pixels. Different pixel sizes enable different dose rates to be recorded. The larger pixels are used to record low dose rates, the smaller pixels are used to record high dose rates.
- the detector has a plurality of different energy channels.
- the number of energy channels can in particular be two, in particular at least two, in particular at least four, in particular at least eight, in particular at least sixteen.
- the sensor unit in particular the sensor element, preferably has overall dimensions, in particular a total entry area, of at most 10 cm 2 , in particular at most 5 cm 2 , in particular at most 2 cm 2 , in particular at most 1 cm 2 , in particular at most 0 .5 cm 2 , in particular at most 0.3 cm 2 , in particular at most 0.15 cm 2 .
- a small design of the sensor element leads to an advantageous weight saving.
- the sensor element is designed such that it detects the incident radiation in an energy-resolving manner and / or in an angle-resolving manner. This can be achieved through the design, in particular the size, of the sensor pixels, additionally provided filter and / or obscuration elements and / or the arrangement of the sensor pixels.
- the entry surface of the detector device is oriented obliquely forward. You can for example have an angle of inclination to the straight direction of 30 ° or 45 °. This makes it possible to better record lateral irradiation, which can lead to a higher dose load.
- the orientation of a surface is understood here to mean the direction of its normal.
- the sensor element has an incidence surface which has an orientation that can be adjustably aligned relative to the holding device. This improves the flexibility of the detection of laterally incident radiation.
- the detector device has at least one filter and / or absorber element.
- the already mentioned attenuating means can serve as a filter and / or absorber element.
- a separate filter element can also be provided for adapting the radiation passed through to the sensitivity of the detectors. This makes it possible, in particular with identical sensor pixels, to measure different doses. Different sensor pixels can be provided with different filter elements.
- An absorber element can in particular be used to determine the direction of incidence of the radiation. This is described in more detail below.
- the at least one filter and / or absorber element is made from a material with a higher atomic number than tissue.
- the filter and / or absorber element can in particular be made of aluminum, tin or lead or a connection of these elements or have such a connection. These materials have proven their worth for shielding or attenuating ionizing radiation.
- the at least one filter and / or absorber element has a greatest thickness of less than 5 mm, in particular less than 3 mm, in particular less than 2 mm, in particular less than 1 mm, in particular less than 0.5 mm, in particular less than 0.3 mm, in particular less than 0.2 mm, in particular less than 0.1 mm.
- a small thickness enables a particularly light design of the filter and / or absorber element.
- the absorber element is spherical, kegelför mig, cuboid, in particular cube-shaped, hollow cylinder-shaped, hollow cuboid, with an opening, in particular ring-shaped, toroidal or hemispherical with opening, or as an arrangement of rods.
- the at least one absorber element has a hollow-spherical-half-shell segment-shaped design, the center points of the inner and outer limiting spheres not coinciding.
- the at least one filter and / or absorber element is assigned to at least one of the sensor elements. It is in particular at a distance of at most 5 cm, in particular at most 3 cm, in particular at most 2 cm, in particular at most 1 cm, in particular at most 0.5 cm, in particular at most 0.3 cm from the associated sensor element. It can also be arranged directly in front of the sensor element.
- the holding device is designed in such a way that it enables the detector device to be arranged on the head of a user.
- the holding device can in particular have a head holder, for example a headband, or a glasses frame.
- the holding device is preferably adjustable. It can also be designed to be elastic or have elastic elements. This can improve wearing comfort.
- the at least one sensor element is arranged temporally from an eye of the user when the holding device is worn.
- the sensor element can in particular be arranged on the inside of a temple piece.
- the at least one sensor element is at a distance of at most 10 cm, in particular at most 5 cm, in particular at most 3 cm, in particular at most 2 cm, in particular at most 1 cm, in particular when the holding device is to be worn at most 0.5 cm, in particular at most 0.3 cm, in particular at most 0.2 cm, is arranged in relation to a frontal plane running through the eye lenses of the user.
- the at least one sensor element is closed at a distance of at most 10 cm, in particular at most 5 cm, in particular at most 3 cm, in particular at most 2 cm, in particular at most 1 cm, when the holding device is being worn a transversal plane running through the eye lenses of the user.
- the sensor element can also be arranged at a distance of at least 1 cm, in particular at least 2 cm, to a transverse plane running through the eye lenses of the user.
- the sensor element can in particular be arranged on the forehead or behind the glasses of protective goggles.
- An arrangement on the forehead enables the device to be designed independently of the protective goggles used.
- the device is preferably integrated into the protective goggles.
- the filter and / or absorber element has a geometric design such that the radiation incident on the at least one sensor element experiences an attenuation that is dependent on the angle of incidence.
- the absorber element is therefore also referred to as an angle tracker. It forms an obscuration screen, which is also referred to as an obscuration, which casts a shadow on the sensor element in the relevant photon energy range, in particular in the range of photon energies from 10 keV to 150 keV.
- One or more spheres, a ring-shaped element, rod-shaped elements or absorber plates / half-shells with one or more openings can serve as the absorber element.
- the detector device enables continuous detection of the incident radiation. In particular, it enables dead time-free acquisition of the incident radiation. This can be achieved through a sequential evaluation of the sensor pixels or the energy channels.
- the device has an evaluation unit for evaluating the acquired radiation data.
- the evaluation unit enables in particular the calculation of an angle-dependent attenuation of the radiation.
- specific data / properties, in particular transmission characteristics, of different protective devices, in particular different protective goggles, can be taken into account.
- the evaluation unit is designed electronically.
- it comprises a printed circuit board.
- the detector device and the evaluation unit are arranged on a common printed circuit board. They can also be arranged in a common housing.
- the housing can be encapsulated in a liquid-tight manner. This leads to an advantageous protection of the detector device.
- the circuit board preferably has a total area of 100 cm 2 , in particular a maximum of 64 cm 2 , in particular a maximum of 36 cm 2 , in particular a maximum of 20 cm 2 , in particular a maximum of 10 cm 2.
- a transmission device for wireless forwarding of the recorded and / or evaluated data is preferably provided on the circuit board of the detector device and / or the evaluation unit.
- the evaluation unit is integrated into the holding device.
- it can be integrated into a temple piece. This leads to a particularly high level of comfort.
- the evaluation unit has a memory for storing transmission data of different protective goggles.
- the corresponding transmission characteristics can thus be taken into account computationally in a simple manner when evaluating the recorded data.
- the device has a memory device for storing the data recorded by the individual sensor elements.
- the recorded data can be stored pixel by pixel and / or by energy channel. In particular, the results can be histogrammed.
- the storage device can have a plurality of storage locations. This makes it possible to save the aforementioned data on a user-specific basis. This can be advantageous if several different users share a dosimeter device, that is to say use it alternately one after the other.
- the detector device is connected to the holding device in a reversibly detachable manner. This is also particularly useful in the event that several users share the device, that is to say use it alternately one after the other. Each user can have their own personal holding device. This leads to improved hygiene.
- the detector device can be connected to the holding device by means of a bayonet catch, magnetically, by means of a Velcro fastener or by means of a form fit. Combinations are also possible.
- the detector device can in particular be removed from the holding device without tools. This simplifies the change for different users.
- the device has a transmission device for wireless forwarding of data.
- the recorded data can be passed on particularly easily to an external recording point.
- the at least one sensor element is each wirelessly connected in a signal-transmitted manner to an evaluation unit. This makes it possible to design the evaluation unit separately from the detector device. This allows the weight of the components of the device to be worn on the head to be reduced.
- the device has a separate energy supply unit, in particular a removable battery unit.
- a separate energy supply unit in particular a removable battery unit.
- rechargeable batteries or batteries can be integrated into the device.
- the energy supply unit can be charged wirelessly.
- it can have an inductive charging element.
- it can be charged by simply placing it on a charging pad.
- lines which transmit energy and / or signals are integrated into the holding device.
- the holding device can in particular have an interface for connecting the detector device.
- energy and / or signal-transmitting cables can be arranged in or on a temple or on a headband.
- the lines can in particular serve to supply energy to the detector device. They can also be used for signal transmission from or to the detector device.
- the device has an additional detector device.
- the additional detector device can be designed to be removable. It can be designed in accordance with the first detector device. It can also have other characteristics than the first detector device. It can be used in particular to record a whole-body dose.
- the second detector device can in particular be arranged on a separate evaluation unit or on a separate energy supply unit.
- the object of the invention to improve an eye lens dosimeter is also achieved by a device with an active detector device for detecting ionizing radiation with a pixelated sensor device with a plurality of sensor elements and an absorber structure which has a geometric design , in such a way that the Sor device incident radiation experiences an attenuation dependent on the angle of incidence.
- the absorber structure is here in particular arranged adjacent, in particular adjacent in the sagittal direction, to the sensor device.
- the absorber structure is in particular arranged in the beam path of the incident radiation in front of the sensor device.
- At least a subset of the sensor elements is unobscured in a predetermined solid angle range of at least 0.001 sr, in particular at least 0.006 sr, in particular at least 0.02 sr, in particular at least 0.05 sr, in particular at least 0.2 sr .
- the angle spectrum of the incident radiation can also be determined by calculation. It can in particular be determined from the attenuation, which is dependent on the angle of incidence, of the radiation impinging on the sensor device by means of the absorber structure.
- the angle-of-incidence-dependent effect of the incident radiation in particular its attenuation by a specific protective device, in particular specific radiation protective goggles, can also be determined by calculation. In this case, there is no need for a dummy lens.
- the subset of sensor elements which are unobserved in the predetermined solid angle range are in particular not shaded by other components of the device. This is achieved in that all components of the device are arranged outside the specified solid angle range.
- the invention relates to an active eye lens dosimeter or the use of the device according to the preceding description as an eye lens dosimeter.
- the eye lens dosimeter in particular has an absorber with which the Winkelab dependence of the eye lens dose, in particular the dose size Hp (3), can be adjusted can.
- the absorber has, for example, the volume shape of a cylinder, a cone or a sphere.
- a further object of the invention is to improve the determination of a radiation dose actually striking the eye lens of a user.
- This object is achieved by using a device according to the preceding description. It is achieved in particular by using a device according to the preceding description for measuring the eye lens dose.
- the device according to the preceding description is used in interventional radiology, neurosurgery, orthopedics, trauma surgery or cardiac surgery.
- Another object of the invention is to improve a protective device for protecting the eye lenses of a user from incident radiation.
- a protective device with a means for attenuating ionizing radiation striking an eye lens and a device in accordance with the preceding description.
- the attenuating means can in particular be protective goggles, a protective visor or a protective helmet.
- the device is arranged behind the means for attenuating the radiation in the direction of incidence of the radiation.
- the sensor element of the dosimeter is arranged in particular behind the lens of the protective goggles.
- the sensor elements are each arranged on the temples of protective glasses. In particular, they are at a distance from the spectacle lens in the range from 0.1 cm to 5 cm, in particular not more than 3 cm.
- the protective device has a display for displaying information about the detected radiation to the user.
- the display can be visual, auditory or haptic. It generally forms a means of transmitting information.
- the information about the detected radiation can, for example, be displayed in the glass of the protective goggles.
- a warning light, a sound signal or a haptic signal, in particular a vibration signal, can also serve as information for the user.
- the display is designed such that it shows the user information about the angle of incidence distribution and / or the intensity of the incident radiation.
- the display is integrated in the holding device, in particular in the spectacle frame.
- the display is designed as a separate component. It can be designed, for example, as a monitor, armband or a display on a smartphone or a tablet, in particular in an app.
- the display is designed as a separate component, in particular more detailed data on the detected radiation dose, for example also its development over time, can be shown.
- the protective device has a means for generating a warning signal when a predetermined radiation dose is exceeded. It can also generate a warning signal when a certain momentary radiation intensity is exceeded.
- Another object of the invention is to improve a method for determining a radiation dose impinging on a user's eye lens.
- This object is achieved by a method in which an actual radiation dose is detected or approximated behind radiation protection goggles.
- a corresponding dummy protective goggle is provided and arranged in front of a detector device to simulate the effect of a certain radiation protection goggles.
- the effect of certain protective goggles is taken into account by calculation.
- the transmission characteristics of different protective goggles can be stored in a memory. This makes it possible to easily select the effect of specific protective goggles.
- a determination of an angle of incidence of the radiation is carried out.
- the determination of the angle of incidence is carried out in an energy-dependent manner.
- the eye lens dose for the left eye and for the right eye is recorded and / or calculated separately from one another.
- the radiation dose determined is stored in a user-specific manner in a memory unit.
- a sensor unit for detecting ionizing radiation for the purpose of dosimetry of ionizing radiation consisting of at least one detector and at least one radiation filter, is provided in front of the at least one detector.
- the sensor unit comprises an angle tracker.
- the detector has small and large pixels.
- a dummy of the X-ray protection for example a glass and / or side protection of X-ray protective goggles, is placed in front of and / or next to the detector.
- the invention relates to a dosimeter for measuring a dose of measured quantity of ionizing radiation with at least one corresponding sensor unit.
- the dosimeter for measuring the eye lens dose of ionizing radiation can in particular be designed in such a way that the sensor unit is attached in the vicinity of the eye.
- a dosimeter system with such a dosimeter can display measured values on an external display.
- the device containing the readout unit or control unit or evaluation unit or transmission unit or a battery or a rechargeable battery can be equipped with a further radiation detector, which means that this device itself can be used as a dosimeter.
- FIG. 1A and 1B show sketches of a possible positioning of two sensor units over the eyes (Fig. 1A) and the positioning of the readout unit (Fig. 1B) held by a bracket similar to those known from ActionCams,
- Fig. 2, 3, 10, 11 show sketches of possible configurations of the radiation filter before
- 9A, 9B, 9C, 11 show sketches of possible configurations of the angle tracker.
- 12A, 12B illustrate the positioning and dimensioning of the protective glass dummy in front of the radiation detector in comparison to the positioning of the protective glasses lens in front of the eye lens.
- the angles ABC and DEF are ideally chosen to be the same.
- the vertices of the angles are ideally in the center of the eye lens (point B) or in the center of the entrance surface of the detector (point E).
- the thickness of the protective glass dummy corresponds to the thickness of the protective glasses lens if both are made of the same material. If they are not made of the same material, a thickness is selected for the protective glass dummy that ideally causes the same attenuation for X-rays as the protective glasses lens.
- the dummy protective glass is typically smaller than the protective glasses lens.
- the distance from the protective glasses lens to the eye lens is greater than the distance of the dummy protective glass from the radiation detector.
- 13A, 13B show exemplary positions of the radiation sensors for the eye lens dose measurement and an exemplary position of the additional detector or the additional sensor unit for the whole-body dose measurement.
- 14A, 14B show exemplary further positions (the end of the arrows in FIG. 14A) of the radiation sensors for the eye lens dose measurement and an exemplary position (the end of the arrow in FIG. 14B) of the additional detector or the additional sensor unit for the whole-body dose measurement.
- lens filters spherical shell segments but no hemispherical shell
- (c) the positioning and functioning at different angles of incidence of the lens filter in front of the detector is sketched in a side view.
- the rays hitting the sensor at an angle of incidence of 0 ° and 60 ° are shown as an example.
- h denotes the height of the lens filter, d its thickness, n the inner radius of the lens and h Ai the height above the aluminum bracket, which is referred to here as aluminum bars.
- the rays hitting the detector traverse longer distances through the caps on average than with perpendicular incidence. Due to the curved shape of the Ku gelschalensegmente the path difference compared to perpendicular incidence is smaller than with flat plates. In contrast to hemispherical shells, the increasing absorption in the tissue is taken into account.
- 16 shows a sketch to illustrate the path difference of the rays through the lens at different points of impact on the sensor, which is used to determine the angle and correct the angle dependency of the dose measured variable.
- the rays impinging on the outer edges of the sensor, which cover the distances si and S2 in the lens filter, are shown as an example.
- ti and ⁇ 2 denote the intersection of the straight lines of the incident rays with the y-axis and a denotes the angle of incidence.
- the inner and outer radius of the lens is given by n and r a h denotes the height of the lens and b the edge length of the radiation detector.
- 17 shows the sketch of the shadow cast by the spherical absorber on the sensor for various distances between the sphere and the sensor.
- NEN h and h ' denote the distance from the center of the sphere to the sensor and a g and a g ' those angles of incidence up to which the shadow of the sphere center point falls on the sensor.
- the edge length of the sensor is denoted by d.
- 19 shows a sketch to illustrate the shadow cast by the annular absorber on the sensor at positive and negative angles of incidence.
- FIG. 20 shows a sketch of the shadow cast by the annular absorber on the
- the scaling of the sensor is given in pixels.
- the outer edge of the first pixel (0 pixels) and the outer edge of the last pixel (16 pixels) are marked.
- h denotes the distance between the sensor and the ring n n the inner diameter of the ring and d the edge length of the sensor.
- the position of the shadow of the left and right halves of the ring at normal incidence is denoted by so ⁇ .
- a ⁇ the position of these shadows is given by s ⁇ .
- FIG. 21 shows a sketch of the position of the center point of the circular shadow of the annular absorber above the sensor.
- the scaling of the sensor is given in pixels.
- the outer edge of the first pixel (0 pixels) and the outer edge of the last pixel (16 pixels) are marked.
- H denotes the sum of the distance between the sensor and the ring and its cord thickness, and mo and m the position of the center point MP of the circular shadow at perpendicular incidence or at the angle of incidence a.
- Fig. 22 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the device for
- the detector device can be coupled to the holding device via an interface. In particular, it can be coupled both mechanically and electrically, in particular in a signal-transmitting manner, via the interface.
- Fig. 22 both a provided in the removable part of the device power supply unit and a separate power supply unit is shown. In principle, one of these two units can be dispensed with.
- the separate component attached to the holding device can also be a transmission / transmission unit.
- Fig. 23 shows an exemplary view of the removable component of the Detek gate device according to FIG. 22 from the front.
- the signal-transmitting connection between the sensor elements and a control / evaluation unit is shown schematically. This can in particular be designed in the form of a microcontroller.
- a housing of the detector device is also indicated schematically in FIG. 23.
- 24 and 25 show an example of a protective device in the form of radiation protective goggles with an integrated dosimeter.
- FIG. 26 shows an alternative embodiment of the protective goggles according to FIG. 24, in which the sensor elements are oriented obliquely forward.
- the invention disclosed below is to be assigned to the field of personal dosimetry of ionizing radiation, in particular to eye lens dosimetry.
- the use as an active eye lens dosimeter is particularly to be cited as a potential field of application of the invention. It is advisable to determine the dose of the eye lens Hp (3), for example in interventional radiology, neurosurgery, orthopedics, trauma surgery, cardiac surgery, since in these work areas with increased radiation exposure tion of the eye lens is to be expected. Dosimetry of alpha, beta, proton or gamma radiation is also conceivable in addition to X-rays. Due to new knowledge about the formation of radiation-induced cataracts, the limit value of the eye lens dose in Germany was significantly reduced on 01.01.2019. It is therefore advisable to check the eye lens dose to ensure that this limit value is not exceeded.
- the invention can be used as a personal dosimeter for determining the depth dose Hp (10) or for determining the surface dose Hp (0.07) Hp (0.07) or the associated direction-dependent variables.
- the invention disclosed here can also be used to determine the local sockets H * (10) or FF (d, fi).
- the listed personal doses, the depth dose Hp (10), the surface dose Hp (0.07) and the eye lens dose Hp (3) are given as the equivalent dose in 10 mm, 0.07 mm and 3 mm depth of the human tissue at the location of the dosimeter Are defined.
- Dosimeters are divided into active and passive dosimeters.
- the group of passive dosimeters includes, for example, film dosimeters, OSL dosimeters or TLD dosimeters. They are used for official dose measurement in Germany.
- the disadvantage of passive dosimeters is that, unlike electronic, active dosimeters, they do not display the current dose. These dosimeters are only read out after a longer period of time, usually one month. An immediate response to high doses or dose rates to avoid Radiation damage is therefore not possible.
- active dosimeters have the disadvantage that they fail at high dose rates or short pulse durations. This problem does not occur with passive dosimeters.
- the invention disclosed here describes, inter alia, a method that makes it possible to determine and output not only the eye lens dose and the current eye lens dose rate, but also the direction of incidence of the radiation, in real time. This allows the person wearing the dosimeter - based on the dose value determined, the current dose rate and the direction of the radiation source - to take countermeasures if necessary to reduce radiation exposure and thus prevent radiation damage, such as the formation of cataracts.
- DE 20 2014 005 506 U1 describes a device for measuring the eye lens dose, which consists of an absorber layer, a material or several materials that partially absorbs the incoming ionizing radiation, a subsequent detector layer and an evaluation unit, which the in the detector layer deposited radiation energy determined, composed.
- the absorber layer is characterized by the fact that its effect on ionizing Generating radiation corresponding to a tissue equivalent layer with a thickness of 2 mm to 4 mm.
- the absorber proposed in this patent is a layer. According to DUDEN, a layer describes a “uniform mass lying over, below or between others over a large area”. Accordingly, the proposed absorber geometry is, mathematically speaking, a cuboid, as is also shown in the attached drawings, FIGS. 1 and 2, in DE 20 2014 005 506 U1. Other volume shapes, such as, for example, a cylinder, a cone or a sphere, as provided by the invention disclosed here, among other things, are not disclosed by this invention.
- the problem with such an absorber layer i. a cuboid is that the angle dependency of the eye lens dose Hp (3) and the associated local dose H '(3, 12) cannot be adequately reproduced.
- the dose measurement parameter H ’(3, ß) is defined in a 3 mm depth of a ball made of tissue-like material.
- the distance through the absorber increases with an increase in the angle of incidence ⁇ according to l / cos (a). The increase in the distance up to a depth of 3 mm in a sphere with increasing angle of incidence is less.
- the shape of the head on which an eye lens dosimeter is worn also corresponds more to that of a cylinder than a cuboid.
- H '(3, ⁇ ) at non-perpendicular incidence is therefore not possible with a simple absorber layer, in particular for high angles of incidence.
- the absorber geometries proposed here which, as already mentioned, also include other volume shapes besides cuboids, or with the aid of the device proposed here for determining the angle of incidence, however, correct consideration of the angle dependence of the eye lens dose Hp (3) or the H '( 3, i2) and thus a dose reconstruction up to high angles of incidence is possible.
- the absorber proposed in DE 20 2014 005 506 U1 is also not suitable for analogous reasons.
- the risk of significant radiation exposure of the eye lens is particularly high in interventional radiology, neurosurgery, orthopedics, trauma surgery and cardiac surgery. This is also very different from the dose for the upper body, as the eye cannot be protected by a lead vest.
- special protective goggles are worn to protect the eye lens during such operations, with very large angles of incidence, which here and below denote the angle between the negative directional vector of the incident radiation and the perpendicular to the eyeball through the pupil, these do not offer sufficient protection .
- Even in the case of integrated side protection the lens of the eye is sometimes almost unprotected from radiation that hits "from below".
- Such large angles of incidence occur with the examiner's head posture in angiography, since the x-ray tube is usually located slightly above head height to the left of the examiner and the examiner looks straight ahead at the screen.
- the radiation hitting the eye lens first passes through the protective spectacle lens if it is worn, which is not always the case. Due to the thickness of the glass (in the millimeter range), its attenuation depends on the angle of incidence and the shape and composition of the glass. Here again, as with tissue, the energy dependence of the weakening in the glass is added. A consideration of this angle and energy dependency of the absorb the lead glass in addition to that of the tissue until the radiation has reached 3 mm tissue depth, is therefore inevitable.
- the present invention describes several ways to take these dependencies into account when determining the dose and thus helps to precisely measure the eye lens endoscopy in individual cases.
- the first goal to be mentioned is the design of an active eye lens dosimeter, which also has the option of a display or other information option, to transmit the accumulated dose or the dose line to the user, so that he has the opportunity to adequately approach the prevailing radiation exposure react.
- a device which comprises at least one sensor unit which is attached in the vicinity of the eyes.
- This sensor unit or sensor units are directly connected to an evaluation unit and / or a control unit that allow the Detect the dose in real time using the measurement data from the sensor unit and make the necessary settings on the sensor unit and supply it with (electrical) energy.
- the evaluation unit and / or control unit is in wireless or wired signal connection with a display device for displaying the dose, the current dose rate and possibly the angle of incidence of the radiation.
- the signals can be sent to the corresponding display device with the aid of cables, but preferably wirelessly, for example via Bluetooth.
- Acoustic or optical warning signals are also used to inform the wearer about the current radiation output.
- a display can be provided inside the glasses for quick information of the wearer about the direction of the incident radiation and the dose value.
- a further object of the invention is the correct reconstruction of the dose of the eye lens over a wide angular range from 0 degrees up to high angles of incidence close to 90 degrees in order to also detect that radiation which hits the eye unshielded.
- it must be possible to reconstruct the dose over a wide energy range.
- this object is achieved by one or more radiation filters (also sometimes called absorbers) which are located above the radiation-sensitive sensor unit in the direction of the incident radiation above the active surface. These filters can consist of a pure mate rial or a mixture of several materials.
- filters that have a non-planar shape are also provided in particular.
- the angle dependency of the absorption must be taken into account, which is why planar filters are to be regarded as disadvantageous, but not excluded.
- the shape of the filter should, if possible, show an increasing absorption, ie an increase in the path length of the radiation through the filter or the filter combination, with an increasing angle of incidence.
- These radiation filters also enable a special energy range to be selected. If several detectors with filters of different materials are used, a very broad energy range can be covered, the different detectors being responsible for different energy ranges depending on the material of the radiation filter. If only one detector is used, a desired energy range can be observed with the selection of the filter material.
- the displayed dose must be very close to that of the eye, which is usually located behind the radiation protection goggles. It is a further object of the invention to take into account the shielding effect of the protective glass. Since the field of vision should not be restricted, it is hardly possible to attach the dosimeter behind the lead glass of protective goggles. To take into account the shielding by the spectacle lens, two possibilities are proposed: On the one hand, according to the invention, a filter made of the corresponding spectacle lens or a material with a corresponding absorption capacity can be attached in front of the detector.
- protective glass dummy or dummy covers in relation to the detector according to the principle of rays roughly corresponds to the situation between the spectacle lens and the eye lens, and if the dummy is oriented in space in a similar way to the spectacle lens, then the correct consideration of the angle-dependent weakening of the protective glass is approximately given, provided that the effective thickness of the protective glass dummy corresponds approximately to the effective thickness of the spectacle lens worn.
- the invention disclosed here for determining the angle of incidence and the familiarity of the composition and the shape of the protective glass can be used to calculate this absorption, and thus to take account of this. Since the dosimeter is placed close to the eyes, a good approximation of the actual dose behind the radiation protection goggles is guaranteed.
- the invention disclosed here solves the problem of determining the angle of incidence of the incident radiation. This enables a targeted reaction of the wearer and a calculation of the weakening effect of the spectacle lens. By determining the angle of incidence, it is possible to correct the reconstructed dose with regard to the angle-dependent absorption, both of the tissue and of the protective glass. If the angle of incidence of the incident radiation is known, the path length of the incident radiation through the tissue to the target depth (3mm for the lens of the eye) and the path length of the radiation through the protective glass can be calculated. If the energy spectrum of the incident ionizing radiation is determined at the same time, this information can be used to draw conclusions about the absorption effect of both materials. For this purpose, ICRU tissue can be assumed in the case of tissue the.
- the solution to this problem is also a solution to the problem of determining the dose of the eye lens over a wide angle range.
- an additional absorber or volume with less absorption than the surroundings, e.g. a hole
- an arrangement of several absorbers is attached above the sensor unit in the direction of the incident radiation or around this sensor unit.
- This arrangement of absorbers is also referred to below as an angle tracker and can also be attached in addition to the filters described above. They do not cover the entire detector, but only create a shadow (or a more strongly illuminated spot in the case of a recess) on the radiation-sensitive sensor.
- the position of the shadow of the absorber on the radiation-sensitive sensor depends on the angle of incidence of the radiation. Based on the position of this shadow, ie the area on the detector, preferably a pixel detector, at which a drop (or increase in the case of a recess) in the radiation density is registered, the direction of incidence of the radiation can therefore be easily determined.
- the material for the absorbers of this angle tracker In order to enable the reconstruction of the angle of incidence in a wide energy range of the impinging ionizing radiation, preferably those with a high absorption in a wide range of radiation energies are recommended as the material for the absorbers of this angle tracker. If this is not the case, if the attenuation (i.e. high energy) of the radiation by the absorber is too low, the shadow can occur in the event that the shadow is no longer clearly visible on the detector, which makes it difficult to determine the direction of incidence.
- lead, tin or another material with a high atomic number can be used for photon radiation.
- this invention solves the problem of providing a device for measuring the eye lens dose that the user can also use in a simple manner for measuring Solution of the whole body dose (for example to measure the depth dose) or extremity dose (for example to measure the surface dose) can be used.
- this object is achieved in that the readout unit or the control unit for eye lens dose measurement is connected to at least one eye lens sensor on the head via cable and / or wirelessly, detects this connection and the eye lens dose is calculated from the measured values of the eye lens sensors in the evaluation unit, but at least one additional radiation detector or a sensor unit in the device with the readout unit or control unit or evaluation unit or transmission unit or battery or accumulator (rechargeable battery) itself is present to measure the whole body (e.g.
- Hp (10) or extremity dose (e.g. Hp ( 0.07)).
- the user then wears this device with the additional detector or the additional sensor unit as an independent device on the trunk or on an extremity.
- an evaluation unit can then calculate the whole body or extremity dose or corresponding dose rates from the data of the additional detector or the sensor unit (for example in the readout unit or control unit or evaluation unit or transmission unit). This can then be displayed on an external monitor or an additional display in the device that contains this additional detector, or the dose values, dose rate values or other data from the additional detector or the additional sensor unit are stored outside or in the readout unit or control unit .
- the positions of the sensor units are illustrated in drawings 13 and 14 for such a device combined for eye lens dosimetry and whole-body or extremity dosimetry.
- FIGS. 1 A and 1B show an example of a front view and a rear view of a user with an ocular lens dosimeter attached, which uses some elements of this invention.
- each dosimeter 1 has a radiation-sensitive sensor unit 3 for detecting the ionizing radiation 9.
- This sensor unit 3 can be implemented by a radiation-sensitive detector 2, for example.
- This detector 2 can be a semiconductor pixel detector with a radiation-sensitive semiconductor layer, for example non-pixelated semiconductor detector (e.g. a silicon diode, CdTe, GaAs, CZT (cadmium zinc telluride) crystal) or a scintillation detector (such as Nal coupled to a silicon photomultiplier).
- non-pixelated semiconductor detector e.g. a silicon diode, CdTe, GaAs, CZT (cadmium zinc telluride) crystal
- a scintillation detector such as Nal coupled to a silicon photomultiplier.
- a hybrid pixel detector e.g.
- the detector 2 can also be an integrating pixel detector with a semiconductor sensor such as the “Jungfrau” detector. This detector 2 has a pixel size between 25 pm and 500 pm, for example. In the case of a hybrid pixel detector with a silicon layer, the pixel size is between 100 ⁇ m and 1000 ⁇ m, for example.
- the radiation-sensitive layer is as thick as possible, depending on the pixel size, in order to be as sensitive as possible, although it should be noted that a second, small pixel size may then have to be present in the dosimeter 1 for high dose rates.
- the detector 2 can also be, for example, a Medipix, Timepix, or Dosepix ASIC, which is connected pixel by pixel to a silicon layer for radiation detection.
- the event measured variable In each pixel 8 of the pixel detector, the energy deposited therein by radiation particles or the charge released is registered by a measured variable, which is referred to below as the event measured variable.
- This event metric can be used to calculate the dose.
- the measured variable can, for example, be the time-over threshold (ToT), i.e.
- This event metric can also be the accumulated charge or the accumulated charge converted to a digital signal.
- the Dosepix is the one from Chapter 4 in the dissertation “A Hybrid Pixel 8 Detector ASIC with Energy Binning for Real-Time, Spectroscopic Dose Measurements”, Mid Sweden University Doctoral Thesis 128, ISSN 1652-893X, ISBN 978-91- 87103 -20-9 described detector 2 (link to download: https: //www.diva- portal.org/ smash / get / diva2: 524757 / FULLTEXTO 1. pdf).
- the event measurement variable measured during a reaction such as the ToT
- the counter is selected according to the value of the event size by the electronics shortly after the event has been registered (channel of the histogram) and then incremented by one, so that in each pixel 8 a histogram of the event measurements is gradually replenished.
- the data transfer of the counter readings of the histogram from the pixel 8 is necessary, but not the transfer of the event measured variable of each individual event.
- the data rate between pixel 8 and the periphery is lower in the case of histogramming in each pixel 8, which offers advantages in terms of power consumption and the quality of the signal transmission paths.
- the detector 2 is therefore a Dosepix with a pixelated silicon sensor.
- a pixelated CdTe sensor on a Dosepix ASIC is also possible as sensor unit 3. Compared to a silicon sensor, however, this embodiment has the disadvantage that the upper limit of the dose rate measurement range is lower. In addition, a silicon sensor is significantly cheaper than a CdTe sensor.
- the counters in pixel 8 are connected to the readout area of the ASIC.
- the Dosepix detector is compact with an edge length of the sensitive silicon sensor of 3.5 mm x 3.5 mm. With it, therefore, a compact sensor unit 3 for dosimetry can be implemented who can also be attached near the eye without impairing the wearer's vision.
- the detector 2 is placed and fastened on a small electronic circuit board 16 (size approx. 2 cm x 2 cm) and the signal connections between the Dosepix ASIC and the electronic circuit board 16 are established by wire bonds.
- the wirebond pads on the electronic circuit board 16 are electrically connected, for example, to a multi-pole connector, so that the electronic circuit board 16 with the Dosepix plugged into a corresponding socket via its connector and can be held close to the eyes.
- each dosimeter 1 In addition to a radiation-sensitive sensor, each dosimeter 1 according to this invention must have a readout and / or a control unit that is connected to the radiation-sensitive sensor.
- the control unit takes over the control of the sensor unit 3, for example the pixel detectors.
- the read-out unit receives the radiation data determined by the detectors 2.
- the readout unit can be implemented together with the control unit on an electronic circuit board 16. This can be done wirelessly if the detector modules have appropriate interfaces, or wired, as with the Dosepix.
- the control and / or readout unit is preferably attached to the back of the head and held, for example, by a headband, the visor holder or a helmet. However, it can also be attached to or under the radiation protection apron or to the side or on the head.
- the control unit is in electrical connection with the detector or detectors 2 of the sensor unit 3.
- the control unit can - but does not have to be - have a wireless signal connection (e.g. Bluetooth) with the detector modules if they have a corresponding interface. Alternatively, it is connected to the detector modules via lines 18.
- the control unit contains a microcontroller which configures the pixel detector via electrical lines 18. In the case of the Dosepix or Timepix detector, for example, the analog discriminator thresholds, the digital thresholds of the energy channels (bins of the energy histogram) and the sensor voltages are set or defective pixels 8 are switched off.
- the readout area of the Dosepix is connected to readout electronics and control electronics.
- the control electronics control the Dosepix ASIC and provide the bias voltage, which, when applied to the silicon sensor, creates an electric field on the Dosepix for the drifting of charge carriers.
- the control electronics make the necessary settings for the Dosepix. These settings affect, among other things, the gain of the amplifiers in the pixels, the level of the analog discriminator threshold of the pixel 8 and the limits of the bins of the histograms in the pixels.
- the readout electronics receive the measured data from the Dosepix, such as the time-over threshold (ToT) in the case of the ToT direct readout or the counter readings in the energy histograms in pixel 8.
- Reading electronics and control electronics can preferably be implemented on a readout board and essentially consist of a single microcontroller with the necessary supply voltages and clocks.
- the dosimeter 1 has an evaluation unit 15. This is an electrical circuit which can be implemented as part of the control or readout unit.
- the evaluation unit 15 receives the measurement data of the detectors 2 or of the detector 2 from the readout unit and calculates on the basis of this Information about the accumulated dose. This dose calculation can be carried out separately for each detector 2.
- An eye lens dose for the left and an eye lens dose for the right eye can thus be calculated separately.
- the current dose rate in the left eye and separately in the right eye can also be calculated by dividing the eye lens doses by the measurement time that has passed before they were determined.
- the mean value of the doses or dose rates of all detectors 2 of the system can also be calculated.
- One possible embodiment of the dose calculation is disclosed in EP 1984753: the dose is determined as a linear combination of numbers of events counted in energy channels in all pixels, each weighted with a factor that depends on the respective energy bin.
- At least one detector 2 When used as an eye lens dosimeter 1, at least one detector 2, but preferably two, with the respective radiation filters, possibly the protective glass dummy and eventuel len angle trackers, as will be described in more detail below, attached near the eyes. If only one detector 2 is used, it is preferably placed in front of the forehead, centrally between the two eyes, whereby this detector 2 can, however, only provide an estimated value for the doses of the lens of the eye which both eyes have received. This one detector 2 can e.g. be held by a headband.
- one 3 is preferably attached near the left eye and one near the right eye.
- Figures 13 and 14 show exemplary positions.
- a lateral positioning in the vicinity of the transition from the temple arm 22 to the lens frame is advisable.
- the orientation of the normal of the detector entry surface straight ahead is not optimal insofar as irradiation from the side or obliquely from the front then reach the detector 2 with large angles of incidence. This increases the uncertainties of the dose measurements. Radiation from the side or at an angle from the front often occurs during interventions because the monitor with the X-ray images is usually straight ahead, but the X-ray tube is usually inserted on the left or right side.
- the sensor unit 3 is located behind the lens of the radiation protection glasses worn.
- the square root of the pixel matrix area is usually significantly greater than its thickness perpendicular to the pixel matrix. So it often has the shape of a plate.
- the pixel detector is usually attached to a carrier board so that electrical connections can be made. Usually, some electrical connections are required between the carrier board and the control unit or readout unit to provide supply voltages, sensor voltage, data transmission lines, and clock signals. For example, the Dosepix detector requires around 30 electrical connections. In the case of a direct electrical connection between detector 2 and control unit or readout unit, many lines 18 have to be routed, for example, in a ribbon cable. This flat cable could already disturb the user in their activities.
- This electronics board 16 is connected to the control or readout unit and distributes the voltages, currents and possibly signals supplied by the control or readout unit to the two sensor units 3 in the vicinity of the eyes or to a sensor unit 3 (if only 1 sensor unit 3 is present) .
- the electronic circuit board 16 can possibly also receive the signals from the sensor units 3 and transmit them to the control or readout unit.
- the high-frequency measurement data or clock signals can be used not via cable, but via wireless technology between the control or readout unit and
- Bluetooth or WLAN are suitable here, with a Bluetooth connection between detector 2 and control unit / read-out unit being preferred due to the spatial proximity, the simple feasibility and the power requirement.
- the pixel detector thus contains the circuits for radiation detection and has circuits for wireless signal transmission.
- the control unit or the evaluation unit 15 then also has circuits or modules for wireless signal exchange.
- Another possibility for connecting the detector 2 to the control or readout unit is not to route the electrical connections via the temple arm 22 but directly from the detector 2 via the forehead so that the cables do not run laterally but over the head.
- the electrical lines 18 can be integrated in the glasses, for example the radiation protection glasses, in the glasses temples 22.
- Each detector module (detector 2, possibly radiation filter, possibly angle tracker) can have at least one connector with many pins through which all necessary signals or supply voltages or currents are passed.
- On the glasses for example on the temple arm 22 on the front or the front side, there is the corresponding counterpart of the connector.
- the detector module is plugged into this plug and also held by it.
- the lines 18 in or on the eyeglass temple 22 from the front connector (on which the detector module is plugged) run towards the back of the head.
- the lines 18 end in a connector further back in the temple arm 22.
- a short cable for connection to the control or readout unit is plugged into this stretcher or this plug is plugged directly into the control or readout unit.
- the wearer inserts the detector modules into the plug connections on the front or on the front side. After or before that, a headband 13, helmet or similar device with the control or readout unit attached to it is put on. Then the glasses with the detector modules are put on. Finally, the connector on the back of the head is connected to the control or readout unit.
- a radiation filter 11 is attached in the sensor unit 3 in front of the detector 2 in the direction of the radiation sources. This has the task of enabling the dose reconstruction over a wide energy range or a certain energy range (high, low energies) and of absorbing the radiation 9 in tissue, in particular its angular deviation. dependency to pursue.
- the radiation filter 11 can, for example, be mounted on the electronics board 16 which holds the Dosepix.
- the radiation filter in front of the detector 2 we propose not to place a layer of tissue-equivalent material and a defined thickness (as was proposed in DE 20 2014 005 506 Ul 2014.08.28) in front of the detector 2, but rather an absorber volume from one Material with a higher atomic number than tissue, such as Aluminum or tin. As a result, smaller absorber thicknesses of 1 mm or less, that is less than the 2 mm proposed in DE 20 2014 005 506 U1 2014.08.28, are possible.
- the absorber 12 should not be shaped as a cuboid or plate, as in this invention.
- the shape of the absorber 12 can be adapted depending on the measured dose variable (Hp (3), Hp (10), etc.).
- the absorber volume should be rotationally symmetrical about an axis of symmetry which coincides with the normal to the entrance surface 10 of the detector 2. Since a higher nuclear charge number is used than fabric, the absorber 12 can be thinner than 3 mm for angles of incidence of 0 degrees. The absorber 12 can also be made thinner for larger angles of incidence than if it were made of fabric-equivalent material. For angles of incidence increasing from 0 degrees, the shape of the absorber 12 should ideally be such that the absorber volume effectively becomes thicker (i.e. the radiation particles cover longer distances in the absorber 12 on the way to the detector 2) when the angle of incidence increases. For measured dose quantities that are defined in a spherical phantom, however, the effective thickness at a certain angle of incidence should be smaller than the effective thickness that a cuboid or plate-shaped absorber 12 would cause.
- a better form of the absorber volume is a hollow spherical half-shell (see FIG. 10) or a segment (section) thereof, whereby the center of the sphere of the inner limiting sphere should not coincide with the center of the outer limiting sphere.
- the detector 2 is located e.g. behind the hollow spherical half-shell or its segment on the axis of symmetry of the limiting balls.
- the inner limiting spherical surface (on the detector side) and the outer limiting spherical surface (facing the radiation source) have center points shifted along the axis of symmetry of the absorber 12, so that the effective thickness to the detector center (which lies on the axis of symmetry of the hollow spherical hemisphere or the segment) of the incidence angle depends. This opens up a further degree of freedom in optimizing the Winkelab dependency of a dosimeter 1.
- the effective thickness of the absorber volume for the direction of incidence perpendicular to the detector 2 is preferably less than for directions of incidence that are more parallel to the detector entrance surface.
- spherical shell segments 28 which cover the detector 2 in the angular range of the incident radiation 9 to be measured, is possible and offers advantages over the hollow spherical half-shell.
- the increase in the path length of the radiation 9 through the filter can be varied as the angle of incidence increases.
- Figures 15 and 16 show such a spherical shell segment 28 - hereinafter also referred to as a lens filter - above the radiation detector, illustrated here for the special case that the centers of the inner and outer bounding spherical surfaces coincide. As described above, these center points can also be shifted to one another along the axis of symmetry of the segment.
- the number of events detected is roughly homogeneously distributed in all pixels 8. Due to the special shape, the number of counts with the columns or rows in the detector increases at angles of incidence not equal to 0 °. According to the invention, it was recognized that the further away from the highest point of the cap the beam hitting the detector penetrates the lens filter, the shorter the path through the aluminum layer with inclined irradiation 9. As a result, the pixels 8 of the detector 2 that are facing away from the radiation source detect , fewer photons.
- the angle of incidence can be calculated and the dose corrected accordingly.
- the material of the spherical shell segment 28 and, or the dimensions such as inner radius, outer radius, shell thickness, position of the detector 2 relative to the center of the segment the dependence of the dose quantity to be measured can be simulated.
- Another embodiment is a truncated cone in which the detector 2 is located (see FIGS. 2 and 3).
- the detector 2 is embedded in a truncated cone, the center normal to the entry surface 10 of the detector 2 lying on the axis of symmetry of the cone. It should be at least 90 degrees, better still up to higher angles of incidence, absorber material in the path of the incident radiation 9 to the detector 2 and the effective thickness should be greater with increasing angle of incidence. By suitable choice of the absorber material and the shape of the absorber 12, the best possible response can be achieved at angles.
- the detector 2 is here for example within a recess 25 in a truncated cone.
- the radiation filter can have a maximum lateral dimension s in the range between 1 mm and 100 cm.
- the radiation filter can have a maximum height h in the range from 0.5 mm to 10 cm.
- a mirror-symmetrical design of the absorber 12 may be appropriate, the above considerations then only apply to the directions in which the cylinder is curved.
- the truncated cone in the above example can be replaced by a cylinder section with a cut surface parallel to the axis of symmetry of the cylinder. The normal to the detector entry surface is then in the radial direction. The detector 2 is in this case, for example, let into the cylinder section.
- tissue-equivalent material as absorber 12 in the above-described enclosed forms and to display an approximately correct dose. If non-tissue-equivalent absorber material is used, the attenuation behavior that differs between absorber 12 and tissue and is dependent on the energy and the angle of incidence should be corrected for the purpose of determining the dose. This task is carried out by detector 2 and dose calculator procedure. When using an energy-resolving, particle-counting detector 2, as disclosed in EP 1984753, the dose is calculated as a linear combination between the number of measured particle reactions of all energy channels with calibration factors. The differences in the energy dependence of the attenuation between the absorber 12 and the tissue can be compensated for by a suitable choice of the calibration factors.
- the optimal calibration factors can be determined by simulation or calibration measurements.
- a non-tissue equivalent absorber 12 with an energy-resolving, counting detector such as the Dosepix
- tissue-equivalent absorber 12 of the prior art due to the large lateral expansion of absorber 12 required in this case, we propose non-tissue-equivalent absorber material with a higher core size Use number as tissue (eg aluminum) in the radiation filter 11, with an energy-resolving pixel detector (eg Dosepix) possibly supplemented with an angular tracker for radiation detection being used as detector 2.
- tissue eg aluminum
- energy-resolving pixel detector eg Dosepix
- the accuracy of the dose measurement can be improved by using a pixel detector in combination with a device and method for determining the angle of incidence. This device is referred to as an angle tracker.
- determining the angle of incidence has a number of other advantages.
- the concept presented for determining the angle of incidence of the radiation 9 can be carried out as a function of energy, that is to say it can be carried out separately for different energies or energy ranges. This enables the doses to be determined separately by direct radiation 9 and the scattered radiation, that is to say the determination of the dose proportions that result from direct radiation 9 or from scattered radiation 9.
- Another advantage is the ability to localize the radiation source.
- An immediate display ge 23 of the angle of incidence or the direction of the radiation source allows the wearer to react promptly (in seconds) and possibly reduce his eye lens dose by taking shielding measures, changing positions or turning his head.
- the angle tracker can be used both for eye lens dose measurement and for depth dose measurement or surface dose measurement.
- the angle of incidence in eye lens dose measurement to be the angle between the opposite direction of incidence and the axis of symmetry of the eye lens.
- the angle of incidence thus roughly denotes the angle at which the radiation 9 hits the face of the person wearing the dosimeter 1.
- the angle of incidence is the angle between the opposite direction of the incident radiation 9 and the normal on the torso of the wearer of the dosimeter 1.
- a radiation detector 2 with spatial resolution for example in the form of pixels, is used according to the invention.
- a counting of the number of particles or the determination of the energy deposited jointly by many particles should preferably take place in each pixel 8.
- the particles are counted in pixels 8 and in 16 energy channels.
- the determination of the angle of incidence is made, for example, by placing one or more strongly weakening structures, e.g. a cuboid or a sphere, in front of the De detector 2 allows.
- Figures 4, 7, 17, 18 show possible arrangements.
- the attenuation of these structures must differ from the attenuation of the radiation filter 11.
- These additional structures which we refer to as angle trackers, can be located, for example, on the connecting line between the detector center and the probable direction of the radiation source, or on the center perpendicular of the entry surface 10 of the detector 2.
- part of the Radiation that falls on the angle tracker at certain angles of incidence, no longer on the detector 2 solely due to the absorption in the angle tracker.
- a shadow from the angle tracker falls on the detector 2.
- the position of this shadow can be determined from the data of the Pixel detector e.g. can be determined in the evaluation unit 15 and allows conclusions to be drawn about the angle of incidence, e.g. its calculation.
- the dose to be displayed can then - but does not necessarily have to - be corrected according to the angle of incidence. With this correction, a high level of accuracy can be achieved in particular if the detector 2 is also able to measure the energy of the incident radiation 9. This determination of the energy is preferably carried out with the data of the pixels on which the shadow does not fall.
- a weaker absorbed structure can be attached in the radiation filter 11 in front of the detector 2.
- the angle tracker can then have a recess 25 (for example a hole 27) in an otherwise absorbent hollow spherical half-shell.
- a recess 25 for example a hole 27
- more radiation 9 falls through the hole 27 onto the detector 2 at certain angles of incidence.
- a bright spot, so to speak, is created on the detector 2.
- the position of this bright spot can be determined from the data of the pixel detector, for example in the evaluation unit 15 and allows conclusions to be drawn about the angle of incidence, such as its Calculation.
- the dose to be displayed can then - but does not necessarily have to - be corrected according to the angle of incidence. With this correction, a high accuracy can be achieved in particular when the detector 2 is also able to measure the energy of the incident radiation 9. This determination of the energy is preferably carried out with the data of the pixels on which the bright spot does not fall.
- the position of the shadow or the bright spot is determined by an algorithm in the control unit or evaluation unit 15. On the basis of this, the angle of incidence can easily be calculated with geometric considerations.
- the angle range for the angle of incidence correction of the dose can be selected when designing the dosimeter 1.
- the selection of the energy range is based on a suitable choice of the material of the angle tracker and its thickness.
- the absorption capacity of the angle tracker should be selected in such a way that sufficient absorption of the radiation 9 is ensured so that the position of the shadow, and thus the angle of incidence, can be determined sufficiently well statistically even with small doses.
- care must be taken at the same time that the dimensions of the angle tracker are not chosen too large, otherwise there is too much area of the detector 2 in the shadow or in the bright spot of the angle tracker, which is then not available for dose measurement.
- an angle tracker for smaller angles of incidence can, for example, be a more absorbent sphere or a cylinder or a cube made of, for example, tin, gold, lead with a diameter or edge length of 0.5-2 pixels, ie 0.1mm up to 0.4 mm. If angles of incidence are to be measurable at large angles, it makes sense to position the angle tracker very close to the entry surface 10 of the detector 2, for example at a distance of 0.5 mm centrally in front of the pixel matrix.
- This angle tracker creates a shadow that falls next to detector 2 at large angles.
- the angle of incidence is preferably determined from the pixel detector data and the dose to be displayed is corrected accordingly.
- Another example Game is the attachment of a 0.5-2 pixel 8 hole 27 centrally above the pixel matrix (in the vertex) in a hemispherical shell (outer diameter 2 cm) made of aluminum (or tin) with a wall thickness of 2 mm (or 1 mm) above the pixel detector . This results in a bright spot on the pixel matrix if the angles of incidence are not too large.
- the hole 27 does not necessarily have to be drilled through the hemispherical shell, but can only be a recess so that the full wall thickness of the hemispherical shell is not in the beam path at this point, but only half of it, for example.
- the hole 27 can also be filled with less absorbent material.
- angle tracker is suitable for determining large angles of incidence, which range in the vicinity of 85 °.
- This can also be combined with the example described above for low angles of incidence in order to cover a very wide range of angles of incidence.
- a structure running around the entry surface 10 of the detector 2 such as a ring (e.g. a round wire or a shape like a washer) or a rectangular frame made of an absorber material (e.g. tin, gold, lead) is used.
- Figures 8, 19, 20, 21 illustrate examples of such arrangements.
- the diameter of the ring cross-section i.e. the diameter of the wire
- the center of this ring or frame is in front of the detector 2.
- the diameter of the ring structure is e.g. 1.5 cm and it is e.g. 1 mm in front of the detector 2.
- the ring or the frame then casts a shadow on the detector 2 at larger angles of incidence. With a given opening width, this angle tracker only becomes effective when the distance to detector 2 is reduced at greater angles of incidence.
- the molds used as a circumferential angle tracker preferably have an opening which is located centrally in front of the detector 2.
- the combination of the width of the opening (non-absorbent or weakly absorbent) within this ring or frame depends on the desired angular range from which this form of the angle tracker should be effective. In the case of a larger opening, this angle tracker only becomes effective on the detector entrance surface at larger angles of incidence to the perpendicular, given the distance between the plane of this angle tracker and the detector entry surface.
- the distance and opening can be selected in such a way that the best possible response is achieved with inclined irradiation 9.
- angle tracker consists of a hollow cylinder of an absorbent material, the main axis of symmetry of which preferably coincides with the center perpendicular of the detector 2.
- the detector 2 is located, so to speak, in the hollow cylinder.
- the height of the hollow cylinder is chosen so that from a certain angle of incidence the shadow of this angle stretcher falls on the detector 2 and fewer events are registered there.
- the thickness and the material is also determined by the photon energy range in which the angle tracker should be effective.
- This form of the angle tracker can also be designed as a hollow cuboid.
- FIG. 9a side view
- 9b, 9c top view
- FIG. 9a side view
- FIG. 9b, 9c top view
- This arrangement can clearly be described as a fence running around the detector 2 without boards between the fence posts.
- These rods cast a shadow on the detector 2, the position of which can be determined, at angles of incidence that can be selected by the lateral distance and the height of the rods.
- the angle of incidence can also be determined from the length of the shadows and their position in the pixel matrix.
- the angle of incidence is also possible to determine the angle of incidence from the data of the pixel detector 2 without an additional angle tracker.
- the angle is then determined in the evaluation unit 15 during the evaluation of the number of registered particles or the energy deposited in the pixels 8 by determining a trend in the number of registered particles or the deposited energy per pixel 8 along one or two directions the pixel matrix. These directions do not have to be parallel to the rows or columns of the pixel matrix.
- a rectangular pixel matrix can be used for evaluating the number of registered particles or the deposited energy along the columns.
- a projection along the lines is also carried out.
- the radiation-sensitive layer of the detector 2 has a finite thickness - a decrease or an increase in the number of registered particles per pixel 8 occurs with the row or column position if the radiation 9 is not perpendicular to the Detector 2 falls.
- the trends along the columns or along the lines can be calculated, for example, by adapting a plane (i.e. a fit with two slopes of the plane as a fit parameter plus additional ones for adapting offsets such as the total intensity over all pixels) to the number of registered particles per pixel 8 (or energy deposited per pixel) can easily be determined in the evaluation unit / control unit / read-out unit 15.
- the reason for the speed of the registered intensity per pixel 8 on the direction of incidence is the existence of side surfaces of the radiation-sensitive sensor. If, for example, radiation 9 is incident from the right in the direction of the rows of the pixel matrix, the columns located on the right edge of the pixel matrix register more intensity than the columns located in the middle, as some radiation particles pass the pixels 8 of the right edge columns through the right side surface of the radiation-sensitive ones Reach sensor layer. There is therefore a trend in the intensity (i.e. the number of counted particles or the deposited energy) along the lines. The larger the angle of incidence, the stronger this trend is. It disappears with vertical irradiation 9.
- Another possibility is to attach the lens filter already described above the detector 2 and to calculate the angle of incidence from a trend in the number of counts per pixel 8 with the pixel coordinates (e.g. column and row). Explanations of why this trend occurs can be found above and in the figures.
- the angle trackers or Winkelbe determination methods described above can be used for different types of dosimeters, such as Ortsd 1 (H * (10)), finger ring dosimeter 1 (Hp (0.07)), eye lens dosimeter 1 (Hp (3)), whole body - Dosimeter 1 (Hp (10)) can be used.
- dosimeter device presented up to now, it is already possible to determine the eye lens dose in the event that it is not shielded by protective goggles, which is not always the case in reality. The absorption of the radiation 9 through the protective glasses of the glasses must then be taken into account in order to ensure a correct determination of the individual dose of the eye lens.
- Possibilities and various potential embodiments for determining the individual eye lens dose behind the protective goggles are listed below.
- the dose for certain energy ranges of the incident radiation 9 is determined separately.
- the respective partial dose (from a certain energy range) is then multiplied, for example, by the factor l / (exp (-m (E) * d / cos (D))), where m (E) is the energy-dependent linear attenuation coefficient of the protective glass , d is the thickness of the protective glass and ⁇ is the angle of incidence on the protective glass.
- a deconvolution with the energy-dependent detector response function may have to be carried out.
- the Dosepix detector registers the particles directly in energy windows. Up to approx.
- the incident spectrum should first be reconstructed in order to increase the accuracy before the partial doses are calculated and the attenuation of the protective glass, for example by multiplying by l / (exp (- m (E ) * d / cos ())).
- the protective glass can also be taken into account with empirically determined, angle and energy-dependent factors.
- the advantage of positioning the detector modules in front of the protective glass is that the statistical accuracy of the dose measurement is much smaller than with a measurement behind the protective glass.
- many different glasses models and cuts are used in radiological facilities, although the lead equivalent is usually around 0.5 mm. It can be used to determine the correct dose for each individual pair of glasses Key figures of this glass for the exact dose calculation in the evaluation
- control unit / readout unit 15 are stored.
- the problem of determining the individual eye lens dose when wearing protective goggles can be solved by placing a representative piece of X-ray protective glass, e.g. lead glass (hereinafter referred to as a dummy), in front of each detector 2 in the sensor unit 3 of the eye lens dosimeter other material whose absorption capacity corresponds to an X-ray protective glasses lens 21 or glasses is attached.
- the representative piece of glass shows an attenuation for radiation which on average corresponds to that of the spectacle lens 21 of the wearer and has, for example, a thickness which corresponds to the average thickness and consists, for example, of the same material.
- the distance of the dummy from the detector 2 and the dimensions of the dummy are best chosen so that the angle of incidence range covered by the dummy corresponds approximately to the angle of incidence range that the real lens of the glasses covers with respect to the eye lens.
- the dummy-detector arrangement is, so to speak, a reduced arrangement of protective glasses lens-eye lens.
- the angle ranges covered in each case can be easily determined by calculation.
- the distance between the lens of the eye and the glass of glasses worn is approximately 20 mm and the width of a spectacle lens 21 is approximately 60 mm. From the perspective of the eye lens, an angular range of + - 56 degrees is thus covered by the spectacle lens 21.
- the dummy In order to cover this angular range with the dummy, the dummy has a lateral extent (i.e. perpendicular to the 0 o direction of radiation) of about 15 mm when the dummy is located at a distance of about 5 mm in front of the entrance surface 10 of the detector 2. If the dummy is 2 mm from the detector 2, its lateral dimensions are only 6 mm. In this example, the radiation 9 first passes the glass in the angle of incidence range up to + -56 ° before it reaches the detector 2. These considerations are illustrated in FIG. 12.
- Some radiation safety glasses have side protection. This can also be reproduced in a scaled-down form and attached next to the detector 2, with the angle range that the side protection covers from the eye lens should correspond to the angle range that the reduced dummy side protection covers from the detector 2. Since in reality each examiner (user) often has his own radiation protection goggles (possibly with strength), which are different from the glasses of other examiners, it is advisable for a very precise dose measurement to make the dummy in front of the detector 2 easily exchangeable so that the examiner places his individual dummy in front of detector 2 before putting the dosimeter on his head.
- the dummies are preferably marked or the holder on the detector 2 is designed so that it is not possible to insert the left (left eye) and right (right eye) dummy.
- the dummies can also be made of a different material than typical protective glasses lens material, but should always significantly weaken the radiation 9.
- the dosimeter 1 preferably contains a transmission unit 24 which is in signal connection with the evaluation unit / control unit / readout unit 15.
- the transmission unit 24 transmits the doses determined by the evaluation unit 15 or the measurement data acquired by the reading unit to the display unit, which is connected to the transmission unit 24 in a wireless or wired manner.
- the transmission unit 24 can also be connected to a storage unit in order to store the doses and to be able to evaluate them later.
- the data determined by the evaluation unit / control unit / read-out unit 15 are brought to the display 23 on the display unit.
- the displayed values are for example: accumulated doses (e.g. since the beginning of the procedure) and current dose rates for each current user.
- the display unit can be a display in the dosimeter 1, electrically connected to the evaluation unit 15. Alternatively, the display unit can be a larger display that is located some distance from the user and that is in wireless signal connection with the evaluation unit 15 (Bluetooth, WLAN, infrared, radio signals).
- a typical time interval for updating the display 23 is 1 second.
- the display unit can regulate the brightness of a light source (for example an LED) according to the current dose rate level or the accumulated dose.
- the light source can be made brighter when additional dose has been accumulated or the current one Dose rate level exceeds certain thresholds. Continuous adjustment of the brightness to the dose rate is also possible.
- the light from the light source can be coupled into an optical waveguide (eg optical fiber), for example.
- the optical waveguide can be led from the display unit into the vicinity of the spectacle lens 21 and there - for example through scattering structures - cause a glow in the eye.
- This display 23 of the dose or the dose rate can take place separately for the left and right eyes. This offers the advantage that the wearer immediately recognizes whether the radiation 9 is coming from the left, from the right, from above, from below or from the front. He can therefore immediately take countermeasures, for example by moving his head away.
- the current dose rate level or the accumulated dose is not displayed as a brightness but as a color.
- Traffic light colors are ideal. For example, green shades can mean a low dose load, yellow shades a moderate dose and red shades a high dose load.
- An optical warning signal for example in the form of a flashing light, can also be switched on if a critical dose rate or dose limit is exceeded.
- the display unit decides whether the radiation 9 comes mainly from the left, from the right, from above, from below.
- Light is then preferably coupled into the fiber in the corresponding glass (or signaled by a corresponding color), which releases light there (above, below, left, right) in the vicinity of the glass from which the radiation 9 comes.
- the display unit decides whether the radiation 9 comes mainly from the left, from the right, from above, from below.
- Light is then preferably coupled into the fiber in the corresponding glass (or signaled by a corresponding color), which releases light there (above, below, left, right) in the vicinity of the glass from which the radiation 9 comes.
- the fiber that leads to the left side of the left spectacle lens 21 is illuminated. In this way, the wearer can recognize where the radiation 9 is coming from and can take suitable countermeasures.
- warning signals are played in behind the ears via headphones or loudspeakers when certain dose rate limits or doses are exceeded. This is preferably done separately for the left and right eyes in the left or right
- the doses and the current dose rate are preferably transmitted to a display unit as an external device.
- a commercially available tablet can be such a display unit.
- This display unit can then - for example on a screen - display the accumulated dose or the current dose rate as numerical values or as a progress bar, as a color bar.
- the display 23 of the angle or direction of incidence can be shown on a monitor, for example, as an arrow (pointing in the direction of the radiation source or in the direction of the beam), a point or arrow in a coordinate system, as a thickened, colored or flashing circular arc.
- a mechanical display 23 in the form of an arrow which is automatically rotated in accordance with the direction of incidence and can be viewed, is also conceivable.
- the angle of incidence encoded as a pitch, with high tones, for example, reflecting a beam incidence from above and low tones from below.
- Radiation sources that are on the left or right side of the wearer can also be acoustically represented by headphones if a signal in the left ear means a beam incident from the left or a beam incident from the left in the right ear. These signals are preferably only used for dose rates that exceed a certain threshold in order not to distract the wearer.
- the transmission unit 24 or the display unit can be connected to a memory unit.
- the transmission unit 24 or display unit transfers doses or dose rates to the storage unit. It also transfers an identification number or identification code of the carrier.
- the storage unit stores, for example, measured values from detectors 2, left and right eye lens doses and eye lens dose rates, times, and possibly information on the settings of the x-ray system. In this way, it can be analyzed retrospectively at what point in time and during what process the dose was deposited.
- the user can wear a small electrical device, for example on his arm or on his radiation protection vest, which has at least one button or switch with which a dose measurement can be started and stopped again.
- This dose deposited in a time window selected by the user can then be displayed on the display unit.
- This start-stop function can be helpful in self-training to reduce radiation doses.
- the start-stop functions could also be triggered with a foot switch / button.
- the memory unit is in signal connection to the control of the X-ray system, so that the properties of the X-ray system associated with the times are stored together with the time-resolved dose rate values (on or off?, KV, tube current, position of the C-arm, ).
- the system consists of the following components: 2 Dosepix radiation detectors close to the eye (left / right), each with a filter in front of these detectors 2 and possibly at least one angle tracker, one Holding device 7 for the head (e.g. headband) and a device attached to the holding device 7 on the back of the head (see Fig. 1b) with readout unit or control unit or evaluation unit 15 or transmission unit 24 for controlling the detectors 2, calculating the dose and wirelessly transmitting the current dose values .
- This device with readout unit or control unit or evaluation unit 15 or transmission unit 24 can be mechanically separated from the holding device 7, for example for the (wireless) charging of the battery of this device on a charging pad for wireless charging.
- a user-friendly way of carrying is made possible by the detector technology we have proposed, the Dosepix detector measuring only approx. 4 x 5 mm.
- the system also includes, for example, a display unit such as a commercially available tablet (iPad, etc.), which is connected to several dosimeters 1 simultaneously via Bluetooth via a specially developed app and below or next to the monitor on which the X-ray images are displayed , is appropriate. Accumulated doses and dose rates are displayed on the tablet and the direction of incidence of the radiation 9 is shown.
- the app also stores the dose and dose rate values with time stamps and the current usage of the dosimeter 1 on a PC or a data cloud.
- the device with readout unit or control unit or evaluation unit 15 or transmission unit 24 can be spontaneously personalized when the user removes the charging pad by means of an RF-ID transponder (“waiter key”) assigned to the user.
- the system can, for example, consist of 2-4 dosimeters 1 and 1 display unit for the operating theater, so that an entire team of examiners can be monitored at the same time during an intervention. If the device with readout or control or evaluation or transmission unit 24 is connected to the eye sensor units 3 via the holding device 7, this device measures and transmits the eye lens dose Hp (3).
- the device worn on the back of the head with the reading or control or evaluation or transmission unit 24 or the battery or the accumulator of the eye lens dosimeter system also contains a radiation detector 2. If this device is then not connected to the eye sensor units, it uses this additional radiation sensor (e.g. another Dosepix detector) to measure Hp (10) and Hp (0.07). In this way, a system can be provided in a user-friendly and inexpensive manner that is used for two purposes, namely for eye lens dosimetry and whole-body dosimetry or extremity dosimetry.
- This device does not necessarily have to contain readout and control and evaluation and transmission unit and battery and accumulator, but can also contain only one or more of these components.
- this device - when connected to the eye lens sensors - fulfills a function when used as an eye lens dosimeter system. Possible examples for this function are: calculation of doses, control of detectors 2, power supply. A radiation detector is always necessary in this device.
- This device with the additional detector 2 preferably also has its own display or a display 23 on which dose values are displayed so that the wearer can read the dose directly. For whole-body dosimetry or extremity dosimetry, this device is then generally not connected to the eye lens sensors 2 and worn at a point on the body that is representative of the respective measured dose variable. Some areas for the dimensions of components are mentioned here as examples: a.
- the sensor unit 3 has a lateral extent between 0.001 mm and 50 cm b.
- the absorber thicknesses are approximately between 0.001 mm and 50 cm c.
- the lateral size of the detector 2 is approximately between 0.001 mm and 50 cm d.
- the object in the angle tracker, which generates the desired shadow or light spot on the detector 2 to determine the angle, has an extension in all directions in about between 0.001 mm and 30 cm
- the determination of the direction of incidence of the measured ionizing radiation 9 with the Dosepix detector will now be explained in more detail using a ring and a ball as an absorbing structure in front of the detector 2. Since the Dosepix detector records the number of impinging photons in each of its 256 pixels 8 separately, the shadow cast on the detector 2 can be calized based on a break in the measured number of counts in the corresponding pixel 8.
- Tin for example, is suitable as the absorber material for the ring and the ball. This metal has an absorption coefficient of not less than 1,677 cm 2 / g up to photon energies of 100 keV. Accordingly, a clear shadow cast by the filters is to be expected even with incident radiation 9 of high energies.
- the absorbers 12 When choosing the dimensions of the absorbers 12, it should be noted that they are significantly smaller than those of the detector 2. Otherwise the shadow extends over almost the entire detector 2 at low angles of incidence, which makes it difficult to localize the shadow. In addition, it may not be possible to determine the dose on the basis of the remaining pixels 8 due to excessive statistical inaccuracy.
- a spherical absorber 12 with a diameter of 0.4 mm and a ring with an internal diameter of 4 mm and a cord thickness of 0.5 mm are suitable.
- the absorbers 12 described above are located centrally above the detector 2.
- the absorber 12 can be glued into the protective caps of the detectors 2, which in turn are mounted on them.
- the distance between absorber 12 and detector 2 must be selected as small as possible.
- the absorbers 12 must not damage the wire bonds protruding 375 gm from the sensor of the detector 2.
- the distance between the sensor surface and the absorbent material can be 1.5 mm for the ring and 1.6 mm in the case of the ball.
- the position of the shadow of the absorber 12 on the pixel detector which is characterized by a detected number of events close to zero, will change with the angle of incidence. Accordingly, the angle of incidence can be reconstructed using the position of the shadows.
- Various quantitative methods for determining the angle of incidence of the detected radiation 9 and for determining the shadow position are discussed below.
- the case where the absorbent structure is a sphere will be discussed in more detail.
- the angle a g up to which the shadow of the center of the sphere can be recognized on the sensor, is calculated as a function of the distance h of the center of the sphere from the sensor and the side length d of the sensor, as follows:
- a g 41.35 °. If the distance between the sphere and the sensor is reduced by 1 mm, a g 'is already 49.56 °.
- the shadow of the sphere on the detector 2 will be at the same distance from the position of the shadow when rotated in positive and negative directions in opposite directions move at perpendicular incidence. The position of the shadow parallel to the axis of rotation will not change for different angles of incidence. In contrast, the position of the shadow in the direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation will increase strictly monotonically with the angle of incidence.
- h denotes the distance from the center of the sphere to the detector 2, so the column position of the sphere shadow at normal incidence and s the column position of the sphere shadow at the angle of incidence a.
- a function for determining the angle of incidence a can also be specified as a function of the column position of the shadow s:
- measurements can be carried out at known angles of incidence and then the function fia) can be fitted to the course of the shadow position with the angle of incidence.
- the (measured) parameters known from the structure can also be used.
- the coordinates of the input beam parallel to the detector 2 can be specified on the basis of the shift of the shadow in the row and column direction relative to the shadow with perpendicular irradiation 9.
- the third component of the vector which describes the incident radiation 9 can thus also be specified.
- the direction of the radiation source can be clearly reconstructed. Two methods of reconstructing the angle of incidence from the shadows of a ring-shaped filter on the sensor are now discussed.
- the first method is to determine the angle using Gaussian fits with a ring-shaped filter.
- One possibility to determine the angle of incidence is to characterize the shift of the shadow based on the break in the total number of events per column.
- Gaussian functions are fitted to the column projection of the counts. This is possible for the above-mentioned exemplary dimensions for incidence angles between approximately -60 ° and -20 °, and from approximately + 20 ° to + 60 °. At an angle smaller than about 20 ° in terms of amount, no clear shadow can be seen with the selected radius, on whose projection a Gaussian function can be fitted. Since, as sketched in FIG.
- the parameters of the function f [a) can be determined by appropriate fits on measurements at different angles of incidence or, alternatively, the known, measured dimensions can be used.
- a function for the angle of incidence ⁇ can also be determined in this case as a function of the position of the shadow by rearranging the equation.
- This method is suitable for determining the angle of incidence of radiation 9 at which the x (column) or the y (row) component of the descriptive vector disappears. Otherwise it fails.
- Another method for determining angles, which can also be used for more general directions of incidence, is discussed below.
- the center of the circle is sensitive to a change in the angle of incidence.
- the axis of rotation is parallel to the line direction, only the column value of the center point (m x ) changes with the angle, while its row position (m y ) remains the same.
- the position of the center point in the direction of the column is given by the following function of the angle of incidence a:
- h again denotes the distance between the ring and detector 2, added to the wire radius, and mo denotes the column coordinate of the center point at normal incidence.
- This procedure makes it possible to reconstruct the direction of incidence of any directional rays.
- the displacement of the center of the circle in the column or row direction can be used to determine the entries of the direction vector of the incident rays in the column and row direction.
- the angle between the detector and plane of incidence can in turn be determined by replacing the counter in equation (5) with the distance between the determined shadow center and that at an angle of incidence of 0 °.
- the direction of incidence can be reconstructed over a wider range than in the case of the individual filters.
- the sphere is placed in the center of the ring and the dimensions of both absorbers 12 are selected so that the shadow of the ring falls on the detector 2 as soon as the sphere shadow can no longer be seen on the detector 2.
- the determination equations (2) and (5) determined can be used to calculate the required dimensions.
- the filter should be placed as close as possible above detector 2.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019003490 | 2019-05-16 | ||
| PCT/EP2020/063845 WO2020229701A1 (de) | 2019-05-16 | 2020-05-18 | Vorrichtung zur erfassung einer auf eine augenlinse auftreffenden strahlungsdosis |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP3969940A1 true EP3969940A1 (de) | 2022-03-23 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP20729962.9A Withdrawn EP3969940A1 (de) | 2019-05-16 | 2020-05-18 | Vorrichtung zur erfassung einer auf eine augenlinse auftreffenden strahlungsdosis |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP3969940A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102020206247A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2020229701A1 (de) |
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| CN118091730A (zh) * | 2023-07-25 | 2024-05-28 | 中国测试技术研究院辐射研究所 | 一种具有核辐射检测功能的穿戴设备 |
| FR3156922A1 (fr) * | 2023-12-14 | 2025-06-20 | Institut De Radioprotection Et De Surete Nucleaire | Dosimètre cristallin |
| FR3161760A1 (fr) * | 2024-04-24 | 2025-10-31 | Noixx | Monture pour lunettes de protection contre les rayonnements ionisants |
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| DE102006006411A1 (de) | 2006-02-09 | 2007-08-16 | Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg | Anordnungen und Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Dosismessgrößen und zur Ermittlung von Energieinformation einfallender Strahlung aus Photonen oder geladenen Teilchen mit zählenden Detektoreinheiten |
| DE202014005506U1 (de) | 2014-07-01 | 2014-07-21 | Berthold Technologies Gmbh & Co. Kg | Dosismessgerät zur Messung der Augenlinsendosis |
| GB201507060D0 (en) * | 2015-04-24 | 2015-06-10 | Sck Cen | Personal dosimeter |
| US10365378B2 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2019-07-30 | Thermo Eberline Llc | Active dosimeter systems for real-time radiation dose measurements |
| WO2017162612A1 (en) * | 2016-03-20 | 2017-09-28 | Dosevue Nv | A scanner and method for measuring a dose of ionizing radiation |
-
2020
- 2020-05-18 EP EP20729962.9A patent/EP3969940A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2020-05-18 DE DE102020206247.1A patent/DE102020206247A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2020-05-18 WO PCT/EP2020/063845 patent/WO2020229701A1/de not_active Ceased
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| DE102020206247A1 (de) | 2020-12-17 |
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