EP3601997A1

EP3601997A1 - Determining rock properties

Info

Publication number: EP3601997A1
Application number: EP18716447.0A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Yanhui HAN; Bitao Lai; Hui-hai LIU; Hui Li
Original assignee: Saudi Arabian Oil Co
Current assignee: Saudi Arabian Oil Co
Priority date: 2017-03-20
Filing date: 2018-03-20
Publication date: 2020-02-05
Also published as: WO2018175404A1; CA3057319A1; CN111094932A; SA519410151B1

Abstract

A compressive load is exerted with a test apparatus across a rock sample that has a specified length-to-diameter ratio. A strain on the rock sample is measured during the compressive loading with a strain gauge. A mechanical property of the rock sample is determined based at least in part on the compressive load. An elastic property of the rock sample is determined based at least in part on the measured strain and the compressive load.

Description

DETERMINING ROCK PROPERTIES

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No.

15/463,537, filed on March 20, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 15/097,924, filed on April 13, 2016, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates to determining rock properties and, more particularly, determining tensile strength and elastic rock properties with a single test.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Rock mechanical properties are important to many practical applications related to reservoir characterization and modeling. Certain rock mechanical properties may inform a geologist, engineer or driller about tensile properties of a particular rock formation or sample. Some rock properties are stress dependent.

SUMMARY

[0004] The present disclosure describes a rock sample test that may determine elastic and mechanical properties of the rock sample during and with a single test. For example, in some aspects, the rock sample test may be a Brazilian test according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard D3967-08 and includes a compressive test of a disc-shaped rock sample with known geometries. In some aspects, the elastic properties may be, for example, Young's modulus or Poisson's ratio, while the mechanical properties may include tensile strength, among others.

[0005] An example implementation of the subject matter described within this disclosure is a method with the following features. A compressive load is exerted with a test apparatus across a rock sample that has a specified length-to-diameter ratio. A strain on the rock sample is measured during the compressive loading with a strain gauge. A mechanical property of the rock sample is determined based at least in part

l on the compressive load. An elastic property of the rock sample is determined based at least in part on the measured strain and the compressive load.

[0006] Aspects of the example implementation, which can be combined with the example implementation alone or in combination, include the following. The specified length-to-diameter ratio is between 0.2 and 0.75. The test apparatus can include a Brazilian test apparatus. The strain gauge can be coupled to a side face of the rock sample. Measuring a strain on the rock sample during the compressive loading can include measuring an incremental vertical strain on the rock sample during a compressive load increment with a first strain gauge. An incremental horizontal strain on the rock sample can be measured during the compressive load increment with a second strain gauge.

[0007] Aspects of the example implementation, which can be combined with the example implementation alone or in combination, include the following. Determining, based at least in part on the measured strain and the compressive load, the elastic property of the rock sample can include determining a first coefficient based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample and the length of the rock sample. A second coefficient can be determined based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample and the length of the rock sample. A third coefficient can be determined based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample, the length of the rock sample, and the effective length of the first and second strain gauges. A fourth coefficient can be determined based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample, the length of the rock sample, and the effective length of the first and second strain gauges. The elastic property of the rock sample can be determined based at least in part on the measured incremental horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample, the first and second coefficients, and the compressive loading increment.

[0008] Aspects of the example implementation, which can be combined with the example implementation alone or in combination, include the following. Determining, based at least in part on the measured strain and the compressive load, the elastic property of the rock sample can include determining a Young's modulus of the rock sample based on: where E is Young's modulus of the rock sample, P is a compressive pressure, R is a disc radius, t is a disc thickness, ei_y is a measured radial strain, υ is a stress dependent Poisson's ratio, C3 is the third coefficient, and C4 is the fourth coefficient. Determining, based at least in part on the measured strain and the compressive load, the elastic property of the rock sample can include determining Poisson's ratio of the rock sample based on:

where υ is Poisson's ratio of the rock sample, Ci is the first coefficient, C2 is the second coefficient, C3 is the third coefficient, C4 is the fourth coefficient, six is a measured axial strain, and ei_y is a measured radial strain. The first, second, third, and fourth coefficients can be determined based on:

2 1 + r_lv

(iii) γ \— r _' ^m&

fy ly

(iv) C₄ = \

where n_x is a first ratio, and n_y is a second ratio. The first and the second ratio determined based on:

r

d ^ = 2R_ '

where R is a radius of the disc, l_y is the length of a vertical strain gauge, L is the length of a horizontal strain gauge. The mechanical property can include at least one of a tensile strength or a brittleness of the rock sample. The strain gauge can include a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT).

[0009] Another example implementation of the subject matter described within this disclosure is a rock property test system, which includes the features of a load cell exerts a compressive load across a rock sample. At least two strain gauges positioned on side faces measure a strain on the rock sample during the compressive loading. A control system is communicably coupled to the load cell and the at least two strain gauges and performs operations. The load cell is controlled to exert an incremental compressive load on the rock sample. Measured strains on the rock sample, based on the incremental compressive load, are received from the at least two strain gauges. A mechanical property of the rock sample is determined based at least in part on the incremental compressive load. An elastic property of the rock sample is determined based at least in part on the measured strain and the incremental compressive load.

[0010] Aspects of the example implementation, which can be combined with the example implementation alone or in combination, include the following. The rock sample can include a length-to-diameter ratio between 0.2 and 0.75. The load cell can include a Brazilian test apparatus. The strain gauges can attach to side faces of the rock sample. The strain gauges can include a first strain gauge that can measure an incremental horizontal strain on the rock sample during the incremental compressive load. A second strain gauge can measure an incremental vertical strain on the rock sample during the incremental compressive load.

[0011] Aspects of the example implementation, which can be combined with the example implementation alone or in combination, include the following. The control system can perform further operations. Determining a first coefficient based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample and the length of the rock sample. A second coefficient can be determined based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample and the length of the rock sample. A third coefficient can be determined based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample and the length of the rock sample. A fourth coefficient can be determined based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample and the length of the rock sample. The elastic property of the rock sample can be determined based at least in part on the measured incremental horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample, the first and second coefficients, and the incremental compressive load.

[0012] Aspects of the example implementation, which can be combined with the example implementation alone or in combination, include the following. The operation of determining, based at least in part on the measured strains and the compressive load, the elastic property of the rock sample can include determining a Young's modulus of the rock sample based on:

E =— ¾ C₃ + C₄v]

ns_lyRt

where E is stress dependent Young's modulus of the rock sample, P is a compressive pressure, R is a disc radius, t is a disc thickness, ei_y is a measured radial strain, υ is a stress dependent Poisson's ratio, C3 is the third coefficient, and C4 is the fourth coefficient. The operation of determining, based at least in part on the measured strains and the compressive load, the elastic property of the rock sample can include determining Poisson's ratio of the rock sample based on:

^3 ^£lx ⁺ ^\^Sly

V =

^2 ^£ly

where υ is the stress dependent Poisson's ratio of the rock sample, Ci is the first coefficient, C2 is the second coefficient, C3 is the third coefficient, C4 is the fourth coefficient, six is a measured axial strain, and ei_y is a measured radial strain. The first, second, third, and fourth coefficients can be determined based on:

+ tan

1 + r l,x lx (iv) C₄ - \

where rix is a first ratio, and n_y is a second ratio. The first ratio and the second ratio can be determined based on:

where R is a radius of the disc, l_y is the length of a vertical strain gauge, and L is the length of a horizontal strain gauge. The mechanical property can include at least one of a tensile strength or a brittleness of the rock sample.

[0013] Another example implementation is a method that includes the following features. A Brazilian test is performed on a rock sample. An incremental compressive load is exerted across a rock sample. A mechanical property of the rock sample is determined based at least in part on the incremental compressive load. A strain on the rock sample is measured with a strain gauge during the incremental compressive load. An elastic property of the rock sample is determined based at least in part on the measured strain and the incremental compressive load.

[0014] Aspects of the example implementation, which can be combined with the example implementation alone or in combination, include the following. The rock sample can include a disc having a length-to-diameter ratio between 0.2 and 0.75. The strain can include a horizontal strain and a vertical strain. Determining the elastic property of the rock sample can include determining the elastic property of the rock sample based at least in part on the horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample and the incremental compressive load. The elastic property of the rock sample can be determined based at least in part on the horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample and the incremental compressive load. The elastic property of the rock sample can be determined based at least in part on the horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample, the incremental compressive load, and at least four coefficients. The four coefficients can be based at least in part on a diameter of the rock sample and a length of the rock sample.

[0015] Implementations according to the present disclosure may include one or more of the following features. For example, tensile and elastic parameters of a rock sample can be estimated in a single compression test, such as a Brazilian test. As another example, tensile and elastic properties of a rock sample may be determined by a widely-accepted and used test procedure, for example, the Brazilian test procedure. As yet another example, implementations described in the present disclosure may minimize the requirement of multiple core samples to determine tensile and elastic properties. For example, implementations may determine, in a single test, a tensile strength, a Young's modulus, a Poisson's ratio, a stress-strain curve, brittleness and toughness of a rock sample. Further, implementations may allow for core samples to be tested that have a range of diameters. As another example, numerical inversions are not required for testing the rock sample to determine tensile and elastic properties, and thus may be easier to implement in practical applications. As another example, the described implementations do not require any extra mechanical testing equipment and can be incorporated in conventional compression test equipment. As another example, there is no limitation on strain-gauge length in relation to disc radius during testing. As another example, the measured elastic properties are independent of the strain gauge length. That is, the measured elastic properties are unaffected by the length of the strain gauges.

[0016] The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a testing apparatus for determining one or more rock mechanical properties according to the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 2A-2C are schematic illustrations of several example loading assemblies of a test apparatus for determining one or more rock mechanical properties according to the present disclosure. [0019] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a rock sample according to the present disclosure.

[0020] FIGS. 4A-4B are schematic illustrations of a rock sample that include at least one strain gauge according to the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 5 is a graph that illustrates Young's modulus of a rock sample during testing according to the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 6 is a graph that illustrates stress-strain curve and Poisson's ratio of a rock sample during testing according to the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 7 is a numerical model of a rock sample that is determined during a rock sample test simulation according to the present disclosure.

[0024] FIGS. 8 and 9 are numerical models of numerical and analytical vertical stress contours, respectively, of a rock sample that are determined during a rock sample test simulation according to the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 10 is a graph that illustrates normalized Young's modulus and

Poisson's ratio of a rock sample that are determined during a rock sample test simulation according to the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 11 is a graph that illustrates normalized Young's modulus and

Poisson's ratio of a rock sample that are determined during a rock sample test simulation according to a set of analytical equations according to the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of an example controller of a testing apparatus for determining one or more rock mechanical properties according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The present disclosure describes a rock sample test that may determine elastic and mechanical properties of the rock sample during and with a single test. For example, in some aspects, the rock sample test may be a Brazilian test according to

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard D3967-08 and includes a compressive test of a disc-shaped rock sample with known geometries. In some aspects, the elastic properties may be, for example, Young's modulus or Poisson's ratio, while the mechanical properties may include tensile strength, among others.

[0029] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a testing apparatus 100 for determining one or more rock mechanical properties. Testing apparatus 100, generally may be operated to perform compressive tests, including indirect tensile strength test, or a splitting test, on a rock sample (for example, an isotropic rock sample or an anisotropic rock sample), such as the rock sample 130 shown in FIG. 1. For example, in some implementations, the testing apparatus 100 may perform a Brazilian test on the rock sample 130. The Brazilian test, for example, is a laboratory test for indirect measurement of tensile strength of the rock sample 130 or other hardened material (for example, concrete, cement). Generally, in the Brazilian test, a disc-shaped rock sample (rock sample 130) is loaded by two opposing platens in contact with opposed portions of a radial surface of the rock sample 130. A compressive load is incrementally increased on the rock sample 130 until the rock sample 130 fails (in other words, splits), after which, mechanical properties of the rock sample (for example, tensile strength, brittleness) may be calculated or determined. Testing criteria such as increment of load, rate of loading, for instance, may be adjusted from test to test.

[0030] The example implementation of the testing apparatus 100, which may also be referred to in this disclosure as a Brazilian test apparatus, includes a load frame 105 positioned on a base 1 10 and arranged to support load cells 115. The illustrated load cells 115 are positioned such that an upper platen 120 and a lower platen 125 are mounted in between the cells 1 15. The upper platen 120 and the lower platen 125 are separated, during non-operation of the testing apparatus 100, to allow the rock sample 130 to be placed between the platens 120 and 125. When in non-compressive contact with the platens 120 and 125, a radial surface of the rock sample 130 is in contact with the upper and lower platens 120 and 125, respectively. Thus, in FIG. 1 , an axial surface, defined by a diameter of the rock sample 130, is perpendicular to the contacting surfaces of the platens 120 and 125 (in other words, the surfaces of the platens 120 and 125 that contact the radial surface of the rock sample 130).

[0031] In the illustrated implementation, two or more strain gauges 135 are shown as engaged (for example, with adhesive) with the side faces of the rock sample 130. The two or more strain gauges 135, generally, may be any device that measures strain on the rock sample 130 during a compressive loading operation. The strain gauge 135, for example, may be a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) or other strain gauge that measures strain based on an electrical conductance of a deformable electrical conductor. In some implementations, two strain gauges 135 may be attached to the rock sample 130 to measure horizontal and vertical strain, respectively.

[0032] The testing apparatus 100, as shown, includes a control system 140.

Although shown separately from the load cells 115 and other portions of the testing apparatus 100, the control system 140 may be built into, or integrated with, the testing apparatus 100. In any event, the control apparatus 140 may be communicably coupled to one or more components of the testing apparatus 100, such as the load cells 115, and the strain gauge(s) 135. The control system 140, generally, may control operation of the load cells 1 15 (for example, rate of loading, loading compressive force) to exert a compressive load on the rock sample 130. The control system 140 may also receive data from, for example, the load cells 1 15 (compressive load values, travel distance of the platens 120 and 125 during loading) and the strain gauge(s) 135 (for example, measured horizontal and vertical strain on the rock sample 130). The control system 140 may be a microprocessor based controller, an electrical or electromechanical based controller, a pneumatic or hydraulic based controller.

[0033] Turning briefly to FIGS. 2A-2C, schematic illustrations of several example loading assemblies of the test apparatus 100 are illustrated. As shown, each platen (upper platen 120 and lower platen 125) includes a substantially planar or flat contact surface 122 to hold the rock sample 130 in between. Example loading assembly 200 in FIG. 2A includes separators 215 that are positioned between the contact surfaces 122 and the radial surface of the rock sample 130. The separators 215 may be rigid or pliable, such as cushions. During operation of the testing apparatus 100, a compressive load is transferred from the platens 120 and 125, through the separators 215, and to the rock sample 130.

[0034] Example loading assembly 205 in FIG. 2B includes no barriers between the contact surfaces 122 and the radial surface of the rock sample 130. Thus, during operation of the test apparatus 100, a compressive load is transferred from the platens 120 and 125 directly to the rock sample 130.

[0035] Example loading assembly 210 in FIG. 2C includes a rod 220 (for example, a steel or other rigid rod) is positioned between each contact surface 122 and the radial surface of the rock sample 130. During operation of the testing apparatus 100, a compressive load is transferred from the platens 120 and 125, through the rods 220, and to the rock sample 130. [0036] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the rock sample 130. As shown, the rock sample 130 has a diameter 250 of "D" and a length 255 of "L." A ratio of length- to-diameter of the rock sample 130 may vary; thus, the rock sample 130 may have various sizes, as appropriate, for example, based on the testing apparatus 100. In some aspects, the rock sample 130 may have a specified length-to-diameter ratio that conforms with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard D3967-08: "Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens." Under this Standard, for example, a diameter of the rock sample 130 must be at least 10 times greater than the largest mineral grain constituent. In some implementations, therefore, a length-to-diameter ratio of the rock sample 130 confirming to this Standard is between 0.2 and 0.75.

[0037] As shown in FIG. 3, the rock sample 130 has a radial surface 132 and two opposed axial surfaces 134. During operation of the testing apparatus 100, a compressive load 260 (labeled "P" in this figure) is exerted on the radial surface 132 of the rock sample, through the platens 120 and 125 (which are shown in FIG. 1 and FIGS. 2A-2C).

[0038] FIGS. 4A-4B are schematic illustrations of the rock sample 130 that includes at least two strain gauges. In FIG. 4A, a strain gauge 275 is attached (for example, with adhesive) to the rock sample 130 at a center point 270 of an axial face of the sample 130. The strain gauge 275, in FIG. 4A, may be a strain gauge that measures a horizontal strain (for example, strain along an x-axis, as shown in FIG. 3) during compressive loading of the rock sample 130. In FIG. 4B, a strain gauge 280 is attached (for example, with adhesive) to the rock sample 130 at the center point 270 of the axial face of the sample 130. The strain gauge 280, in FIG. 4B, may be a strain gauge that measures a vertical strain (for example, strain along a y-axis, as shown in FIG. 3) during compressive loading of the rock sample 130. Although each strain gauge 275 and 280 is illustrated as attached independently to the rock sample 130, in some implementations, the two strain gauges (275 and 280) are both attached to the rock sample 130, so that both horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample 130 may be measured during compressive loading (for example, during a Brazilian test of the rock sample 130 using the testing apparatus 100).

[0039] Thus, during an example operation of the testing apparatus 130, the compressive load, P, is known, as is the diameter, D, and length, L, of the rock sample 130. Also known is an effective length, 21, of the strain gauges 275 and 280 (which, in some implementations, is identical). In the example operation, P is measured in Newtons (N), and D, L, and 21, are measured in millimeters (mm). Thus, for rock sample 130 (for example, an isotropic or anisotropic sample), the stress state for the sample 130 may be determined according to Equations (1) to (3):

3

[0043] In Equations (1) to (3), σ_χ is a normal stress along the x-axis of the rock sample 130 (as shown in FIG. 3), o_y is a normal stress along the y-axis of the rock sample 130 (as shown in FIG. 2B), and ixy is a shear stress. Each stress has units of mega Pascals (MPa).

[0044] Because the effective length of the strain gauges 275 and 280 is known, as well as the diameter of the rock sample 130, two constant coefficients, A and B, may be developed based on the geometry of the strain gauges 275 and 280, according to Equations (4) and (5):

[0045] A = (^- - l ) Eq. 4 D

[0046] B + 1 Eq. 5

[0047] Based on Equations (1) to (5), the following equations for an average value of the normal stress, ¾ (along a side boundary of strain gauge 275) and αγ

(along a top boundary of the strain gauge 280) can be expressed as:

7

[0050] Equations (6) and (7) can then be integrated to produce the following equations for the average values of the normal stress, σ_χ and £s_¥

P 2/

[0051] Eq. 8

- l² Β² + Γ D

Eq. 9

[0053] Based on Equations (8) and (9), two coefficients may be developed based on the strain gauge and rock sample geometry (for example, effective length of the strain gauges 275/280 and diameter and length of the rock sample 130). These coefficients, F and G, may be expressed according to Equations (10) and (11):

1 1 1 2/

[0054] F Eq. 10

^■I² B² + l² D

Eq. 11

[0056] Thus, both F and G are constant coefficients related to D, L and 21, and

Equations (8) and (9) can be simplified as: [0057] σ, = PF Eq. 12

[0058] ^σ _y— PG _{Eq 13}

[0059] According to the relationship of strain and stress, the tensile strain (ε_χ) and compressive strain (s ) on the rock sample 130 during compressive loading is generated by both ¾ and according to the following Equations (14) and (15):

[0061] ¹ I - - ^ Eq. 15

[0062] In Equations (14) and (15), ε_χ is the tensile, or horizontal, strain, s_y is the compressive, or vertical, strain, E is the tensile elastic modulus, and υ is Poisson's ratio. By substituting Equations (12) and (13) into Equations (14) and (15), Equations (16) and (17) follow:

P

[0063] F + uG) Eq. 16

[0064] UF + G) Eq. 17

[0065] Therefore, the horizontal and vertical strains are the function of tensile elastic modulus (Young's modulus) and Poisson's ratio of the rock sample 130. According to Equations (16) and (17), Poisson's ratio is calculated as:

[0067] By exchanging ¾. and E in Equation (16), the tensile elastic modulus

(Young's modulus) can be formulated as:

P

[0068] E =—(- F + DG) Eq. 19

[0069] Therefore, according to Equations (18) and (19), the horizontal strain and vertical strain are functions of elastic mechanical properties of the rock sample 130: the tensile elastic modulus (Young's modulus) and Poisson's ratio. During operation of the testing apparatus 100 in exerting a compressive load on the rock sample 130, the horizontal and vertical strains are measured by the strain gauges 280 and 275, respectively. Thus, for a known incremental compressive load exerted on the rock sample 130 by the testing apparatus 100, the elastic properties of tensile elastic modulus (Young's modulus) and Poisson's ratio can be determined, for example, by the control system 140. When the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for the rock sample 130 are stress dependent, implementations of the present disclosure allow for determining the related parameters based on the superposition principle. Since the elastic properties are obtained from the linear section of stress-strain curve, the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio can also be written as Equations (20) and (21):

AP

[0070] E = (- F + UG) Eq. 20

[0072] Therefore, during operation of the testing apparatus 100 to test the rock sample 130, both mechanical and elastic properties of the rock sample 130 can be determined with a single test (for example, a single Brazilian test). For example, as outlined previously, the elastic properties of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for each loading (P) under which strain increments are measured (by strain gauges 275 and 280) can be determined for the rock sample 130. Also, the corresponding stresses can be obtained from Equations (12) and (13) for a given loading, P.

[0073] Other mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, of the rock sample 130 may also be determined during the test. For instance, tensile strength, ot, can be determined at failure of the rock sample 130 (at a particular load, P) according to:

[0074] σ, = -^- Eq. 22

nDL

[0075] Accordingly, an example operation with the testing apparatus includes preparing the rock sample 130 for testing, for example, according to ASTM D3967-08 with a length-to-diameter ration of between 0.2 and 0.75. The strain gauges 275 and 280 are attached to the rock sample 130, which is placed within the testing apparatus between the upper and lower platens 120 and 125, respectively. A compression test (for example, a Brazilian test) is conducted with the testing apparatus 100, and the incremental compressive loads (ΔΡ), along with resulting horizontal and vertical strains, on the rock sample 130 are recorded (for example, by the control system 140). Based on the known geometries of the rock sample 130 (for example, D and L) and the known geometry of the strain gauges 275 and 280 (for example, /), the aforementioned mechanical properties may be determined. Mechanical properties of the rock sample 130, such as tensile strength, may be calculated, as well as elastic properties, such as Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio.

[0076] FIG. 5 is a graph 400 that illustrates a determination of Young's modulus (E) of a rock sample during testing. For example, graph 400 illustrates the results of testing on one of six rock samples according to the operation of testing apparatus 100 described in this disclosure. The rock samples are shale, each with dimensions of about 25.4 mm dimeter and 19.1 mm length (providing a length-to- diameter ratio of about 0.75). Graph 400 illustrates the results of one of the six tested samples, and includes a y-axis 405 for axial stress (in units of MPa) of the rock sample and an x-axis 410 of the axial strain (in units of millistrain (me)) of the rock sample during compressive loading increments. Because Young's modulus is determined by a slope of a stress-strain curve 415 over the incremental compressive loading, graph 400 shows this slope to be about 3.0 GPa.

[0077] FIG. 6 is a graph 500 that illustrates a determination of Poisson's ratio

(υ) of a rock sample during testing based on Eq. 21. For a given stress condition (or a given P), measured increments of strains during a compressive load increment are used to calculate Young's modulus (E) and Poisson's ratio (υ). In this way, Young's modulus (E) and Poisson's ratio (υ) are determined as functions of stress. As with graph 400, graph 500 illustrates the results of testing on one of six rock samples according to the operation of testing apparatus 100 described in this disclosure. The rock samples are shale, each with dimensions of about 25.4 mm dimeter and 19.1 mm length (providing a length-to-diameter ratio of about 0.75). Graph 500 illustrates the results of one of the six tested samples, and includes a y-axis 505 for Poisson's ratio of the rock sample and an x-axis 510 of the axial stress of the rock sample during compressive loading increments. As illustrated, except for some initial loading increments, the Poisson's ratio plot 515 of the tested sample is between about 0.2 and

0.3.

[0078] FIG. 7 is a graph 600 of a numerical model 605 of a rock sample that is determined during a rock sample test simulation. For example, to further confirm the previously described operation of the testing apparatus 100 to perform a single test on a rock sample to determine elastic and mechanical properties, a numerical model was developed in FLAC^®. The numerically modeled rock sample comprises a disc having a diameter of about 25.4 mm. In the legend 620 of FIG. 6, "Grid Plot" presents the computational mesh for simulating Brazilian disc test in a FLAC^® numerical model; "Beam Plot" indicates the loading platens; "Structure Velocity" shows that the Brazilian disc is loaded by two platens at a constant loading rate in the model.

[0079] In the model 605, the rock sample is loaded by two platens, one at the top and the other at the bottom, in strain control mode. The simulation is stopped after the rock sample is squeezed for 0.2 mm in the vertical (axial) direction. The load, P, applied on the platens is measured as 215 KN. The contour of the vertical stress distribution inside the disc given by the numerical model 605, which compares well with the analytical solution in Eq. (2). In these plots, the numerical solutions are computed from FLAC^® simulation; while the analytical solutions are obtained by programming closed-form solution Eq. (2) into functions using FISH^®, a built-in programming language in FLAC^®. This function is executed at the center of all zones in the FLAC^® numerical model 605 so that direct comparison can be made between the numerical solutions shown in FIG. 7 and analytical solutions using the previously- described equations. As shown in FIG. 7, the numerical solution and analytical solution of vertical stress are substantially identical.

[0080] The strains developed along the strain gauges attached to the rock sample in the model 605 can be calculated from measurement of two symmetric points along the x-axis and the y-axis in the model 650, for example, the strains between Ά'- 'B' and 'C'-'D. ' As shown in the graph 600, an axial strain is measured by axis 610 while a radial strain is measured by axis 615 (both axes have units of mm). The rmined as follows: [0082] Eq. 24

[0083] In Equations (23) and (24), % and are the x-displacement at points

A and B (shown in FIG. 7) which are symmetric about the origin, and x^and ;x:^s are the x-coordinates at A and B (note, both points are on the x-axis, so y = 0). Similarly, y and yf are the y-displacement at points C and D (shown in FIG. 7) which are symmetric about the origin, and y^e and γ are the y-coordinates at C and D (note, both points are on the y-axis, so x = 0).

[0084] The Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio can be calculated from the applied load on the platens and the measured strains (for example, ¾ and ¾_f ). For short strain gauges (for example, their length is only 1% of disc diameter), the calculated Young's modulus is 8.18 GPa and Poisson's ratio is 0.364.

[0085] FIG. 8 illustrates a graph 700 of a numerical model 705 of vertical stress contours of the rock sample that are determined during the rock sample test FLAC® simulation as described previously. FIG. 9 illustrates a graph 800 of a numerical model 805 of vertical stress contours of the rock sample that are determined using the analytical solution (for example, with Eq. (2)) as described previously. FIGS. 8 and 9, for example, demonstrate the stress distribution within the rock sample according to the FLAC® simulation In the legend 720, "Boundary plot" marks the boundary of a Brazilian disc (the rock sample); "SYY-FLAC" shows the vertical stress contour resulting from the vertical load of 215 KN predicted by the numerical model in FLAC^®. In the legend 820, "SYY-analytical" indicates the vertical stress contour resulting from the vertical load of 215 KN evaluated by the analytical solution (Eq. 2) described in this disclosure.

[0086] FIG. 10 is a graph 900 that illustrates normalized Young's modulus and

Poisson's ratio of the rock sample that are determined during the rock sample test simulation in FLAC^® described previously. Graph 900 includes an x-axis 910 that represents normalized strain gauge length (dimensionless) and a y-axis 905 that represents normalized values for Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Calculated Young's modulus is represented by plot 915, while calculated Poisson's ratio is represented by plot 920. As shown by plots 915 and 920, the calculated elastic properties of the simulated rock sample test may be dependent on the geometric relationship between the strain gauges used to measure horizontal and vertical strain and the rock sample disc. For example, as the length of the strain gauges increases, the calculated Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio decrease, as shown in graph 900. Note that the Young's modulus is normalized by 8.18 GPa and Poisson's ratio normalized by 0.364 in FIG. 10. In some aspects, therefore, the measurement of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio may be quite accurate if the strain gauge length is less than 10% of the disc diameter of the rock sample.

[0087] In some implementations, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio can be evaluated from the strain measurements using elasticity theory as shown by the followin equations:

25

ns_lyRt

26

[0088] In equations (25) and (26), through are strain gauge and disc size related constants that are defined by the following equations:

28

C₃ =— In- ^ly

29 Eq.

32

[0089] In equations (25) through (32), R is the disc radius; t is the disc thickness; L is the length of the horizontal strain gauge; l_y is the length of vertical strain gauge.

[0090] FIG. 1 1 is a graph 1000 that illustrates normalized Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the rock sample that are determined utilizing both the methods described in FIG. 9 and equations (25) and (26). Similar to FIG. 9, graph 1000 includes an x-axis 1010 that represents normalized strain gauge length (dimensionless) and a y-axis 1005 that represents normalized values for Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Calculated Young's modulus is represented by plot 1015, while calculated Poisson's ratio is represented by plot 1020. As shown by plots 1015 and 1020, the calculated elastic properties of the simulated rock sample test may be dependent on the geometric relationship between the strain gauges used to measure horizontal and vertical strain and the rock sample disc. For example, as the length of the strain gauges increases, the calculated Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio decrease, as shown in graph 1000. Note that the Young's modulus is normalized by 8.18 GPa and Poisson's ratio normalized by 0.364 in FIG. 11. Evidently, the measurement of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio is dependent of strain gauges' length. On the same graph 100, Plots 1025 and 1030 illustrate the normalized Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio with corrections of equations (25) and (26). As can be see, when equations (25) and (26) are utilized, the measurement of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio becomes independent of strain gauges' length.

[0091] FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of an example controller 1100 of a testing apparatus for determining one or more rock mechanical properties. For example, the controller 1100 can be used for the operations described previously, for example as or as part of the control system 140 or other controllers described in this disclosure. For example, the controller 1100 may be communicably coupled with, or as a part of, one or both of a vehicle engine and on-board fuel separation system as described in this disclosure.

[0092] The controller 1100 is intended to include various forms of digital computers, such as printed circuit boards (PCB), processors, or digital circuitry, that is part of a vehicle. Additionally, the system can include portable storage media, such as, Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drives. For example, the USB flash drives may store operating systems and other applications. The USB flash drives can include input/output components, such as a wireless transmitter or USB connector that may be inserted into a USB port of another computing device.

[0093] The controller 1100 includes a processor 1110, a memory 1120, a storage device 1130, and an input/output device 1140. Each of the components 1110, 1120, 1130, and 1140 are interconnected using a system bus 1150. The processor 1110 is capable of processing instructions for execution within the controller 1100. The processor may be designed using any of a number of architectures. For example, the processor 1110 may be a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) processor, a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processor, or a MISC (Minimal Instruction Set Computer) processor.

[0094] In one implementation, the processor 1110 is a single-threaded processor. In another implementation, the processor 1110 is a multi -threaded processor. The processor 1110 is capable of processing instructions stored in the memory 1120 or on the storage device 1130 to display graphical information for a user interface on the input output device 1140.

[0095] The memory 1120 stores information within the controller 1100. In one implementation, the memory 1120 is a computer-readable medium. In one implementation, the memory 1120 is a volatile memory unit. In another implementation, the memory 1120 is a non-volatile memory unit.

[0096] The storage device 1130 is capable of providing mass storage for the controller 1100. In one implementation, the storage device 1130 is a computer- readable medium. In various different implementations, the storage device 1130 may be a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device. [0097] The input/output device 1 140 provides input/output operations for the controller 1 100. In one implementation, the input/output device 1 140 includes a keyboard and/or pointing device. In another implementation, the input/output device 1140 includes a display unit for displaying graphical user interfaces.

[0098] The features described can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. The apparatus can be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in an information carrier, for example, in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and method steps can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the described implementations by operating on input data and generating output. The described features can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. A computer program is a set of instructions that can be used, directly or indirectly, in a computer to perform a certain activity or bring about a certain result. A computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.

[0099] Suitable processors for the execution of a program of instructions include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and the sole processor or one of multiple processors of any kind of computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to communicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing data files; such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and optical disks. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits).

[00100] To provide for interaction with a user, the features can be implemented on a computer having a display device such as a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball by which the user can provide input to the computer. Additionally, such activities can be implemented via touchscreen flat-panel displays and other appropriate mechanisms.

[00101] The features can be implemented in a control system that includes a back-end component, such as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, such as an application server or an Internet server, or that includes a front-end component, such as a client computer having a graphical user interface or an Internet browser, or any combination of them. The components of the system can be connected by any form or medium of digital data communication such as a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network ("LAN"), a wide area network ("WAN"), peer-to-peer networks (having ad- hoc or static members), grid computing infrastructures, and the Internet.

[00102] While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any inventions or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular implementations of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described previously as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.

[00103] Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the implementations described previously should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.

[00104] A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, example operations, methods, or processes described in this disclosure may include more steps or fewer steps than those described. Further, the steps in such example operations, methods, or processes may be performed in different successions than that described or illustrated in the figures. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for determining rock properties, comprising:

exerting a compressive load with a test apparatus across a rock sample that comprises a specified length-to-diameter ratio;

measuring, with a strain gauge, a strain on the rock sample during the compressive loading;

determining, based at least in part on the compressive load, a mechanical property of the rock sample; and

determining, based at least in part on the measured strain and the compressive load, an elastic property of the rock sample.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the specified length-to-diameter ratio is between 0.2 and 0.75.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the test apparatus comprises a Brazilian test apparatus

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the strain gauge is coupled to a side face of the rock sample.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein measuring a strain on the rock sample during the compressive loading comprises:

measuring an incremental vertical strain on the rock sample during a compressive load increment with a first strain gauge; and

measuring an incremental horizontal strain on the rock sample during the compressive load increment with a second strain gauge.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein determining, based at least in part on the measured strain and the compressive load, the elastic property of the rock sample comprises:

determining a first coefficient based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample and the length of the rock sample;

determining a second coefficient based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample and the length of the rock sample;

determining a third coefficient based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample, the length of the rock sample, and the effective length of the first and second strain gauges; determining a fourth coefficient based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample, the length of the rock sample, and the effective length of the first and second strain gauges; and

determining the elastic property of the rock sample based at least in part on the measured incremental horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample, the first and second coefficients, and the compressive loading increment.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein determining, based at least in part on the measured strain and the compressive load, the elastic property of the rock sample comprises determining a Young's modulus of the rock sample based on:

where E is Young's modulus of the rock sample, P is a compressive pressure, R is a disc radius, t is a disc thickness, \_Y is the length of a vertical strain gauge, E is Young's modulus of the rock sample, υ is a stress dependent Poisson's ratio, C3 is the third coefficient, and C4 is the fourth coefficient.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein determining, based at least in part on the measured strain and the compressive load, the elastic property of the rock sample comprises determining Poisson's ratio of the rock sample based on:

where υ is Poisson's ratio of the rock sample, Ci is the first coefficient, d is the second coefficient, C3 is the third coefficient, C4 is the fourth coefficient, l_x is a length of a horizontal strain gauge, and l_y is the length of a vertical strain gauge.

9. The method of claim 6, further comprising determining the first, second, third, and fourth coefficients based on:

(i) £ - r¾- -— tea^** fv 1; (ϋ) «½ - — uer¹ ? - 1;

(111) ¾ - -i-ki?^.; and

(iv) ¾■ i,

wherein n_x is a first ratio, and riy is a second ratio.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising determining the first and the second ratio based on:

(1) %: - |; and (u) % - ¾ where R is a radius of the disc, \_Y is the length of a vertical strain gauge, l_x is the length of a horizontal strain gauge.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical property comprises at least one of a tensile strength or a brittleness of the rock sample.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the strain gauge comprises a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT).

13. A rock property test system, comprising:

a load cell configured to exert a compressive load across a rock sample;

at least two strain gauges positioned on side faces to measure a strain on the rock sample during the compressive loading; and

a control system communicably coupled to the load cell and the at least two strain gauges and configured to perform operations comprising:

controlling the load cell to exert an incremental compressive load on the rock sample;

receiving measured strains on the rock sample, based on the incremental compressive load, from the at least two strain gauges;

determining, based at least in part on the incremental compressive load, a mechanical property of the rock sample; and

determining, based at least in part on the measured strain and the incremental compressive load, an elastic property of the rock sample.

14. The rock property test system of claim 13, wherein the rock sample comprises a length-to-diameter ratio between 0.2 and 0.75.

15. The rock property test system of claim 13, wherein the load cell comprises a Brazilian test apparatus.

16. The rock property test system of claim 13, wherein the strain gauges are configured to attach to side faces of the rock sample.

17. The rock property test system of claim 16, wherein the strain gauges comprise:

a first strain gauge configured to measure an incremental horizontal strain on the rock sample during the incremental compressive load; and

a second strain gauge configured to measure an incremental vertical strain on the rock sample during the incremental compressive load.

18. The rock property test system of claim 17, wherein the control system is configured to perform further operations comprising:

determining a third coefficient based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample and the length of the rock sample;

determining a fourth coefficient based at least in part on the diameter of the rock sample and the length of the rock sample; and

determining the elastic property of the rock sample based at least in part on the measured incremental horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample, the first and second coefficients, and the incremental compressive load.

19. The rock property test system of claim 18, wherein the operation of determining, based at least in part on the measured strains and the compressive load, the elastic property of the rock sample comprises determining a Young's modulus of the rock sample based on:

where E is stress dependent Young's modulus of the rock sample, P is a compressive pressure, R is a disc radius, t is a disc thickness, \_Y is a length of a vertical strain gauge, E is Young's modulus of the rock sample, υ is a Poisson's ratio, C3 is the third coefficient, and C4 is the fourth coefficient.

20. The rock property test system of claim 18, wherein the operation of determining, based at least in part on the measured strains and the compressive load, the elastic property of the rock sample comprises determining Poisson's ratio of the rock sample based on:

m _ where υ is the stress dependent Poisson's ratio of the rock sample, Ci is the first coefficient, d is the second coefficient, C3 is the third coefficient, C4 is the fourth coefficient, l_x is a length of a horizontal strain gauge, and \_Y is the length of a vertical strain gauge.

21. The rock property test system of claim 18, further comprising determi coefficients based on:

(111) ¾■— kl— and J (I ) ¾ - 1,

where rix is a first ratio, and n_y is a second ratio.

22. The rock property test system of claim 21, further comprising determining the first ratio and the second ratio based on:

(11) where R is a radius of the disc, \_Y is the length of a vertical strain gauge, and l_x is the length of a horizontal strain gauge.

23. The rock property test system of claim 13, wherein the mechanical property comprises at least one of a tensile strength or a brittleness of the rock sample.

24. A method, comprising:

performing a Brazilian test on a rock sample, the Brazilian test comprising: exerting an incremental compressive load across a rock sample; and determining, based at least in part on the incremental compressive load, a mechanical property of the rock sample;

measuring, with a strain gauge, a strain on the rock sample during the incremental compressive load; and

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the rock sample comprises a disc having a length-to-diameter ratio between 0.2 and 0.75.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein the strain comprises an horizontal strain and a vertical strain, and determining the elastic property of the rock sample comprises:

determining the elastic property of the rock sample based at least in part on the horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample and the incremental compressive load.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein determining the elastic property of the rock sample based at least in part on the horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample and the incremental compressive load comprises:

determining the elastic property of the rock sample based at least in part on the horizontal and vertical strains on the rock sample, the incremental compressive load, and at least four coefficients.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the four coefficients are based at least in part on a diameter of the rock sample and a length of the rock sample.