EP3612723A1 - Procede de determination du vieillissement d'un catalyseur de ligne d'echappement de vehicule automobile - Google Patents
Procede de determination du vieillissement d'un catalyseur de ligne d'echappement de vehicule automobileInfo
- Publication number
- EP3612723A1 EP3612723A1 EP18714576.8A EP18714576A EP3612723A1 EP 3612723 A1 EP3612723 A1 EP 3612723A1 EP 18714576 A EP18714576 A EP 18714576A EP 3612723 A1 EP3612723 A1 EP 3612723A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- osc
- oxygen storage
- storage capacity
- dec
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus
- F01N11/007—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus the diagnostic devices measuring oxygen or air concentration downstream of the exhaust apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2550/00—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems
- F01N2550/02—Catalytic activity of catalytic converters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/025—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting O2, e.g. lambda sensors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/14—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics having more than one sensor of one kind
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/04—Methods of control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/0416—Methods of control or diagnosing using the state of a sensor, e.g. of an exhaust gas sensor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/14—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust gas
- F01N2900/1411—Exhaust gas flow rate, e.g. mass flow rate or volumetric flow rate
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/16—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust apparatus, e.g. particulate filter or catalyst
- F01N2900/1602—Temperature of exhaust gas apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/16—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust apparatus, e.g. particulate filter or catalyst
- F01N2900/1624—Catalyst oxygen storage capacity
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for determining the aging of a motor vehicle exhaust system catalyst.
- the catalyst is made based on a material with reversible oxygen storage properties as a function of the richness of the exhaust gases.
- the catalyst has an oxygen storage capacity, called “OSC” for "Oxygen Storage Capacity” in English. It allows to store the oxygen when the engine is operating in a lean regime (air / fuel ratio higher than 1) to restore it in rich mode (air / fuel ratio less than or equal to 1).
- the catalyst contributes to the oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx).
- the oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst is an indicator of its aging because the more the catalyst ages, the less it is capable of storing oxygen.
- a strategy consists in measuring the oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst (image of the amount of active compounds). To determine this oxygen storage capacity, the strategy first empties the catalyst of its oxygen through a rich combustion, then fills it with a poor combustion. When an oxygen sensor located downstream of the catalyst detects oxygen, it means that the catalyst has reached its storage capacity.
- the oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst OSC_Bru may be different for the same aging as a function respectively of the catalyst temperature, as shown in Figure 1a, and the flow rate Deb of the exhaust gas expressed in kilograms per second, as shown in Figure 1b. For this reason, a correction factor dependent on these two parameters is applied to make this raw storage capacity OSC_Bru constant, as shown in Figures 2a and 2b which represent a corrected storage capacity OSC_Corr.
- the problem with this strategy is that the variation of the oxygen storage capacity is non-linear as a function of aging. Thus, a corrective factor is not valid only at a given moment for the catalyst.
- FIG. 3a thus illustrates the evolution of raw oxygen storage capacities as a function of the temperature respectively for a new catalyst (see OSC_Bru_N), aged (see OSC_Bru_V), and failed (see OSC_Bru_OBD).
- OSC_Bru_N new catalyst
- OSC_Bru_V aged
- OSC_Bru_OBD failed
- 3b shows that a given corrective factor is adapted to correct the storage capacity of a defective catalyst (see curve OSC_Corr_OBD substantially constant) but is not adapted to correct the oxygen storage capacities of a new catalyst (see OSC_Corr_N) and aged (see OSC_Corr_V) which present a great dispersion.
- the invention aims to effectively overcome this disadvantage by providing a method for determining the aging of a catalyst equipping an exhaust line, including a motor vehicle, the exhaust line being equipped with oxygen sensors upstream and downstream of the catalyst,
- This process comprises:
- the invention thus provides a gain in accuracy of the aging calculation of the catalyst, which reduces the pollutant emissions according to the driving profile.
- the fact of not switching too early on an engine setting "aged” to compensate for the loss of efficiency of the catalyst makes it possible to gain in consumption.
- the fact of not tipping too late on an engine setting "aged” ensures compliance with anti-pollution standards.
- the method comprises a step of comparing the measured raw oxygen storage capacity with decision thresholds. corresponding to different states of the catalyst, the corrective factor being selected according to the previous comparison.
- a first decision threshold corresponding to a new catalyst state and a second decision threshold corresponding to an aged catalyst state are defined.
- the raw oxygen storage capacity in the case where the raw oxygen storage capacity is greater than the first decision threshold corresponding to the new catalyst state, then the raw oxygen storage capacity is corrected with a first factor. patch corresponding to a new catalyst.
- the raw oxygen storage capacity in the case where the raw oxygen storage capacity is less than the first decision threshold corresponding to the new catalyst state and greater than the second decision threshold corresponding to the aged catalyst state. then the raw oxygen storage capacity is corrected with a second corrective factor corresponding to an aged catalyst.
- the raw oxygen storage capacity in the case where the raw oxygen storage capacity is less than the second decision threshold corresponding to the aged catalyst state, the raw oxygen storage capacity is corrected with a third corrective factor. corresponding to a failed catalyst state.
- the decision thresholds are obtained from a map that is a function of the flow of the exhaust gas and the catalyst temperature.
- the method comprises:
- the measurement of the raw oxygen storage capacity as well as the corrected oxygen storage capacity and the decision thresholds are obtained according to the following steps:
- Figures 1a and 1b are graphical representations illustrating the evolution of a raw oxygen storage capacity of a catalyst as a function respectively of a catalyst temperature and a flow rate of exhaust gas;
- FIGS. 2a and 2b are graphical representations illustrating the evolution of the oxygen storage capacity of Figures 1a and 1b corrected by a correction factor
- FIG. 3a is a graphical representation illustrating the evolution of a raw oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst as a function of the catalyst temperature and for different catalyst states, namely a new catalyst, a aged catalyst, and a failed catalyst;
- FIG. 3b is a graphical representation illustrating the dispersion between the oxygen storage capacities corrected by the same corrective factor for different catalyst states, namely a new catalyst, an aged catalyst, and a defective catalyst. ;
- Figure 4 is a schematic representation of an architecture of an exhaust line of an internal combustion engine implementing the catalyst aging determination method according to the present invention
- FIG. 5 is a functional diagram of the different steps of the method for determining the aging of the catalyst according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a graphical representation illustrating the evolution of a corrected oxygen storage capacity by a corrective factor chosen as a function of the state of the catalyst.
- Figure 4 schematically shows a portion of an exhaust line 1 collecting the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine 2 gasoline type equipping a motor vehicle.
- the exhaust line 1 comprises a catalyst 3 arranged upstream of a particulate filter 4.
- the catalyst 3 and the particulate filter 4 are grouped in the same casing 5 connecting to the rest of the line 1 by its ends (the Figure represents only half of the envelope 5 to make visible the catalyst 3 and the particulate filter 4).
- the catalyst 3 is made of a material with reversible oxygen storage properties as a function of the richness of the exhaust gas.
- Catalyst 3 has an oxygen storage capacity, called “OSC” for "Oxygen Storage Capacity". It allows the oxygen to be stored when the engine 2 is running at a lean speed (air / fuel ratio greater than 1) in order to restore it to a rich regime (air / fuel ratio less than or equal to 1).
- Catalyst 3 contributes to the oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx).
- the oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst 3 is an indicator of its aging because the older the catalyst 3, the less it is capable of storing oxygen.
- the exhaust line 1 is also provided with two oxygen probes 6, 7 commonly called lambda probes, respectively disposed upstream and downstream of the catalyst 3.
- These probes 6, 7 of known type may take the form of linear or stoichiometric type probe.
- the engine computer detects favorable conditions to achieve the measurement of the oxygen storage OSC_Bru raw capacity of the catalyst 3.
- the temperature of the catalyst 3 must be high enough for the chemical reactions to occur.
- the flow rate of the gas passing through the catalyst 3 must not be too high to allow the reagents time to store the oxygen.
- the realization of the diagnostics of the oxygen probes 6, 7 must be carried out so as not to encounter interference in the wealth niches.
- a good stability of richness is needed for the precision of the calculation of the oxygen in the exhaust gases.
- Other conditions, such as engine speed, load, the speed of the vehicle can be taken into account to exclude particular life situations in technical control for example.
- a step 102 the catalyst 3 is emptied of its oxygen by triggering a rich combustion, which allows to start the measurement in a step 103.
- the catalyst 3 is then filled with oxygen through the triggering of a lean combustion and the calculation of the OSC_Bru oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst 3 is carried out in a step 104.
- the oxygen storage capacities corrected OSC_Corr_N, OSC_Corr_V, OSC_Corr_OBD are calculated respectively for corrective factors dependent on the temperature of the catalyst 3 and the flow rate of the corresponding exhaust gases to different typical states of the catalyst 3, namely a first corrective factor corresponding to a catalyst 3 considered as new OSC_Corr_N, a second correction factor corresponding to a catalyst 3 considered aged OSC_Corr_V, and a third corrective factor corresponding to a catalyst 3 considered as failed OSC_Corr_OBD.
- the corrective factor is therefore adjusted according to whether it is considered that the catalyst 3 is classified in category nine or aged or defective.
- the OSC_Bru measurement is stopped in a step 106.
- the process therefore chooses the capacity corrected oxygen storage OSC_Corr_N, OSC_Corr_V, OSC_Corr_OBD to be taken into account in the calculation of catalyst aging 3.
- OSC_Corr_N, OSC_Corr_V, OSC_Corr_OBD the capacity corrected oxygen storage OSC_Corr_N, OSC_Corr_V, OSC_Corr_OBD to be taken into account in the calculation of catalyst aging 3.
- the measured raw oxygen storage capacity OSC_Bru is compared, in a step 107, with decision thresholds S_Dec_N, S_Dec_V corresponding to different states of the catalyst 3.
- a first decision threshold S_Dec_N corresponding to a catalyst is thus defined. 3 nine and a second decision threshold S_Dec_V corresponding to an aged catalyst 3.
- the decision thresholds S_Dec_N, S_Dec_V are obtained from a map Cart_Dec which is a function of the flow rate Deb of the exhaust gas and the temperature of the catalyst 3. These decision thresholds S_Dec_N, S_Dec_V, as for the storage capacity, can be calculated during step 104, which makes it possible to have an evolution of these during the measurement in the event of a change of operating point, or be chosen at the end of the measurement, which makes it necessary to measure the raw OSC_Bru oxygen storage capacity at a single operating point.
- the raw oxygen storage capacity OSC_Bru is greater than the first decision threshold S_Dec_N corresponding to a new catalyst 3 then the raw oxygen storage capacity OSC_Bru is corrected with a corrective factor corresponding to the catalyst state 3 new (see OSC_Corr_N).
- the raw oxygen storage capacity OSC_Bru is less than the first decision threshold S_Dec_N and greater than the second decision threshold S_Dec_V corresponding to a catalyst 3 aged then the raw oxygen storage capacity OSC_Bru is corrected with a corrective factor corresponding to the aged catalyst state 3 (see OSC_Corr_V).
- the raw oxygen storage capacity OSC_Bru is lower than the second decision threshold S_Dec_V then the raw oxygen storage capacity OSC_Bru is corrected with a correction factor corresponding to the failed catalyst state 3 (see OSC_Corr_OBD). ).
- a corrected oxygen storage capacity OSC_Corr is then determined with the corrective factor selected as a function of the preceding comparison in a step 108 which may occur at the same time as step 104.
- FIG. 6 shows that the process according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a constant corrected oxygen storage capacity whatever the state of the catalyst 3 (see curve OSC_Corr_N for a new catalyst, OSC_Corr_V for an aged catalyst, OSC_Corr_OBD for a defective catalyst).
- the engine computer can then determine the aging of the catalyst 3, in a step 109, depending on the corrected oxygen storage capacity thus determined.
- the aging of a catalyst 3 is expressed in kilometers. This mileage is not that of the vehicle because the driving profile, among other things, degrades more or less rapidly catalyst 3.
- the calculation consists in characterizing the raw oxygen storage capacity OSC_Bru of a new catalyst 3, a catalyst 3 aged according to a precise range representing the average profile of a driver having traveled 100,000 kilometers, and a Catalyst 3 defaults in a range until the pollutant emissions of the vehicle exceed the failure thresholds established by a given regulation.
- a table of correspondence between raw oxygen storage capacity OSC_Bru and mileage of the catalyst 3 is integrated in the engine calculator to convert the raw oxygen storage capacity OSC_Bru in kilometer.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1753457A FR3065487B1 (fr) | 2017-04-21 | 2017-04-21 | Procede de determination du vieillissement d'un catalyseur de ligne d'echappement de vehicule automobile |
| PCT/FR2018/050610 WO2018193174A1 (fr) | 2017-04-21 | 2018-03-14 | Procede de determination du vieillissement d'un catalyseur de ligne d'echappement de vehicule automobile |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3612723A1 true EP3612723A1 (fr) | 2020-02-26 |
Family
ID=59381434
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP18714576.8A Withdrawn EP3612723A1 (fr) | 2017-04-21 | 2018-03-14 | Procede de determination du vieillissement d'un catalyseur de ligne d'echappement de vehicule automobile |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3612723A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3065487B1 (fr) |
| MA (1) | MA50140A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2018193174A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110672653B (zh) * | 2019-10-24 | 2022-12-02 | 浙江达峰汽车技术有限公司 | 一种汽车尾气净化催化剂模拟老化的方法 |
| WO2022024137A1 (fr) * | 2020-07-31 | 2022-02-03 | Tvs Motor Company Limited | Système et procédé de surveillance d'âge embarqué pour véhicule |
| DE102023134842B3 (de) | 2023-12-12 | 2024-10-24 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Steuern einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine, Katalysatoreinrichtung, Verbrennungskraftmaschine und Kraftfahrzeug |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8899015B2 (en) * | 2010-03-09 | 2014-12-02 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Catalyst degradation detection device |
| JP5062307B2 (ja) * | 2010-08-06 | 2012-10-31 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 触媒劣化検出装置 |
| FR2981690A3 (fr) * | 2011-10-21 | 2013-04-26 | Renault Sa | Procede de depollution d'un moteur a combustion interne et moteur a combustion interne fonctionnant a richesse 1 |
-
2017
- 2017-04-21 FR FR1753457A patent/FR3065487B1/fr active Active
-
2018
- 2018-03-14 MA MA050140A patent/MA50140A/fr unknown
- 2018-03-14 WO PCT/FR2018/050610 patent/WO2018193174A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2018-03-14 EP EP18714576.8A patent/EP3612723A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2018193174A1 (fr) | 2018-10-25 |
| MA50140A (fr) | 2020-07-29 |
| FR3065487B1 (fr) | 2019-04-26 |
| FR3065487A1 (fr) | 2018-10-26 |
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