EP3607288A1 - Calorimetre - Google Patents
CalorimetreInfo
- Publication number
- EP3607288A1 EP3607288A1 EP18722120.5A EP18722120A EP3607288A1 EP 3607288 A1 EP3607288 A1 EP 3607288A1 EP 18722120 A EP18722120 A EP 18722120A EP 3607288 A1 EP3607288 A1 EP 3607288A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- enclosure
- temperature sensor
- calorimeter according
- cavity
- calorimeter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K17/00—Measuring quantity of heat
- G01K17/006—Microcalorimeters, e.g. using silicon microstructures
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to calorimeters and more particularly nanocalorimeters.
- a calorimeter is a device designed to measure heat exchanges.
- a nanocalorimeter is an apparatus for measuring elements having a nanoscale and / or heat exchange of the order of the nanojoule. Nanocalorimeters have applications particularly in the field of medical biology, biochemistry and gas detection.
- a calorimeter generally comprises a membrane on which the sample to be characterized rests and a sensor adapted to provide an electrical signal that varies as a function of heat exchange occurring within the sample.
- the sensor can be a temperature sensor.
- the calorimeter may further include means for heating the sample.
- the calorimeters can be used to perform a differential scanning calorimetry heat exchange measurement. This measurement method can be implemented by a power compensation device comprising first and second calorimeters.
- the first calorimeter contains the sample to be characterized while the second calorimeter serves as a reference. From the signals provided by the temperature sensors of the first and second calorimeters, it is possible to measure the temperature difference between the sample and the reference and to measure the absolute temperature of the sample and the absolute temperature of the reference.
- both calorimeters are usually heated simultaneously at the same heating rate.
- the occurrence of a reaction within the sample results in a difference between the temperature of the sample and the temperature of the reference.
- the analysis of this difference makes it possible to determine the amount of heat exchanged during the reaction.
- nanocalorimeters suitable for measuring heat exchange for very small nanogram or picolitre samples that can heat up or cool down at speeds above 1000 K / s.
- An example of application relates to the study of non-equilibrium materials, for example for the monitoring of transitions from the crystalline state to the amorphous state, and vice versa, or the monitoring of biological phenomena which are realized with constant time constants. the order of the millisecond as the dynamic denaturation of DNA.
- the nanocalorimeter has a low heat content, that there is good thermal insulation of the membrane vis-à-vis its support and that the sensor has a significant sensitivity. This further requires that the sample is encapsulated under vacuum or under a gas with low thermal conductivity.
- a disadvantage of existing calorimeters is that they are generally made by assembling different parts. It may then be difficult to achieve nanocalorimeters of low heat mass so as to achieve the performance indicated above.
- a disadvantage is that the nanocalorimeter manufacturing method can be complex and incompatible with low cost manufacturing on a commercial scale. Another disadvantage is that the use of the nanocalorimeter can be complex.
- an object of an embodiment is to overcome at least in part the disadvantages of nanocalorimeters described above and their manufacturing processes.
- Another object of an embodiment is that the nanocalorimeter is easy to use.
- Another object of an embodiment is that the nanocalorimeter can be manufactured on a reduced cost industrial scale.
- the nanocalorimeter is adapted to measure heat exchanges for nanogram or picoliter samples and capable of heating up or cooling at speeds greater than 1000 K / s.
- nanocalorimeter is adapted to perform a differential scanning calorimetry measurement.
- an embodiment provides a calorimeter comprising a support and a capsule delimiting with the support a gas-tight cavity delimited by walls of the capsule and by a face of the support, the cavity containing:
- hollow tubes connecting the enclosure to the walls; and a sensor of the temperature of the enclosure
- enclosure, the hollow tubes and the temperature sensor each comprise a stack of at least two inorganic layers each having a thickness of between 0.005 ⁇ m and 1 ⁇ m, preferably between 5 nm and 200 nm.
- the internal volume is between 0.1 ⁇ m and 200 ⁇ m ⁇ .
- At least two hollow tubes connect the enclosure to one of the walls.
- At least a first hollow tube of said hollow tubes connects the enclosure to a first wall among the walls and at least a second hollow tube of said hollow tubes connects the enclosure to a second wall among the walls, different from the first wall.
- the pressure in the cavity is less than 10 mbar and / or the cavity contains a gaseous medium whose thermal conductivity is less than 0.02 WK _ lm ⁇ l.
- the calorimeter comprises conductive tracks electrically connected to the temperature sensor.
- the electrically conductive tracks connect the temperature sensor to said face.
- the temperature sensor is at least partly in contact with the enclosure.
- the temperature sensor comprises a portion of a thermoresistive material in contact with the enclosure.
- the electrically conductive tracks are at least partly in contact with the hollow tubes.
- each electrically conductive track comprises a portion extending into the cavity at a distance from the hollow tubes and the enclosure.
- the temperature sensor is separated from the enclosure by a gap.
- the temperature sensor comprises a bolometer.
- the thickness of the gap is between 10 nm and 1 ⁇ m.
- the calorimeter comprises pillars contained in the cavity, the temperature sensor resting on the pillars.
- the temperature sensor comprises a stack of a tray and a thermoresistive layer resting on the pillars.
- the calorimeter comprises a heating means of the chamber possibly coincides with the temperature sensor.
- the enclosure and the hollow tubes are separated by at least a minimum distance of 0.5 ⁇ m from said face.
- the capsule and the support are made of inorganic materials.
- the enclosure is made of a material chosen from the group comprising silicon oxide, silicon nitride or zinc sulphide.
- each hollow tube is made of an insulating material chosen from the group comprising silicon oxide, silicon nitride or zinc sulphide.
- the material or materials present on said face and said walls are chosen from the group comprising silicon nitride, silicon oxide, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon and a mixture of at least two of these materials.
- the cavity is not connected to a vacuum pump.
- Figures 1 and 2 are respectively a schematic perspective view, with partial section, and a sectional view of an embodiment of a nanocalorimeter;
- Figure 3 is a schematic perspective view, with partial section, of another embodiment of a nanocalorimeter;
- Figures 4 and 5 are sectional views of other embodiments of a nanocalorimeter
- Figures 6 and 7 are respectively a schematic perspective view, partly in section, and a sectional view of another embodiment of a nanocalorimeter
- FIGS. 8A to 8M are partial and schematic sections of structures obtained at successive stages of an embodiment of a method for manufacturing the nanocalorimeter shown in FIG. 5;
- FIGS. 9A to 9H are partial and schematic sections of structures obtained at successive stages of an embodiment of a method for manufacturing the nanocalorimeter shown in FIG. 6.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 show an embodiment of a nanocalorimeter 10.
- the section plane of FIG. 2 can correspond substantially to a plane of symmetry of the nanocalorimeter 10.
- the nanocalorimeter 10 comprises:
- the capsule 13 comprising walls 22 resting on the support 12, only two walls 22 are shown in Figure 1, and defining the side faces 18 of the cavity 14 and a roof 24, not shown in Figure 1, resting on the walls 22 and defining the upper face 20 of the cavity 14;
- a hollow enclosure 26 located in the cavity 14 and comprising an internal volume 27;
- a first hollow tube 28 located in the cavity 14 and connecting the enclosure 26 to the roof 24 of the capsule 13 and through the roof 24, the tube 28 defining a first channel 29 opening at one end in the internal volume 27 of the enclosure 26 and opening at the other end outside the capsule 13;
- a second hollow tube 30 located in cavity 14 and connecting the enclosure 26 to the roof 24 of the capsule 13 and passing through the roof 24, the tube 30 delimiting a second channel 31 opening at one end into the internal volume 27 of the enclosure 26 and opening at the other end outside the capsule 13;
- thermoresistive material in contact with the enclosure 26;
- first electrically conductive track 34, or electrode 34 extending along the first tube 28 and extending on the enclosure 26 and extending at one end by a first element 36 in contact with the layer 33, extending along an edge of the layer 33 and interposed between the layer 33 and the enclosure 26;
- a second electrically conductive track 38, or electrode 38 extending along the second tube 30 and extending on the enclosure 26 and extending at one end by a second element 40 in contact with the layer 33, extending along an edge of the layer 33 opposite the edge connected to the element 36, and interposed between the layer 33 and the enclosure 26.
- the nature of the support 12 may depend on the intended application.
- the support 12 may comprise electrically insulating regions and electrically conductive regions. Materials of different natures may be present at the face 16. These materials must be compatible with the nanocalorimeter fabrication process 10.
- the support 12 may correspond to an electronic circuit or to the semiconductor substrate, for example made of silicon, an electronic circuit, optionally covered with an electrically insulating layer and comprising, in particular, conductive regions which are preferably planarized to enable the nanocalorimeter 10 to be manufactured.
- the channels 29, 31 may extend outside the capsule 13 and be connected to a device, not shown, for circulating a sample, for example a solution, in the channels 29, 31 to bring the sample to the enclosure 26 and to remove the sample from the enclosure 26.
- a sample for example a solution
- the conductive tracks 34, 38 are connected to a processing circuit, not shown, adapted to analyze the signals supplied by the temperature sensor 32.
- the processing circuit is adapted to measure the resistance of the layer 33.
- the cavity 14 is substantially gas-tight.
- the cavity 14 may contain a partial vacuum, a low thermally conductive gas, in particular an inert gas, for example xenon or argon, and / or a gaseous mixture that is thermally insulative, in particular a gas mixture. inert.
- a gas or gas mixture with low thermal conductivity is a gas or a gas mixture whose thermal conductivity is less than 0.02 WK-lm ⁇ 1 at atmospheric pressure.
- the material or materials present on the lower face 16 of the support 12 and the lateral faces 18 and the upper face 20 of the capsule 13 are chosen from the group comprising silicon nitride and silicon oxide. , amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon and a mixture of at least two of these materials.
- the pressure in the cavity 14 is between 10 ⁇ mbar and 10 mbar.
- the materials making up the support 12 at the face 16 must be compatible with the evacuation of the cavity 14.
- the degassing rate of the materials making up the support 12 at the level of the face 16 must be compatible with the evacuation of the cavity 14.
- inorganic materials for the support 12 at the face 16 and / or for the capsule 13 at the walls facing the cavity 14 advantageously allows to maintain a partial vacuum in the cavity 14 without having to connect the cavity 14 to a vacuum pump, which could not be obtained if the materials used for the support 12 at the face 16 or for the capsule 13 at the walls overlooking the cavity 14 were organic materials that have degassing rates too high.
- the dimensions of the enclosure 26 depend on the desired application for the nanocalorimeter 10.
- the internal volume 27 has the general shape of a parallelepiped whose length L1 is between 1 ⁇ m and 100 ym, whose width Wl, not shown in the figures, is between 1 ym and 100 ym and whose height Hl is between 0.1 ym and 2 ym.
- the thickness of the walls of the enclosure 26 is between 10 nm and 10 ⁇ m.
- the enclosure 26 is made of an electrically insulating material, for example silicon oxide, silicon nitride or zinc sulphide.
- Each tube 28, 30 may have a rectangular internal cross section whose long side W2, not shown in the figures, is between 0.1 ⁇ m and 20 ⁇ m and whose short side H2 is between 0.1 ⁇ m and 2 ⁇ m. .
- the dimension H2 is less than or equal to the dimension H1.
- the right inner section of the chamber 26 may be identical to the internal cross section of the tubes 28, 30.
- Each channel 29, 31 may not follow a rectilinear path, for example extending along a broken line or a curved course.
- each channel 29, 31 comprises a first portion extending substantially perpendicular to the upper face 20 of the cavity 14, extending through a second portion extending from substantially parallel to the upper face 20 of the cavity 14.
- the length L2, not shown in the figures, cumulative of each portion of the channel 29, 31 is between 5 ym and 100 ym.
- the thickness of the layers constituting the walls of each tube 28 and 30 is between 10 nm and 2 ⁇ m.
- Each tube 28 and 30 is made of an electrically insulating material, for example silicon oxide, silicon nitride or zinc sulphide.
- the cavity 14 has the shape generally of a parallelepiped whose length L3 is between 10 ⁇ m and 500 ⁇ m, whose width W3, not shown in the figures, is between 10 ⁇ m and 500 ⁇ m and whose height H3 is defined by the shape factor of the openings in the sacrificial materials, typically between 1 and 10, used for producing the cavity 14 as this is described in more detail later. This results in heights H3 of between 2 ⁇ m and 20 ⁇ m.
- the distance between the lower face 16 and the enclosure 26 may be between 0.5 ⁇ m (in order to avoid radiative exchanges in the near field between the enclosure 26 and the support 12) and 5 ⁇ m.
- the distance between the upper face 20 and the enclosure 26 may be between 0.5 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m.
- the walls of the capsule 13, that is to say the walls 22 and the roof 24 may have a thickness between 0.1 ym and 5 ym.
- the thermosensitive material constituting the layer 33 may be an amorphous or polycrystalline semiconductor material, especially chosen from the group comprising polycrystalline silicon, polycrystalline germanium, a silicon and polycrystalline germanium alloy, polycrystalline silicon carbide, hydrogenated amorphous silicon, hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide, oxides of iron, titanium or vanadium, an alloy of silicon and hydrogenated amorphous germanium and a mixture of at least two of these compounds.
- the thickness of the heat-sensitive layer 33 is between 10 nm and 10 ⁇ m.
- the conductive tracks 34, 38 may be made of a metal or a metal alloy, in particular chosen from the group comprising titanium, titanium nitride, platinum, aluminum, palladium, nickel, a nickel and chromium alloy. and an alloy or a mixture of at least two of these compounds.
- the thickness of each conductive track 34, 38 is between 5 nm and 1 ⁇ m.
- the temperature sensor 32 of the enclosure 26 comprises the layer 33 of a thermoresistive material.
- the structure of the sensor 32 may be different.
- the temperature sensor 32 may comprise a thermocouple, a diode or a resistor with a high temperature coefficient, preferably located in contact with the enclosure 26.
- the nanocalorimeter 10 may comprise a means of heating the enclosure 26.
- the heating means may comprise an electrical resistance disposed on the enclosure 26. When is crossed by an electric current, resistance releases heat by Joule effect.
- the heating means is integrated in whole or in part with the temperature sensor 32.
- the temperature sensor 32 comprises the heat-resistive layer 33
- this layer 33 can be used both for measuring the temperature the chamber 26 and the sample possibly present in the internal volume 27 of the chamber 26 and for heating the chamber 26 and the sample possibly present in the internal volume 27 of the chamber 26.
- the processing circuit connected to the thermosensitive layer 33 is further adapted to apply a determined voltage between the conductive tracks 34, 38 or to circulate a determined current in the conductive tracks 34, 38.
- the heating means of the chamber 26 and the sensor 32 of the temperature of the chamber 26 are distinct.
- the introduction and the withdrawal, in the internal volume 27 of the chamber 26, of the sample to be characterized are carried out by the channels 29, 31.
- the temperature of the chamber 26 equilibrates with the temperature of the sample contained in the internal volume 27. This temperature is measured by the temperature sensor 32.
- a continuous flow of a fluid can be achieved in the chamber 26 by the channels 29, 31.
- the channels 29, 31 can be used to inject different constituents into the internal volume 27 of the speaker 26, for example for a reaction to occur in the internal volume 27 of the enclosure 26.
- two channels 29, 31 are present.
- the nanocalorimeter 10 may comprise more than two channels 29, 31 connected to the enclosure 26. This allows in particular to simultaneously bring different compounds into the internal volume 27 of the enclosure 26.
- FIG. 3 represents another embodiment of a nanocalorimeter 50.
- the nanocalorimeter 50 comprises all the elements of the nanocalorimeter 10 with the difference that the first hollow tube 28 connects the enclosure 26 to a first wall among the walls 22 and the second hollow tube 30 connects the enclosure 26 to a second wall among the walls 22, for example opposite the first wall.
- FIG. 4 represents another embodiment of a nanocalorimeter 55.
- the nanocalorimeter 55 comprises all the elements of the nanocalorimeter 10, with the difference that each conducting track 34, 38 comprises a portion 56 which extends into the cavity 14 the absence of contact with the tubes 28, 30 and the enclosure 26.
- the portions 56 connect the portions of the tracks 34, 38 resting on the tubes 28, 30 to the upper face 20 of the cavity 14 .
- FIG. 5 represents another embodiment of a nanocalorimeter 60.
- the nanocalorimeter 60 comprises all the elements of the nanocalorimeter 55 with the difference that the portions 56 connect, by connections not visible in FIG. 5, the parts of the tracks 34 , 38 resting on the tubes 28, 30 on the lower face 16 of the cavity 14.
- the present embodiment is adapted to the case where the processing circuit connected to the temperature sensor 32 is made by electronic components formed in and / or on the support 12.
- FIGS. 6 and 7 show another embodiment of a nanocalorimeter 70.
- the nanocalorimeter 70 comprises some of the elements of the nanocalorimeter 50 shown in FIG. 3, in particular:
- the enclosure 26 comprising the internal volume 27;
- the first hollow tube 28 comprising the first channel
- the second hollow tube 30 comprising the second channel
- the nanocalorimeter 70 further comprises a temperature sensor 72 resting on at least two pillars 73.
- the sensor 72 is shown schematically in the sectional plane of FIG. 7.
- the temperature sensor 72 is located in the cavity 14 but is not in contact with the enclosure 26, a gap 74 separating the temperature sensor 72 from the enclosure 26 and filled by the atmosphere or the partial vacuum present in the the cavity 14.
- the temperature sensor 72 may have a multilayer structure.
- the temperature sensor 72 comprises a plate 75 resting on the pillars 73, and acting as a mechanical support, and an active part 76 forming a bolometer resting on the plate 75.
- the stack comprising the plate 75 and the active part 76 comprises a central body 77, having for example a substantially parallelepipedal shape, comprising an upper face 78 facing a lower face 79 of the chamber 26, a lower face 80 vis-à-vis the support 12 and the side faces 82.
- the faces 78 and 79 define the gap 74.
- the faces 78 and 79 are flat and parallel.
- the temperature sensor 72 further comprises two arms 84 for heat insulation and electrical connection of the central body 77, extending the body 77 at two opposite corners and extending along two opposite side faces 82. The ends of the arms 84 opposite the body 77 rest on the pillars 73.
- the active part 76 may be composed of a heat-resistive material as previously described for the layer 33.
- the nanocalorimeter 70 further comprises electrically conductive tracks, not shown, which provide the electrical connection of the temperature sensor 72.
- electrically conductive tracks not shown, which provide the electrical connection of the temperature sensor 72.
- at least two pillars 73 are conductive and the conductive tracks are connected to these pillars 73 conductors.
- the nanocalorimeter 70 may further comprise a reflective layer 86 at least partially covering the face
- the reflective layer 86 is adapted to reflect the infrared radiation emitted by the enclosure 26 and, preferably, the gap 74 between the layer 86 and the enclosure 26 constitutes a resonant cavity.
- the nanocalorimeter 70 may further comprise a reflective layer, not shown, at least partially covering the lower face 16 of the cavity 14, and adapted to reflect the infrared radiation emitted by the enclosure 26 and / or the temperature sensor 72 .
- the central body 77 has the general shape of a parallelepiped whose length L4 is between 5 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, whose width W4 is between 5 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m and whose height H4 is included between 0.005 ym and 0.5 ym.
- the plate 75 may be made of an electrically insulating material, for example silicon oxide, silicon nitride. The thickness of the plate 75 can be between 10 nm and 200 nm.
- the active part 76 may be made of a thermoresistive material, for example the materials previously described for the heat-resistive layer 33. The thickness of the active part 76 may be between 0.005 ⁇ m and 0.3 ⁇ m.
- the pillars 73 may have a one-piece structure or may have a more complex structure.
- each pillar 73 may comprise an electrically conductive core surrounded by an electrically insulating sheath, the core being connected to the temperature sensor 72.
- Each pillar 73 may have a circular, elliptical or polygonal cross section, for example square or rectangular. , inscribed in a circle whose diameter is between 0.2 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the gap 74 is preferably low to increase the radiative exchanges between the enclosure 26 and the temperature sensor 72.
- the thickness of the gap 74 is between 10 nm and 1 ⁇ m.
- the radiative exchanges between the enclosure 26 and the temperature sensor 72 are made in the near field.
- the heat transfer coefficient between the enclosure 26 and the central body 77 of the temperature sensor 72 is greater than 10 ⁇ W / (m 2 K).
- the radiative coupling between the enclosure 26 and the central body 77 can be increased by the production of structures which have hyperbolic dispersion relations, in particular a type 1 or type 2 hyperbolic material whose permittivity tensor is anisotropic ( ⁇ ( x / y)> 0 and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0 for type 1 and ⁇ ( x / y) ⁇ 0 and ⁇ ⁇ > 0 for type 2).
- Such structures can be provided on the lower face 79 of the enclosure 26 and / or on the upper face 78 of the temperature sensor 72. The evanescent waves of the enclosure 26 can then excite propagation modes of such structures allowing improve the thermal coupling between the enclosure 26 and the temperature sensor 72.
- TMS triglycine sulfate
- THz terahertz
- IR far-infrared
- Structures with hyperbolic dispersions may be artificial or metamaterial materials with negative permittivity in one or more spatial directions in the target frequency ranges.
- alternating multilayer structures may be alternating multilayer structures of metals and dielectrics at thicknesses well below the wavelengths considered.
- PMMA corresponds to poly (methyl methacrylate).
- Semiconductors doped in order to adjust the plasma frequency at the targeted wavelengths are then used in the infrared and the terahertz frequency band, for example alternating multilayer structures of the INGaAs / AlInAS or SiC / SiC 2 type.
- the alternating multilayer structures can be made by physical vapor deposition (PVD) or by electron beam vapor deposition (EBPVD).
- the constituent materials of these media are similar to those mentioned in the case of multilayer structures.
- Their fabrication uses electrochemical deposition methods to deposit the metal within self-assembled porous dielectrics.
- structures on both sides can also be interdigitated to provide a continuous hyperbolic dispersion medium between the two surfaces.
- the introduction and the withdrawal, in the internal volume 27 of the chamber 26, of the sample to be characterized are carried out by the channels 29, 31.
- the temperature of the sample present in the internal volume 27 of the chamber 26 can be measured by the temperature sensor 72 by radiative coupling between the enclosure 26 and the structure, in particular the central body 77, of the temperature sensor 72.
- the heat exchanges between the enclosure 26 and the central body 77 cause the temperature of the central body 77 to be substantially equal to the temperature of the enclosure 26.
- the temperature sensor 72 comprises a thermoresistive material
- the measurement of the temperature can be carried out by measuring the electrical resistance of the thermoresistive material.
- the nanocalorimeter 70 may further comprise heating means, not shown, of the enclosure 26.
- the heating means is distinct from the temperature sensor 32.
- the heating means can then have the structure of the temperature sensor 32 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and comprise an electrical resistance in contact with the enclosure 26.
- the heating means may be integrated, in whole or in part, in the temperature sensor 72.
- the temperature sensor 72 comprises a heat-resistant material
- a Joule heating can be obtained by circulating a current in the heat-resistant material, which causes the heating of the enclosure 26, and the sample it possibly contains, by radiative coupling between the chamber 26 and the temperature sensor 72.
- the nanocalorimeter 70 then does not include resistance
- the manufacture of the nanocalorimeter can then be simplified.
- the design of the temperature sensor 72 is facilitated to the extent that there are fewer constraints for the design of the temperature sensor 72 than for the design of the temperature sensor 32 of the calorimeters 10, 50, 55 and 60 described.
- the temperature sensor 32 is formed in contact with the enclosure 26 and must match the shape of the enclosure 26.
- the electrothermal characteristics of the temperature sensor 72 and the enclosure 26 can be adjusted separately.
- the thermal mass of the temperature sensor 72 is reduced, which makes the nanocalorimeter 70 even faster.
- several temperature sensors may be provided vis-à-vis the lower face 79 of the enclosure 26.
- a matrix of temperature sensors may be provided vis-à- vis screw of the lower face 79 of the enclosure 26.
- An application of such an embodiment concerns the case in which a first product is previously deposited in the enclosure 26 and a second product, reacting with the first product, is injected into the chamber 26 through one of the tubes 28, 30. This results in the start of the reaction at the injection zone of the second product which will then extend by diffusion to the rest of the internal volume 27 of the chamber 26.
- the localized temperature measurement of the chamber 26 advantageously allows access to the kinetics of diffusion of the product within the volume internal
- an enzyme can be immobilized in the internal volume 27 on the walls of the chamber 26. This can be achieved by the prior passage in the chamber 26, through the channels 29, 31 of a solution containing the enzymes. Such a process for introducing enzymes is advantageously particularly simple.
- the enclosure 26 the tubes
- the tubes 28 and 30 and the temperature sensor 32 or 72 are formed by a stack of layers each having a thickness less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably between 5 nm and 1 ⁇ m, more preferably between 0.005 ⁇ m and 0.2 ⁇ m.
- the tubes 28 and 30 and the enclosure 26 are made of the same material.
- at least a portion of the tubes 28 and 30 and a part of the enclosure 26 are formed in the same layer.
- the enclosure 26 and the tubes 28 and 30 are substantially gastight.
- the use of inorganic materials for the enclosure 26 and the tubes 28 and 30 makes it possible to obtain a sufficient level of sealing with thin layers. This could not be achieved if the materials used to make the enclosure 26 and tubes 28 and 30 were organic materials that require the use of thicker layers to achieve the same sealing properties, which is not the case. compatible with fast heat exchange measurement for low volumes.
- the manufacturing method of the embodiments of nanocalorimeters described above can implement techniques compatible in particular with integrated circuit manufacturing processes.
- the manufacturing method of the embodiments of nanocalorimeters described above can comprise only layers deposition steps, including sacrificial layers which are subsequently removed by etching steps to form the internal volume 27, the cavity 17 and the channels 29, 31.
- Such a method allows the simultaneous realization of several nanocalorimeters on the same support.
- the assembly operations are advantageously reduced since there is no need for subsequent steps of encapsulation of the nanocalorimeters. The manufacturing cost of the nanocalorimeter is thus reduced.
- FIGS. 8A to 8M are partial and schematic sections of structures obtained at successive stages of an embodiment of a method for manufacturing a nanocalorimeter having the general shape of the nanocalorimeter 55 shown in FIG.
- the embodiment of the method will be described for the simultaneous formation of two nanocalorimeters, for example the two nanocalorimeters used by a device adapted to the implementation of a heat exchange measurement method by differential scanning calorimetry.
- the method can be implemented to simultaneously produce several nanocalorimeters.
- each deposition step of a layer may be performed by a low temperature deposition method, in particular by cathodic sputtering, by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition) or Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD).
- LPCVD low pressure chemical vapor deposition
- PECVD Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
- each etching step may be a dry or wet chemical etching.
- FIG. 8A represents the structure obtained after forming, on the support 12, a stack comprising:
- a layer 92 of a second material resting on the layer 90, preferably in contact with the layer 90;
- a layer 94 of the first material resting on the layer 92, preferably in contact with the layer 92.
- the first material may be an organic or inorganic material.
- inorganic materials are silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon.
- organic materials are polyimide or photosensitive resins.
- the thickness of the layer 90 is equal to the desired distance between the enclosure 26 and the support 12.
- the second material corresponds to the material making up the enclosure 26.
- the thickness of the layer 92 is equal to the thickness of the lower wall of the enclosure 26.
- the thickness of the layer 94 is equal to the height
- Hl desired the internal volume 27 of the enclosure 26.
- FIG. 8B shows the structure obtained after the etching of the layer 94 to delimit portions 96 at the desired locations of the internal volumes 27 of the nanocalorimeters, two portions 96 being represented as example in Figure 8B.
- the portions 96 may further correspond, for each nanocalorimeter, to a portion of the channels 29, 31.
- FIG. 8C represents the structure obtained after the following steps:
- the third material corresponds to the material constituting the heat-resistive layer 33.
- the thickness of the layer 100 is equal to the desired thickness of the heat-resistive layer 33.
- FIG. 8D represents the structure obtained after etching layers 100, 98 and 92 for delimiting, for each nanocalorimeter, enclosure 26 and layer 33.
- FIG. 8E shows the structure obtained after the deposition of a sacrificial layer 102 of the first material covering the enclosures 26 and the portions of the sacrificial layer 90 not covered by the heat-resistive layers 33, preferably in contact with the portions of the sacrificial layer 90
- the thickness of the layer 102 above each heat-resistive layer 33 is substantially also at the desired distance between the heat-resistive layer 33 and the upper face 20 of the cavity 14.
- FIG. 8F shows the structure obtained after having etched the sacrificial layers 90 and 102 to define, for each nanocalorimeter, a block 104 of the first material in which the enclosure 26 is embedded, the block 104 having the same volume as the desired volume for the cavity 14.
- the distance between two adjacent blocks 104 may be between 0.5 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 8G represents the structure obtained after having deposited a layer 106 of a fourth material covering each block 104, preferably in contact with each block 104, and covering the support 12 between the blocks 104, preferably in contact with the support 12 between the blocks 104.
- the fourth material corresponds to the material constituting the walls 22 and the roof 24.
- the thickness of the layer 106 is, for example, between 0.5 ⁇ m and 3 ⁇ m. The lower limit of 0.5 ⁇ m makes it possible to avoid, during operation, that the radiative exchanges between the enclosure 26 and the capsule 13 are too great.
- FIG. 8H represents the structure obtained after forming, for each nanocalorimeter, the electrically conductive electrodes 34, 38. This may comprise the formation, for each nanocalorimeter, in the layer 106 and in the block 104, of openings 108 which open onto the thermoresistive layer 33, the deposition of an electrically conductive layer on the entire structure and in particular in the openings 108 and the etching of this conductive layer to delimit the conductive electrodes 34, 38.
- FIG. 81 represents the structure obtained after having formed, for each nanocalorimeter, openings 110 which open on the enclosure 26, a single opening 110 being represented in FIG. 81, at the desired locations of the tubes 28, 30 and the deposition of a layer 112 of the third material over the entire structure obtained in the preceding step and in particular on the internal surfaces of the openings 110.
- the thickness of the layer 112 is equal to the desired thickness of the walls of the hollow tubes 28, 30.
- 8J represents the structure obtained after anisotropic etching of the layer 112 to remove the portions of the layer 112 at the bottom of each opening 110, thus exposing the portions 96, the portions of the layer 112 resting on the upper face of the layer 106 and keep only the portions of the layer 112 located on the side surfaces of each opening 110.
- the hollow tubes 28, 30 are thus obtained.
- FIG. 8K represents the structure obtained after removing the portions 96 from the first material to form the internal volumes 27 of the chambers 26.
- the etching may be an etching using an oxygen-based plasma or hydrogen fluoride vapor .
- FIG. 8L represents the structure obtained after the following steps:
- the etching may be etching using an oxygen-based plasma or hydrogen fluoride vapor.
- FIG. 8M shows the structure obtained after the formation of portions 116 on the layer 106, in particular for plugging the holes 114.
- the portions 116 may be made of germanium or of zinc sulphide.
- FIGS. 9A to 9H are partial and schematic sections of structures obtained at successive stages of an embodiment of a method for manufacturing the nanocalorimeter 70 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7.
- each deposition step of a layer may be performed by a low temperature deposition method, in particular by cathodic sputtering, by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition) or Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD).
- LPCVD low pressure chemical vapor deposition
- PECVD Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
- each etching step may be a plasma-assisted chemical etching.
- FIG. 9A represents the structure obtained after forming, on the support 12, a layer 120 of the first material.
- the thickness of the layer 120 is equal to the desired thickness of the pillars 73.
- FIG. 9B shows the structure obtained after having formed a layer 121 forming part of the plate 75 and the pillars 73. This may include steps of layer deposition and etching, in particular the formation of openings 122 in the layer 120 and the filling of each opening 122.
- FIG. 9C shows the structure obtained after having deposited an electrically insulating layer 124 forming part of the plate 75 of the temperature sensor 72.
- FIG. 9D represents the structure obtained after having etched openings 126 in the layer 124, in particular exposing the tops of the pillars 73, after having deposited a layer of an electrically conductive material on the entire structure and in particular in the openings 126 and after have delimited electrically conductive portions 128 in the openings 126 in the layer.
- FIG. 9E represents the structure obtained after having deposited on the entire structure an electrically insulating layer 130 and after having etched the insulating layers 124 and 130 to delimit the plate 75 for each temperature sensor 72 and to form openings 131 in the layer 130 which expose the conductive portions 128.
- FIG. 9F represents the structure obtained after having deposited a layer of the material constituting the sensitive layer of the temperature sensor 72 and after having etched this layer to delimit, for each temperature sensor 72, the thermosensitive portion 76.
- FIG. 9G represents the structure obtained after forming, for each temperature sensor 72, a portion 132 covering the thermosensitive portion 76 and improving the close-field coupling between the temperature sensor 72 and the enclosure 26 and after having formed portions of the same material as the layer 120 between the temperature sensor 72 so that the upper face of the layer 120 is at the level of the thermosensitive portion 76.
- FIG. 9H shows the structure obtained after having deposited on the entire structure a layer 136 of the same material as the layer 120.
- the thickness of the layer 136 corresponds to the desired thickness of the gap 74.
- a portion having the same structure as the portion 132 can be made on the underside of the enclosure 26.
- the temperature sensor 72 comprises a thin structure resting on pillars
- another type of temperature sensor comprising for example a diode , a thermocouple, or a transistor.
- the tubes 28, 30 of the nanocalorimeter 70 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 may have the shape shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
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- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1753069A FR3065074A1 (fr) | 2017-04-07 | 2017-04-07 | Calorimetre |
| FR1753068A FR3065073B1 (fr) | 2017-04-07 | 2017-04-07 | Calorimetre |
| PCT/FR2018/050857 WO2018185441A1 (fr) | 2017-04-07 | 2018-04-05 | Calorimetre |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3607288A1 true EP3607288A1 (fr) | 2020-02-12 |
Family
ID=62111109
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP18722120.5A Withdrawn EP3607288A1 (fr) | 2017-04-07 | 2018-04-05 | Calorimetre |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3607288A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2018185441A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7762719B2 (en) * | 2004-04-20 | 2010-07-27 | California Institute Of Technology | Microscale calorimeter |
| KR101152791B1 (ko) * | 2010-05-10 | 2012-06-12 | 광주과학기술원 | 쯔바이파흐-풍 효과를 이용한 세포 발열량 측정 센서 및 이의 제조방법 |
-
2018
- 2018-04-05 EP EP18722120.5A patent/EP3607288A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2018-04-05 WO PCT/FR2018/050857 patent/WO2018185441A1/fr not_active Ceased
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2018185441A1 (fr) | 2018-10-11 |
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