EP3469046A1 - Aqueous extraction process for the recovery of mucilage and demulsification - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method which allows a lipid phase to be purified and/or the hydratable mucilage to be recovered by adding an amount of water which contains acid-forming or base-forming compounds and the percentage by volume of which is > 5% relative to the lipid phase to be purified and/or which has a percentage of volume allowing formation of an aqueous phase to separate hydratable mucilage from a lipid phase.

Description

 Aqueous extraction process for the extraction of mucilage and emulsion separation

description

 The present invention relates to a method by which it is possible by adding a volume of water in which acid or base-forming compounds are contained and whose volume fraction is> 5% by volume in relation to the lipid phase to be purified and / or a volume ratio that to form a water phase to separate hydratable mucilages from a lipid phase, to purify a lipid phase and / or to recover the hydratable mucilages.

Background of the invention

Vegetable oils and animal fats, but other lipid phases, contain a variable proportion of concomitants that must be removed to meet the quality requirements for the use of oils, fats and other lipid phases. These impurities are mostly partially hydrophilic and cause an emulsion formation on contact with water. Examples of these concomitants are phospholipids, glycolipids, free fatty acids or polyphenols. While phospholipids have a high water binding capacity, this is the case for free fatty acids only to a small extent. However, it is known that in the presence of a mixture of these adjuncts in an oil, very stable emulsions occur when water is mixed into the oil. This can mean that such an emulsion can no longer be separated by physical measures. It is also known from the prior art that the stability of such an emulsion increases by an increase in the proportion of water. To remove these Olbegleitstoffe aqueous extraction methods are known in the prior art, in which for the aforementioned reasons with a minimum addition amount of water removal of the accompanying substances is made. In WO 1994/021762 A1 (Removal Of Phospholipids From Glyceride Oil), a degumming process is presented, in which first citric acid at a concentration of 50% by weight in a mixing ratio of 0.1 to 0.4% by weight is mixed into an oil to be purified. After a reaction time then 0.2 to 5% by volume of water are mixed and then the emulsion separated by means of a separator in an oil and a slime phase. The separation of the water phase from a water-in-oil emulsion is carried out by centrifugal processes from the prior art (separator, decanter, centrifuge). It is known that the energy expenditure for the separation of the water phase with the registered Amount of water that is bound in an emulsion, correlated. It is therefore the endeavor of the methods known from the prior art to keep the amount of water to be introduced as small as possible.

 The use of basic solutions for degumming lipid phases usually results in much more stable emulsions than is the case with the use of acids. The prior art discloses processes in which, by mixing a basic solution into an oil to be purified, emulsions are produced which are subsequently separated again by centrifugation, giving a largely cloudy oil and an aqueous-emulsified mucilage phase. Since the classes of mucus present in the oil are in variable quantity and ratio, it is not possible to calculate the amount of basic compounds and / or the amount of water required to separate hydratable mucilages from the lipid phases. From the prior art, no methods are known which are universally applicable to different lipid phases and lead to a consistently good separation efficiency of the oil accompanying substances. The object of the invention is therefore to provide a method with which reliably and with consistently high efficiency oil accompanying substances, which are present in variable proportions, can be removed from the oil and obtained for further utilization.

It is known from the prior art that alkali solutions lead to a saponification of free fatty acids and a hydration of phospholipids (see WO2000 / 68347, WO2012 / 173281 A1, EP0473985A2). If more than three percent by volume of an alkaline solution is added to an oil containing hydratable impurities and mixed with it, an emulsion is formed which does not spontaneously separate. The patent WO2015 / 185675A1 (method for obtaining glycoglycerolipids and glycosphingolipids from lipoid phases) describes a method in which basic aqueous solutions containing silicates, carbonates or borates in a volume ratio of 0.1 to 3% by volume of vegetable oils or animal fats be mixed, resulting in a complexation with the glycolipids present herein, which can then be separated by centrifugal separation techniques. At a higher water volume ratio, after phase separation with a separator, the heavy phases were in the form of cream-type emulsions containing relevant amounts of neutral lipids.

The document WO2015 / 181 1341A1 (method for refining lipid phases and use) describes a method in which an aqueous solution containing an amidine and / or guanidine group-carrying compound, oils or fats are admixed, which are subsequently mixed by centrifugal separation methods with those herein dissolved compounds present (free fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, uam) is separated. In this case, an intensive application of the aqueous solution showed a significantly improved effect with regard to the depletion of odor, taste and colorants, than the mere stirring of the aqueous solutions. It has been documented that, despite the same volume of water added and the same concentration of amidine and / or guanidine group-bearing compounds in the aqueous solutions, a different odor and dye separation efficiency is achieved through the use of an intense feed or stir. The volume fractions (volumes) of aqueous solutions required for efficient removal of odorants and dyes were between 2 and 3% by volume. Separation of the water phase was possible only by centrifugal processes. The mucilages were separated in an emulsified form.

EP 0269277 A2 describes a process for the removal of phospholipids or mucilages from triglyceride oils. In this case, a organic acid or acid anhydride is dispersed in the oil at a temperature not greater than about 40 ° C. Subsequently, water is dispersed in the oil and the sewage sludge containing the gums removed from the oil to obtain an oil with a reduced content of phosphorus containing compounds. To achieve a refined oil, another bleaching step is performed. Bleaching earth can be used for this purpose. As organic acids citric acid, maleic anhydride, maleic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid and acetic anhydride are mentioned, wherein 50% by weight of the aqueous organic acid solution is preferred. The listed amount of added organic acid is between 0.1 to 1, 0% by weight. In this case, an added water content of 0.1 to 3% by weight is disclosed. As a result of the addition of the water and the organic acid or acid anhydride, the phospholipids precipitate in the form of an aqueous sewage sludge. A phase separation to form a water phase is not described. It is clear to a person skilled in the art that the formation of a sewage sludge leads to a significant inclusion of the oil to be purified in the water phase, and thus a high oil loss associated with the just mentioned method. As a result of the forming sewage sludge and the high proportion of oil in the aqueous phase, this method has the further disadvantage that the phase separation is difficult to accomplish. DE 1058184B describes a process for removing vegetable oils, for example soybean, cottonseed, perilla, linseed, peanut, corn and fuel oils, by means of water and at least one of the following acid anhydrides: acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, maleic acid. Succinic, monomethylsuccinic or dimethylsuccinic anhydride. The acid anhydride and the water can be added to the oil be added separately or simultaneously. There are added at least 1 .5 wt.% Water based on oil. However, it is recommended to limit the amount of water to a minimum, since increased water volumes increase the oil losses and reduce the required contact time especially at temperatures below 60 ° C. Furthermore, an amount of water of at least 1 .5% by weight is described only in connection with a separate addition of acid and water. The examples described contain only examples with at most 3% by weight of water relative to the oil, first mixing the oil with an acid anhydride and then adding at most 3% by weight of water. After the acid-water treatment, the oil is centrifuged to separate the aqueous slime phase from the oil. For a person skilled in the art, it is clear from this results a sewage sludge, which leads to a significant inclusion of the oil to be purified in the water phase and thus a high oil loss associated with the just mentioned method. As a result of the forming sewage sludge and the high proportion of oil in the aqueous phase, this method has the further disadvantage that the phase separation is difficult to accomplish.

AT 356 229 B describes a process for degumming triglyceride oils using an acid and water to remove an aqueous slurry containing the mucilage after the oil, the degumming agent and the water have been at least 5 min. were kept in contact with each other. The degumming agents are inorganic or organic acids such as phosphoric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, etc., or mixtures thereof. First, 0.001 to 0.5% wt.% Of an acid having a pH of at least 0.5 in a 1-molar solution or its anhydride is dispersed in the oil, then 0.2 to 5 wt.% Water in the dispersed mixture and finally separating the aqueous slurry, wherein the mixture of oil, water and acid is maintained at a temperature below 40 ° C, before the aqueous slurry is separated. Preferably, the aqueous slurry is separated by centrifugation. The oil can be further treated, for example. by bleaching and deodorization process. However, during the acid treatment process, significant amounts of the oil are transferred to the aqueous phase, resulting in a large loss of the oil to be purified. As a result of the forming sewage sludge and the high proportion of oil in the aqueous phase, this method has the further disadvantage that the phase separation is difficult to accomplish.

So far, there is no method by which it is possible to hydrolyze mucilaginous substances that are anhydrous in a lipid phase so that they are extractable by sedimentation from the lipid phase. Furthermore, in the prior art also no aqueous A method is known with which only gennge amounts of the lipid to be purified during the aqueous treatment of a lipid phase containing mucilage lost and can be treated with the lipid phases of different origin and composition with constant effectiveness.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an aqueous process for the simple and inexpensive purification of a lipid phase and / or for the separation of mucilage and their recovery from a lipid phase. This object is achieved by the technical teaching of the independent claims. Further advantageous embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims, the description, the figures and the examples.

Description of the invention

Surprisingly, it has been found that the solution of the present task is achieved by the volume of water added to the oil or fat to be purified of an acidic or basic solution is chosen so large that spontaneously forms a free water phase after mixing the solution with the oil. It has been found that if the amount of water added is significantly greater than required by prior art methods of separating gums, the aqueous solution separation efficiency of acid or base forming compounds can be improved so that the hydrated gums are already can be separated and separated from an oil phase or lipid phase by sedimentative methods. At the same time, the economical use of the compounds which can be used for this purpose is further improved, since free water phases are obtained which can be freed from the aggregated mucilages contained therein by simple measures, such as filtration, for example, and used repeatedly in the process. Surprisingly, the process sequence of the purification process is also significantly simplified, wherein despite the use of larger volume flows, which are required for this, the purification process can be significantly economized. It has been found that the excess of the invention requires an amount of water required for the hydration of mucilage, the separation of these hydrated mucilages considerably easier, as this can be easily separated from the lipid phase, where they partially or completely spontaneously go into the water phase and can be separated by simple separation measures (eg by a sedimentation tank). As a result, energy costs that have to be expended, for example, for a higher separation performance through a separator or decanter, can be significantly reduced. It is the Selection of suitable process steps and their combination, by a simple preliminary test with different Wasservolumenzugabeverhältnissen possible, thereby reducing the analytical effort for the application of the method over the methods of the prior art.

Thus, the present invention is directed to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase, the Formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry allows

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Preference is given to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucous substances, in which the hydration of all mucilages contained herein is recognized by forming a visible free water phase after mixing in the water phase consisting of an acidic or basic aqueous solution ,

A stirring or intensive entry even small amounts of aqueous solutions in an oil containing Olbegleitstoffe, hereinafter also called mucilage, leads to a significant emulsion formation. A spontaneous phase separation does not occur in the course. In good agreement with the state of the art, it has been shown that the stability of water-in-oil emulsions correlates with the concentration of mucilage, in particular with phospholipids, glycolipids and also free fatty acids, but also with the amount of water and the intensity of the entry of the aqueous phase into the oil. In the course of several days, no spontaneous settling of a free water phase using a water volume fraction (volume ratio) of <5% by volume resulted in an oil phase containing hydratable mucilages. Surprisingly, the same oils in which the volume fraction (volume ratio) of the aqueous solutions added to the lipid phases was significantly increased, became spontaneous Settling a free water phase. The phase separation process then continues, causing a sedimentary phase separation in the course of which only small residual amounts of water remain in the oil phase and in which a separation of hydrated slimy substances occurs. The emulsions formed immediately after a stirring or intensive introduction of a large volume of water (water volume ratio) (> 3% by volume) into an oil containing mucilage did not differ in appearance from those produced with a small amount of added water. Over the course of a few minutes to a few days, however, lipid phases, in which a free water phase had spontaneously set off shortly after mixing in the water phase, led to a clearly visible segregation of the oil and water phases, so that the resulting oils only remained had a slight to slight turbidity and the water phases that had settled, slightly cloudy to almost clear and in which a mucus layer in the area of the phase boundary and the container bottom had settled (Figures 5 and 6). From the investigations to clarify the required addition amounts of a Wasserzugabevolumens has been shown that an increase in the addition volume to 5-15 vol% significantly enhances the formation of emulsions and at a Rühreintrag significantly increases the viscosity of the emulsions. With even larger volume addition amounts of aqueous solutions mixed into the oil phase, emulsions were formed which did not visually differ from an emulsion with a volume addition of 2-3% by volume. After only a few minutes, however, it became clear in the case of the emulsions in which a spontaneous settling of a free water phase occurred after emulsion formation (15-30 vol Settling the emulsion layer came. It could further be shown that when using a volume fraction of the aqueous phase of more than three percent by volume, no clear relationship was predicted between the concentrations of hydratable mucilages present in an oil or fat (phospholipids, free fatty acids, ionic concentrations) can be at which volume addition, there is a saturation of the water absorption in the emulsion and in which then takes place spontaneously a separation of a free water phase. Furthermore, no relationship could be established between the required volume addition ratio of an aqueous solution and the formation of a free water phase using a stir or an intensive feed; for both feeds, the addition volume of the aqueous phase which resulted in the formation of a spontaneous free water phase was different , In all investigations, however, it could be consistently found that in the case of a spontaneous settling of a free water phase, which can be recognized by the naked eye after an aqueous solution has been introduced into an oil or a fat, it is further Course leads to a spontaneous separation of the main part of the registered in the oil phase of water, together with the mucilage phase comes. Therefore, it is advantageous to use an aqueous solution for separating hydratable gums and purifying oils or fats in a volume ratio to the oil or fat phase that is equal to or greater than the volume of water necessary for complete hydration of the lipid phase Schleimstoffen with the aqueous solution used is needed. If the water volume required for this purpose is reached or exceeded, then it comes to settling a free water phase. This can be used as an indicator to determine the amount of addition of an aqueous solution with which the process of the invention can preferably be carried out. A volume fraction of an acid or base-containing aqueous solution added to the lipid phase may be> 3% by volume, more preferably> 5% by volume, more preferably> 6% by volume, more preferably> 7% by volume, more preferably from > 8% by volume, more preferably> 9% by volume, more preferably> 10% by volume, more preferably> 12.5% by volume, more preferably> 15% by volume, more preferably> 17.5% by volume, more preferably> 20% by volume, more preferably> 25% by volume and most preferably> 30% by volume.

The volume fraction of an aqueous acidic or base solution added to the lipid phase may range from 3 to 300% by volume, in a range from 3 to 150% by volume, in a range from 3 to 100% by volume. , further in a range of 3 to 80 vol.%, further in a range of 3 to 60 vol.%, further in a range of 3 to 50 vol.%, or further in a range of 3 to 30 vol.%. Preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in the range of 5 to 300% by volume, in the range of 5 to 150% by volume, in the range of 5 to 100% by volume %, in a range of 5 to 80% by volume, in a range of 5 to 60% by volume, in a range of 5 to 50% by volume, or in a range of 5 to 30% by volume.

Further preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in the range of 6 to 300% by volume, in a range of 6 to 150% by volume, in a range of 6. 100% by volume, a range of 6 to 80% by volume, in a range of 3 to 60% by volume, in a range of 6 to 50% by volume, or in a range of 6 to 30% by volume.

Further preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in the range of 7 to 300% by volume, in the range of 7 to 150% by volume, in the range of 7 - 100 Vol%, in a range of 7 to 80% by volume, in a range of 7 to 60% by volume, in a range of 7 to 50% by volume, or in a range of 7 to 30% by volume.

Further preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in the range of 8-300 vol.%, In the range of 8-150 vol.%, In the range of 8 - 100% by volume, in a range of 8 - 80% by volume, in a range of 8 - 60% by volume, in a range of 8 - 50% by volume or in a range of 8 - 30% by volume. Further preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in the range of 9

300 vol%, in a range of 9-150 vol%, in a range of 9-100 vol%, in a range of 9-80 vol%, in a range of 9-60 vol%, in a range of 9 to 50 vol% or in a range of 9 to 30 vol%.

Further preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in the range of 10 to 300% by volume, in a range of 10 to 150% by volume, in a range of 10. 100% by volume, in a range of 10 - 100% by volume, in a range of 10 - 60% by volume, in a range of 10 - 50% by volume, or in a range of 10 - 30% by volume.

Further preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in a range of 12.5 to 300% by volume, in a range of 12.5 to 150% by volume a range of 12.5 to 100 vol%, in a range of 12.5 to 100 vol%, in a range of 12.5 to 60 vol%, in a range of 12.5 to 50 vol% or in a range of 12.5-30% by volume.

Further preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in the range of 15-300% by volume, in the range of 15-150% by volume, in the range of 15%. 100% by volume, in a range of 15-100% by volume, in a range of 15-60% by volume, in a range of 15-50% by volume, or in a range of 15-30% by volume.

More preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in a range of 17.5 to 300% by volume, in a range of 17.5 to 150% by volume a range of 17.5

100% by volume, in a range of 17.5-100% by volume, in a range of 17.5% -60% by volume, in a range of 17.5% -50% by volume or in a range of 17% , 5 - 30 Vol%. Further preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in a range of 20-300 vol%, in a range of 20-150 vol%, in a range of 20 - 100% by volume, in a range of 20-100% by volume, in a range of 20-60% by volume, in a range of 20-50% by volume or in a range of 20-30% by volume.

Further preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in a range of 25-300 vol%, in a range of 25-150 vol%, in a range of 25 - 100% by volume, in a range of 25-100% by volume, in a range of 25-60% by volume, in a range of 25-50% by volume or in a range of 25-30% by volume.

Further preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase is in a range of 30 to 300 vol%, in a range of 30 to 150 vol%, in a range of 30 100% by volume, in a range of 30-100% by volume, in a range of 30-60% by volume or in a range of 30-50% by volume.

More preferably, the volume fraction of a water phase containing an acid- or base-forming compound added to the lipid phase ranges from 5% to 50% by volume.

The volume ratio is preferably chosen so that the formation of a free water phase is ensured after the mixing entry.

To detect and control the volume fraction (volume ratio) of the water phase required for this purpose, a visual / optical recognition of the settling of a free water phase following a mixing entry is suitable. This criterion can be used to control the metered addition of the water phase to a lipid phase by gradually increasing the volume fraction of the water phase and removing a sample from the emulsion formed after a compounding. From these samples, preferably within the first 24 hours, more preferably within the first 6 hours, more preferably within the first hour, and most preferably within the first 5 minutes settling of a free water phase can be observed and used as a criterion for the water volume addition ratio. Therefore, the present invention is also directed to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio, volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase,> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Thus, a preferred embodiment of the invention is a method of purifying a lipid phase and / or separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before

Mixing the water phase of> 10% by volume,

c) phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilages,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Therefore, the present invention is also directed to a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) Addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound having a volume ratio of volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, the formation of a free water phase after the Ensures mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of Schleimstottarmmen lipid phase. A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

 a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

 b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound having a volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 10% by volume, the formation of a free water phase after the Ensures mixed entry,

 c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

 d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of Schleimstottarmmen lipid phase.

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, the spontaneous formation of a free water phase ensured after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the mucilagenic lipid phase. An embodiment of the present invention is also a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of

Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio that allows the spontaneous formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry, c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Due to the high water content, only very small amounts of the lipid (the neutral lipid fraction) to be purified are converted into the aqueous phase. This has the advantage that only a small loss of the lipid phase (the neutral lipids) results and also by the low proportion of the lipid to be purified (the neutral lipids) in the aqueous phase a much better separation of the aqueous phase containing the acid or base-forming compounds that are made possible by the lipid phase or the separation can take place via a sedimentation in the first place.

Preference is given to a process in which, in step b), a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound having a volume ratio of> 5% by volume, which ensures complete hydration of hydratable gums, is added and mixed.

 One embodiment of the present invention is thus a process for the purification of lipid phases and / or for the separation of mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a volume of water to volume ratio of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a

Water volume ratio, which ensures complete hydration of hydratable mucilage,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

A further embodiment of the present invention is thus a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucous substances from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before Mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, which ensures complete hydration of hydratisable mucilage,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Preference is given to a process in which acidic or basic aqueous solutions in a volume fraction are introduced into a lipid phase containing mucilage by means of a stirring and / or intensive introduction which is at least so great as to ensure complete hydration of all mucilages which can be hydrotreated with the process stage is reached. Accordingly, it is preferred if in step b) of a process according to the invention the volume fraction of the acidic or basic aqueous solution which is introduced into a lipid phase from step a) by means of a stirring and / or intensive introduction, is at least so great that a complete hydration all of the process step hydradiersierbaren Schleimstoffe is achieved.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention therefore relates to a process for the purification of lipid phases and / or for the separation of mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a volume of water to volume ratio of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a

Water volume ratio, which allows the formation of a free water phase after the Mischeintrag, by means of a stirring and / or Intensiveintrags, so that a complete hydration of all can be hydradiersierbaren with the process stage mucilage is achieved.

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Preference is given to a process for the purification of lipid phases and / or for the separation of mucilages, in which the complete hydrogenation (hydratability) and / or separability of the mucilages contained therein, which can be achieved with the aqueous acidic or basic solution used, is thereby recognized, by mixing in a water phase consisting of an acidic or basic aqueous solution to form an emulsion, then spontaneously forms a visible free water phase containing hydrogenated (hydrated) mucilage. Preference is therefore given to a method according to the invention for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucilages, in which the hydrolyzability and / or separability of the mucilages contained in step a) is detected in step a1), which may also be optional, in that after mixing in a water phase consisting of an acidic or basic aqueous solution to form an emulsion, spontaneously a visible free water phase containing hydrated mucilages is formed.

Preference is given to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucous substances, in which an acidic or basic aqueous solution with a volume fraction of the lipid phase is admixed until a free water phase containing hydrated mucilages spontaneously forms after the mixture. Accordingly, it is preferred if in step b) of an inventive method, an acidic or basic aqueous solution is added with such a large volume fraction of the lipid phase and mixed by means of an Intensiveintrags until a free water phase forms spontaneously after mixing. Thus, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of

Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5 vol% and / or a water volume ratio, which allows the formation of a free water phase after the Mischeintrag, being mixed by means of an Intensiveintrags until after mixing a free water phase trains spontaneously,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Therefore, the present invention is also directed to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, having a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, being mixed by means of an Intensiveintrags until a free water phase spontaneously forms after mixing

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Preference is given to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucous substances, in which the selection of acid- or base-forming compounds from aqueous solutions and their volume addition to a lipid phase is decided according to whether, after mixing with the lipid phase free water phase spontaneously forms.

In comparative studies it has been found that in lipid phases which have been treated by the method according to the invention, upon reintroduction of an aqueous solution which contains a compound with which sufficient hydration of mucilage already has taken place, there are practically no further mucilages can be more converted into a water phase, not even using a larger addition volume or a higher concentration of the acidic or basic compound used. In contrast, in lipid phases treated with the same aqueous solutions but with a small volume fraction of aqueous solutions known in the art, after centrifugal clarification of the lipid phase from the water phase, there may still be a relevant amount of mucilage in the oil be hydrated, which are then convertible into a water phase, when an aqueous solution in which the identical compound is dissolved, is mixed again and with a required for complete hydration volume fraction. Thus, in an aqueous cleaning process where the same compounds are used for hydration and / or complexation of mucilages and where the water volume fraction (water volume ratio) is <5%, only a portion of the mucilages become hydrated and / or complexed to produce a discharge with the water phase during a centrifugal separation only partially. Thus, the non-discharged mucilages must be depleted in the next purification stage, which can increase the process costs. Further, comparative studies between applying the aqueous purification steps having a large water volume ratio to an otherwise similar treatment with an aqueous solution but a low water volume ratio have shown that emulsification occurs at a low water volume ratio, causing it to be centrifugal Phase separation leads to a co-discharge of neutral fats in the resulting water phases and thus in the separable Schleimstofffestphasen. This requires, on the one hand, that there is a loss of product (the neutral lipids of the lipid phase) and, on the other hand, an increased effort is required for the purification of the resulting mucilaginous phases.

 Furthermore, it has been found in comparative studies that when using the method according to the invention, the amounts of residual water present in lipid phases before and after centrifugal phase separation are lower than those in a method in which a low water volume ratio has been used, with one otherwise same use of compounds that are present in the aqueous solutions. The method according to the invention therefore makes it possible to clarify lipid phases of a residual water and / or mucilage fraction contained therein with a low centrifugal expenditure of energy or even to completely dispense with a centrifugal separation. Furthermore, this can result in a cost savings in the drying of the final lipid products.

The inventive method is characterized in a particularly advantageous manner by the simple applicability. In order to carry out the analysis, it is not necessary to analyze the liquid phase to be purified with regard to its indicators for accompanying / mucous substances (eg phospholipids, free fatty acids, electrolytes). By means of a test series in which an increasing volume of different basic or acid solutions are gradually added to the lipid phase, it can be decided after the mixture by a simple visual examination, at which volume ratio of the aqueous solution to the lipid phase there is sufficient hydration of the mucilages contained therein and with which aqueous solution or what Wasservolumenzugabe ratio the process can be carried out. For the execution of the method according to the invention then also larger volume addition ratios between the water and the lipid phase can be used than those which were determined in the sample described above for the determination of a minimum amount of volume required. The simple test procedure for complete hydration of mucilages (see Methods) also leads to a clear economization of the purification of a lipid phase. The method is also characterized by its universal applicability, since it is irrelevant in what amount and in what proportion of the hydratable mucilage present in a lipid phase. Preferred is a preliminary test for the selection of a method for the purification of lipid phases and / or for the separation of mucilage and their extraction, are admixed with increasing Wasserzugabevolumenanteile various acidic or basic aqueous solutions of a lipid phase until forms a visible free water phase after the merge entry.

The objects of the invention are further achieved by a method comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

a1) investigating the hydrratability of the mucilages present in the lipid phase of step a) by admixing increasing volumes of water with at least one acid- or base-forming compound until a free water phase is formed after the mixing entry,

b) incorporation of a water phase which contains at least one acid- or base-forming compound into the lipid phase from process step a) with an addition volume fraction which has led to the formation of a free water phase after mixing in process step a1),

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a mucous-containing water phase and a mucilage-poor lipid phase.

d1) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

d2) Separation of the mucous-containing water phase.

Therefore, the present invention is also directed to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

a1) investigating the hydrratability of the mucilages present in the lipid phase of step a) by admixing increasing volumes of water with at least one acid- or base-forming compound until a free water phase is formed after the mixing entry,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase, in step a1) to form a free water phase after the Mixed entry and> 5 vol%,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage, d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

The way of introducing a basic or acidic aqueous solution, eg. In the form of an agitating or intensive mixture, affects the degree of hydration of the mucilages present in the lipid phase, d. H. the volume fraction of a water envelope around a hydrated mucilage. In this case, a more complete and faster hydration of the present in a lipid phase mucilage is effected by an intensive mixing entry. However, the resulting in an intensive entry water bubbles are smaller and more distributed, as is the case with a scrub entry, which also usually a larger amount of water is needed to provide a sufficient hydration for the mucus to be removed. As a result, it is understandable that in the case of an intensive mixed addition, a greater volume input of the aqueous solutions may be required than in the case of a stirring entry in order to carry out a method according to the invention. Also, the effectiveness of hydration can be increased by an intensive entry.

Preference is given to a process for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucilages, in which an acidic or basic aqueous solution having such a large volume fraction of the lipid phase is admixed by means of an intensive introduction until a free water phase spontaneously forms after the mixture. Thus, a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or separation of mucous substances is also preferred, wherein in step b) the mixing in of the water phase containing the at least one acid or base-forming compound takes place by means of an intensive introduction.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method for

Purification of a lipid phase and / or separation of mucilage from his

Lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, the interference takes place by means of intensive entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase. Surprisingly, it has been possible to show that in the case of carrying out the method according to the invention with a stirring entry, a comparable amount of hydrated mucilage can be converted into a water phase and discharged, as is the case with an intensive introduction of the aqueous solutions. It has been found that in the process application with an intensive mixing of the aqueous solutions aqueous solutions are sometimes larger amounts are required, as in a scrub entry, so that forms a free water phase in the course and phase separation occurs.

 The introduction of the water phase can take place in the form of a continuous or discontinuous feed. The lipid phase and / or the water phase can have any desired temperature, but mixing is only possible if both phases have a liquid state of aggregation. Therefore, a temperature range for the lipid phase and / or water phase between 0 ° and 120 ° C is preferred, more preferably between 15 ° and 90 ° C and more preferably between 25 ° and 75 ° C. The duration of the entry of the water phase depends on the amount of hydratable mucilages, the type of mixed entry and the height of the water volume fraction (water volume ratio). It is therefore advisable to carry out a series of tests in which a different period of time and type of mixed entry at a different water phase addition amount takes place (see: Test method for the hydration of mucilage). With the constellation in which a maximum of hydratable mucilages can be separated (as evidenced by a spinner sample), the process should preferably be performed. In general, it is advantageous to choose a mixing time of 1 second to 60 minutes, more preferably this should be between 1 minute and 30 minutes and further between 3 minutes and 15 minutes.

Therefore, a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or separation of mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, the mixing time of 1 second to 60 minutes,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the mucilagenic lipid phase. A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or separation of mucous substances from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 10% by volume, the mixing time of 1 second to 60 minutes,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Furthermore, a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or separation of mucous substances from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a volume ratio of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, the interference takes place by means of Intensiveintrag and the mixing time is from 1 second to 60 minutes,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or separation of mucilage from a

Lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a volume ratio of the water phase volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 10% by volume, the interference by Intensive entry takes place and the mixing time is from 1 second to 60 minutes,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

After mixing the water phase with the lipid phase, in one embodiment the introduction of the mixture into a container which is suitable for the separation of the phases takes place.

 Preference is given to containers which permit continuous or discontinuous filling with the mixture and which have separate processes, via which the phases which form can be derived. The derivation of the separated phases can also be carried out continuously or discontinuously. It is furthermore advantageous if the device additionally has an outlet, via which a mucilage layer, which forms in the region of the phase boundary and / or in the region of the bottom of the container, can be derived separately. Preference is given to containers with a high aspect ratio between the height and the width. Preference is given to containers which have a conical bottom shape. Also preferred is a device which allows a visual inspection of the forming phases as well as the detection of the phase boundary, e.g. in the form of a glass cutout. The required duration of the phase separation depends on the amount and composition of the hydratable mucilages contained in the lipid phase, the addition volume of the aqueous phase and other process parameters (intensity of the mixed entry, temperature of the water or lipid phase, etc.). To utilize the advantageous aspects of the process according to the invention, the duration of the phase separation should be selected until the water content in the clarified lipid phase is preferably <3% by weight, more preferably <1.5% by weight and more preferably <0.5 Wt .-% is. This phase is also referred to below as the stance phase. Preferably, the duration of the sedimentary phase separation should be between 10 seconds and 7 days, more preferably between 5 minutes and 48 hours, and more preferably between 15 minutes and 6 hours.

If faster phase separation is desired than is achieved by pure sedimentation, either the process parameters of previous process performance may be varied (eg use of a larger water volume fraction (water volume ratio) or a selection of another acid or base forming compound) and or one of the methods described below for accelerating the phase separation. Preferably, the lipid phases obtained after the phase separation contain <20% by weight of the amount of mucilage present prior to the process and which can be hydrated with the process step carried out, more preferably the lipid phases contain <10% by weight of the amount of mucilage prior to the process step and more preferred are lipid phases in which the amount of mucilage that can be hydrated with the process step carried out is reduced to <5% by weight compared to the amount that was present before the process step was carried out. Further preferred is a process wherein> 80% by weight of the mucilage present in the lipid phase prior to phase separation and hydratable with the process step is obtained in a water phase, more preferably the recovery is> 90% by weight and most it is preferred to obtain> 95% by weight of the hydratable mucilages from a lipid phase in a water phase. Depending on the content of hydratable mucilages, the obtained lipid phase can have the specification to be achieved or can be supplied to a further purification stage.

The invention thus also relates to a process for the multi-stage aqueous purification of lipid phases. In a variant of the method, a process for phase separation from the prior art is carried out to improve the separation of hydrated mucilages still present in the lipid phase or the water phase still present therein. Preferred for this purpose are centrifugal processes using z. As separators or decanters and methods for coalescence of phases, for. B. using coalescers. However, this is preferably done after the spontaneous formation of a free water phase or a service life, which is required for the completion of a complete hydration / complexation. In another variant of the method, the lipid phase obtained after a phase separation is fed to a further process stage according to the invention.

Preference is given to a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucous substances, in which an acidic or basic aqueous solution having a volume fraction of the lipid phase is admixed in such a way that spontaneous phase separation takes place and the lipid phase sedimentatively clarified by means of centrifugal or coalescing processes is treated to remove the residual water content and / or of mucilage. According to the invention the object is achieved by a method for purifying lipid phases containing mucilage, comprising the following steps: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound having a water volume ratio volume of

Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio that allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a mucous-containing water phase and a low-mucus lipid phase,

d) clarification of the lipid phase of process step c) by a coalescence and / or centrifugal process,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase obtainable from c) and / or d),

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase, obtainable from c) and / or c1).

Therefore, the present invention is also directed to a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume

c) sedimentative phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilages and a low-mucus lipid phase c1) clarification of the lipid phase of process step c) by coalescence and / or centrifugal method,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

However, the clarification of the lipid phase by means of coalescence and / or centrifugal processes can also take place in a step d2a) after step d2).

Thus, one embodiment of the present invention is a method of purifying a lipid phase and / or separating lipid phase mucilages, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage, b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume

c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

d2a) clarification of the lipid phase of process step d2) by a coalescence and / or centrifugal process.

A further embodiment of the present invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the Formation of a free water phase after the

Allows mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

d2a) clarification of the lipid phase of process step d2) by a coalescence and / or centrifugal process.

The aqueous phase, which forms during the phase separation, can be discharged continuously or discontinuously from the separation vessel. In a variant of the process, the discharged water phase is passed into a further settling tank in order to sedimentively separate solid and / or suspended matter present in the water phase.

In other process variants, methods from the prior art for the separation of solid / suspended matter can be used. Suitable methods include the use of filters, separators or decanters. The resulting clear water phases can then be used again for the process of carrying out a purification step. To carry out the purification of lipid phases according to the invention, aqueous solutions containing base- or acid-forming compounds are used. These aqueous solutions enable and / or improve the hydration of mucilage. The effect on the different mucilages varies with the different compounds. To select one or more suitable base or acid-forming compound (s) suitable for a method step of the invention, testing may be made with a test method for hydrating mucilages as described herein become. With the method can be quickly and easily find out with which aqueous solution of base or acid-forming compounds and with what volume ratio of these aqueous solutions to the liquid phase to fully hydrolyze slime and transfer it into an aqueous phase. It is advantageous to use a basic or acidic solution which hydrates the largest possible number of mucilages at the same time. However, this can lead to a very large volume fraction of the aqueous solution (eg> 50% by volume) having to be added to the lipid phase and / or a long service life for a spontaneous separation (phase separation) of the water / mucous phase from the Lipid phase is needed. In such a case, it is advantageous first to carry out a cleaning step from the prior art or according to the method according to the invention, with which an at least partial removal of mucilage takes place. On the other hand, it is very easy to determine with the method according to the invention whether mucous substances can be hydrated with an aqueous solution containing a base- or acid-forming compound and / or can be separated off. With very little or no hydration of mucous substances, a small volume ratio of an aqueous solution containing base- or acid-forming compounds and / or very rapid phase separation occurs and / or only a small amount of hydrated mucilages precipitate the phase boundary. In this case it is advantageous to choose an aqueous solution with another base- or acid-forming compound with which a more effective separation of hydratable mucilages contained in the lipid phase can be carried out. From these aspects of the method according to the invention, there are further extremely advantageous effects of the process technology. Thus, without prior knowledge of the type and amount of mucilage present in a lipid phase by a series of tests, as described herein, with variations of the inventive procedures and without equipment (analytical) effort can be found out whether with one or more of the process step (s) and / or a combination with process steps from the prior art complete hydration and separation of mucilage can be carried out by or in an aqueous medium, and in what order the process procedures can be performed. According to the technical teaching of the present invention, it is advantageous in lipid phases, which had a high proportion of mucilage, which z. B. is measurable by the determination of the content of phosphorus-containing compounds (eg., A phosphorus content of> 50mg / kg) or of free fatty acids (eg.,> 1, 5 wt%), first a method of the Technique, such as a water degumming, or to apply the inventive method with an acid-forming aqueous solution. The pre-purified lipid phase can then be carried out with an aqueous solution containing a base-forming compound according to one of the methods of the invention.

With the method according to the invention, lipid phases of different origin and composition can be treated and the hydratable mucilages contained herein extracted. The lipid phases may be oils or fats of plant, animal, microbial, synthetic or fossil origin. In this case, the lipid phases to be treated can be present in a native form or the lipid phases to be treated have already been subjected to a purification process.

The aqueous solutions according to the invention contain compounds which are acid- or base-forming. Such compounds are known in the art. Particularly suitable base-forming compounds are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, carbonates such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate, silicates such as sodium metasilicate, sodium orthosilicate, sodium disilicate, sodium trisilicate and potassium silicate, further acetates such as sodium acetate , Borates, such as sodium borate, amidino and / or guanidine group-carrying compounds, such as arginine, according to the formula given in the Definitions section, as well as mixtures of the aforementioned compounds and with other compounds. Also suitable are calcium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, calcium sulfate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, calcium citrate, aluminum citrate, and mixtures thereof or hereby. Preferred are sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium metasilicate, amidino and / or guanidine group bearing compounds, especially arginine, as well as combinations thereof.

The application according to the invention also extends to other base-forming substances and to combinations of the abovementioned and other compounds. The concentration and / or mixing ratio is freely selectable, the suitable concentrations of the aqueous phases are easily determined by a person skilled in the art. This is due to the process technology according to the invention, in which even at a low concentration of the acid or base-forming compound in the water phase, a sufficient amount of these compounds can be ensured by providing the water phase with an excess in relation to the compounds to be hydrolyzed becomes. At the same time, despite the added excess of basic or acidic compounds, loss of these compounds can be avoided because the compounds not involved in hydration and / or complexation with the hydratable mucilage compounds are not bound and therefore remain unbound in the free water phase. The reusability of the aqueous phases and of the acid- or base-forming compounds contained therein is also promoted by the fact that the aqueous phases obtained by sedimentation are virtually free of emulsions. This is not the case with the so-called "heavy phases" obtained by the centrifugal separation of water-in-oil emulsions prepared using a small volume of water (water volume ratio), and the separability of sedimentation in the Water phase discharged hydrated gums considerably simplified by the absence of neutral fats, the gums are in the process step d1) in many applications as filterable solid complexes.

The process technology according to the invention considerably simplifies the selection of a suitable concentration, or of a concentration range, of the acidic or base-forming compounds which can be used, in which sufficient hydration of the mucilages is possible. Preferably, concentrations of the basic solutions are between 0.01 and 5 molar, more preferably between 0.5 and 2 molar, and most preferably between 0.8 and 1.5 molar.

In one embodiment, compounds containing amidine and / or guanidine groups are used as the basic compounds, as described herein. These compounds are in an aqueous medium, which should preferably be ion-free or ion-poor, in a concentration range of 0.001 to 0.8 molar, more preferably from 0.01 to 0.7 molar, and most preferably from 0.1 to 0.6 Molar completely dissolved. The base-forming compounds are preferably dissolved in an ion-free or ionic water, but it can also be used mineral salt-containing service water to dissolve the compounds, methods for dissolving such compounds are known in the art. The pH of the solutions is preferably in a range between 7 and 14, more preferably between 8 and 13 and more preferably between 9 and 12.

For the hydration of mucilage and acid-forming compounds are suitable. Particularly suitable acid-forming compounds are, for example, hydrochloride, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, boric acid, citric acid or oxalic acid. Other acids of the prior art are suitable. The selection of the concentrations, a mixture of different acids or the mixing ratio of different acids is carried out analogously to that of the basic compounds. The same applies to the preparation of the aqueous solutions containing acid-forming compounds. The pH of the solutions is preferably in a range between 6.9 and 1, more preferably between 5 and 1.5, and more preferably between 3 and 1.8.

It is advantageous if, in addition to the hydration of all hydratable oil accompanying substances taking place by the acidic or basic excess of water, a complexing of the hydrated oil accompanying substances takes place at the same time.

With the test method for the complete hydration of mucilages described herein, it is possible for the skilled person to decide which of the possible process steps or in which combination and sequence of acidic or a basic aqueous solution the procedure should take place in a multi-stage purification process. The procedure is in principle freely selectable, so that different possibilities of the method arrangement result: I. sole acid treatment,

 II. Sole base treatment,

 III. first acid treatment, then base treatment,

 IV. First base treatment, then acid treatment,

 V. repeated acid treatment,

VI. repeated base treatment.

Sole acid treatment according to I. means that process step b) is carried out with a water phase containing at least one acid-forming compound. Accordingly, the sole base treatment according to II. Is to be understood such that process step b) is carried out with a water phase containing at least one base-forming compound.

The method arrangement III. is carried out so that only the acid treatment takes place and following the process step d2) the base treatment takes place. The Process arrangement IV differs only in the order of addition of the acid solution and base solution.

The method arrangement V. and VI. are to be understood as meaning that the lipid phase from step d2) after one of the method arrangements I, II. II. or IV. has been applied and the separation according to step d1) and d2) has been carried out again with an acid treatment or base treatment at the lipid phase the last process step d2) is performed.

The selection of the most suitable and cost-effective method or method arrangement can easily be made by a person skilled in the art, since it can be very easily and reliably assessed with the method of investigation given here whether complete depletion of hydratable mucilages is possible with the method steps or method arrangement. This is when, with no aqueous solution of the basic or acidic compounds, mucilages can be separated from the lipid phase treated with one or more device (s), e.g. becomes visible through dissolved mucilage, which are in the water phase. However, the completeness of the depletion of mucilage can also be determined by an analysis of oil indices (e.g., phosphorus, alkaline earth metals, free fatty acids).

Another aspect of the invention relates to processes and methods which have an influence on the residence and / or service life of the emulsions prepared by one of the process stages according to the invention until sufficient phase separation has been achieved. The spontaneous separation (phase separation) of the water and the lipid phase according to the invention can be accelerated by various procedural embodiments. Surprisingly, it has been shown that the phase separation (phase separation) proceeds significantly faster when the emulsion consisting of the water and the lipid phase was heated.

In this case, a moderate heating, which can take place before, during and / or after entry of the water phase into the lipid phase, is sufficient. It is advantageous to mix the heated emulsion for a period of up to 3 hours, more preferably between 1 and 60 minutes and more preferably between 5 and 15 minutes. It is advantageous to heat the emulsion to a temperature between 30 ° and 100 ° C, more preferably between 35 ° and 80 ° C and most preferably between 40 ° and 65 ° C. A preferred embodiment according to the invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated gums, wherein the sedimentary phase separation takes place at a temperature between 40 ° C and 65 ° C,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

A particularly preferred embodiment according to the invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentative phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated gums, wherein the sedimentary phase separation takes place at a temperature between 40 ° C and 65 ° C,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Another particularly embodiment according to the invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucous substances from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before

Mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilages, wherein the sedimentative phase separation takes place at a temperature between 40 ° and 65 ° C, d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

In a further particularly advantageous embodiment of the process technology, an acceleration of the phase separation of the emulsions produced by coalescing is achieved. Coalescence separators are known from the prior art. The principle of action is based on the fact that two non-miscible liquids which are in the form of an emulsion come to adhere to hydrophilic or lipophilic droplets on the surfaces of the precipitator by contact with a hydrophilic or hydrophobic surface and by melting the adhering droplets with each other to form larger droplets, which form a uniform phase in the course. In the presence of surfactants, the effectiveness of this deposition technique is significantly reduced. It has thus been found that in emulsions in which basic or acidic aqueous solutions containing one of the compounds listed herein have been added to the oils in a volume ratio of up to 3%, phase separation (phase separation) by means of a coalescence separator is not possible. On the other hand, with sufficient hydration of the mucilaginous substances according to one of the methods according to the invention, the formation of a mucous-containing water phase and a clarified lipid phase was achieved by passage through a coalescence separator. Therefore, it is particularly advantageous to carry out a phase separation (phase separation) by a coalescence separator following an entry according to the invention of a water phase into a lipid phase. It is particularly advantageous to carry out a coalescence separation, but also other separation processes, only after the settling of a water / mucous phase in the clarified lipid phase. In a particularly advantageous manner, the methods described herein for accelerating the phase separation (phase separation) can be combined with one another. It has thus been found that the separation efficiency of a coalescence separator is increased by first heating an emulsion prepared according to the invention and then passing it through a coalescence separator. It is irrelevant whether the emulsion is supplied to a coalescer in the heated state or after heating at ambient temperatures. Also, the reverse order or combination with other processing techniques that result in coalescence, such as sonication, are suitable for accelerating phase separation.

In another embodiment, an acceleration of the phase separation (phase separation) is accomplished by a hydrocyklone. Hydrocyklones are known in the art, they are used for the separation of liquids and solids pretext. Surprisingly, a separation of the water and the lipid phase after a purification step according to the invention can be carried out with this method. Preferably, after the onset of spontaneous sedimentative phase separation, the emulsion should be fed to such a separator. It has been found that, in particular, the forming solids and suspended substances, together with the water phase, can be separated off very efficiently by the abovementioned processes. In another preferred embodiment, the emulsion of a purification stage according to the invention is passed into a settling tank, which is subjected to an increased pressure.

In one embodiment of the process technology, a centrifugal separation process can also be used to accelerate the phase separation (phase separation). Preference is given to processes for accelerated separation of the lipid and water phases in emulsions which are prepared with acidic or basic aqueous solutions in which such a large volume fraction of the water phase has been added to the lipid phase until spontaneous formation of a free water phase after mixing. Preferred methods for accelerated phase separation of the emulsion prepared according to the invention are heating of the emulsions and / or coalescence separation and / or ultrasound treatment.

Preferred methods for accelerated phase separation of the emulsions prepared according to the invention are centrifugal separation techniques.

An increase in the phase separation rate and / or the separation rate is also made possible by centrifugal separation techniques known in the art, such as separators, centrifuges, decanters or hydrocyclones. The aim of this process step is to accelerate the otherwise spontaneously occurring sedimentation process in which most of the water phase introduced into the lipid phase is combined with the hydrated slimy substances to form a separate phase. After the treatment of oils with a different volume fraction of aqueous solutions remained after a spontaneous (sedimentative) phase separation in each of the basic or acidic compounds used, which were dissolved in the water phases, a percentage of approximately equal proportion of the aqueous solution in the oil. This was in a range of 0.1 to 5% by weight. This share was with the total amount Mucilage present in the lipid phase. At a very high level of exposure to mucilage, the water volume fraction (water volume ratio) in the oil phase after spontaneous phase separation was up to 15% by weight for the oils investigated.

Since at a high residual water content in the lipid phase after sedimentation of the water phase may be insufficient hydration of mucus substances or a complexation of these, it should be checked whether the spontaneous separation result can be improved by selecting a different process sequence (s.o.). Preference is given to obtaining a lipid phase according to one or more process stages in which, after spontaneous separation or acceleration of the phase separation achieved by heating, coalescence or ultrasound or centrifugal techniques, the content of hydrated mucilages is <0.5% by weight. %, more preferably <0.2% by weight and more preferably <0.1% by weight, and / or the water content is <1.0% by weight, more preferably <0.5% by weight, and further preferably <0.1 % By weight. Such lipid phases are clear or slightly cloudy. The content of hydrated mucilages or the amount of water contained in the lipid phase can be quantified by a centrifugal test or analytical methods. The time to complete spontaneous phase separation of the emulsions depends on the type and amount of impurities present in the oil. Therefore, according to the invention, a stance phase for completing a spontaneous phase separation of 10 seconds and 7 days, more preferably between 5 minutes and 48 hours, and more preferably between 15 minutes and 6 hours. The completeness of spontaneous sedimentation can be recognized by the fact that Within 24 hours, following the complete spontaneous phase separation, <0.5% by weight of a free water / mucilage phase additionally settle.

The free water phases obtained by sedimentation or the use of previously described techniques for accelerating the separation were clear after a short service life, the aggregated mucilage could be separated easily.

An embodiment according to the invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucous substances from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid or base-forming compound having a volume ratio, volume of Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase, of> 5% by volume,

 sedimentative phase separation with the formation of a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage, a low-mucus lipid phase and formation of mucous aggregates,

 Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, separation of Schleimstottarmmen lipid phase.

A particularly advantageous effect resulting from the process technology according to the invention is that, after a phase separation, which has taken place either spontaneously or by the processes described herein for accelerating the phase separation, condensation of the mucin substances in the region of the phase boundary occurs comes. This "mucilaginous phase" can be present in the form of a continuous slime-like aqueous phase up to macroscopically visible complex aggregates with semisolid consistency (see Figures 5 and 6.) In principle, different phase separation methods known to those skilled in the art are also suitable

Coalescence method and centrifugal method are preferred and particularly preferred is sedimentation.

Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention is a method of purifying a lipid phase and / or separating lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentative phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage and / or a mucilage phase, d1) separation of the free water phase containing hydrated mucilage and / or

Mucilage phase

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention is a method of purifying a lipid phase and / or separating lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage, b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentative phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage and a mucilage phase,

d1) Separation of the mucilage-containing free water phase,

d1 b) separation of the mucilage phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method for

Purification of a lipid phase and / or for the separation of mucilage from a

Lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage and / or a mucilage phase, wherein the

Phase separation by sedimentation, a coalescence process or a centrifugal process,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d1 b) separation of the mucous phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

The mucilage phase can be very easily, together with the water phase and a small part of the oil phase of the otherwise clarified oil phase, z. B. by means of a separating funnel. A separation of the hydrated mucilage and the residual water content and the bound oil from the contained mucilage phase is very easily possible by a centrifugal separation technique, without resulting in a relevant emulsion of one of the obtainable phases. The phases, consisting of water, mucilage and oil, can be easily separated, for example, in a decanter into three separate phases. As further advantageous in the separation of the mucous phase has been found that macroscopically visible aggregates of mucilage, which are caused by the action of the acidic or basic solutions according to the invention, are after a spontaneous phase separation in the water phase and / or in the region of the phase boundary with the water phase can be separated. This aggregates can be very easily from this Phase, z. B. by a skimmer (Skimmer) separate. If such aggregates remain in the oil or in an emulsion, this can lead to a reduced separation efficiency when using a separator. This may be due, inter alia, to the fact that the gaseous aggregates are swirled upon entering a separator or decanters and are finely distributed in the oil, which then makes their separation more difficult due to the small difference in density. Therefore, separation of the hydrated gums separately or together with the water phase prior to centrifugal phase separation of the clarified lipid phase is a particularly advantageous embodiment of the process.

Preferred is a method in which a method of accelerating the phase separation is used.

Preferred is a process in which hydrated and complexed mucins are separated by a phase separation accelerating process, these processes being a sedimentation, a coalescence process or a centrifugal process.

Preference is given to a process in which hydrated and complexed mucins are separated by a phase separation process, these processes being a sedimentation, a coalescence process or a centrifugal process, with mucilages concentrated at the phase boundary to the water phase of the oil phase are separated. Preference is furthermore given to a process in which phase separation is initiated and / or accelerated in step c) by heating and / or a coalescence process and / or a centrifugal process of the phases and / or of the reaction mixture.

Particular preference is furthermore given to a process in which sedimentative phase separation is initiated and / or accelerated in step c) by heating and / or a coalescence process and / or a centrifugal process of the phases and / or of the reaction mixture.

Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentative phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated gums, wherein heating and / or a coalescence process and / or a centrifugal process of the phases and / or of the reaction mixture, which initiates and / or accelerates sedimentative phase separation,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Thus, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the Formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry allows

c) sedimentative phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated gums, wherein heating and / or a coalescence process and / or a centrifugal process of the phases and / or of the reaction mixture, which initiates and / or accelerates sedimentative phase separation,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the process, a phase separator is used for separating the sedimentation by means of the methods described herein for accelerating the sedimentation of the water and mucous phase obtained. This consists in the simplest case of a container having an inlet for the phases to be separated and having at least 2 outlet ports, which are arranged at different heights from the bottom and by the continuous or discontinuous oil phase, the water phase and optionally the slime phase in separate containers can be left out. Optionally, a visual inspection of the state of the phase boundaries to control the inflow and outflow quantities. The lipid phases obtained by spontaneous phase separation have only a small residual content of mucilages which were hydratable in the process step carried out. In this case, it is advantageous in particular that a substantially higher oil throughput through a separator, a centrifuge or a decanter can be achieved by the already removed removal of the largest part of the hydrated mucilages while at the same time having a higher degree of efficiency for separating off the mucilages and residual water still present in the lipid phase , as with a similar phase separation in emulsions, which were produced only with a small addition of water volume. In all emulsions prepared by a method according to the invention, after spontaneous phase separation or after phase separation with a method for accelerated phase separation described herein, separation of the residual amount of hydrated mucin and / or aqueous phase present in the lipid phases by means of a centrifuge Separators or decanters in a clear oil phase and a clear water phase, with a minimum content of solids and without emulsification, are performed. Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, a centrifugal phase separation for the separation of residual mucilage / water in step d2a).

Preference is given to a process for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucilages, in which, after a spontaneous phase separation or by a process for accelerated phase separation, the heavy and / or light phases obtainable by a centrifugal process are low in emulsion or emulsion-free and or the obtainable lipid phase is clarified by the residual amounts of mucilage and water contained therein.

Such an efficient separation of hydrated mucilages and of registered water is not or only to a very small extent possible in emulsions in which no free water phase has been established due to an excess of the aqueous cleaning solution. If there is no free water phase following the preparation of the emulsion with one of the aqueous basic or acidic solutions mentioned herein, practically no separate mucous substance phases or sedimenting mucous aggregates are formed so that the hydrated mucilages can not be separated by means of a collecting or separating device.

In a further preferred embodiment of the method, the lipid phase which is obtained after sedimentation of the water phase or after separation of the water phase by a coalescence process, an ultrasound process, an adsorption or filtration process and / or a centrifugal process in step d2), without a further separation of any residual amounts of hydrated mucilages and / or dissolved water remaining here, immediately subjected to a further purification step. It has been found that the lipid phases obtained in this way contain only such small residual amounts of hydrated mucilages that they do not interfere with a further purification process and are transferred into the water phase as part of this purification stage. It has also been found that the small residual amounts of the aqueous basic or acidic solutions contained in a lipid phase obtained by sedimentation or one of the methods described above do not interfere when another acidic or basic compound is used in the next purification stage or introducing an acidic or basic solution after a previous use of a basic or acidic solution with the process technique described herein. This highly advantageous aspect of the process according to the invention also necessitates an economization of the process, since the lipid phases previously treated with an acidic or basic aqueous phase do not necessarily have to be fed to a centrifugal separation process for phase separation.

Preference is given to a process for the purification of lipid phases, in which a free water phase is formed by the addition of an acidic or basic aqueous solution to a lipid phase after mixing with the lipid phase.

Preferred is a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucilages, which comprises adding an acidic or basic aqueous solution to a lipid phase in a volume ratio which allows complete hydration of all hydrophilic mucilages.

Full hydration refers in each case to the hydration result which can be achieved with a specific compound and concentration in an aqueous medium. The acid-forming or base-forming compounds which can be used for carrying out the invention bring about a hydration of mucous substances in different ways. For example, hydration may be based on a surfactant effect of the compound employed, or may be caused by an intermolecular energetic interaction or chemical association of the compound employed with a mucilage or by delamination / displacement / breakdown of compounds on / with mucilages or mucilage complexes. Therefore, the amount of water that provides complete hydration for the various compounds differs and must be determined. This is very easy to do with the test method for testing complete hydration described herein. It could be shown that, after a separation of mucins according to the invention, during the repeated execution of the test procedure the lipid phase of step d2) no more hydration and separation of mucilage is possible. Here too, it can be recognized that sufficient hydration of the mucilage substances has taken place in the preceding process stage. Therefore, another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for the complete hydration of mucilage in a lipid phase, wherein by adding an acidic or basic aqueous solution to a lipid phase in a volume ratio, which ensures complete hydration of all gums hydratable with the compound used. Thus, one embodiment of the present invention is a method of purifying a lipid phase and / or separating lipid phase mucilages, comprising the following steps:

 a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

 b) complete hydration of the mucilage contained in the lipid phase from step a) by addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid or base forming compound having a volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5 vol.%,

 c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

 d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of Schleimstottarmmen lipid phase. A further embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) complete hydration of the lipids contained in step a) mucilage by adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5 vol.% And / or a water volume ratio which allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixed addition,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase. Preference is given to a process for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucous substances, in which the addition of an acidic or basic solution to a lipid phase takes place in a volume ratio which, after mixing, permits the formation of a free water phase and leads to a sedimentary separation of hydrated and / or complexed mucins.

Surprisingly, it has also been found that the free water phases obtained by sedimentation, containing acidic or basic compounds, can easily be freed from dissolved hydrated mucilages contained therein and can then be used again for a separation process. Some of the hydrated mucilages have a lower and sometimes higher specific gravity than water, so that they settle spontaneously on the surface of the water phase or on the bottom of the container. As a result, the mostly clear water phase can be recovered by pumping for reuse. In the case of still finely divided particles, these can be removed by means of conventional filtering techniques.

For the aqueous cleaning solutions thus recovered, it was possible to document a consistently high efficiency of the separation efficiency for recycling the solutions more than ten times. When the separation efficiency becomes lower, add the substance used for complexation to the solution and dissolve it therein. In the event that a concentration of inorganic and / or organic compounds occurs in these recovered aqueous solutions, these can be removed by suitable methods from the prior art. So it can be e.g. to an increase in the concentration of alkaline earth ions, such as calcium or magnesium, which have been washed out of a lipid phase. Such ions can be z. B. by ion exchange method (ion exchange resins, electrophoresis) from an aqueous medium. Organic dissolved compounds may, for. By adsorbents, e.g. Activated carbon, are removed from the aqueous medium.

In a preferred embodiment of the method, the lipid phase, which is obtained according to one of the method procedures according to the invention and after a sedimentary phase separation or after an accelerated phase separation, as described herein, is filtered and / or mixed with a complexing or adsorbent. Surprisingly, it has been found that the mucilages remaining in the lipid phase and the amount of residual water can be completely removed by filtration or adsorption and / or complexing agents, without subsequent centrifugal separation. Suitable complexing or adsorbing agents include Oxide compounds, such as calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, barium oxide or manganese oxide. Particularly preferred are calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide. Also suitable are silicates and phyllosilicates, in this case are preferably clays, in particular kaolin. Also preferred are zeolites and other silicatives. Preferred filter substances include cellulose compounds and kieselguhr. Chelating agents, such as citric acid, tartaric acid or sodium ascorbate, as well as ionic compounds in which the cation and / or the anion contribute to complex formation are complexing agents. The complexing cations include, among others, calcium, aluminum, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese or zinc.

The complexing anions include u. a. Sulfate, chloride, citrate, tartrate or acetate. The complexing agents also include polycarboxylic acids, such as EDTA. The addition of the complexing or adsorbing agents may be in the form of a powder, suspension or solution, and mixing with the lipid phase may be carried out by a blending method (e.g., stirring technique) known in the art. The required dosage of the complexing or adsorbent must be determined individually. This can be done by a test attempt, while the amount is to be determined, when exceeded no further adsorption or aggregation of mucilage and / or residual water done. Ideally, the lipid phase is clear following such a reaction phase. The duration of the reaction phase is different for the different complexing or adsorbent and the lipid phases and must be determined individually. The purified lipid phases can then be decanted or filtered, and separation of the complexing or adsorbing agents by centrifugal methods (eg by a separator) is also possible.

Preference is given to processes in which a lipid phase which, after addition of a basic or acidic aqueous solution according to the invention and after phase separation of the water / mucous phase (s) with an adsorption, complexing and / or filtration agent, is used to remove residual amounts hydrated mucilage and / or water. However, the treatment with the said means for removing residual amounts of hydrated mucilages and / or water can also be carried out after process step d2). According to the invention the object is also achieved by a method for the purification of lipid phases containing mucilage, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound having a water volume ratio volume of Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio that allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a mucous-containing water phase and a low-mucus lipid phase,

d1) Separation of the mucus-containing water phase, obtainable from c), d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase, obtainable from c),

d2a) clarification of the lipid phase of process step d2) by adsorption, complexing and / or FiltrationsmitteL to remove residual amounts of

Mucilage and / or water.

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage obtained from step c),

d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase, obtained from step c),

d2a) clarification of the lipid phase of process step d2) by adsorption,

Complexing and / or filtration agent, to remove residual amounts of

Mucilage and / or water. Preference is given to a process for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucous substances, in which an acidic or basic aqueous solution with a volume fraction of the lipid phase that is so large is admixed that the residual water content of the sedimented lipid phase is <3% by weight, more preferably <1, 5 wt .-% and more preferably <0.5 wt .-% is. Thus, a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating hydrated mucilages is preferred, wherein the water phase containing the at least one acid or base forming compound is admixed to the lipid phase such that the residual water content of the sedimentively clarified lipid phase is <3% by weight, more preferably <1, 5 wt .-% and more preferably <0.5% by weight. A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase with a residual water content <3

Wt .-%.

A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is a process for the purification of a lipid phase and / or for the separation of mucilage from a

Lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 10% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase with a residual water content of <3% by volume. Preference is given to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucous substances, in which an acidic or basic aqueous solution having a volume fraction of the lipid phase is admixed in such a way that spontaneous phase separation takes place and the separated aqueous phases are used again to carry out the method , Thus, a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase is preferred, wherein the acidic or basic solutions obtained in step d1) are reused to carry out the method. Thus, a preferred embodiment of the underlying invention is a

A method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the Formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry allows

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

h) reinstating the acidic or basic aqueous solution obtained in step d1) in step b).

Thus, a preferred embodiment of the underlying invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

h) reinstating the acidic or basic aqueous solution obtained in step d1) in step b).

A particularly preferred embodiment of the underlying invention, a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before

Mixing in the water phase of> 10% by volume

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the mucilagenic lipid phase,

h) reinstating the acidic or basic aqueous solution obtained in step d1) in step b). Surprisingly, it has been found that mucilages which are hydrated with the methods according to the invention and are separated with the stain d1) form together solid aggregates which bind only a small amount of water and thereby the acid or base-containing aqueous solutions from the aggregates can be easily separated, which then contain virtually no or none of the separated mucilage more. This circumstance contributes significantly to the economization of the process according to the invention, since an emulsion refraction, as required in the processes of the prior art, by the spontaneous leakage of the water phase from the forming aggregates, such a superfluous. As a result, the greater proportion of the water phase used for re-use can be recovered directly with considerably less effort, such as, for example, by filtration, in comparison to processes in which an emulsion break of the formed aqueous slime phase takes place. A further aspect of the invention which results is that the nearly or completely emulsion-free water phases obtained in step d1) contain virtually no or no neutral lipids. On the other hand, the separated hydrated mucilages are obtained in a water-poor and compact form and almost or completely without neutral lipids. Therefore, the invention is also directed to the recovery of low-water and low-neutral or neutral-fat-free mucilages. "Almost none" in this context means <5% by weight.

If necessary, a further purification step according to the invention can be carried out. A requirement for a further purification step is when it is still possible to hydrate and / or separate mucilages with one of the disclosed aqueous basic or acidic solutions. To demonstrate separability of mucilages, the emulsion produced can be separated by means of a centrifugal separation technique. The detection of mucilage in the water phase can be done by visual inspection. The proof can also be done by analytical methods. After carrying out the method according to the invention can therefore be determined first, whether further mucilage can be separated from the lipid phase. If this is the case, the processes according to the invention can again be carried out on the lipid phases already purified by means of one of the processes according to the invention. One embodiment of the underlying invention is thus a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of

Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

i) determining whether further separativeness of mucous substances from the lipid phase obtained from step d2) is possible and, with further separability, re-applying the method to the lipid phase from step d2).

Another embodiment of the underlying invention is a method for

Purification of a lipid phase and / or separation of mucilage from a

Lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the Formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry allows

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

i) determining whether further separativeness of mucous substances from the lipid phase obtained from step d2) is possible and, with further separability, re-applying the method to the lipid phase from step d2). A further embodiment of the underlying invention is therefore a process for the purification of a lipid phase and / or for the separation of mucilages from a

Lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

h) reinstating the acidic or basic aqueous solution obtained in step d1) in step b),

i) determining whether further separativeness of mucous substances from the lipid phase obtained from step d2) is possible and, with further separability, re-applying the method to the lipid phase from step d2).

Another embodiment of the underlying invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before

Mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio that allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

h) reinstating the acidic or basic aqueous solution obtained in step d1) in step b).

i) determining whether further separativeness of mucous substances from the lipid phase obtained from step d2) is possible and, with further separability, re-applying the method to the lipid phase from step d2). In this embodiment, the steps h) and i) are interchangeable or can also be performed in parallel. If further separability of mucous substances from the lipid phase from step d2) is possible, re-application of the method to said lipid phase can be carried out using the already used or another acidic or basic solution (see step h)).

In another aspect of the invention, by the hydration of mucilages they can be easily removed from a lipid phase and separated, whereby the separated mucilage can be recovered for further utilization. The organic compounds referred to herein as mucilage may be hydratable by either a water phase, but may also be predominantly apolar. These hydratable mucilages include, but are not limited to, the following organic linking groups: waxes, wax acids, lignins, hydroxy and mycolic acids, fatty acids having aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon structures, such as shikimic acid or 2-hydroxy-1-cycloheptyl-linnicanoic acid, mannosterylerythritol Lipid, carotenoids and carotenoids, chlorophylls and their degradation products, phenols, phytosterols, in particular ß-sitosterol and campesterol and Sigmasterol, sterols, sinapine, squalene. Phytoestrogens, such as isoflavones or lignans. Furthermore, steroids and their derivatives, such as saponins, furthermore glycolipids and glyceroglycolipids and glycerosphingolipids, furthermore rhamnolipids, sophrolipids, trehalose lipids, mannosterylerythritol lipids. Also polysaccharides, including pectins such as rhamnogalacturonans and polygalacturonic acid esters, arabinans (homoglycans), galactans and arabinogalactans, as well as pectic acids and amidopectins. Furthermore, phospholipids, in particular phosphotidylinositol, phosphatides, such as phosphoinositol, furthermore long-chain or cyclic carbon compounds, furthermore fatty alcohols, hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids. Likewise glycosides, lipo-proteins, lignins, phytate or phytic acid as well as glucoinosilates. Proteins, including albumins, globulins, oleosins, vitamins such as retinol (vitamin A1) and derivatives such. B. retinoic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pantothenic acid vitamin B5), biotin (vitamin B7), folic acid (vitamin B9), cobalamins (vitamin B12), calcitriol (vitamin D) and derivatives, tocopherols (Vitanmin E) and tocotrienols, phylloquinone (Vitamin K) as well as menaquinone. Tannins, terpenoids, curcumanoids, xanthones. But also sugar compounds, amino acids, peptides, including polypeptides, but also carbohydrates, such as glucogen. Another aspect of the underlying invention is therefore also directed to a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage by the methods of the invention described herein. The hydrated mucilages can be isolated from said water phase after separation of the mucilage-containing water phase and the low-mucus lipid phase. In step c) the hydrated mucilages are converted into a water phase and can be obtained from it in a step e).

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is therefore a method according to claim 1 for obtaining mucilages from a lipid phase, further comprising the following step:

 e) Separation of the mucilages from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and obtaining the mucilage. The present invention is thus directed to a process for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before

Mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio that allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

The present invention is thus directed to a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated gums of step d1) and the receipt of the gums.

The present invention is also directed to a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps: Providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

 Addition and incorporation of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, having a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

 Phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

 Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilages, separation of the mucilage-containing lipid phase,

 Separation of the mucilage from the water phase of step d1) and preservation of the mucilage.

The present invention is also directed to a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the mucilagenic lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the mucilage.

Step e) may also follow step d1) of the inventive methods described herein. One embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining mucilages from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before

Mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, which ensures the spontaneous formation of a free water phase after the mixing entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage, d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the mucilage.

An embodiment of the present invention is also a method for obtaining mucilages from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the allows spontaneous formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage.

One embodiment of the present invention is thus a process for obtaining mucilages from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the ensures complete hydration of hydratable mucilage,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage. Another embodiment of the present invention is thus a method for

Purification of lipid phases and / or for the separation of mucilage from a

Lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, which ensures the complete hydration of hydratable gums .

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the mucilagenic lipid phase,

e) Separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage.

An embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining

Mucilages, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid or base-forming compound having a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the training a free water phase after the mixed entry allows

c) sedimentary phase separation with the formation of a mucous-containing water phase and a mucous-containing lipid phase,

c1) clarification of the lipid phase of process step c) by coalescence and / or centrifugal process,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the mucilagenic lipid phase.

One embodiment of the present invention is therefore a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

a1) investigating the hydrratability of the mucilages present in the lipid phase of step a) by admixing increasing volumes of water with at least one acid- or base-forming compound until a free water phase is formed after the mixed entry, b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the Formation of a free water phase after the

Allows mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of obtaining mucilages from a lipid phase comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

a1) investigating the hydrratability of the mucilages present in the lipid phase of step a) by admixing increasing volumes of water with at least one acid- or base-forming compound until a free water phase is formed after the mixed entry,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the mucilage.

Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) complete hydration of the lipids contained in step a) mucilage by addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid or base-forming compound having a volume ratio volume of Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before

Mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentative phase separation to form a free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the mucilage-deficient lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the mucilage. Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the steps of: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) complete hydration of the lipids contained in step a) mucilage by addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio

Volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio that allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage.

The present invention is thus directed to a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the Formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry allows, by means of a stirring and / or Intensiveintrags, so that a complete hydration of all hydrated with the process step mucilage is achieved.

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage, d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage.

A further embodiment of the present invention therefore relates to a method for obtaining mucus from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of

Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio that allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixing entry, by means of a stirring and / or Intensiveintrags, so that a complete hydration of all the process stage hydarteriersierbaren

Mucilage is achieved,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a volume of water to volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or

Water volume ratio, which allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixing entry, which is mixed by means of an intensive entry until spontaneous formation of a free water phase after mixing,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage. Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the steps of: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage;

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, being mixed by means of an intensive entry, until a free water phase spontaneously forms after mixing

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the mucilage.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the steps of: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage;

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid or base-forming compound having a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the training a free water phase after the

Allows mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a mucous-containing water phase and a low-mucus lipid phase,

d1) Separation of the mucus-containing water phase, obtainable from c), d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase, obtainable from c),

d2a) clarification of the lipid phase of process step d2) by adsorption, complexing and / or filtration agents, for removing residual amounts of mucilage and / or water,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage, b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of

Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before

Mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage obtained from step c),

d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase, obtained from step c),

d2a) clarification of the lipid phase of process step d2) by adsorption,

Complexing and / or filtration agent, to remove residual amounts of

Mucilage and / or water,

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, and preservation of the mucilage.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a method for obtaining mucilages from a lipid phase comprises the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of

Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume

c) sedimentative phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated gums, wherein heating and / or a coalescence process and / or a centrifugal process of the phases and / or of the reaction mixture, which initiates and / or accelerates sedimentative phase separation,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the mucilage.

Thus, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before Mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a

Water volume ratio, the formation of a free water phase after the

Allows mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage, wherein by heating and / or a

Coalescence process and / or a centrifugal process of the phases and / or of the reaction mixture, which initiates and / or accelerates sedimentative phase separation,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and

Preservation of the mucilage.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the steps of: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase with a residual water content <3 wt .-%,

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the mucilage.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the steps of: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a volume of water to volume ratio of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a

Water volume ratio, which allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage, Separation of the mucus-containing water phase,

 Separation of the low-acid lipid phase with a residual water content of <3% by volume,

 Separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage.

Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilages, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

d2a) clarification of the lipid phase of process step d2) by a coalescence and / or centrifugal process.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining mucilages from lipid phases, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of

Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio that allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

d2a) clarification of the lipid phase of process step d2) by a coalescence and / or centrifugal process.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the steps of: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage, Addition and incorporation of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, having a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

 Phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

 Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, separation of the low-mucus lipid phase, wherein said lipid phases are subjected to one or more further purification steps without the use of a centrifugal separation process, with the residual amounts of mucilage and / or water contained therein

 Separation of the mucilages from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the mucilage.

Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the steps of: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage;

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the Formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry allows

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) separating the low-mucus lipid phase, said lipid phases being subjected to one or more further purification steps without the use of a centrifugal separation process, with the residual amounts of mucilage and / or water remaining therein,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and preservation of the mucilage.

Thus, a preferred embodiment of the underlying invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio that allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilages from the mucilage-containing aqueous phase and preservation of the mucilage,

h) reinstating the acidic or basic aqueous solution obtained in step d1) in step b).

Thus, a preferred embodiment of the underlying invention is a method for obtaining lipid phase mucilage comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before

Mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the mucilage,

h) reinstating the acidic or basic aqueous solution obtained in step d1) in step b).

The hydratable mucilages are preferably waxes, wax acids, lignins, hydroxy- and mycolic acid, fatty acids, mannosterylerythritol lipid, carotenes and carotenoids, chlorophylls, and their degradation products, furthermore phenols, phytosterols, in particular beta-sitosterol and campesterol and also Sigmasterol, sterols , Sinapines, squalene, phytoestrogens such as isoflavones or lignans, steroids and their derivatives such as saponins, furthermore glycolipids and glyceroglycolipids and glycerosphingolipids, furthermore rhamnolipids, sophrolipids, trehalose lipids, mannosterylerythritol lipids, polysaccharides, pectins such as rhamnogalacturonans and polygalacturonic acid esters, arabinans (homoglycans ), Galactans and arabinogalactans, Pectic acids and amidopectins, phospholipids, phosphotidylinositol, phosphatides, such as phosphoinositol, long-chain or cyclic carbon compounds, fatty alcohols, hydroxyfatty acids, epoxyfatty acids, glycosides, liporotenes, lignins, phytate, phytic acid, glucoinosilates, proteins, albumins, globulins, oleosines, vitamins, such as retinol ( Vitamin A1) and derivatives such as retinoic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pantothenic acid vitamin B5), biotin (vitamin B7), folic acid (vitamin B9), cobalamins (vitamin B12), calcitriol (vitamin D) and derivatives, tocopherols (vitanmin E), tocotrienols, phylloquinone (vitamin K), menaquinone, tannins, terpenoids, curcumanoids, xanthones, sugar compounds, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, carbohydrates, such as glucogen. Particularly preferred are phytosterols, sterols, squalene, glycolipids, glyceroglycolipids.

Preference is given to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucous substances, in which an acidic or basic aqueous solution having a volume fraction of the lipid phase is mixed in such a way that product loss (neutral lipids) of the lipid phase is minimized by discharge into a water phase , Therefore, a method for obtaining mucilages from a lipid phase in which an acidic or basic aqueous solution of the lipid phase is admixed in step b) is preferred so that a product loss (neutral lipids) of the lipid phase is minimized by a discharge into a water phase.

Preference is given to a process for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucous substances, in which an acidic or basic aqueous solution having a volume fraction of the lipid phase that is so large is admixed in such a way that a neutral-phase mucilage phase is obtained. Preferably, therefore, a method for obtaining mucilages from a lipid phase, in which an acidic or basic aqueous is added to the lipid phase, that a neutral fat mucilage phase is obtained. Thus, it is preferred, if in step d1) a low-neutral mucilage phase is obtained. Neutral-fat-low means in this case preferably <5% by weight, more preferably <3% by weight and more preferably <1, 5% by weight of neutral fats.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for

Purification of lipid phases and / or for the separation of mucilages, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, sedimentative phase separation to form a free neutral-fat water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

 Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

 Separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and obtaining the neutral-fat-slimy mucilage.

Another preferred embodiment of the underlying invention is a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucilages, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a volume of water to volume ratio of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a

Water volume ratio, which allows the formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry,

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and the preservation of the neutral-fat-slimy mucilage. A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for obtaining phlegm substances from lipid phases, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of

Water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume,

c) sedimentary phase separation with formation of a free, low-neutral water phase containing hydrated mucilages,

d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

e) separation of the mucilage from the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the neutral-fat-slimy mucilage. Another preferred embodiment of the underlying invention is a method for obtaining phlegm substances from lipid phases, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the Formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry allows

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase,

e) separation of the mucilage from the mucilage-containing water phase and the preservation of the neutral-fat-slimy mucilage.

Schleimstoffarm means preferably <5% by weight, more preferably> 3% by weight and more preferably <1, 5% by weight of hydratable mucilages befindlicher in the lipid phase.

 Neutral-fat-low means in this case preferably <5% by weight, more preferably <3% by weight and more preferably <1, 5% by weight of neutral fats.

Preference is given to a process for purifying lipid phases, in which an acidic or basic aqueous solution having a volume fraction of the lipid phase is admixed in such a way that a spontaneous phase separation takes place and / or a process for accelerating the phase separation can take place, in which case the obtained Lipid phases are subjected to one or more further purification steps without the use of a centrifugal separation process with the residual amounts of mucilage and / or water contained therein.

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for purifying a

Lipid phase and / or for the separation of mucus from a lipid phase in two or more stages, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume, c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) separation of the mucilagenic lipid phase,

wherein the lipid phase obtained from d2) are subjected to one or more further purification steps without the use of a centrifugal separation process, with the residual amounts of mucilage and / or water still present therein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for purifying a lipid phase and / or for separating mucus from a lipid phase in two or more stages, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) adding and mixing a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume and / or a water volume ratio, the Formation of a free water phase after the mixed entry allows

c) sedimentary phase separation to form a water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase, said lipid phases being subjected to one or more further purification steps without the use of a centrifugal separation process, with the residual amounts of mucilage and / or water still present therein.

The method according to the invention can be carried out as a single process stage or individual process embodiment or combined with further process stages or process embodiments or other process stages according to the invention and combined with processes from the prior art in different process sequences. The examination methods specified herein make it possible to make a selection or combination of individual or several process stages or process executions. For the selection of suitable parameters (these are in particular: concentration of the compound used in the aqueous solution, volume ratio in which the aqueous solution of the oil phase is added, temperature of the reaction mixture) for a process stage is a consideration of the efficiency and the effectiveness of the individual process stages but also the entire process arrangement, ie all process stages to consider. Significant influencing factors for economic efficiency are the duration of the procedure and the costs of the Process implementation. The overall process must also be geared to the requirement for the quality of the final product. Therefore, the selection of a suitable process procedure as well as the process parameters suitable for this process step should be subordinated to a consideration of the overall process. Since the duration of the process has a decisive influence on the economy of the overall process, the suitability of a process stage can also be used, in particular, by the time until the formation of a free water phase or the fall below a water content in the oil phase in step c). Particularly suitable are process embodiments in which, within the first 60 minutes after an entry of the water phase into the lipid phase, a visible free water phase is deposited by the resulting emulsion. Furthermore, process embodiments are particularly suitable in which the residual water content is <0.8% by weight 4 hours after the entry of a water phase into the lipid phase. From the above-mentioned points of view, it may be appropriate to select a method arrangement or the process parameters such that the phase separation is as rapid as possible. It has been found that selecting a water volume addition level that is 5-15% by volume higher than the water volume addition amount required to meet the aforementioned criteria can significantly improve process economics.

Surprisingly, it has been found that by combining process embodiments of the aqueous purification process as described herein, a better quality of the obtainable products, such as e.g. As the purified oil or fat fraction and the separated mucilage, can be achieved if the cleaning is carried out with one of the methods of the invention. Thus it could be shown that, for example, in oils which had been treated with a 3 or 4-stage purification process according to the invention, the separation efficiency and the product qualities were markedly increased if according to the invention in the individual aqueous purification stages such a large volume of the aqueous solutions It was chosen that spontaneously forms a free water phase and a sedimentative phase separation runs spontaneously compared to methods in which the identical aqueous solutions were added with an additional volume of 1 -3vol% the lipid phases. Thus, by a 3-stage purification procedure, lipid phases were prepared which contained <1 mg / kg / phosphorus, <0.5 mg / kg of Na, K, Mg, Ca and / or Fe ions and less than 0, 2% by weight of free fatty acids. Further, the loss of neutral fats by discharge into one of the aqueous solutions was significantly lower and less than 1% by weight, compared to methods in which a small addition amount of the aqueous solutions was used. On the other hand, it was possible to obtain mucilage phases which were virtually free or nearly free of neutral fat admixtures and in a water-poor and aggregated form which is readily filterable. This facilitates the further purification of the obtained Mucilage phases. It was thus possible to show that phospholipids, here in particular phophotidylcholine and phosphoinositols, but also glycolipids and also glyceroglycolipids, dyes, such as chlorophylls, and also antioxidants, such as, for example, phenolic acids, can be obtained in chemically unchanged form from these phases. The purification of the obtained mucilage can then be carried out by prior art methods. Such techniques are, for example, that the lipophilic mucilage are converted into suitable solvent phases or phase mixtures. This is done advantageously after removal of residual water from the separated mucilage phases, which can be done for example by means of vacuum drying. When using various solvent systems, for. As a protic and an apolar solvent, different classes of substances Scheimstoffe can be separated from each other. The substance classes contained in the solvent phases can in turn be separated from one another by means of chromatographic methods into different subclasses, for example via a different adsorbability and a subsequent elution by means of one or different dissolution media, whereby highly pure fractions are obtained. In this case, preference is given to a purity of the mucilage binding for the respective substance class of preferably> 60% by weight, more preferably> 70% by weight, more preferably> 80% by weight, even more preferably> 90% by weight and most preferably> 95% by weight %. Surprisingly, it has been found that the separated and recovered gums are not chemically altered by the separation and recovery process. Thus it could be shown that in particular glycolipids and glyceroglycolipids were not hydrolyzed or only to a small extent. The proportion of hydrolyzed forms was less than 5% by weight. In application experiments it was possible to show that the phospholipids, glycolipids and glyceroglycolipids obtained from the inventive process had surfactant properties which corresponded to those of reference products which are obtainable in the usual way in the art. It has also been shown that compounds such as polyphenols, fatty alcohols or steryl glycosides are chemically unaltered and thus retain their functional properties. This is especially true for anti-oxidative properties. Furthermore, it was possible to show that no transisomerization took place at the double bonds of fatty acids or fatty acid residues of the sludges obtained, provided that no temperature increase to> 75 ° C. occurred during the purification stages. Thus, it is possible to obtain gums or gum classes in high purity and with a high functionality and without chemical alteration with the method according to the invention. Corresponding effects then appeared for the obtainable purified oil phases. In addition to a reduction in mucilage, there was also a reduction of compounds in the purified lipid phases that did not correspond to a neutral lipid, such as alkaline earth metal ions or other inorganic Links. As a result, high-purity lipid phases were obtained which had a proportion of neutral fats of preferably> 95% by weight, more preferably> 97% by weight, more preferably> 98% by weight, even more preferably> 99% by weight and most preferably> 99.5% by weight % having. Conversely, in the resulting lipid phases treated with one or more of the process steps of the invention, <5% by weight of mucilage, more preferably> 3% by weight, more preferably <2%, even more preferably <1% by weight, and most preferably < 0.5% by weight of mucilage. Furthermore, no transfatty acids were detectable in the purified lipid phases in which no trans fatty acids could be detected intinally after carrying out the purification steps according to the invention. For lipid phases in which transfatty acids were already present before purification, their concentration was not changed by the treatment methods. Furthermore, 3-MCPD esters were not detected in the purified lipid phases of native oils. Thus, the aqueous cleaning process provides the ability to provide a high purity triglyceride mixture (in the form of an oil or fat) that is free of trans fatty acids and / or 3-MCPD esters. Preference is given to a method for purifying lipid phases, in which an acidic or basic aqueous solution with a volume fraction of the lipid phase that is so large is admixed that spontaneous phase separation takes place and in which the resulting lipid phases contain no trans fatty acids and / or MCPD esters.

Therefore, the inventive method is particularly suitable for mehrstufenge purification of oils and fats. It has been shown that the combination possibilities described above lead in all cases to a better purification result of the oils and fats and neutral fatty recoverable mucilage phases, compared to an application of the same purification sequence, in which a volume addition of the aqueous solutions of <5 vol%. As particularly practicable and without prior knowledge of present in a Ausgangslipidphase oil ratios, have the above-described possible arrangements of process stages, or process arrangements

 III. first acid treatment, then base treatment, as well

VI. repeated base treatment,

shown. Particularly advantageous is the execution of the process arrangement III., In the first process stage, citric acid or phosphoric acid, in the second process stage carbonates or silicates and in the third process stage cationic guanidine and / or amidino group-bearing compounds, in particular arginine, are used. However, the method can also be carried out with other acid or base images as listed herein. In a further preferred embodiment, the cleaning process succeeds by in the first process stage Citric acid or phosphoric acid, in the second process stage carbonates and in the third process stage silicates are used. Here, the 2 and the 3rd process stage can also be performed multiple times or exchanged for each other. Also advantageous is method arrangement VI. to carry out in a combination of the process steps in which silicates are used in the first process stage and carbonates in the second process stage or these process stages are extended by a third process stage, in which cationic guanidine and / or Amidino group-carrying compounds, in particular arginine, are used. The process stages can be exchanged as desired and / or one or more can be repeated. Advantageously, in an embodiment according to the invention with the aqueous solutions of this process stage, lipid phases of very different composition and with different concentrations of mucilages, purifications can be made and mucilages made recoverable without knowledge of the specific composition and concentrations of the mucilages in the lipid phases. Such an approach is not possible with prior art methods because the compounds to be added are oriented to the given oil indices, such as the neutralization of acid groups with a caustic. The specific concentrations of the acid- or base-forming compounds which should preferably be present in the aqueous solutions of the methods of the invention are also freely selectable in the ranges given herein, as the applicability of a method embodiment as well as suitable concentration of compounds and water addition volume preferably used can be determined by a simple test method, as described below. Preference is given to a process for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating and obtaining mucous substances from a lipid phase in two or more process stages, in which the following process steps are carried out in the respective process stage:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

b) addition and mixing of a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase of> 5% by volume

c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) Separation of the mucous-containing water phase obtained from step c), d2) Separation of the mucilagenic lipid phase obtained from step c),

wherein for carrying out the second and further process stages in process step a), the lipid phase of process step d2) is used for the previously performed process stage and in which one of the following method arrangements as described hereinbefore is used:

 I. sole acid treatment,

 II. Sole base treatment,

III. first acid treatment, then base treatment,

 IV. First base treatment, then acid treatment,

 V. repeated acid treatment,

 VI. repeated base treatment

and in which in the procedural arrangements III. and IV. An acid and / or base treatment can be performed several times. Particularly preferred is a multi-stage process embodiment in which an aqueous solution containing dissolved guanidine- and / or amidine-containing compounds is used in the final purification stage. A multi-stage process arrangement is particularly advantageous in particular when the lipid phase to be purified contains a particularly high concentration of mucilages which have a strong water binding and at the same time a high lipophilicity. This is the case in particular with glycolipids, glyceroglycolipids and fatty alcohols and waxes. Particularly problematic are lipid phases in which, in addition to the aforementioned mucilages, additional emulsifiers are present, such as, for example, collagen, proteins or ionic surfactants. This applies, for example, to used edible fats or cutting and lubricating oils. It has been shown that such lipid phases, when admixed with an aqueous solution containing at least one of the acid- or base-forming compounds listed herein, generally gave rise to highly viscous emulsions which could no longer be cleaved by physical measures when the water addition volume was increased <5 vol%. Only when using the process technology according to the invention was it possible to achieve a spontaneous onset of phase separation and separation of the hydrated mucilages, in some cases requiring very large addition volumes of> 100% by volume. Again, after completion of the phase separation of the majority of the water phase obtained was clear and could be used immediately again for a process execution. In such applications, mucilages could be separated, the total volume of which accounted for up to 32% by volume of the initial volume of the purified lipid phases. Again, the process could be carried out with minimal discharge of neutral lipids in the aqueous phases. Even with these lipid phases a reduction of the oil quality parameters could be achieved. For example, in the case of a frying oil treated with a 4-stage purification process according to the invention, the following values were then present: phosphorus <0.5 mg / kg, calcium 0.03 mg / kg, iron 0.01 mg / kg, sulfur 0.01 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.01% by weight. The viscosity was also significantly reduced (22 cSt).

The inventive method is characterized by its ease of implementation and easy controllability. Thus, a laboratory analysis of the lipid phase to be cleaned can even be completely dispensed with. In a preferred embodiment, the assay for determining the purification process for a lipid phase is performed by a series of tests determined with basic and acidic aqueous solutions as described herein until each time a free water phase formation is achieved following emulsion formation. At the level of the formation of a mucilaginous phase and the phase separation behavior, it can be decided with which solutions, with which volume ratio between the lipid and the water phase and in which sequence the process sequence of the aqueous purification process steps can take place. This results in considerable advantages for the process control. Thus, it can easily be detected by means of a preliminary investigation as to whether and to what extent a separation of hydratable mucilage is possible and whether and in which time course the phases spontaneously separate. In a particularly advantageous manner can be in lipid phases, from which the majority of the hydrated mucilage are already separated by sedimentation or as a result of another separation process, the existing herein residual amounts of mucilage and water at high throughput rates and high efficiency by centrifugal processes from the lipid phase , In a particularly advantageous manner occurs in a centrifugal separation of the residual amounts of mucilage and water from a lipid phase obtained by the method (after spontaneous phase separation (phase separation) or phase separation (phase separation) by a method for accelerated phase separation) to no emulsion formation of the phases obtainable hereby. It is also advantageous that the hydrated and removed with the sedimented water phase gums can be separated from this phase with very simple techniques and win as recyclables. It is furthermore particularly advantageous in the process engineering that the water phases obtainable by sedimentation and by other methods disclosed herein, together with the dissolved basic and acidic compounds present herein, can be purified by simple measures of the dissolved or complexed mucilages and thus for renewed use for the purification of a lipid phase and / or for the extraction of mucilage are available. As a result, wastewater streams are avoided in a particularly advantageous manner and completely recycled the compounds used and the volume of water used. In one type of process, even centrifugal separation processes for purifying lipid phases can be completely or partially dispensed with. In a particularly advantageous manner can be by a single-stage or A multi-stage aqueous purification process carried out in accordance with the techniques described herein, recovering lipid phases deprived of hydratable mucilage, whereby phosphorus-containing compounds can be depleted to concentrations of less than 0.5 mg / kg and a reduction of the free fatty acids contained herein to values of less than 0.05% by weight. Advantageously, high-purity vegetable oils and edible fats which do not contain transfatty acids or 3-MCPD esters can be prepared by the process according to the invention.

methods

Test method for the complete hydration of mucilage.

The content of hydratable mucilages as well as the ratio of the different mucilages to one another varies to a considerable extent in the lipid fractions, which can be treated by the method according to the invention. In addition, since the hydratability of the various mucilages is different by the acid- or base-forming compounds disclosed herein, preliminary testing is advisable prior to application of the method of the present invention since it can be calculated whether and, if so, with which amount of water added and which acid - or base-forming compound, with which concentration of the acid or base-forming compounds and with which sequence of purification steps, the method according to different focuses (eg process economy or product quality) can be performed. It is preferable to select a method by which the largest possible number of hydratable mucilages can be hydrated simultaneously. The possibility of hydration with one of the acidic or basic solutions according to the invention can be determined by the following experimental setup. The test method is directed to a hydration of the mucilage, which are hydratable with the respective aqueous solution and the hydration ensures a sedimentative separation of the hydrated mucilage. For this, both the addition volume ratio of the aqueous solutions and the amount of compounds contained therein, which allows hydration of the mucilage, are crucial. Sufficient hydration is therefore present in particular when, in a repetition of the identical process execution, even with the use of a larger addition volume or the content of the compound (s) contained therein, it is no longer possible to hydrate and separate mucilages. In this case, the hydration is considered complete. In this respect, the mountain reefs "adequate hydration" and "complete hydration" are used synonymously. However, the term "complete hydration" also encompasses a process in which as complete a hydration as possible of all hydratable mucilaginous substances present in a lipid phase takes place. To determine a complete hydration of hydratable mucilages, the following experimental setup can be chosen, which includes the following research objectives:

(a) identification of the compound used to prepare an acidic or basic solution containing the largest possible proportion of mucilage present in the product to be purified

Lipidphase is present, is hydrated and can be converted into the water phase. In this case, it may be necessary to investigate various concentrations at which the compounds are present. Samples are taken from the lipid phase to be purified, and an acidic or basic solution, each containing different compounds, is added to the respective samples and mixed in. The added solutions each have the same concentration. In each case, the same stirring speed and the same temperature are used. Then, the amount of the separated mucilages from the samples is determined and compared with each other. The acidic or basic solution by means of which the largest amount of mucilage was separated is then used for process step c).

b) determination of the added amount of water for the selected acidic or basic solution in which forms a free water phase after mixing with the lipid phase to be depleted during a stance phase; This test step should be repeated if a suitable method is used in the investigation to accelerate the phase separation (see also Example 1). The re-examination should then be done with the selected accelerated phase separation method, as this may decrease or increase the amount of water added required for the selected acidic or basic solution.

The test procedure for the complete hydration of mucilage should therefore include the following steps:

 1 . Determination of the duration of the stance phase until a phase separation (phase separation) and / or a separation of hydrated mucilages and / or

 2. Studies to accelerate the phase separation, as in the following (see below) listed

 - Heating the reaction mixture, for. B. at 40 °, 60 ° and 80 ° C over the duration of z. B. 5, 15 and 30 minutes, with or without a stirring and / or intensive mixing entry;

 Introducing the reaction mixture into a cylindrical vessel having a high aspect ratio between height and width (e.g.> 10);

 - Passing the reaction mixture immediately after production or after a lifetime by a coalescer;

 Passing the reaction mixture immediately after production or after a service life through a hydrocyclone and / or decanter and / or separator;

- In appropriate cases, a combination of the acceleration method can be performed. The method according to the invention can be adjusted to various advantageous effects that can be achieved herewith. These can be directed to:

a) a simplified process or execution, which is caused by a smaller amount of water and / or gums, which are discharged from an oil phase by centrifugal processes,

b) a small loss of product of the lipid phase into the separated water / mucous phase (s) or a small product loss of the water / mucous phase (s) into the oil phase,

c) the required process time to carry out the process economically. Therefore, the selection of a suitable method for the application can be made according to different selection criteria.

 As a criterion for the use of a method for accelerating the phase separation (phase separation) in a process implementation u. a. a fast attainment of a), a predefined residual water content (with, for example,> 10% time savings compared to spontaneous phase separation (phase separation) in any container) in the lipid phase above the phase boundary or an emulsion layer and / or b), the Discontinuation of a phase with hydrated mucilage, which does not increase any further in the course or the presence of any other processural advantage, for example from the application of a method for accelerating the phase separation.

Thus, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucus from lipid phases comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

a2) Determination of at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with which an acidic or basic solution is prepared, with which the largest possible proportion of mucilage, the present in step a) lipid phase is hydrated and can be converted into the water phase ;

b) adding and mixing a water phase to the provided lipid phase according to step a), containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, determined in step a2), wherein the volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase at least > 5 vol.%,

c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase. Furthermore, by means of the methods described herein before step c) in a step a3) a determination of the volume of water for the selected acidic or basic solutions for Schntt c), in which after mixing the provided lipid phase from step a) during a stance phase forms a free water phase done. For this purpose, samples are taken from the provided lipid phase. The test does not take place with the entire lipid phase.

Thus, another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucilages from lipid phases comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

a3) determination of the water volume for the selected acidic or basic solution for step c), in which, after mixing with the lipid phase to be depleted, a free water phase forms during a stance phase, b) adding and mixing a water phase to the provided lipid phase according to step a) containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a volume ratio determined according to step a3), wherein the volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before mixing the water phase at least> 5% by volume, c) phase separation Formation of a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

The steps a2) and a3) can also be combined with one another in one of the methods according to the invention described herein.

Thus, another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for purifying lipid phases and / or for separating mucus from lipid phases, comprising the following steps:

a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage,

a2) Determination of an acid- or base-forming compound with which an acidic or basic solution is prepared which hydrates the largest possible proportion of mucilage present in the lipid phase provided in step a) and converts it into the water phase can

a3) determination of the water volume for the selected acidic or basic solution for step c), in which, after mixing with the lipid phase to be depleted, during a stance phase a free water phase is formed, b) adding and mixing a water phase to the provided lipid phase according to step a), containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, determined according to step a2), with a water volume ratio determined after step a3), wherein the volume ratio volume of the water phase to the total volume Lipidphase and water phase before mixing the

Water phase is at least> 5% by volume,

c) phase separation to form a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage,

d1) separation of the mucous-containing water phase,

d2) Separation of the low-mucus lipid phase.

Methods and methods for performing method step b)

 The basic solutions used in process step b) are preferably prepared with the following compounds:

Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, crumbates such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and potassium hydrogencarbonate, silicates such as sodium metasilicate, sodium orthosilicate, Ntrium disilicate, sodium, trisilicate and potassium silicate, furthermore acetates such as sodium acetate, borates such as sodium borate, amidino and / or guanidine group-carrying compounds, such as arginine, according to the formula given in the Definitions section, as well as mixtures of the abovementioned compounds and with other compounds. Also suitable are calcium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, calcium sulfate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, calcium citrate, aluminum citrate, and mixtures thereof or hereby. Preference is given to sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium metasilicate, amidino and / or guanidine group-carrying compounds, in particular arginine. But other base forming compounds can be used as well as combinations with these as well as the aforementioned. Preferred acids for the preparation of acidic solutions are in particular phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid and oxalic acid. But other acids and combinations of acids can be used.

 Compounds which are present as solids are first dissolved in water using suitable methods. All compounds used in process step b) are present in dissolved form. The water phases which can be used for this purpose can be deionized water, city water or industrial water. The compounds which can be used can be used in pure form or as mixtures.

The basic aqueous phase to be added in step b) preferably has a pH in the range between 7 and 14, more preferably between 8 and 13, more preferably between 9.0 and 12. The acidic aqueous phase to be added in step b) preferably has a pH in the range between 6.9 and 1, more preferably between 5 and 1.5, and more preferably between 3 and 1.8. Preferably, the aqueous solution is related to the pH, which results from the solution of the compounds used, for the implementation of the method. If necessary, the pH can be adjusted to another value by adding, for example, an acid or a base or a buffer system.

 If necessary, the pH can be adjusted by adding e.g. be adjusted by a lye, an acid or a buffer system.

The appropriate concentrations of the compounds employed can be determined by the assay methods described herein. Preferably, concentrations between 0.001 and 5 molar, more preferably between 0.5 and 2 molar, and most preferably between 0.8 and 1.5 molar. This corresponds to preferred weight concentrations of between 0.01 and 40% by weight, or until reaching the solubility limit. More preferably, weight concentrations of the compounds are between 0.1 and 25% by weight and more preferably between 0.5 and 20% by weight.

The temperature of the aqueous phases added in step b) is, in principle, freely selectable, but is preferably based on the result of the hydrolyzable hydrolyzate study described herein. Preferably, the temperature is between 0 ° and 120 ° C, more preferably between 15 ° and 90 ° C, and more preferably between 25 ° and 75 ° C.

In principle, any method of mixing liquids can be used. Since the phases to be mixed are immiscible, for hydration it is necessary to establish the largest possible interface between the fluids in the lipid phase. Therefore, mixing methods that ensure the formation of a large interface, advantageous. Therefore, methods which allow an intensive entry of the aqueous liquid to be mixed into the lipid phase are preferable. Methods that allow intensive entry are based in particular on the generation of cavitations.

The mixing of the aqueous phases into the lipid phases can take place in any manner of introduction. Thus, for example, the aqueous phase can be added continuously or batchwise, dropwise or in a jet-wise manner or the entire volume of the aqueous phase is added in one portion. It is preferable to add the entire amount of addition of the aqueous solution in one portion. The interference can be started during the addition of the aqueous solution or even afterwards. The duration of the mixture depends on the process parameters and the type of mixed input and must be adapted on the basis of the achieved hydration result. A mixing time between 1 second and 60 minutes should be chosen, more preferably between 1 minute and 30 minutes and more between 3 minutes and 15 minutes. The temperature at which the mixture takes place depends on the result of the investigation of the hydration of the mucilage. In principle, a temperature range between 0 ° and 120 ° C is preferred, more preferably between 15 ° and 90 ° C and more preferably between 25 ° and 75 ° C.

Methods and methods for carrying out method step c)

The phase separation of the mixed water and lipid phase from process step b) can be carried out in the same container in which the mixture and / or reaction phase has taken place or in another container. It is advantageous to leave the emulsion for phase separation in a container which has at least one inlet (eg for the emulsion) and at least two separate processes (eg for the lipid or water phase formed). The container may have any desired shape, containers are advantageous with an aspect ratio between the container height, or filling height and the container width, or area of the phase boundary, which should be> 1, if possible. Further advantageous is a conical shape of the container bottom. It is advantageous to set up an optical / visual assessment of the emulsion or of the phase boundary level that forms in the container. For this purpose, sight glasses are suitable, which are embedded in the container wall. Particularly advantageous is the observation of the boundary region between the forming water / mucous phase and the lipid phase, for example by a sight glass, which is located in this area. Furthermore, the presence of a possibility of observation in the container bottom, z. B. advantageous for the detection of a free water phase. Advantageously, a temperature control of the container. It can also be inserted into the container measuring instruments or mounted in the container wall, such. B. Measuring instruments for determining the turbidity present in a liquid or the water content. Advantageously, the container should have one or more test outlets through which a sample can be taken from the forming phases. On the basis of such samples can, for. B. by a spin or an analytical method (eg water content determination according to Karl Fischer), to determine whether the phase separation is sufficient and the phases can be forwarded to the next step. The individual parameters (eg water content in the lipid phase, mucilage content in the lipid phase, mucilage content in the water phase, completeness of the phase separation or completeness of the separation of hydrated mucilaginous substances into the water phase) and parameter limits indicating a completion of process step c) are determined by the test procedure Specifiable for complete hydration of mucilage. In general, however, it can be assumed that there is sufficient phase separation if the water content in the lipid phase is <0.8% by weight. The inlet for receiving the emulsion or, if in the container also the process step b) is carried out, the lipid and the Water phases, can be located anywhere in the container. Preferred is an inlet which is at the level of a phase boundary forming in the course or slightly above it. This arrangement is particularly suitable for continuous process control. For a continuous process management, an outlet for the clarified lipid phase is furthermore preferably to be arranged in the upper region of the container. The outlet for the clarified lipid phase in a discontinuous process is preferably located above the formed phase boundary. The outlet for the water phase is preferably located at the lowest point of the container or in the lower region. Optionally, the container has further outlets, z. B. below the phase boundary or at the lowest point of the container for the separate removal of mucilage. In a further advantageous embodiment, the container has an overflow or a separating device for the removal of floating mucilage. It is also advantageous to provide interfaces which are located inside the container and contribute to phase separation (phase separation). In an advantageous embodiment, the container is pressure-stable and can be acted upon by a pneumatic pressure.

The level of the phase boundary can be determined and adjusted by selecting the water addition volume and the settling behavior of the water / mucous phase determined by the test method for complete hydration of mucilage. Alternatively, the level of the phase boundary can also be adjusted by subsequently introducing a water phase. In a continuous process, the level of the phase boundary can be kept constant by a metered discharge of the water phase.

 The process step c) can be configured as a continuous or discontinuous process. In a batch process, the container is filled with a defined volume. The emulsion remains in the dormant state and / or with low agitation until reaching the predefined parameter limits in the container. Subsequently, an outlet of the phases via the outlets provided for this purpose, wherein preferably first the clarified lipid phase is discharged. In a continuous process control, an emulsion is introduced from process step b) during the stance phase of an emulsion already present in the container. The entry is preferably in the form of a laminar flow. At the same time or independently thereof, an outlet and / or the outlets discharge the already clarified lipid and / or water phases.

Particularly preferred is the maintenance of a stance phase during which there is no or only a slight agitation of the reaction mixture. A slight agitation can be carried out, for example, with a laminar stirrer at a rotational speed of <30 rpm. The duration of the stance phase depends on the specific process conditions and can be described, for example, by the method described herein Test method can be determined. Preferably, a duration is between 10 seconds and 7 days, more preferably between 5 minutes and 48 hours, and more preferably between 15 minutes and 6 hours. The temperature at which process step c) is carried out depends on the determined process conditions. In principle, a temperature range between 0 ° and 120 ° C is preferred, more preferably between 15 ° and 90 ° C and more preferably between 25 ° and 75 ° C.

Method for accelerating the phase separation.

The object of the method according to the invention is to hydrate as completely as possible mucilage present in a lipid phase in order to thereby convert it into a water phase, which simplifies the further purification of both the mucilages and the depleted lipid phases. The purpose of the acid- or base-forming compounds which can be used for this purpose is to mediate, bring about and / or effect a hydration and / or complexation and / or chemical modification of the mucilage. As a result, there are mucilages, which have such a large hydrate shell (water jacket) and / or are complexed with one of the compounds and / or with each other or structurally altered, so that they by physical means, eg. As the gravitation, dissolve out of the lipid phase. This separation takes place spontaneously and sedimentatively in the method according to the invention. The time to completion of phase separation or removal of hydrated / complexed mucilage may vary considerably, depending on the composition, amount and type of mucilage. Therefore, methods can be used which accelerate the phase separation (phase separation). For this purpose, methods are suitable in which

 1) allows and / or improves the physicochemical interaction between the water phase and the lipid phase mucilages, e.g. by means of heating the lipid phase, the water phase and / or the reaction mixture possible (thermo-reaction method);

2) a phase formation is promoted, e.g. the case of heating of an emulsive composition (thermal separation process) or adhesion of phases to surfaces, resulting in coalescence of adherent droplets (coalescing process) or by high-energy vibrations (eg ultrasound, electromagnetic waves) it to an association of phase droplets occurs (coalescence process);

 3) centrifugal methods are used, which allow gravity to use a phase combination (gravitational process).

Since the possible methods for accelerating the phase separation based on different physical principles, it may be useful to this Procedure also to combine with each other directly and / or consecutively, z. By increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture (thermo-reaction process), followed by a coalescence process and a gravitational process. Methods and methods for performing method step d)

 The lipid and water phases produced in step c) by phase separation may be passed through the respective outlets from the container in step c), either directly into another container as a final product or into a container for further purification of the phases be directed. It may be appropriate, the phases of particulate aggregates of hydrated mucilage, z. B. by the passage through a filter to clean. Furthermore, it may be necessary to carry out a further phase separation of one or both of the phases obtained. This can be done with methods known to phase separate a liquid / liquid and a liquid / solid mixture. However, preference is given to processes which effect a phase separation via the existing density difference of the liquids by means of a centrifugal acceleration. Therefore, preferred embodiments which can be additionally carried out in process step d) are a separation by means of centrifuges, separators or decanters. The selection of the appropriate method depends on the volume or the required throughput of the phases, the viscosity of the lipid phase and the density difference of the water or the lipid phase and the volume addition of the water phase. The temperature of the phases to be separated is in principle freely selectable, preferred are temperatures between 10 ° C and 80 ° C, more preferably between 20 ° C and 65 ° C and most preferably between 25 ° C and 40 ° C. The centrifugal acceleration is preferably selected between 2,000 g and 12,000 g, more preferably a centrifugal acceleration between 4,000 g and 10,000 g. Preferably, centrifugation is to be carried out for 2 to 15 minutes, more preferably for 8 to 12 minutes. The fate in a separator or decanter is preferably 2 to 60 seconds, more preferably 10 to 30 seconds. A particularly preferred embodiment is the use of a Tellerseparators and a Trikanters. If a centrifugal phase separation already takes place in step C), then this can be carried out with the identical parameters and value ranges given here.

Methods and methods for performing method step e)

The mucous substances separated with the water phase and / or from the lipid phase can have a different degree of hydration and be present as a liquid mucilage phase to low-water solid aggregates. By centrifugal separation techniques, these phases can be easily separated from the water phase. If the separation of water-poor aggregates is desired, then in the aqueous phase aggregation of the hydrated mucilages can be made by prior art methods. Suitable agents include complexing agents as disclosed herein. Preferred are electrolyte compounds such as CaCl 2 or MgC, furthermore organic acids and combinations of these compounds. Furthermore, a separation by adsorbent is possible, such as diatomaceous earth. For example, aggregated or adsorbed mucilages can be separated from the clarified water phase by suitable filters or filter media. The mucilages removed from the aqueous medium are preferably stored cool until further use. Preference is given to removal of water from the obtained mucilaginous phases which can be carried out, for example, by means of vacuum or freeze-drying. The slimes obtained are then available as anhydrous or low-water aggregate masses or powder.

Testing for a process suitability

When examining the suitability of individual process stages in the context of a multi-stage cleaning process, the effects on process economy and product quality must be taken into account. For the selection of suitable compounds and their processual use, the duration until the formation of a free water phase and the residual water content in the oil phase can be used, which are determined by the previously described test methods for the complete hydration of mucilage and the investigations of the method for accelerating the Phasenentrennunq. In addition, the method should in particular ensure that the specification of the final product to be achieved is achieved, in particular the oil indices. The concentration for phosphorus should be <1, 0 mg / kg, for calcium <0.3 mg / kg, for iron <0.1 mg / kg, for free fatty acids <0.2% by weight.

 Another parameter for the suitability of one or more process stages is the overall process duration, since this has a significant influence on the economy of the process. Therefore, particularly those process steps are suitable in which a rapid phase separation (phase separation) takes place after an aqueous solution is introduced into the lipid phase, this is preferably the case when a free water phase of the emulsion settles spontaneously within the first 60 minutes and visually recognizable becomes. Alternatively, the water content remaining in the oil phase can be used to test a process step for suitability after a 4 hour life. The residual water content should be <0.8% by weight.

definitions

measurements All measurements described herein, where relevant for the result and unless otherwise specified, are carried out under standard conditions, ie at a temperature of 25 ° C and a pressure of 101.3 kPa. acids and bases

 Acids referred to herein are compounds which are capable of giving off protons to a reactant, in particular water.

 Accordingly, the term bases refers to compounds capable of absorbing protons, especially in aqueous solutions.

Carbonate

Herein "carbonates" means a salt which, upon dissociation in water, forms carbonate (C0 ₃ ^{2 "} ) or bicarbonate (HC0 ₃ ^" ) silicates

"Silicates" refers to a salt which upon dissociation in water metasilicate (Si0 ₃ ² ), orthosilicate (Si0 ₄ ^{4 "} ), disilicate (Si ₂ 0 ₅ ^2" ) or trisilicate (Si ₃ 0 ₇ ^{2 "} ) forms.

lipid phases

As the lipid phase herein organic carbon compounds are summarized, which are present in liquid or liquefied ble form. The term as used herein includes mixtures of biological, synthetic or fossil origin, for example, derived from plants, algae, animals and / or microorganisms or obtained by extraction from rocks or by synthetic methods and having a water content of <20% and a content of lipophilic substances comprising e.g. As monoacylglycerides, diacylglycerols and / or triacylglycerols and / or aliphatic, cyclic or heterocyclic hydrocarbons total of> 70 wt .-% or> 75 wt .-% or> 80 wt .-% or> 85 wt .-% or> 90 Wt .-% or> 95 wt .-% have. For example, the lipid phases may be extracts of oleaginous plants and microorganisms, such as rape seed, sunflower, soya, camelina, jatropha, palms, castor, but also algae and microalgae, as well as animal fats and oils. It is irrelevant whether the lipid phase is a suspension, emulsion or colloidal liquid. If the lipid phases are extracts or extraction phases of lipoid substances from a previous separation or extraction, the lipid phase may also consist of a proportion of> 50% of organic solvents or hydrocarbon compounds. Preferred lipid phases are vegetable oils, in particular pressing and extraction oils of oil plant seeds. However, animal fats are also preferred. But also included are non-polar aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon compounds. preferred Lipid phases are characterized in that> 95% of the compounds are apolar. In another embodiment, the lipid phase to be purified according to one of the methods disclosed herein is a vegetable oil or animal fat for the food industry. The lipid phases as defined herein include, but are not limited to, Acai oil, Acrocomia oil, almond oil, currant seed oil, borage seed oil, rapeseed oil, cashew oil, castor oil, coconut oil, coriander oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, Kramben oil, linseed oil, grapeseed oil, hazelnut oil , other nut oils, hemp seed oil, jatropha oil, jojoba oil, macadamia nut oil, mango seed oil, mustard oil, olive oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, peanut oil, pecan oil, pine nut oil, pistachio oil, poppy seed oil, rice germ oil, thistle oil, camellia oil, sesame oil, Shea butter oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, tall oil, Tsubaki oil, walnut oil, varieties of "natural" oils with altered fatty acid compositions, Neochloris oleoabundans oil, Scenedesmus dimorphus oil, Euglena gracilis oil, Phaeodactylum tricornutum oil, Pleurochrysis carterae oil, Prymnesium parvum oil, Tetraselmis chui oil, Tetraselmis suecica oil, Isochrysis galbana oil, Nannochioropsis salina oil, Botryococcus braunii oil, Dunaliella terti olecta oil, nannochloris oil, spirulina oil, chlorophyceae oil, bacilliarophyta oil, a mixture of the foregoing oils as well as animal oils (especially marine oils), algae oils, oils from bran production eg. Rice bran oil and biodiesel.

 The lipid phases also include product phases which arise during a synthesis or transesterification process of lipids, for example during the production of biodiesel or ester oils. Also, lipid phases resulting from disposal or waste utilization, for example from grease traps. This also applies to used edible fats, fats and oils from carcass processing, oils and fats from technical applications or used lubricants / separating agents - preparations, which fall under the definition mentioned herein. The lipid phase also refers to distillation products, such as those produced in the production of refined oils from mineral oils, as well as oils obtained by means of extractive processes (eg, essential oils). carboxylic acids

 Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that carry one or more carboxyl groups. A distinction is made between aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic carboxylic acids. Aliphatic forms of carboxylic acids, also called alkanoic acids, are fatty acids and are further listed in the following paragraph.

fatty acids

In general, fatty acids are aliphatic carbon chains with at least one carboxylic acid group. The carbon atoms may be linked with single bonds (saturated fatty acids) or with double bond bridges (unsaturated fatty acids), these double bonds may be in an egg or trans configuration. As defined herein, as fatty acids, such compounds having more than 4 consecutive carbon atoms besides the carboxyl group are referred to as fatty acids. Examples of linear saturated fatty acids are nonanecarboxylic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), octadecanoic acid (stearic acid), n-eicosanoic acid (arachidic acid) and n-docosanoic acid. Examples of monoolefin fatty acids are myristoleic acid, palmetoleic acid, petroselinic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, dicelic acid and the euruca acid. Examples of polyolefins fatty acids are linoleic acid, linolenic acid, punicic acid, arachidonic acid and nervonic acid. Fatty acids may also carry functional groups such as. As the vernolic acid, ricinoleic acid and lactobacillic acid. The functional groups herein include terminal cyclic carbon radicals.

 Examples of the term "fatty acids" used herein are the following compounds: hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, docosanoic acid, tetra cosanic acid, cis-9-tetradecenoic acid, cis-9- Hexadecenoic acid, cis-6-octadecenoic acid, cis-9-octadecenoic acid, cis-1-octadecenoic acid, cis-9-eicosenoic acid, cis-1-eicosenoic acid, cis-13-docosenoic acid, cis-15-tetracenoic acid, tl-octadecenoic acid , t3-hexadecenoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid, 8,1 1, 14-eicosatrienoic acid, 5,8,1 1, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid, 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid, 9 , 12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid, 8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5,8,1,1,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid, 7,10,13,16,19- Docosapentaenoic acid, 5,8,1 1-

Eicosatrienoic acid, taxoleinic acid, pinolenic acid, sciadic acid, 6-octadecanoic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid, 6-octadecene-9-acetic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraic acid, retinoic acid, isopalmitic acid, pristanic acid, phytanic acid, 1,1-12-methylene-octadecanoic acid , 9,10-methylene-hexadecanoic acid, coronaric acid, (R, S) -liponic acid, (S) -liponic acid, (R) -lipoic acid, tariric acid, santalbinic acid, stearolic acid, pyrulic acid, crepeninic acid, heisteric acid, ETYA, cerebronic acid, hydroxynvonic acid, ricinoleic acid , Lesquerolic acid, brassylic acid, thapsic acid, phytic acid, sinapinic acid, cinnamic acid and trihydroxybenzoic acid.

Guanidino and amidine-containing compounds

 Guanidino- and amidino-group-bearing compounds and guanidine and / or amidine compounds are used synonymously herein.

The guanidino group is the chemical radical H ₂ NC (NH) -NH- and its cyclic forms, and the amidino group is the chemical radical H ₂ NC (NH) - and its cyclic forms (see examples below). Preference is given to guanidino compounds which, in addition to the guanidino group, have at least one carboxylate group (-COOH) exhibit. It is further preferred if the carboxylate group (s) are separated from the guanidino group in the molecule by at least one carbon atom. Also preferred are amidino compounds which, in addition to the amidino group, have at least one carboxylate group (-COOH). It is further preferred if the carboxylate group (s) are separated from the amidino group in the molecule by at least one carbon atom. Particularly preferred are arginine and arginine derivatives. Arginine derivatives are defined as compounds having a guanidino group and a carboxylate group or an amidino group and a carboxylate group, wherein guanidino group and carboxylate group or amidino group and carboxylate group are separated by at least one carbon atom, ie at least one of the following groups between the guanidino group or the amidino group and the carboxylate group is: -CH ₂ -, -CHR-, -CRR'-, wherein R and R 'independently represent any chemical radicals. Of course, the distance between the guanidino group and the carboxylate group or the amidino group and the carboxylate group can also be more than one carbon atom, for example in the following groups - (CH ₂ ) _n - - (CHR) _n -, - (CRR ') _n -, with n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 as is the case, for example, with amidinopropionic acid, amidinobutyric acid, guanidinopropionic acid or guanidinobutyric acid. Compounds having more than one guanidino group and more than one carboxylate group are, for example, oligoarginine and polyarginine.

In the following, examples of preferred compounds having a guanidino group or an amidino group and a carboxylate group are shown.

 Guanidinoacetic acid creatine glycocyamine

 Preferred arginine derivatives are compounds of the following general formula (II)

NR "NR"

RR'N R'HN

 (I)

wherein

R ', R ", R'" and R "" independently of one another are: -H, -OH, -CH = CH ₂ , -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ , -C ⁽ CH 3) = CH ₂ , -CH = CH-CH 3 , - C ₂ H ₄ - CH = CH 2, - CH ₃ , - C ₂ H 5, C ₃ H ₇ , -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ , -C ₄ Hg, -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ , -CH (CH ₃ ) -C ₂ H ₅ -C (CH ₃ ) ₃ , -C ₅ H 11, -CH (CH ₃ ) -C ₃ H _7j -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -C ₂ H _5j -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ , -C (CH ₃ ) 2 -C ₂ H ₅ , - CH ₂ -C (CH ₃ ) ₃ , -CH (C ₂ H ₅ ) ₂ , -C ₂ H ₄ -CH (CH ₃ ) _2> -C ₆ H _13> -C ₇ H _15> cycloC ₃ H _5> cycloC ₄ H _7> cyclo-CsHg, cyclo-C ₆ Hn, -PO ₃ H _2> -PO ₃ H ^" , -PO ₃ ^{2 "} , -NO ₂ -C-CH, -C =C-CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -C =CH, -O ₂ Η ₄ -0Ξ0Η, or -CH ₂ -C = C-CH ₃ ,

or R 'and R "together form one of the following groups: -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CO-CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CO- -CH = CH- -CO-CH = CH- -CH = CH -CO- -CO-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CO-, -CH ₂ -CO-CH ₂ - or -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -;

X is -NH-, -NR "" -, -O-, -S-, -CH ₂ -, -C ₂ H ₄ -, -C ₃ H ₆ - -C ₄ H ₈ - or -C ₅ H 10 - or a C1-C5 carbon chain which may be substituted with one or more of the following: -F, -Cl, -OH, -OCH _3, -OC ₂ H _5, -NH _2> -NHCH _3> is -NH (C H _{2 (5),} -N CH _{3) 2>} -N (C ₂ H5) _2> -SH, -NO _2> -PO ₃ H _2> - PO3H ^{"-PO3 2",} -CH _3, -C ₂ H ₅ , -CH = CH ₂ , -C = CH, -COOH, -COOCH 3, -COOC ₂ H ₅ , -COCH3, -COC2H5, -O-COCH3, -O-COC2H5, -CN, _-CF3, -C2F5, -OCF3, or -

L is a hydrophilic substituent selected from the group consisting of: -NH ₂ , -OH, -PO 3 H ² , -PO 3 H ^" , -PO 3 ^2" , -OPO 3 H ² , -OPO 3 H ^" , -OPO 3 ^2" , -COOH, -COO ^" , - CO-NH ₂ , -NH ₃ ⁺ , -NH-CO-NH ₂ , -N (CH ₃ ) ₃ ⁺ , -N (C ₂ H ₅ ) 3 ⁺ , -N (C ₃ H ₇ ) ₃ ⁺ , -NH (CH ₃ ) ₂ ⁺ , - NH (C ₂ H ₅ ) 2 ⁺ , -NH (C ₃ H ₇ ) ₂ ⁺ , -NHCH 3, -NHC ₂ H ₅ , -NHC ₃ H ₇ , -NH ₂ CH ₃ ⁺ , -NH ₂ C ₂ H ₅ ⁺ , - NH ₂ C ₃ H ₇ ⁺ , -SO ₃ H, -SO ₃ ^" , -SO ₂ NH ₂ , -CO-COOH,

-O-CO-NH ₂ , -C (NH) -NH ₂ , -NH-C (NH) -NH ₂ , -NH-CS-NH ₂ , or -NH-COOH, volume fraction

 The terms volume fraction (water volume fraction) and volume ratio (water volume ratio) are used synonymously herein. The volume fraction or the volume ratio is defined as the value of the quotient of the volume of the water phase and the total volume of lipid phase and water phase before the mixing in of the water phase.

A volume fraction or volume ratio of the water phase of 5% by volume results accordingly, if, for example, in 95 L lipid phase, the interference of 5 L water phase will take place.

Process arrangement, process stage and process steps

 As used herein, the term "process arrangement" refers to a sequence of individual process steps, and the terms "process step" and "process step" are used interchangeably herein, a process step comprising the process steps of a process embodiment ,

The terms "process step" and "process step" are used interchangeably herein. The terms process step and process step relate to the individual steps of one of the embodiments of the method according to the invention.

Mix and homogenize

By the term "mixing", which is used synonymously with the term "mixing in", the process is understood which leads to contact of phases and / or substances, resulting in a homogeneous or inhomogeneous continuous or discontinuous phase, in which the mixed Substances / compounds are present side by side. Since the mixing result depends considerably on the miscibility of the substances A on the one hand and the intensity of the mixing input on the other hand, a further distinction is made herein between a stirring entry and a Intensive mixing entry. Herein all the mixing processes are summarized under the term "Rühreintrat" or "Mischeintrag" in which substances / compounds by laminar or turbulent flows are brought into contact with each other. By the terms homogenize, disperse, intensive, intensive, intensive, and intensive mix, as used interchangeably herein, methods are summarized that are suitable for generating cavitations in fluids with generation of nano-scaled merge surfaces between two fluids. In principle, four main groups of processes can be distinguished: rotor-stator, high-pressure, ultrasound and membrane systems. The simplest variant of a rotor-stator system is the stirrer in a container. Further developments of the rotor-stator systems are gear-wheel dispersing machines and colloid mills, which are distinguished by their ability to generate clearly defined stresses. High-pressure homogenizers are used in particular when very high specific energy inputs are required. High pressure homogenizers essentially consist of a high pressure pump and a shredding unit. As high-pressure pumps usually piston pumps are used, which produce a homogenization between 50 and 10,000 bar. Through the use of intensive mixers, very small droplet sizes can be achieved which, depending on which fluid is between 0.1 and 10 μηη on average, while the droplet sizes are usually greater with a stirring entry.

Hydration of mucilage

 As used herein, the term "hydration" is understood to mean attachment of water molecules to a compound or compound complex, which may be due to intermolecular bonding energies and / or resulting from trapping the compound / complex in a water micelle. Thus, as used herein, the terms hydration, hydrogenation or hydratability are understood to mean the binding of individual water molecules or the formation of a water envelope at / around mucilage compounds and / or aggregates thereof Such turbidity may be quantified by measurement techniques such as turbidimetry For example, a dynamic laser scattering technique (DLS) may be used to determine droplet sizes s.

The term "hydrated mucilage" as used herein summarizes the mucilages as defined herein which, as a result of one of the methods of the present invention, have attachment of water molecules and / or inclusion in a water micelle as previously described. By the term "gum aggregates" as used herein is meant contiguous structures of hydrated gums linked together by intermolecular bonding energies and / or complex formation and detectable by the naked eye.

By the term "mucilaginous phase" as used herein is meant a continuous liquid phase of hydrated mucilages that is in the free water phase, which will soak up the free water phase and / or be at the phase boundary to the lipid phase.

 Thus, a "water-polluting water phase" is a free water phase in which hydrated slime can be in a continuous and / or discontinuous form.

 Complete hydration means that 90%, preferably 92%, more preferably 95%, more preferably 98%, and most preferably 99% by weight of the hydratable mucilages in the provided lipid phase are hydrated.

Highly biodegradable mucilage

 The term "hydratable mucilages" refers to mucilages that can bind water molecules or that can form a water sheath around them and / or their aggregates.

reaction

 By the term "reaction mixture" herein is meant a lipid / water phase which has been prepared with an aqueous solution according to the invention and by means of any desired mixed introduction.

emulsion

 By the term "emulsion" as used herein are meant mixtures of water and oil or fat which may be in the form of a water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsion in any weight ratio. emulsion-poor phase "are understood to mean aqueous phases or lipid phases in which less than 5% by weight of water or less than 5% by weight of neutral lipids is present in the lipid phase.

Free water phase

By the term "free water phase" as used herein is meant a volume fraction of water or an aqueous solution which is emulsion-free or low in emulsions, low-emulsion means that less than 5% by weight, preferably less than 4% by weight, more preferably less than 3% by weight, more preferably less than 2% by weight and most preferably less than 1% by weight neutral fats as O / W emulsion herein. The free water phase as referred to herein forms below the lipid phase and distinctly differs in appearance from the lipid phase and has a measurable water content of> 70% by weight, preferably> 75% by weight, more preferably> 80% by weight, more preferably > 85%, more preferably> 90% by weight and most preferably> 95% by weight. The water phase can be completely free of suspended matter or turbidity or be present as a turbid solution. Preferably, it is clear or slightly to moderately hazy. The turbidity may be caused by hydrated and aggregated mucilage present in particulate form. The turbidity can be quantified, for example, by turbidimetry. Preference is given to FTU values of <50 of the free water phase for detecting the presence of a free water phase.

Phasentrennunq

 The term "phase separation", which is used synonymously with the term "phase separation", denotes the process of forming at least 2 liquid and / or solid phases which were previously mixed with one another and were present as an emulsion. The phases which are present after a phase separation preferably consist of> 90% by weight of the same class of compounds, ie a water or lipid phase. However, the term phase separation also refers to the deposition of hydrated mucilages from an emulsion, which may be in the form of a continuous liquid phase or in the form of a discontinuous solid phase.

separation processes

 Basically, sedimentation describes the movement of disperse particles in a gas or liquid, usually under the influence of gravity or centrifugal force due to their higher density. Magnetic or electrostatic fields can also cause sedimentation processes.

The term "sedimentative phase separation" encompasses the phase separation by means of gravity (gravitation field), heating, coalescence process, ultrasound process and / or centrifugal process. The term "sedimentative phase separation" is also to be understood as meaning that a phase separation triggered by the earth's gravitational field is also caused by heating, coalescence processes, Ultrasonic and / or centrifugal process can be supported or accelerated. Preferably, the term "sedimentative phase separation" as used herein refers to the process of phase separation that results from differences in the density of the separating phases in the earth's gravitational field. The term "centrifugal phase separation" as used herein refers to an apparatus separation of phases using centrifugal acceleration. It comprises in particular methods known to the person skilled in the art using centrifuges, decanters and preferably separators.

Since the reaction mixture is principally two different density liquid phases, a phase separation by sedimentation is possible in principle. If the hydrated organic compounds to be separated do not dissolve completely spontaneously, the separation efficiency (phase separation efficiency) and rate of phase separation can be increased by means of tensile and compressive forces. This is easily possible according to the prior art by means of a simple centrifuge or a separator suitable for this purpose. A pressurization or negative pressure is possible. Separators and decanters are systems in which equal or non-uniform plates or plates or drums are provided with appropriate tensile or centrifugal forces in addition to a simultaneous pressure build-up. The advantage of using separators is that a continuous phase separation can be carried out with them. Therefore, a particularly preferred embodiment for the phase separation of sedimentation-clarified lipid phases is to perform a phase separation with a separation separator. For the preferred phase separation by a separator, systems having a throughput volume of more than 3m ³ / h, more preferably> 100m ³ / h, and most preferably> 400m ³ / h, are preferred.

 The temperature of the reaction mixture to be separated may in principle correspond to that which has been selected for the preparation thereof. However, it may also be advantageous to vary the temperature and to choose a higher temperature when z. B. thereby the effect of the separation tool is increased, or a lower, z. B. if thereby the extraction efficiency of the water phase is increased. In general, a temperature range between 15 and 50 ° C is preferred, more preferably from 18 to 40 ° C, and most preferably between 25 and 35 ° C. The residence time in a separating separator or a centrifuge depends essentially on the apparatus-specific properties. In general, the lowest possible residence time in a separation apparatus is preferred for economical execution, such a preferred residence time is <10 minutes, more preferably <5 minutes and most preferably <2 minutes for a separation separator. For centrifuges, a preferred residence time is <15 minutes, more preferably <10 minutes, and most preferably <8 minutes.

The selection of the centrifugal acceleration depends on the density difference of the two phases to be separated and is to be determined individually. Preferably, acceleration forces are between 1,000 and 15,000 grams, more preferably between 2,000 and 12,000 grams, and most preferably between 3,000 and 10,000 grams. Preferred is a separation into an oil and a water phase in which an oil and a water phase is obtained which is> 90% by volume more preferably> 97% by volume and most preferably> 99% by volume as pure oil - or water phase is present. mucilage

 The term "mucilage" summarizes organic compounds which are present in the different lipid phases and which have water-binding properties and therefore can bind or bind water molecules by introducing water, whereby they are hydratable and an emulsion is formed by pure water entry (pH-neutral, low in ions) into the lipid phase in which they are located, can be made separable and separable, not even using centrifugal separation techniques, but rather the mucilages herein bind water to form an emulsion However, as described herein (e.g., by hydration, by treatment with any of the aqueous solutions containing an acid or alkali described herein), these mucilages may also be converted to a water phase Mucilages are:

"Phospholipids" as used herein are amphiphilic lipids containing a phosphate group and belonging to either the phosphoglycerides or the phosphosphingolipids. Furthermore, acid glycoglycerolipids such. B. sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol or sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. "Phosphoglycerides" (also referred to as glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerolipids) consist of a diacylglyce d whose remaining terminal hydroxy group is attached to a phosphate radical which is either not further modified (phosphatidic acid) or esterified with an alcohol. The most common representatives of the latter group are phosphatidylcholines (also called lecithins), phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines.

By the term "glycolipid" as used herein is meant compounds in which one or more monosaccharide residues are linked via a glycosidic bond to a hydrophobic acyl residue. These include glyceroglycolipids and glycerosphingolipids, furthermore rhamnolipids, sophrolipids, trehalose lipids, mannosterylerythritol lipids, as well as sphingolipids.

"Glycophosphatidylinositols" are compounds in which saccharides are glycosidically linked to the inositol group of phosphatidylinositols.

Furthermore, the generic term of the slimy substances includes organic compounds such as waxes, wax acids, lignins, hydroxy- and mycolic acid, fatty acids with aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon structures, such as shikimic acid or 2-hydroxy-1 1 -cycloheptylic acid, mannosterylerythritol lipid, carotenes and carotenoids, Chlorophylls, as well as their degradation products, phenols, phytosterols, in particular ß-sitosterol and campesterol and Sigmasterol, sterols, sinapine, squalene. Phytoestrogens, such as isoflavones or lignans. Furthermore, steroids and their derivatives, such as saponins. Also polysaccharides, including pectins such as rhamnogalacturonans and polygalacturonic acid esters, arabinans (homoglycans), galactans and arabinogalactans, as well as pectic acids and amidopectins. Furthermore, long-chain or cyclic carbon compounds, also fatty alcohols, hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids. Likewise glycosides, lipo-proteins, lignins, phytate or phytic acid as well as glucoinosilates. Proteins, including albumins, globulins, oleosins, vitamins such as retinol (vitamin A1) and derivatives such. B. retinoic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pantothenic acid vitamin B5), biotin (vitamin B7), folic acid (vitamin B9), cobalamins (vitamin B12), calcite ol (vitamin D) and derivatives, tocopherols (Vitanmin E) and tocotrienols, Phylloquinone (vitamin K) and menaquinone. Tannins, terpenoids, curcumanoids, xanthones. But also sugar compounds, amino acids, peptides, including polypeptides, but also carbohydrates, such as glucogen. applications

 The method of the present invention is applicable to all lipid phases as defined herein which contain hydratable mucilage by the methods of the present invention. The applicability of the method can be easily checked by a test method described herein. The presence of mucilages, as defined herein, that can be hydrated by the process is a determinant that can be used to determine applicability. This applies in particular to oils and fats of plant or animal origin. These include in particular edible oils, cosmetic oils, base oils, lubricating oils, industrial oils. However, the lipid phases can also come from a technical process, examples of which are lipid phases, which arise in the context of a biodiesel production or in the production of an ester oil. Other applications include extracts, such as essential oils. Furthermore, lipid phases can be treated by the method according to the invention, which have a mineral origin, there is an applicability especially in distillates of fossil petroleum. However, the method is also applicable to contaminated oils and fats, as is the case with used edible fats or fats and oils which have been used for technical applications. The process is also of particular value for oil / water mixtures collected from, for example, separators or collectors, and wastewater streams.

The inventive method is characterized by a low expenditure on equipment, so that this can also be implemented in small and mobile systems, which especially in the field of recovery of oils and fats from secondary and / or waste streams, the method is economically feasible. Description of the figures

Fig. 1: shows Table 1 a to Example 1. Fig. 2: shows Table 1 b to Example 1. FIG. 3: shows table 2 for example 4. FIG. 4: shows table 3 for example 5.

Fig. 5: shows rapeseed oil with a 10 wt% metasilicate solution at a

 Water volume ratio of 35 vol% and at a reaction temperature of

60 ° C for 15 minutes was mixed after a lifetime of 2 days. In the clear water phase (below) are hydrated and complexed mucilaginous substances, which are z. sedimented on the container bottom, z.T. float as small or large aggregates in the water phase or this float and form a sharp phase boundary to the crystal-clear oil phase.

Fig. 6: shows the result of a 2-hour sedimentation separation of a

 Sample volume of experiment 7, taken in the phase separation area after 1 hour, after a mixture of soybean oil with sodium carbonate (concentration 20% by weight, volume ratio 35% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C) in the 2nd

Process stage. The floating oil phase (water content 0.6% by weight) is only slightly cloudy and delimited by a sharp phase boundary of the underlying continuous mucilage phase. The latter is delimited by a sharper phase boundary from the slightly turbid free water phase, which has a neutral fat content of 0.8% by weight.

Examples

measurement methods

The following measuring methods were used in the context of the exemplary embodiments described below:

 The content of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and iron in the lipid phase was determined by ICP OES (Optima 7300, PerkinElmer, Germany). Values in mg / kg (or in ppm).

The proportion of free fatty acids in the lipid phase was determined by means of a methanolic KOH titration with a Titroline 7000 titrator (Sl-Analytics, Germany) values in% by weight (g / 100 g).

 The water content in the lipid phase, which is also referred to herein as oil moisture, was determined by means of an automatic titration according to the Karl Fischer method (Titroline 7500 KF trace, Sl-Analytics, Germany), values in% by weight.

 The qualitative detection of glycoglycerolipids and glycosphingolipids was carried out by atomic emission spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography. In the case of the latter, a separation into different classes of compounds with subsequent differentiation of the sugar residues present can take place. A close and sharp limitation of the bands that are displayed points to a high degree of uniformity of the compounds present therein, while broadening and fuzzy limitation of the bands indicates a heterogeneity of the compounds and in particular of the sugar residues and is therefore suitable for detecting the occurrence of hydrolysis. Thin-layer chromatography was carried out with silica gel G plates. The separation is carried out with a mixture of chloroform / acetone / water (30/60/2). The development was carried out with a naphthyl ethylene diamine reagent, which sugar residues of the glycerolipids can be colored.

 The qualitative and quantitative detection of carboxylic acids was carried out by gas chromatography.

The analysis of 3-MCPD was carried out by mass spectroscopy. Sample preparation and analysis were performed as described in: Zhou Y, Wu Z, Li C. Coupling neutral desorption sampling to dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry for direct oil analysis. Anal. Methods, 2014, 6: 1538-1544.

 The pH was determined with a glass capillary electrode (Blue-Line, ProLab 2000, Sl-Analytics, Germany).

All solutions contain the compounds according to the invention or guanidine or amidine group-bearing compounds have been dissolved in an ion-poor or ion-free water phase. Example 1 :

 Investigation of the procedure

 Each 200 ml of rapeseed oil with the following characteristics: phosphorus 158 mg / kg, calcium 33 mg / kg, free fatty acids 1, 6 wt% was in a beaker with one of the aqueous solutions according to Table 1 with a magnetic stirrer for 15 minutes at a speed of 500 U / min. mixed. Examination series were carried out at 25 °, 40 °, 60 ° and 80 ° C. Each series of experiments was 4 times. The samples were then placed in a separatory funnel and the course of the phase separation was visually tracked. When a water phase became visible in the area of the container bottom, the time required for this was recorded. For each series of tests, a centrifugal clarification of the oil phases, which had formed after 1, 2, 3 and after 4 hours. The oil phases were centrifuged at 3600 rpm for 3 minutes. The amount of the separated water phase was determined and the quantity ratio to the oil phase was calculated. Subsequently, samples were taken from the oil phase for a determination of the residual water content.

 The water phases previously separated from the oil phases were centrifuged together with the hydrated mucilages contained therein. Subsequently, the volume of the free and clear water phase was determined and the separated and condensed mucus mass was subjected to freeze-drying and then weighed.

The results are numerically listed in Table 1. With a 3% and 5% aqueous solution addition volume, there was virtually no spontaneous phase separation within the given time at low temperature. At higher water addition volume ratios, the rate and completeness of spontaneous phase separation increased rapidly, with simultaneous rapid and complete separation of mucilage into the water phase. Increasing the concentration of the basic compounds had little effect on the phase separation rate and the amount of separated mucilages. An increase in the temperature of the reaction mixture accelerated the phase separation and resulted in an increase in the amount of separated mucilages as compared to a process with a lower temperature at the same water addition ratio.

Example 1a)

In a comparative experiment for phase separation by means of centrifugal separation processes, similar to the experimental procedure of Example 1, investigations were carried out in each case 500 kg of rapeseed oil. For this purpose, the oils were mixed with Na carbonate solutions with the following concentrations and volume addition by means of an in-line rotor-stator mixer: A) concentration 10% by weight / volume addition 10% by volume; B) Concentration 10% by weight / volume addition 20% by volume. After the mixture, with the formation of an emulsion, 1001 in each case were placed in 4 storage containers (VB 1 to VB 4) and 1001 in a sedimentation tank with a conical container bottom and longitudinal sight glasses in the sidewall region. The emulsions of the reservoir were fed to a plate separator after a stance phase (SP). The separated phases were again taken up in separate containers. The following experimental procedures were carried out: V1) emulsion A), SP 1 minute; V2) Emulsion A), SP 120 minutes; V3) Emulsion B), SP 1. Minute; V4) Emulsion B), SP 120 minutes. At the same staged phase times, the phase separation in Emulsions A) and B), which were in the sedimentation tank, was examined (visualization of a free water phase / dissection of mucous aggregates). The neutral lipid content in the separated heavy phases as well as the free water phases of the sedimentation tank as well as the water content in the separated light phases and the oil phases in the sedimentation tank at the time of the separation were determined. Results:

After a standing phase of 1 minute, no free water phase had separated from the emulsions in the sedimentation tank. By centrifugation was in the emulsions A) and B) after 1 minute accomplish no phase separation, both the heavy and the light phases emerged as a viscous emulsion. Accordingly, the water content in the light phases was 8.3% by weight and 14.5% by weight and the triglyceride content in the heavy phases was 86% by weight and 78% by weight, respectively. After a stagnation phase of 120 minutes, only a small amount of a free water phase had deposited in the sedimentation tank containing the emulsion A), with a mucilage layer therein, while in the sedimentation tank containing the emulsion B), the oil phase was only moderately hazy and a clear water phase had settled on the container bottom with mucins aggregated therein. In the centrifugal phase separation, emulsion A), which took place after 120 minutes, the light and heavy phases were still significantly emulsive, the water content in the light phase was 3.2% by weight and the neutral fat content in the heavy phase was 6.8% by weight %. After the centrifugal separation of emulsion B), which took place after 120 minutes, the light phase was only slightly cloudy, the water content was 0.8% by weight and the heavy phase was partly clear after settling with aggregated mucilages contained therein, the neutral fat content being 1 , 3% by weight.

Example 2:

Investigation of the effects of hydration of mucilaginous substances on the separation efficiency For the investigations cold pressed oils of rapeseed (RÖ) and sunflower seeds (SBÖ) were used with the following parameters: for RÖ: phosphorus content 6.2 ppm (6.2 mg / kg), Calcium 28 ppm (28 mg / kg), iron 1, 8 ppm (1, 8 mg / kg), free fatty acids 1, 1 wt .-%, and for SBÖ: phosphorus content 8.2 ppm (8.2 mg / kg ) Calcium 30ppm (30mg / kg), iron 2.2ppm (2.2mg / kg), free fatty acids 1.3% by weight. All raw oils were clear.

To carry out the experiment, a preliminary study was carried out on the hydrratability of the mucilages present in the oils with the compounds citric acid, sodium carbonate, sodium metasilicate, sodium hydroxide and arginine in various process arrangements according to the method described in Example 1. The selection criteria used were the rate of phase separation and the effectiveness of a compound for the hydration of the largest possible amount of mucilage. It was found that with the sequence of the procedure with citric acid (concentration 8.5% by weight, volume ratio 15% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C), followed by sodium carbonate (concentration 5% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, Reaction at 60 ° C.) and then of arginine (concentration 0.1 molar, volume ratio 15% by volume, reaction at 40 ° C.) for the treatment of the rapeseed oil and with the sequence of the process arrangement with sodium carbonate (concentration 5% by weight, Volume ratio 20% by volume, reaction at 30 ° C.), followed by sodium metasilicate (concentration 10% by weight, volume ratio 35% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C.) and then arginine (concentration 0.2 molar, volume ratio 20% by volume). %, Reaction at 25 ° C) for the treatment of sunflower oil, the desired process conditions were made possible. In experiment A), in each case 300 l of the oils (RÖ test series A1, SBÖ test series A2) were treated according to the selected scheme, the mixture was mixed with the aqueous solutions by adding them in one portion to the oil phases and then with a Propeller stirrers over 15 minutes (measured from the beginning of the solution volume input or the achievement of the intended reaction temperature) were mixed in a heatable vessel, which had a tapered bottom portion. The container walls were equipped with long-sighted glass, which allowed an assessment of the reaction mixture and the formation of a phase boundary. After the mixing addition, the reaction mixture was allowed to rest for 60 minutes and then the water phase that had formed was vented until the clearly visible phase boundary reached a pre-defined height level in the kettle. The predefined phase boundary level was 5 cm below a kettle outlet through which the clarified oil phase was drained after level adjustment. A spin sample was used to determine the residual water content and the amount of separable solids in the clarified oil phases. If predominantly solids could be separated, the oils were clarified with a decanter (Trikanter Z23-3 / 441, Flottweg Germany) and if it was possible to separate predominantly a free water phase, the oils were in a separator (CSA1 -06-475, Westfalia , Germany). The oils were then added to another similar reaction kettle and the next was as previously described Treatment stage performed. In a comparative experiment (B), the rapeseed oil (test series B1) and the SBÖ (test series B2) were treated according to the following scheme: B1: citric acid (concentration 8.5% by weight, volume ratio 1% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C.), followed by sodium carbonate (concentration 15% by weight, volume ratio 3% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C.) and then arginine (concentration 0.3 molar, volume ratio 3% by volume, reaction at 40 ° C.); B2: sodium carbonate (concentration 15% by weight, volume ratio 2% by volume, reaction at 30 ° C.), followed by sodium metasilicate (concentration 20% by weight, volume ratio 3% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C.) and then from Arginine (concentration 0.5 molar, volume ratio 2% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C). The mixing conditions were the same as those in the experimental series A, immediately after the mixing, the resulting emulsions were separated with the separator. After the last treatment step, samples were taken for the determination of the olecular numbers in all treatment series. In test series A, the contents of the kettle were drained via a floor drain after draining the clarified oil phase. The liquid volume, consisting of the remaining water phase, which also contained the majority of the dissolved mucilage and an emulsion layer consisting of hydrated mucilage and an oil layer, was filled into an hourglass-shaped container made of acrylic glass and after a life of 15 to 60 minutes (after Clarification of the aqueous solution), the free water phase was discharged through an outlet in the container bottom until the phase boundary was in the region of the rejuvenation of the container. Through an outlet in the container placed above the taper, the oil phase with the hydrated mucilages still contained therein was drained and clarified with a laboratory decanter (Lemitec, MD 60, Germany), the resulting oil phases were added to the reaction mixture in sequential repeat runs each supplied to the same treatment stage. The water phases obtained in each case contained aggregates of the hydrated mucilages, which swelled up the solution and could easily be separated off with a sieve filter. The free water phases were used again in subsequent repetitive studies. The separated gum masses of test series A, as well as the aqueous phase obtained in the separation in test series B, were exhaustively washed with organic solvent (hexane) and the amount of neutral fats extractable therewith was determined. The final oil phases obtained after the last treatment step were subjected to vacuum drying. The energy consumption required was determined. The mucilage phases were dried in a vacuum dryer, dissolved in a solvent mixture and fractionated by column chromatography. The fractions were fed to an analysis by means of GC and DC. The oils were tested for Olkenn numbers and the presence of trans fatty acids and 3-MCPD esters. Results: After hydration and sedimentation of the mucilage and phase separation, the oil phases clarified after treatment with citric acid and with sodium metasilicate were clarified with a decanter and the remaining clarified oil phases with a separator of remaining water / mucilage residues. The resulting oil phases had a slight haze. The resulting heavy phases (water or solid phases) were without apparent oil content. The generated emulsions of test series B were clarified with the separator. The resulting oil phases were clearly cloudy, the heavy phases (water phase) were present as oil-in-water emulsions. Analysis of the oils obtained after the last treatment step gave the following results for RO: Method A: Phosphorus content 0.8 ppm (or 0.8 mg / kg), calcium <0.5 ppm (<0.5 mg / kg), Iron <0.5 ppm (<0.5 mg / kg), free fatty acids 0.05% by weight; Method B: Phosphorus content 1, 2 ppm (1.2 mg / kg), calcium 0.8 ppm (0.8 mg / kg), iron <0.5 ppm (<0.5 mg / kg), free fatty acids 0, 18% by weight. For SBÖ were determined for method A: phosphorus content <0.5 ppm (<0.5 mg / kg), calcium <0.5 ppm (<0.5 mg / kg), iron <0.5 ppm (<0.5 mg / kg), free fatty acids 0.07 wt .-% and for test series B: Phosphorus content 1, 0 ppm (1, 0 mg / kg), calcium 0.9 ppm (0.9 mg / kg), iron <0 , 5 ppm (<0.5 mg / kg), free fatty acids 0.2% by weight.

 The separated mucilage phases of test series A contained a mass fraction of neutral fats of 0.2% by weight, while the water phases of test series B had a mass fraction of neutral fats of 12% by weight. The energy requirement for the final drying of the oil phases was lower by 35% (RO) and 42% (SBÖ) for the oils of test series A than for the corresponding oils of test series B. In the oils, no trans fatty acids or 3-MCPD esters could be used be detected. TLC analysis showed bands in all samples corresponding to digalactosyl and monogalactosyl diglycerides as well as sterylglycosides. These were sharply limited and compatible with low-hydrolysis fractions of these compounds.

Example 3

Studies on hydration efficiency

Soybean oil with the following characteristics: phosphorus content 18.2 ppm (18.2 mg / kg), calcium 36 ppm (36 mg / kg), iron 2.8 ppm (2.8 mg / kg), free fatty acids 1.4 wt %, was subjected to a preliminary study on the hydrratability of mucilages contained therein. For this purpose, the following compounds were used in the form of aqueous solutions with different concentrations and volumes at different reaction temperatures: HCL, phosphoric acid, citric acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium metasilicate, sodium borate, sodium hydroxide, arginine. As a practicable method arrangement for cleaning, several process arrangement were presented, of which 4 were selected for the experiments: Series 1 a: phosphoric acid (concentration 10% by weight, volume ratio 10% by volume, reaction at 20 ° C.), then sodium bicarbonate (concentration 15% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C.), followed by arginine ( Concentration 0.3 molar, volume ratio 10% by volume, reaction at 35 ° C); Experimental series 2a: citric acid (concentration 8.4% by weight, volume ratio 15% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C.), then sodium carbonate (concentration 15% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C.), followed by arginine (Concentration 0.3 molar, volume ratio 15% by volume, reaction at 35 ° C); Series 3a: sodium carbonate (concentration 10% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 20 ° C.), then sodium metasilicate (concentration 15% by weight, volume ratio 20% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C.), followed by arginine (Concentration 0.2 molar, volume ratio 10% by volume, reaction at 40 ° C); Experimental series 4a: sodium borate (concentration 10% by weight, volume ratio 25% by volume, reaction at 20 ° C.), then sodium metasilicate (concentration 20% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 70 ° C.), followed by arginine (Concentration 0.5 molar, volume ratio 10% by volume, reaction at 40 ° C). The mixture of the water phases with the oil phases was carried out as in Example 2, whereby also identical containers were used, the service life was set to 60 minutes. The clarification of the oil phases after the service life was carried out with a centrifuge (2,000 rpm for 5 minutes). In a further series of experiments, the soybean oil was treated with the same process stages as described in the abovementioned test procedure, the same concentrations of the compounds in the aqueous solutions and the same reaction temperatures being used, but the volume fraction of the aqueous solutions at all process stages was 3 Vol% was limited. In these experiments (test series 1b, 2b, 3b and 4b), centrifugal clarification was carried out immediately after the stirring. After centrifugation, 1000 ml of all the oil phases obtained were separated and subjected to a renewed treatment with the aqueous solution, according to the process step previously carried out, but with a water volume addition fraction corresponding to the corresponding process stages 1a, 2a, 3a and 4a, respectively , The re-treated oil phases resulting from the experiment 1 a to 4a were given the name 1 a "- 4a" and the treated oil phases of the test series 1 b - 4b were designated 1 b "- 4b". The amounts of hydrated gums that can be discharged with the water phases were separated from the water phases by centrifuging the sedimented water phases and the dry weight of the condensed gum masses was determined after drying of the gum masses. Drying and laboratory analysis were carried out in the final oil phases as in Example 2.

Results: The sedimentation-clarified oil phases of test series 1a to 4a were slightly cloudy, while the oil phases of test series 1b to 4b were in the form of an emulsion. After centrifugation, the oil phases of the test series 1 a to 4a were slightly cloudy to clear, while the oil phases of the test series 1 b to 4 b were slightly to moderately cloudy remained. In the clarified oil phases of test series 1 a to 4a, which were treated again with the same aqueous solution as before (test series 1 a "to 4 a"), there was no or only a minimal amount of visible mucilage in the water phases, the total remained clear. On the other hand, in all experiments of the test series 1 b "to 4 b" clearly visible amounts of mucilage were transferred from the oil phases to the water phases. The amount of mucilaginous material (dry weight) which can be discharged by the re-treatment with a water phase was, in the investigations 1 a, "0.01 to 0.03% by weight and in experiments 2a" 0.02 to 0.04% by weight, in examinations 3a "0.01 to 0.03% by weight and in examinations 4a" 0.03 to 0.06% by weight and in studies 1 b "1, 2 to 2.1% by weight, in studies 2b "1, 8 to 2.5% by weight, in the investigations 3b" 2.9 to 3.5% by weight and in the studies 4b "2.8 to 3.5% by weight.

 For the oil phases obtained from the test series after the last treatment step, the following parameters were determined: Test series 1 a: Phosphorus content 0.7 mg / kg, calcium <0.5 mg / kg, iron <0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0 , 07% by weight; Test series 2a: Phosphorus content 0.5 mg / kg, calcium <0.5 mg / kg, iron <0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.04% by weight; Test series 3a: Phosphorus content <0.5 mg / kg, calcium <0.5 mg / kg, iron <0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.007% by weight; Test series 4a: Phosphorus content 0.9 mg / kg, calcium 0.7 mg / kg, iron <0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.09% by weight; Series 1 b: Phosphorus content 1, 2 mg / kg, calcium 0.9 ppm (mg / kg), iron <0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.1% by weight; Test series 2b: Phosphorus content 1, 0 mg / kg, calcium 0.6 mg / kg, iron <0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.07% by weight; Test series 3b: Phosphorus content 0.8 mg / kg, calcium 0.9 mg / kg, iron <0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.1 1% by weight; Test series 4b: Phosphorus content 1.5 mg / kg, calcium 1.5 mg / kg, iron 0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.17% by weight. , No trans fatty acids or 3-MCPD esters could be detected in the treated oil fractions. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the separated and fractionated mucilage revealed bands in all samples corresponding to digalactosyl and monogalactosyl diglycerides as well as steryl glycosides. These were sharply limited and compatible with low-hydrolysis fractions of these compounds.

Example 4

 Investigation of the effects of mixing aqueous solutions

The experimental arrangement of the test series 2a and 3a of Example 3 was repeated with the identical soybean oil, wherein the mixing entry in a series of experiments, as described above, with a propeller mixer was carried out (study l.2.a. and l.3.a.) and in another series of experiments with an intensive mixer (Ultrathurrax T18, Germany, 20,000 rpm for 5 minutes) (study ll.2.a and ll.3.a.). In a Preliminary investigation (tests VI.2.a. and VI.3.a. or V-II..2.a and V-III.3.a.), The minimum required volume of water volume or the water volume ratio was determined for each of the purification stages, This is necessary so that a free water phase settles spontaneously during the stance phase and during the course of a phase separation within 60 min. The values were determined for the reaction temperatures 25 °, 40 ° and 60 ° C, the reaction conditions are listed in Table 2. For the main studies, which were carried out with an oil volume of 2000 ml each, the following process stages were selected on the basis of the preliminary test results, for test series l.2.a: citric acid (concentration 8.4% by weight, volume ratio 25% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C.) , then sodium carbonate (concentration 20% by weight, volume ratio 20% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C), followed by arginine (concentration 0.3 molar, volume ratio 20% by volume, reaction at 40 ° C); for test series II.2.a .: citric acid (concentration 8.4% by weight, volume ratio 35% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C.), then sodium carbonate (concentration 20% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C), followed by arginine (concentration 0.3 molar, volume ratio 20% by volume, reaction at 40 ° C); for test series l.3.a .: sodium carbonate (concentration 10% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 40 ° C.), then sodium metasilicate (concentration 15% by weight, volume ratio 10% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C), followed by arginine (concentration 0.2 molar, volume ratio 25% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C) and for the test series ll.3.a .: sodium carbonate (concentration 10% by weight, volume ratio 40% by volume, reaction at 40 ° C), then sodium metasilicate (concentration 15% by weight, volume ratio 15% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C), followed by arginine (concentration 0.3 molar, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C) , The water phases obtained after the separation of the oil phases were centrifuged and the condensed mucilage phases were dried and weighed. The total weight of the mucilage dry masses obtained in the individual test series was determined.

 Results: The determined water volume ratios and process conditions, during which a free water phase was formed within a standing time of 60 minutes, or where a phase separation occurred, are listed in Table 2. The mucilaginous dry masses obtained from the individual test series were 54 g and 56 g, respectively, for the test series l.2.a. or I.3.a and 55g or 57g for the test series ll.2.a and Il.3.a. Example 5

 Studies on emulsion separation

Rapeseed oil with the following characteristics: phosphorus content 56.2 mg / kg, calcium 38 mg / kg, iron 3.8 mg / kg, free fatty acids 1.8% by weight, was used for the following experiments. Initially, a preliminary examination was carried out according to that in Example 1. This became Process stages are selected which are suitable for a process implementation and in which it is possible to achieve a spontaneous phase separation within 30 minutes after the entry of the water phase in the lipid phase, at a Wasserzugabevolumen which is between 15 and 35 vol% and in which a temperature increase of the reaction mixture can take place, but no further measures should be carried out to accelerate the phase separation. These conditions were met, inter alia, in the process arrangement V1: 1. Citric acid (concentration 8.4% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C.), 2. sodium carbonate (concentration 10% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C.), 3. arginine (concentration 0.3 molar, volume ratio 15% by volume, reaction at 40 ° C.) and in the process arrangement V2: 1. Sodium bicarbonate (concentration 15% by weight, volume ratio 35% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C.), 2. sodium metasilicate (concentration 10% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C.), 3. arginine (concentration 0.3 molar, volume ratio 20% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C). In the main experiment, each 3000kg of the crude oil with the 1. Process stage of the process arrangement treated V1 and V2, wherein the water phases were mixed with a propeller stirrer over 15 min. The oil phases clarified by sedimentation after a service life of 30 minutes were passed through a separator (FPC 6, 7000 rpm, Pieralisi Germany) at a volume flow rate of 200 l / h. Of the oil phases obtained, 1000 kg each were separated for the secondary test (N2). The main experiment with process stage 2 was carried out with the remaining oil phase under the aforementioned process conditions. Of the oil phases which were obtained after spontaneous clarification and separation of the residual water / mucilage phases with the separator after the 2nd treatment stage, 1000 kg each were separated for secondary experiments (N3). The remaining oil phase was treated with the 3rd stage of the process using the above process conditions.

 For mixtures that were heated, the oil and water phases were heated prior to addition and the preselected temperature was maintained until the end of the mixture.

The sub-experiments were carried out to test the separability and Abtren neffizienz of / emulsions, which resulted in the respective treatment stages from the addition of different proportions of water volume ratios (volume ratios) of the respective related aqueous solutions. From 1000 kg each of the crude oil (experiment N1) or the pre-cleaned oils for the secondary experiments N2 and N3, the oils with the following Wasserzugabevolumenanteilen (volume ratios) of the respective process stages were mixed in individual tests of 100kg each: 2.5% by volume, 5% by volume , 7.5% by volume, 10% by volume, 15% by volume, 20% by volume, 25% by volume, 30% by volume, 35% by volume and 40% by volume. The aqueous solutions of the respective treatment stages were mixed under otherwise identical application conditions as in the main experiment. After 30 minutes, the clarified oils or emulsions were passed through the separator. The separation of the water / Mucilage phase was carried out with the identical setting for all separations. Samples for determining the water content were taken from the oil phases immediately before and after the separator phase separation. The oil phases obtained in the main experiment after the third stage of the process were examined with regard to the oil characteristics. The separated with the separator water phases were examined for the content of separated neutral fats. This was followed by extraction with hexane. The amount of neutral lipids was determined by evaporating the hexane phase and weighing the residue.

 Results: (Numerical results of the secondary experiments are summarized in Table 3)

 In the main test, an optimal separation of the water / mucous substance phases by means of sedimentation and treatment with a separator could be achieved with the preselected process sequences or process stages. For the oil phase, which was obtained after the third stage of the process arrangement V1, the following characteristics were obtained: Phosphorus content 0.8 mg / kg, calcium <0.5 mg / kg, iron <0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.03 wt .-% and for the oil phase, which were treated after the third stage of the process with the method arrangement V2: phosphorus content 0.5 mg / kg, calcium <0.5 mg / kg, iron <0.5 mg / kg , free fatty acids 0.01 wt .-%.

In the additional experiments, it was found that for emulsions which were used in the 1. Process stage of the process arrangement V1 were generated by a Wasserzugabevolumen of <5% by volume, came in the first 30 min. No or a minimal amount of a free water phase in the reaction vessel. At the 1. Stage of the process arrangement V2, a free water phase was only recognizable after a water volume addition of more than 20% by volume after 30 min. The sedimentative separation of still existing emulsions was not successful or only incomplete in emulsions in which no free water phase had settled. In emulsions of this kind, even after treatment with a separator, a water content of> 2% was present in the oil phase. For oils treated with a larger volume of water addition, the water content in the oil phase was significantly lower both before and after passage through the separator than in the experiments where a lower volume of water addition was used. In the 2nd process stage of the process arrangement V1 and V2, a free water phase after 30 min. Only after the addition of a Wasserzugabevolumens of 25 or 20 vol% was recognizable. Corresponding to the results of FIG. Step was a high water content in the oil phase before and after passing through the separator in experiments where a small water addition volume fraction (water addition volume ratio) had been used. In general, the oil phases, to which a minor portion of a water addition volume had been added, had a significantly greater turbidity after 30 minutes than the reaction mixtures, which added a larger volume of water had been. In the 3rd stage, a similar tendency showed, but it was at all Wasserzugabevolumen ratios a free water phase. Oils that had a lower water volume fraction (water volume ratio) had a higher water content in the oil phase before and after the separator treatment than oil phases that had a larger water volume addition. The separated water phases had a significantly larger proportion of oil when the oil phases were mixed with a small volume of water than was the case with separations in which the oil phases a larger volume of water volume (water volume ratio) was added.

Example 6

 Investigation of sedimentation procedure

Leindotter press oil with the key figures: phosphorus content 26.2 mg / kg, calcium 18 mg / kg, iron 1.8 mg / kg, free fatty acids 1.1% by weight was used for the following experiment. In a preliminary study carried out according to that in Example 1, the following compounds were tested: HCl, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium borate, sodium metasilicate. For the experimental procedure, the process arrangement was: 1 .HCl (concentration 10% by weight, volume ratio 30% by volume, reaction at 25 ° C.), 2. sodium borate (concentration 15% by weight, volume ratio 35% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C.), 3. Arginine (concentration 0.3 molar volume ratio 25 vol%, reaction at 40 ° C) identified as suitable. In this process arrangement formed within 15 minutes after the mixing of the water phases, which took place as in Example 5, a free water phase and it came in the course to a further progressing spontaneous phase separation to form a mucilage layer in the region of the phase boundaries. For each stage of the process arrangement, the time duration was determined by means of a 20 kg batch, within which, after the completion of the mixing process of the water phase in the oil phase, the water content in the oil phase had dropped to a value below 1% by weight (process variant A). In 2 parallel runs, the phase separation was accelerated by coalescence process by, after an initial settling phase of 15 minutes, the oil phase forming continuously through a quartz sand bed (mean grain size 1 mm, volume 21) (process variant B) or a pack (volume 11) consisting of glass wool (borosilicate glass, fiber thickness 1 1 μηη) (process variant C) was passed at a flow rate of 1, 51 / min. The passed through phases were collected in another container with a conical bottom and the water content in the oil phase was determined. When the specified water content was exceeded, the oil phase was again passed from the collecting container through the coalescer. The clarified oil phases, which had a residual water content of <1%, were then treated with the next experimental drumming stage. After the 3rd stage of the process were Samples were taken for the determination of the key figures for the three process variants. The water phases of the respective process stages were combined and passed through a sieve cloth (sieve size 80 μm) after 24 hours to separate off the aggregated mucilage. The separated mucilage fractions were spread on a sieve and then dried.

 Results: A sedimentative clarification of the oil phase from the mixed water phase to a residual water content of <1% by weight could be achieved in all process stages. The time for this was: LSufe 60 minutes, 2nd stage 180 minutes; 3rd stage 135 minutes. The coalescing process reduced the time required to reach a residual water quantity of <1% by weight: for process variant B: 1. Stage 40 minutes, 2nd stage 120 minutes, 3rd stage 60 minutes and for process variant C: 1. Level 40 minutes, 2nd level 60 minutes and 3rd level 30 minutes. After the third stage of the process, the following parameters were available: Procedure A: Phosphorus content 0.9 mg / kg, calcium <0.5 mg / kg, iron <0.5 p mg / kg pm, free fatty acids 0.1% by weight. %; Process arrangement B: Phosphorus content 0.9 mg / kg, calcium <0.5 mg / kg, iron <0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.09% by weight; Process arrangement C: Phosphorus content 0.8 mg / kg, calcium <0.5 mg / kg, iron <0.5 mg / kg, free fatty acids 0.07% by weight. Example 7

 Large-scale application of the aqueous extraction process.

6000kg of a soy press oil with the oil characteristics: Phosphorus 42ppm (mg / kg), Calcium 7.4 ppm (mg / kg), Magnesium 3.1 ppm (mg / kg), Iron 1, 6ppm (mg / kg), Free Fatty acids 1, 05 wt%, was subjected to a preliminary study according to Example 1, while the key selection criterion was a clarification of the oil phase from the water phase to a residual water content of 1% by weight within 30 minutes. Other selection criteria included the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the procedure. For the selected criteria, the following procedure was selected for the given oil: 1. Stage: Sodium hydroxide (concentration 1 N, volume ratio 35% by volume, reaction at 40 ° C), 2nd stage: sodium carbonate (concentration 20% by weight, volume ratio 35% by volume, reaction at 60 ° C), 3rd stage , Arginine (concentration 0.3 molar volume ratio 25 vol%, reaction at 40 ° C). The crude oil (storage tank 1) and the aqueous phase of stage 1 (storage tank 2) were adjusted to the respective reaction temperature by means of a heat exchanger. The mixture of the two phases was carried out with an in-line rotor-stator shear mixer (Fluco DMS 2.2 / 26-10, Fluid Kotthoff, Germany). A rotation frequency of the rotor dispersing tool of 2500 rpm was set. The supply of the oil and the water phase was carried out continuously by progressing cavity pumps (PCM EcoMioneau C, type MM25C6S, as well as type MM1 C12S, Germany) in one by one inverter adjustable dosing ratio. An inflow volume of the oil phase of 3 m ³ / h was determined. The water phase was added through a Y-tube just before the dispersing tool, the dose ratio was set as indicated above. After the intensive mixing, the resulting water-in-oil emulsion was introduced via a conduit through the inlet E1 into the storage tank 3 at a height of 1 meter above the sight glasses with a laminar flow profile which served as a reaction and settling tank. This storage tank had a conical bottom with the drain A1 and a sight glass area in the lower part of the container and a sight glass area, which was at the level of the level A2. The storage tank 3 had a height of 15 meters and a diameter of 40 cm. Above the sight glasses, there were concentrically arranged stainless steel half shells in the interior, which extended over the entire container area. 50 cm below the upper edge of the reservoir tank 3 was the outlet A3, through which the clarified oil phase was continuously introduced into a pipeline. The oil phase, which was discharged from outlet A3 into a collecting vessel, was pumped by means of a feed pump (delivery rate of 3 m ³ / h) into a plate separator (AC 1500-430 FO, Flottweg, Germany), which had a drum speed of 6600 rpm (maximum centrifugal acceleration 10,000 g). The clarified by the separator oil phase was pumped via a pipeline in the storage tank 4. From the storage tank 4, the oil phase of the second process stage was supplied, which was treated with an identical apparatus design and with the exception of the heating temperature of the oil and water phases with the same process conditions as in the previously performed process stage. The water / oil emulsion mixed with the water phase (from feed tank 5) was introduced into the feed tank 6 via the inlet E1. The sedimentively clarified oil phase from storage tank 6 was introduced into the storage tank 7 after mechanical clarification by the separator (sequence as above). The oil phase herein was treated to perform process stage 3 with an identical apparatus design and, with the exception of the heating temperature of the oil and water phases (from receiver tank 8), with the same process conditions as in the previous process stage. The water / oil emulsion mixed with the water phase was introduced into the storage tank 9 via the inlet E1. The sedimentively clarified oil phase from storage tank 9 was introduced into the storage tank 10 after mechanical clarification by the separator (sequence as above). The reservoir tanks 3, 6 and 9 were open at the top and had an overflow device that allowed foam trapped over the overflow at the top of the oil phase to be collected. The thus separated oil / foam mixture was separated by means of a decanter centrifuge (Lemitec, MD 60, Germany) into an oil and a mucilage phase which became separated oil then fed again to the same treatment stage. During the introduction of the oil / water emulsions into the reservoir tanks 3, 6 and 9, the free water phase was continuously or discontinuously discharged via the outlet A2 of the reservoir tanks 3, 6 and 9, so that the phase boundaries in the sight glass area were kept at a constant level. The forming aggregated mucus phase was discharged in the course together with the water phase. The derived water phases were taken into separate collection vessels and filtered after a service life of 6 hours and then fed to the respective process stage associated storage tanks 2, 5 and 8 respectively. Samples for analysis were taken from the final oil fraction and from the separated mucilaginous phases.

Results: A sedimentative phase separation could be achieved in all 3 process stages, the residual water content of the oils, which were derived via the processes A3, was <1% by weight. The oil in master tank 10 had the following oil indices: phosphorus 0.8 ppm (mg / kg), calcium <0.05 ppm (mg / kg), magnesium <0.05 ppm (mg / kg), iron 0.01 ppm (mg / kg), free fatty acids 0.07% by weight. From the water phases of the respective process stages, which were obtained by sedimentation and phase separation with the separator and were collected in a settling tank, the hydrated gums could be separated by filtration after a settling phase of 6 hours. The mucilage phases were condensed with a decanter, the resulting gum masses had a wet weight in the 1. Level of 62kg, in the 2nd level of 86kg and in the 3rd level of 25kg. No trans fatty acids or 3-MCPD esters could be detected in the oils. Example 8

 Investigation into the separation and extraction of mucilage.

For the investigation, each 2 kg dry matter of an algae culture (AK) and avocado fruit pulp (AF), each of which was in powdered form, related. The extraction of lipophilic ingredients was carried out by means of various mixtures consisting of an alcohol (eg methanol), a fatty acid methyl ester (eg Cs or Ci6) and either a paraffinic oil or an alkane mixture (eg petroleum ether). Each 150 g of the starting materials were added to 200 ml of the extraction mixtures and mixed for 24 h at 40 ° and 60 ° C with exclusion of air. Subsequently, solids were separated by centrifugation. The dark green (AK) or green-brown (AF) strongly turbid extraction mixtures were investigated with regard to the suitability of one of the methods according to the invention according to Example 1. The following process arrangements were found to be particularly gentle on the product: AK: 1. Phosphoric acid, addition volume 5 - 10 vol%; 2. sodium metasilicate (10% by weight), addition volume 60-80% by volume; 3. sodium carbonate (10% by weight), addition volume 50-70% by volume; 4. repetition of the 3rd process stage; AF: 1. Citric acid (30% by weight), addition volume 10-20% by volume, 2. Sodium bicarbonate (15-25% by weight), addition volume 80-120% by volume, 3. sodium metasilicate (10-20% by weight), addition volume 40-70% by volume. 4. Arginine (0.2-0.4 mol / l), addition volume 15-45 vol%, wherein the addition volume amounts were first determined by a test according to Example 2. The aqueous solutions were mixed in with an intensive mixer (Ultrathurrax, 18,000 rpm over 5 minutes), the purification steps were carried out at 25 ° C. After completion of the spontaneous phase separation in a separatory funnel, the aqueous phases, together with the dissolved or suspended mucilages contained therein, were removed and the organic phase was freed from solids and water by means of centrifugation (3.800 g, 10 minutes). The water and solid phases were combined with the previously separated water phases. The solids contained in the water phases were separated by centrifugation (3,800 rpm, 10 minutes) and then dried in a vacuum drying oven. The dry masses were subsequently dissolved in solvent mixtures consisting of an alcohol (for example methanol or isopropyl alcohol) and a non-polar organic solvent (eg chloroform) and, if appropriate, another solvent (for example acetonitrile), and separation by column chromatography was carried out , The eluate fractions were analyzed for their composition and purity by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and HPLC. In one approach, the aqueous purification steps were carried out with 4vol% addition volume, with an identical entry.

Results:

With the purification process according to the invention, the mucilages received in the lipid phases could for the most part be transferred into the water phases by means of a spontaneous phase separation, after centrifugation the lipid phases were practically free of emulsions. The aggregated mucilages could be separated from the water phases by centrifugation, whereby the aqueous solutions could be used again for a purification process. The mucilages were dissolved in solvent mixtures after drying and fractionated by means of a chromatographic separation. Analysis of the fractions obtained showed that, among others, the following compounds were present: phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphoinositol), glucosphingolipids (glucosylceramides, glucocerebrosides), stigmasterol, camesterol, free fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid), tocopherol. The purity of the compounds in the individual fractions was between 75 and 96% by weight. In the lipid fractions treated in the comparative experiment with the same cleaning solutions using an addition volume of less than 5% by volume, except for the purification step with phosphoric acid, emulsions which did not separate even after 48 h and which continued to be present even after centrifugation an emulsive aqueous phase and emulsive lipid phase. As a result, the extraction of pure mucilage was not possible. Example 9

A Fettsäuremethyestergemisch (2,000 ml) which resulted from a microbial fermentation of vegetable and animal fats, with a proportion of fatty acid methyl esters of 92.1% by weight and a proportion of phospholipids, glycolipids, glucoglycerolipids, free fatty acids of 5.8% by weight, and methanol and Water was used for the purpose of purification of the methyl ester fraction and to obtain the contained mucilage, for the investigation. There was a study on the suitability of a method according to the invention, which was carried out according to Example 1. Taking into account the recoverability of low-hydrolysis mucilaginous fractions while maintaining a lipid phase with as little as possible residual mucilage, the following process steps were established: 1. Sodium bicarbonate (15% by weight), added volume 45% by volume; 2. Sodium carbonate (20 wt%), addition volume 30 vol%, 3. Sodium metasilicate (10 wt%), addition volume 25 vol%, 4. arginine (0.3 molar), addition volume 15 vol%. The mixture of the 1. and 2nd stage was carried out with a stirrer, the 3rd and 4th stage with an intensive mixer (Ultrathurrax, 18,000 rev / min, 5 minutes). The purification steps were carried out at 25 ° C. After the mixture, the reaction mixture was poured into a vessel having the form of a separatory funnel. After a stance phase of 6 hours, the free water phase and 100 ml of the lipid phase of the respective process stages located above this phase were drained off. Subsequently, the lipid phases in the process stages 1 to 3 were fed without further treatment of the subsequent treatment stage. After treatment step 4 and separation of the free water phase, the lipid phase was centrifuged (3.800 g, 10 minutes). The water phases obtained in each case were stored for 24 h at 10 ° C. Subsequently, these phases of process stages 2 and 3 were passed through a sieve (sieve size 80 μm) and the retained aggregated mucilages subjected to vacuum drying. The free water phase of the 1. Treatment step was titrated with HCl to a pH of 5, then an AIC solution was added until complete aggregation of the dissolved mucilages. The water phase of the 4th treatment step was added to a CaCl ₂ solution until complete aggregation of the dissolved mucilages. The resulting water phases with aggregated mucilage were centrifuged and then separated the free water phase from the solid phase by decantation. The solid phases were dried as described. The individual dried solid phases were suspended in solvent mixtures such as isopropyl alcohol / acetone / n-heptane or methanol / water / HCl / chloroform or octanol / ethyl acetate / diethyl ether and separated from the solvent fractions by column or thin layer chromatography and with suitable solvents eluted. The purified lipid phases and the mucilage fractions obtained were analyzed by GC, HPLC and TLC for the content of fatty acid methyl esters, free fatty acids, glycolipids, Glyceroglycolipids (eg rhamnolipids), glycerosphingolipids as well as tocopherol, phytosterols (sitosterol and campesterol), fatty alcohols and waxes are investigated.

Furthermore, the water content of the lipid phases was determined after separation of the free water phases.

The water phases obtained after separation of the aggregated mucilage were used for a subsequent similar experiment, as well as the water phases obtained thereafter for a further experiment.

Results:

At all stages of the process there was a spontaneous phase separation, with formation of mucous aggregates or highly hydrated mucous substance phases, which were in the respective free water phases and could be separated therewith. Mucosal aggregates, which were still at the phase boundary or in the lowest layers of the lipid phase, could be completely separated. By re-sedimentation in a suitable vessel, the lost with separated lipid phases lossless could be recovered. The lipid phases of stages 1 to 3 obtained by sedimentation contained a water content of less than 1% by weight, in the final lipid phase (according to process stage 4) a water content of 0.1% by weight was present. In the final lipid phase there was a fatty acid methyl ester content of 99.6% by weight, the content of free fatty acids was <0.1% by weight. Glycolipids, glyceroglycolipids, glycerosphingolipids as well as tocopherol, phytosterols, fatty alcohols and waxes could be fractionated from the separated mucilage phases. The purity of the individual fractions was between 70 and 92% by weight. For very sharply bound bands in the DC, an absence of hydrolysis of the glycolipids and glyceroglycolipids can be assumed.

 In the repeated experimentation with the recovered aqueous process solutions, there was a similar spontaneous phase separation, aggregation and separability of mucilage and to a virtually identical purity of the resulting fractions or the fatty acid methyl ester phases.

Example 10

 Investigation for the purification of used cooking oils and extraction of organic compounds.

For the investigation, 1 kg of different used cooking oils, which were obtained from restaurants, were examined. The content of neutral fats was between 80 and 92% by weight and the content of free fatty acids between 1, 1 and 3.8% by weight. There was a study on the suitability of a method according to the invention, which was carried out according to Example 1. The selection was made for a process arrangement that saves as much time as possible and ensures the preservation of a lipid phase with the lowest possible amount of mucilage. For this purpose, the following process steps were defined: 1. Sodium bicarbonate (20% by weight), Addition volume 55% by volume; 2. sodium metasilicate (20% by weight), added volume 40% by volume; 3. sodium metasilicate (5 wt%) / sodium carbonate (5 wt%), addition volume 15 vol%; 4. Arginine (0.2 molar), addition volume 10vol%. The mixture of the 1. and 2nd stage was carried out with a stirrer, the 3rd and 4th stage with an intensive mixer (Ultrathurrax, 18,000 rev / min, 5 minutes). The purification stages 1 and 4 were carried out at 25 ° C. and those of the process stages 2 and 3 at 60 ° C. After 30 minutes, the free water phase formed was separated and the lipid phase centrifuged (4,000 g, 5 minutes). The lipid phases obtained after centrifugation were subjected to the next process step. The free water phases were also centrifuged and the resulting compacted mucilages separated and pooled with those obtained from the centrifugation of the lipid phases. The mucilage phases were dried in a vacuum oven and then suspended in solvent mixtures such as n-pentane / petroleum ether, octanol / chloroform, hexane / ethanol / water / citric acid. The solvent phases with mucins dissolved therein were evaporated and the resulting solids were taken up in a suitable solvent and analyzed by GC, HPLC and DC for the content of free fatty acids, glycolipids, glyceroglycolipids glycerosphingolipids and tocopherol, phytosterols (sitosterol and campesterol), fatty alcohols. Further, the obtained precipitates were examined for composition and nitrogen content. Furthermore, the purified lipid phases were examined for the content of free fatty acids and alkaline earth metal ions and nitrogen-containing compounds.

Results:

 With a multi-stage process arrangement, a spontaneous phase separation within the first 30 minutes could be achieved in all cases, which was accompanied by an aggregation and sedimentation of mucilage. By means of centrifugation, low-emulsion or emulsion-free lipid phases, each having a reduced mucilage content, could be obtained in the respective process stages. The final lipid phases had a neutral fat content of> 99% by weight, the content of free fatty acids was <0.2% by weight and the content of 2-valent alkaline earth metals was <0.5 mg / kg. The separated mucilage substances could be separated into their substance classes, whereby they were present in a purity grade for the respective substance class (glycolipids, Glyceroglycolipid, Glycerosphingolipide as well as Phytosterole) between 75 and 93Gew%. Furthermore, proteins could be obtained in aggregated form and fractionated collagens.

Example 11

 Investigation on the use of sludges obtained

For the investigation, the mucilage fractions obtained in the study of Example 6 (levels of sodium borate and arginine) and Example 8 (avocado pulp, sodium carbonate / bicarbonate levels and arginine levels) were used. The mucilaginous aggregates which after sodium borate and sodium carbonate or sodium Hydrogen carbonate treatment were obtained, were dried and taken samples for analysis. The solid mass was suspended in a citrate buffer and mixed therewith for 24 hours to a creamy consistency to reach a pH of 6.5. From this product fraction 1 (PF 1) samples were taken for the determination of hydrophilic / lipophilic Bailance (HLB), the analysis was carried out with an Asahipak GF-310 HQ multiple solvent GPC column.

 The moist mucilage phases resulting from the arginine treatment step were extracted with pentane (EP 1) and then adjusted to pH 2.5 with HCl. After this, renewed extraction with pentane (EP 2). The heptane phases EP 1 and 2 were freed from the solvent separately and the residual liquid phases were obtained as extraction products (EP) 1 and 2. From this, samples were taken for the analysis of the neutral fat content as well as the quantitative and qualitative fatty acid analysis.

 An allied examination (U 1) was carried out in 5 persons on the intake behavior and on sensory effects of PF 1 when applied to the skin, in comparison to 3 commercially available oil-free or low-oil skin care products.

Results

 In the PF 1 were predominantly glycolipids, glyceroglycolipid, glycerosphingolipids and phytosterols (total 92% by weight) included. The proportion of neutral lipids was 0.8% by weight. The HLB value range of the PF 1 was between 8 and 9. The PF 1 showed a very rapid and residue-free collection behavior in the U 1, which was completed in a shorter time than in the comparison products. The skin surfaces were thereafter not greasy, while in non-oil-free control products a greasy film remained. The skin feel after application of the PF 1 was perceived by all persons as more pleasant or stronger (in particular softness / moisture sensation) in comparison to that after application of the comparison products. The positive skin feel properties were more intense after 2 hours after application of PF 1 than was the case after application of the comparator formulations.

EP 1 contained 99% by weight of trialkylglycerides. The mass ratio between EP 2 and EP 1 was 98.5% by weight. EP 2 contained 97.8% by weight of fatty acids, with a spectrum of different chain lengths customary for the starting materials. Among them were polyunsaturated fatty acids. In EP 1 and 2, no trans fatty acids or 3-MCPD esters were detectable.

Claims

Patent claims Method for purifying a lipid phase and/or for separating mucilage from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage, b) adding and mixing in a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound with a volume ratio of the water phase to the total volume of the lipid phase and water phase before mixing in the water phase of > 5% by volume, c) sedimentative phase separation with the formation of a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage, d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the lipid phase low in mucus. Method according to claim 1 for purifying a lipid phase and/or for separating mucilage from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps: a) Providing a lipid phase containing mucilage, b) adding and mixing in a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound with a volume ratio of the water phase to the total volume of the lipid phase and water phase before mixing in the water phase of > 5% by volume, which ensures the formation of a free water phase after Mixed entry guaranteed, c) sedimentative phase separation with the formation of a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage, d1) Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucilage, d2) Separation of the lipid phase low in mucus. Method according to one of claims 1 - 2, wherein after step b) in step c) a sedimentative phase separation takes place with the formation of a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage and formation of a mucilage phase. Process according to claims 1 - 3, in which in step c) a sedimentative phase separation is initiated and/or accelerated by heating and/or a coalescence process and/or a centrifugal process of the phases and/or the reaction mixture. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 4, wherein before step b) a step a2) determination of at least one acid- or base-forming compound with which an acidic or basic solution is produced with which the largest possible proportion of mucilage , which is present in the lipid phase to be purified, is hydrated and can be transferred to the water phase. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein after step a2) a step a3) Determination of the water volume for the selected acidic or basic solution for step c), in which a free phase forms after mixing with the lipid phase to be depleted during a standing phase Water phase forms. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 6, wherein >10% by volume of the water phase containing the at least one acid- and / or base-forming compound is added in step b) and mixed in. 8. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 7, wherein the mixing of the water phase in step b) takes place by means of an intensive entry until a free water phase spontaneously forms after the mixing. 9. The method according to claims 1 - 8, in which after step d2) step d2a) takes place, in which the lipid phase of process step d2) is clarified by adsorption, complexing and / or filtration agents to remove residual amounts of mucilage and/or water. 10. The method according to claims 1 - 9, in which after step c) step c1) takes place, in which the lipid phase of method step c) is clarified by a coalescence and / or centrifugal process and in which in step d1). Separation of the mucous-containing water phase, obtainable from step c1) and in which in step d2) a separation of the mucous-poor lipid phase, obtainable from step c1), takes place. 1 1 . Process according to claims 1 - 10, in which in step c) the hydrated mucilage is transferred into a water phase and recovered from this in step e). 12. The method according to claims 1 - 1 1, in which in step d1) a neutral fat low mucilage phase is obtained. Process according to claims 1 - 12, in which in step d2) the residual water content of the clarified lipid phase is <3% by weight. Method according to claims 1 - 13, in which the lipid phases obtainable from step d2) are subjected to one or more further purification stages without using a centrifugal separation process, with the residual amounts of mucilage and / or water still contained therein. Method according to one of claims 1 - 14, in which the acidic or basic aqueous solution obtained in step d1) is used again to carry out the method. Method according to one of claims 1 - 15 for multi-stage aqueous purification of lipid phases and / or for the separation of mucilage from a lipid phase in two or more process stages, in which the following steps are carried out in the respective process stage: a) providing a lipid phase containing mucilage, b) Adding and mixing in a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound, with a water volume ratio of the water phase to the total volume of the lipid phase and the water phase before mixing in the water phase of > 5% by volume. c) phase separation with the formation of a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage, d1) Separation of the free water phase containing mucilage, obtained from step c), d2) Separation of the mucous-poor lipid phase, obtained from step c), the lipid phase of the process step d2) of the previously carried out process implementation being used to carry out the 2nd and further process stages in process stage a). Process for obtaining mucilage from a lipid phase, comprising the following steps: a) Providing a lipid phase containing mucilage, b) adding and mixing in a water phase containing at least one acid- or base-forming compound with a volume ratio of the water phase to the total volume of the lipid phase and water phase before mixing in the water phase of > 5% by volume, c) sedimentative phase separation with the formation of a free water phase containing hydrated mucilage, Separation of the free water phase containing the hydrated mucous matter, separation of the mucus-camouflaged lipid phase, Separation of the mucilage from the water phase containing the hydrated mucilage and preservation of the mucilage.