EP3814786A1 - Procede et systeme de caracterisation d'un defaut dans un reseau de lignes de transmission, par retournement temporel - Google Patents
Procede et systeme de caracterisation d'un defaut dans un reseau de lignes de transmission, par retournement temporelInfo
- Publication number
- EP3814786A1 EP3814786A1 EP19731665.6A EP19731665A EP3814786A1 EP 3814786 A1 EP3814786 A1 EP 3814786A1 EP 19731665 A EP19731665 A EP 19731665A EP 3814786 A1 EP3814786 A1 EP 3814786A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- reference signal
- signal
- network
- measurement
- characterizing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/11—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks using pulse reflection methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R27/00—Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
- G01R27/02—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
- G01R27/04—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant in circuits having distributed constants, e.g. having very long conductors or involving high frequencies
- G01R27/06—Measuring reflection coefficients; Measuring standing-wave ratio
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/081—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
- G01R31/083—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in cables, e.g. underground
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/088—Aspects of digital computing
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of wired diagnostic systems based on the principle of reflectometry. It relates to a method for characterizing a fault in a network of transmission lines, based on the principle of time reversal.
- Cables are ubiquitous in all electrical systems, for power or information transmission. These cables are subject to the same constraints as the systems they connect and may be subject to failure. It is therefore necessary to be able to analyze their condition and provide information on the detection of faults, but also their location and type, in order to help with maintenance. The usual reflectometry methods allow this type of testing.
- the reflectometry methods use a principle close to that of radar: an electrical signal, the probe signal or reference signal, which is most often of high frequency or broadband, is injected in one or more places of the cable to be tested.
- the signal propagates through the cable or the network and returns part of its energy when it encounters an electrical discontinuity.
- An electrical discontinuity can result, for example, from a connection, the end of the cable or a fault or more generally from a breach of the conditions of propagation of the signal in the cable. It most often results from a fault which locally modifies the characteristic impedance of the cable by causing a discontinuity in its linear parameters.
- the invention falls within the scope of reflectometry methods for wired diagnostics and applies to any type of electric cable, in particular energy transmission cables or communication cables, in fixed or mobile installations .
- the cables concerned can be coaxial, two-wire, in parallel lines, in twisted pairs or other provided that it is possible to inject a reflectometry signal at one point of the cable and to measure its reflection at the same point or at another point. .
- the known time reflectometry methods are particularly suitable for detecting frank faults in a cable, such as a short circuit or an open circuit or more generally a significant local modification of the cable impedance.
- the fault is detected by measuring the amplitude of the signal reflected on this fault which is all the more important and therefore detectable, as the fault is important.
- a non-frank defect for example resulting from a surface degradation of the sheath of the insulation or conductor cable, generates a low amplitude peak on the reflected reflectometry signal and is therefore more difficult detectable by conventional temporal methods. More generally, a non-frank fault can be caused by friction, pinching or even a corrosion phenomenon which affects the cable sheath, the insulator or the conductor.
- the low amplitude of the reflections associated with the passage of the signal through a non-frank fault also leads to a potential problem of false detections. Indeed, it can be difficult to discriminate a low amplitude peak in a reflectogram which can result either from a fault on the cable, or from measurement noise. Thus, false positives may appear which do not correspond to faults but which result from measurement noise or inconsistencies in the cable.
- This method consists in recording a signal generated by an intermittent fault which propagates to a measurement point then in temporally returning the measurement to inject it into the network and finally in measuring the reflected signal.
- the proposed method is suitable for intermittent faults which spontaneously generate a shock wave but not for passive permanent faults, in particular non-frank faults.
- the signals reflected for the healthy and faulty line are returned in time and reinjected into the healthy transmission line to obtain the reflected signals v rFbis and v rSbis respectively .
- a correlation is then determined between the reflected signal v rFbis and the probe signal v in and then a correlation is determined between the reflected signal v rF and the probe signal v in .
- the difference between the two correlation results makes it possible to detect and locate the fault.
- This method has the disadvantage that it requires a measurement to be carried out both on a healthy cable (without defect) and on the same cable with defect. Furthermore, it also does not make it possible to carry out a diagnosis on a cable in operation. Indeed, the signals injected into the cable via this method can disturb the nominal operation of the cable by generating interference. Furthermore, multi-carrier reflectometry methods are known as described in particular in the Applicant's international patent application published under the number WO2015062885.
- Such methods are based on the use of a multi-carrier signal of the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing) type.
- the principle is to divide the available frequency band into orthogonal sub-bands so as to maximize the spectral efficiency while controlling the spectrum of the signal.
- certain frequency bands reserved for the nominal use of the cable are avoided by removing the corresponding subcarriers from the signal. In this way, it is possible to generate a signal having spectral occupancy only on frequency sub-bands authorized for fault diagnosis.
- the use of reflectometry methods based on a multi-carrier signal makes it possible to carry out an online diagnosis of a network of cables without interfering with the nominal operation of the network and without the need to interrupt the service rendered by the network.
- the invention aims to propose a method, based on the principle of time reversal, of detection and localization of faults which makes it possible to improve the detection gain and the localization accuracy and which can be implemented without disturbing the nominal operation of the network of cables.
- the subject of the invention is a method for characterizing a fault in a network of at least one transmission line, said method comprising the steps of:
- the first reference signal is a signal comprising a plurality of frequency carriers.
- the method according to the invention further comprises searching, in the intercorrelation, for at least one extremum indicating the presence of a defect.
- the invention also relates to a system for characterizing a fault in a network of at least one transmission line, the system comprising means configured to implement the steps of the process for characterizing a fault according to the invention .
- system according to the invention comprises
- a logic unit configured to save a time measurement acquired by the measurement device and to deliver, to the injection device, a temporally inverted version of said measurement
- a first connector configured to connect, in a first phase, the reference signal generator to the injection device and, in a second phase, the logic unit to the injection device
- a second connector configured to connect, in the first phase, the measurement device to the logic unit and, in a second phase, the measurement device to the correlator
- the correlator being connected on the one hand to the logic unit and on the other hand to the second connector and being configured to determine the intercorrelation between the signal measured by the measuring device during the second phase and the temporally inverted measurement delivered by logical unit.
- the logic unit is a memory capable of saving a time measurement of a signal and of supplying the samples of the measurement saved in an order opposite to that in which they were saved.
- the generator of a reference signal comprises a generator of frequency subcarriers and an inverse Fourier transform module.
- the first connector and / or the second connector are switches.
- the correlator comprises at least one direct Fourier transform module, a multiplier and a reverse Fourier transform module.
- FIG. 1a an example of a reflectogram obtained with the reflectometry system of FIG. 1 for a single cable
- FIG. 2 a diagram of a reflectometry system according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 a flowchart describing the steps for implementing the method according to the invention
- FIG. 1 represents a diagram of a fault analysis system 100 in a transmission line L, such as a cable, according to a usual state of the art time reflectometry method.
- a transmission line L such as a cable
- Such a system mainly comprises a generator GEN of a reference signal.
- the digital reference signal generated is converted analogically via a digital-analog converter DAC and is then injected at a point on the transmission line L by means of a directional coupler CPL or any other device enabling a signal to be injected into a line.
- the signal propagates along the line and is reflected on the singularities it contains.
- the signal In the absence of a fault on the line, the signal is reflected on the end of the line if the termination of the line is unsuitable. If there is a fault on the line, the signal is partially reflected on the impedance discontinuity caused by the fault. The reflected signal is back propagated to a measurement point, which may be common to the injection point or different. The back propagated signal is measured via the directional coupler CPL then digitally converted by an analog to digital converter ADC. A correlation COR is then performed between the digital signal measured and a copy of the digital signal generated before injection in order to produce a time reflectogram R (t) corresponding to the inter-correlation between the two signals.
- the position d DF of a fault on the cable L in other words its distance from the point of injection of the signal, can be directly obtained from the measurement, on the calculated temporal reflectogram R (t), of the duration t DF between the first amplitude peak noted on the reflectogram and the amplitude peak corresponding to the signature of the fault.
- FIG. 1 bis represents an example of a reflectogram R (n) obtained using the system of FIG. 1, in which a first amplitude peak is observed at an abscissa N and a second amplitude peak is observed at an abscissa N + M.
- the first amplitude peak corresponds to the reflection of the signal at the point of injection into the cable, while the second peak corresponds to the reflection of the signal on an impedance discontinuity caused by a fault
- Different known methods can be envisaged for determining the position d D F-
- An analysis device (not shown in FIG. 1) is responsible for analyzing the reflectogram R (t) in order to deduce therefrom information on the presence and / or location of faults as well as the possible electrical characteristics of the faults.
- the amplitude of a peak in the reflectogram is directly linked to the reflection coefficient of the signal on the impedance discontinuity caused by the fault.
- the device in FIG. 1 is applicable to the case of a multi-carrier signal by replacing the reference signal generator with a generator of sub-carriers, possibly modulated, coupled to a reverse Fourier transform module.
- FIG. 2 describes a reflectometry system 200 according to an embodiment of the invention.
- the multi-carrier signal can be replaced by any other controlled signal, in particular any signal having good autocorrelation properties. If the signal used is time and no longer frequency, the I FFT 1 module is deleted from the system.
- the system 200 comprises a digital-analog converter DAC.
- the system 200 also comprises a PLC coupler, or any other equivalent device, for injecting the reference signal into a cable L.
- the system 200 also includes a device for measuring the signal reflected in the cable L which can be produced by the same CPL coupler or another coupler.
- the system 200 also includes an analog-digital converter ADC for digitizing the measured signal, at least a first memory M EM 1 for saving the digitized signal and a second memory MEM 2 for saving a copy of the memorized signal inverted in time.
- ADC analog-digital converter
- the two memories MEM-i, MEM 2 can be merged into a single memory associated with a reading index capable of reading the samples of signal stored in the reverse order in which they were recorded.
- the system 200 comprises a first switch INT 1 for alternately connecting the input of the digital analog converter DAC to the output of the signal generator or to the output of the memory MEM 2 , a second switch INT 2 for alternately connecting the input of the analog-digital converter ADC at the input of the memory M EM 1 or at a first input of a correlator COR, the second input of which is connected to the output of the memory MEM 2 .
- the first switch INT is positioned so as to connect the signal generator GEN to the digital-analog converter DAC (position A in FIG. 2).
- the reference signal is then injected into the cable L.
- the second switch INT 2 is positioned so as to connect the output of the analog-digital converter ADC to the memory MEM 1 (position A in FIG. 2 ).
- the reflected signal is taken by the PLC coupler, digitized then saved in the memory MEM-i. A temporally inverted copy of the measurement is saved in memory MEM 2 .
- the first switch INT !
- the memory MEM 2 is positioned so as to connect the memory MEM 2 to the digital-analog converter DAC (position B in FIG. 2) in order to inject into the cable L, the signal returned in time memorized in the memory MEM 2 .
- the time-returned signal is directly read from the memory in an order opposite to the signal recording order during the first phase.
- the second switch INT 2 is positioned so as to connect the output of the analog-digital converter ADC to an input of the correlator COR (position B in FIG. 2).
- the signal injected into the cable during the second operating phase is back propagated to the PLC coupler which takes a measurement of this signal which is then digitized and supplied on an input to the COR correlator.
- the correlator COR calculates the intercorrelation between this signal and the time returned signal saved in the memory MEM 2 .
- the signal injection and the measurement of the back propagated signal are carried out at the same point of the cable, for example at one end of the cable.
- FIG. 2 An exemplary embodiment of the COR correlator is given in FIG. 2. It comprises a first direct Fourier transform module FFT-i connected to the first input of the correlator, a second direct Fourier transform module FFT 2 connected to the second input of the correlator, a MUL multiplier to multiply the outputs of the two direct Fourier transform modules and an inverse Fourier transform module IFFT 2 connected to the output of the multiplier.
- the first direct Fourier transform module FFT and the second direct Fourier transform module FFT 2 are replaced by a single direct Fourier transform module.
- the system 200 according to any of the variant embodiments of the invention can be implemented by an electronic card on which the various components are arranged.
- the card can be connected to the cable to be analyzed by a PLC coupling means which can be a directional coupler with capacitive or inductive effect or even an ohmic connection.
- the coupling device can be produced by physical connectors which connect the signal generator to the cable or by non-contact means, for example using a metal cylinder whose internal diameter is substantially equal to the external diameter of the cable and which produces an effect. capacitive coupling with the cable.
- a processing unit such as a computer, personal digital assistant or other equivalent electronic or computer device can be used to control the system according to the invention and display the results of the calculations carried out by the COR correlator on a man-machine interface. , in particular the fault detection and location information on the cable.
- the various components of the system 200 according to the invention can be implemented by means of software and / or hardware technology.
- the invention can be implemented totally or partially by means of an on-board processor or a specific device.
- the processor can be a generic processor, a specific processor, an integrated circuit specific to an application (also known under the English name of ASIC for "Application-Specific Integrated Circuit") or a network of programmable doors in situ (also known under the English name of FPGA for "Field-Programmable Gate Array”).
- the system according to the invention can use one or more dedicated electronic circuits or a general-purpose circuit.
- the technique of the invention can be carried out on a reprogrammable computing machine (a processor or a microcontroller for example) executing a program comprising a sequence of instructions, or on a dedicated computing machine (for example a set of logic gates such as an FPGA or an ASIC, or any other hardware module).
- a reprogrammable computing machine a processor or a microcontroller for example
- a dedicated computing machine for example a set of logic gates such as an FPGA or an ASIC, or any other hardware module.
- FIG. 3 describes the steps for implementing the method for characterizing a defect according to the invention.
- the method is implemented by means of a system 200 of the type described in FIG. 2.
- a first reference signal is injected into the network of transmission lines L that we wish to diagnose.
- the back propagated signal is measured after its propagation in the network and its possible reflections on the impedance discontinuities caused by the presence of a fault but also by network junctions or terminations.
- a time reversal is applied to the measured signal to reverse the order of the samples of the signal.
- step 304 the signal obtained in step 303 is injected into the network.
- a fifth step 305 the back propagated signal is again measured, then in a sixth step 306, the intercorrelation between the signal measured in step 305 and the signal obtained after the time reversal step 303 is calculated. .
- the result of the intercorrelation calculation is a time reflectogram, the analysis of which makes it possible to detect and locate a fault in the network of lines.
- the invention thus makes it possible to amplify the signature of a defect in the reflectogram obtained, compared with the methods of the prior art, since the use of the time reversal makes it possible to generate, in step 303, a signal adapted to the cable faults.
- the signal measured in step 302 includes the reflection echoes of the initial signal injected in step 301 on the cable faults. By temporally inverting this signal and injecting it into the cable, a reflection of the reflections obtained via the first injection 301 and of the reflections obtained via the second injection 304 is induced.
- the signal obtained in step 305 then comprises a total of the echoes of the signal constructed in step 303 and of the echoes linked to the reflection of this signal injected in step 304 and then measured in step 305.
- FIGS. 4a, 4b and 4c represent the time reflectograms obtained respectively with the invention and with a method of the prior art.
- FIG. 4a represents a reflectogram 400 obtained with the invention and a reflectogram 401 obtained with a method of the prior art based on time reversal, for a cable 10 meters long without defect.
- the amplitude peak P 0 , Pi measured on the two reflectograms corresponds to the termination of the cable in open circuit. It is noted that the peak P 0 of the reflectogram 400 obtained with the invention has a higher amplitude than the peak Pi of the reflectogram 401 obtained with the method of the prior art.
- FIG. 4b represents a reflectogram 500 obtained with the invention and a reflectogram 501 obtained with the method of the prior art based on time reversal, for a cable having a capacitive defect of 2 cm in length at 10 m from the point of signal injection.
- FIG. 4c represents a reflectogram 600 obtained with the invention and a reflectogram 601 obtained with the method of the prior art based on time reversal, for a cable having a resistive defect of 2 cm in length at 20 m from the point of signal injection.
- the signature of the capacitive fault P 4 has a higher amplitude on the reflectogram 600 obtained with the invention than that P 5 measured on the reflectogram 601 obtained with the method of the prior art.
- the invention notably has the following differences compared to the method of the aforementioned prior art.
- the invention does not require the use of a sound cable unlike the method of the prior art. It also does not require calculating two correlations but only one. Furthermore, the invention involves a correlation calculation between the signal returned in time and then injected into the cable and the measurement of this same signal after reflection. On the contrary, in the method of the prior art, the correlation is applied between the first reference signal injected in step 301 and the final signal measured after reflection obtained in step 305. Finally, the invention makes it possible to reduce the complexity of implementing the process, in other words the number of calculations or operations necessary for its execution.
- the invention makes it possible to establish a diagnosis of the state of health of a network of transmission lines without the need to interrupt the service provided by the network or generate interference for this service.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Locating Faults (AREA)
- Maintenance And Management Of Digital Transmission (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1855942A FR3083323B1 (fr) | 2018-06-29 | 2018-06-29 | Procede et systeme de caracterisation d'un defaut dans un reseau de lignes de transmission, par retournement temporel |
| PCT/EP2019/065464 WO2020001985A1 (fr) | 2018-06-29 | 2019-06-13 | Procede et systeme de caracterisation d'un defaut dans un reseau de lignes de transmission, par retournement temporel |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3814786A1 true EP3814786A1 (fr) | 2021-05-05 |
Family
ID=63684081
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19731665.6A Withdrawn EP3814786A1 (fr) | 2018-06-29 | 2019-06-13 | Procede et systeme de caracterisation d'un defaut dans un reseau de lignes de transmission, par retournement temporel |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20210141011A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3814786A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3083323B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2020001985A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11533105B1 (en) * | 2020-06-01 | 2022-12-20 | Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. | Systems and methods for determining reflection and transmission coefficients |
| EP4193259A1 (fr) | 2020-08-07 | 2023-06-14 | Marvell Asia Pte Ltd | Autodiagnostic pour réseaux embarqués |
| US12160279B2 (en) * | 2020-11-25 | 2024-12-03 | Marvell Asia Pte Ltd | Automotive physical layer (PHY) cable fault diagnosis |
| US12237982B2 (en) | 2021-05-28 | 2025-02-25 | Marvell Asia Pte Ltd | Early detection of cable failure in automotive networks |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2987450B1 (fr) * | 2012-02-29 | 2014-04-18 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de mesure du vieillissement de cables electriques |
| US9465067B2 (en) | 2013-04-08 | 2016-10-11 | ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FéDéRALE DE LAUSANNE | Efficient method based on the electromagnetic time reversal to locate faults in power network |
| FR3012616B1 (fr) | 2013-10-31 | 2019-05-31 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Methode de generation d'un signal de reflectometrie multi-porteuses pour une mise en œuvre dans un systeme distribue |
| FR3026848B1 (fr) * | 2014-10-02 | 2018-01-05 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procede d'analyse d'un cable, basee sur une correlation auto-adaptative, pour la detection de defauts non francs |
| US10615894B2 (en) * | 2015-08-31 | 2020-04-07 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | Network test instrument with testing session analysis |
| FR3059432B1 (fr) * | 2016-11-25 | 2020-02-28 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procede et dispositif d'analyse de defaut dans un reseau de lignes de transmission |
| FR3060128B1 (fr) * | 2016-12-12 | 2019-03-15 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Systeme et procede de detection de defauts dans une ligne de transmission, par utilisation d'un signal complexe |
-
2018
- 2018-06-29 FR FR1855942A patent/FR3083323B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2019
- 2019-06-13 WO PCT/EP2019/065464 patent/WO2020001985A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2019-06-13 EP EP19731665.6A patent/EP3814786A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2019-06-13 US US17/253,542 patent/US20210141011A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3083323A1 (fr) | 2020-01-03 |
| US20210141011A1 (en) | 2021-05-13 |
| FR3083323B1 (fr) | 2020-06-19 |
| WO2020001985A1 (fr) | 2020-01-02 |
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