EP3341562A1 - Procédé d'estimation de l'amplitude de contraintes - Google Patents

Procédé d'estimation de l'amplitude de contraintes

Info

Publication number
EP3341562A1
EP3341562A1 EP16840135.4A EP16840135A EP3341562A1 EP 3341562 A1 EP3341562 A1 EP 3341562A1 EP 16840135 A EP16840135 A EP 16840135A EP 3341562 A1 EP3341562 A1 EP 3341562A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
stress
horizontal
solution
stresses
wellbore
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP16840135.4A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3341562A4 (fr
EP3341562B1 (fr
Inventor
Pijush K. PAUL
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ConocoPhillips Co
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ConocoPhillips Co
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ConocoPhillips Co filed Critical ConocoPhillips Co
Priority claimed from PCT/US2016/048728 external-priority patent/WO2017035371A1/fr
Publication of EP3341562A1 publication Critical patent/EP3341562A1/fr
Publication of EP3341562A4 publication Critical patent/EP3341562A4/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3341562B1 publication Critical patent/EP3341562B1/fr
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
    • E21B49/02—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells by mechanically taking samples of the soil

Definitions

  • the disclosure generally relates to a method for more accurately calculating the horizontal stresses in a reservoir, and more particularly to methods of estimating horizontal stress that takes both the frictional strength and realistic elasticity into consideration.
  • In-situ stress fields and pore pressures are crucial for analyzing and predicting geomechanical issues encountered in the oil and gas industry. Drilling, completion, wellbore stability, fracturing the formation, etc. involve significant financial investment. Reservoir stress changes occurring during production, such as reservoir compaction, surface subsidence, formation fracturing, casing deformation and failure, sanding, or reactivation of faults may cause great loss. Therefore, better knowledge of the in-situ stress fields helps to reduce the losses and also contributes to better prediction and planning of the drilling and completion.
  • the in-situ stress fields may be represented as a second-rank tensor with three principal stresses, namely the vertical stress (S v ), the minimum horizontal stress (Sh) and the maximum horizontal stress (SH).
  • the vertical stress may be estimated from an integral of the density log, while the minimum horizontal stress may be estimated using a poroelastic equation or a frictional equilibrium equation.
  • Analytical and/or semi-analytical methods are used to characterize present day stress states in the sub-surface. These techniques are popular because they provide reasonable estimates of the stress distribution around and along the wellbore without building and solving a numerical grid, which saves a lot of time. Further, these techniques require only limited number of input parameters, which can be directly or indirectly observed by wireline tools or by specific tests done on core samples. [0005] Although helpful, the assumptions and simplifications applied in these analytical solutions are not valid for all cases, and may lead to erroneous estimation of horizontal stresses. As an example, plain-strain solutions assume earth to be an elastic, homogenous and isotropic medium. Frictional equilibrium based calculations assume frictional strength of the faults as the limiting factors for the stresses, and allows stress estimations at limited number points with wellbore failures.
  • Another approach uses frictional strength of the faults as the limiting case for stress estimation. Assumptions associated with this technique are more realistic than solutions with elasticity. However, the stress estimation based on this technique requires more input parameters. Stress calculations can be done at specific points along the wellbore where wellbore failures, such as breakouts and drilling-induced tensile fracture, are observed. This technique fails to provide stress estimation in the absence of wellbore failures. Also, this approach uses manual point based calculations that allow stress estimation only at a limited number of points and fails to produce a continuous estimation of stress along the borehole.
  • Equation (1) As an example, most of the oil industry uses a plain-strain model to define a stress state, as illustrated below in Equation (1).
  • the plain-strain approach assumes an elastic, homogenous and isotropic earth. It also assumes that the vertical stress (Sv) is applied instantaneously and that no other source of stress exists.
  • Equation (1) is modified with stress and strain offset in the direction of tectonic forces.
  • Equations (2) and (3) below represent the plain-strain models with stress and strain offsets respectively.
  • E static Young's modulus
  • 8H and 8h are tectonic strains in maximum and minimum horizontal stress directions respectively.
  • Equation (3) was modified to consider transverse anisotropy in a shaly medium, which constitutes most of the non-conventional reservoirs.
  • Equation (4) shows a plain-strain model for a transversely anisotropic medium.
  • Si and S3 are the maximum and minimum principal stresses
  • ⁇ is the coefficient of frictional strength of faults and fractures in the medium.
  • a new tool and workflow to estimate principal horizontal stress magnitude in the earth crust is provided.
  • the analytical solution is optimized to determine the principal horizontal stresses by integrating the concept of uniaxial elasticity and frictional equilibrium.
  • the software tool allows estimation of the continuous solutions of stresses based on the frictional strength concept.
  • a second part of this tool integrates elastic and frictional strength solutions to provide an optimum solution with uncertainties at depths along the borehole. This tool allows including large number of points with wellbore failure for analysis in a shorter time frame.
  • an existing solution is used to provide a short-term solution, where the concept of friction equilibrium is used to estimate the horizontal stress and sub-surface rock properties.
  • the second step then uses an elasticity assumption to estimate the horizontal stress for a uniaxial case.
  • the software code compares the uniaxial results to the results of the frictional equilibrium to determine the effect of tectonic forces and local variations in stresses due to faults and discontinuities.
  • This method uses a percentile filtering concept to estimate the scaling factor to provide the optimum integrated solution for horizontal stresses.
  • Final results of horizontal stresses are a mixture of solutions from the first and second parts. This method considers the discontinuities in the earth crust (the first part) and the stress accumulated in the earth before any wellbore failure.
  • Uniaxial compressive strength is the property mostly linked to the micro- and macroscopic compressive failure of the rock and a function related to UCS should be able to define the non-elastic behavior of the total stress.
  • Another advantage of this new concept is the availability of continuous UCS logs generated from sonic logs and calibrated using lab measurements. This continuity in UCS log provides a basis to integrate uniaxial stress solution generated using sonic logs with the frictional equilibrium solution available only in the limited points.
  • the invention includes and one or more of the following embodiments, in any combination(s) thereof:
  • a method of calculating principal horizontal stresses along a wellbore into a subterranean formation comprising the steps of: a) obtaining physical properties of said wellbore, said physical properties comprising one or more of: density log, compressive and tensile rock strength, frictional strength of any discontinuity, wellbore path, position and type of wellbore failure observed in wellbore images, and mud weight; b) calculating a first horizontal stress based on at least one of said physical properties based on an assumption of frictional forces in the earth; c) calculating a second horizontal stress based on an assumption of a uniaxial elastic earth crust; d) comparing the first horizontal stress with the second horizontal stress; e) performing percentile filtering to assign a scaling factor; and f) calculating a third horizontal stress by applying said scaling factor based on both the frictional forces and the uniaxial elastic earth assumptions.
  • a method of calculating an optimum continuous stress solution along a wellbore into a subterranean formation comprising the steps of: a) estimating a vertical stress and sub-surface rock properties; b) performing continuous elastic stress solution based on plain-strain elastic solution using sonic logs obtained from said wellbore; c) performing stationed frictional equilibrium solution at the locations of compressive and tensile borehole failure; d) performing either of the following continuous stress solutions (1) defining polynomial functions based on co-existing solutions, or (2) defining uniaxial compressive strength; and e) comparing results from step d) with existing data to determine whether optimum continuous stress solution has been reached.
  • a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium which upon execution at least one processor of a computer to perform the steps of one or more of the methods described herein.
  • a method of determining stresses in a reservoir comprising: a) estimating horizontal stresses and sub-surface rock properties using friction equilibrium equations; b) estimating horizontal stresses using uniaxial elasticity assumption equations; c) comparing results of step i and ii) to determine the effect of tectonic forces and local variations in stresses due to faults and discontinuities using percentile filtering to estimate a scaling factor; d) applying said scaling factor to obtain an optimum integrated solution for horizontal stresses.
  • the "principal horizontal stress" in a reservoir refers to the minimum and maximum horizontal stresses of the local stress state at depth for an element of formation. These stresses are normally compressive, anisotropic and nonhomogeneous.
  • an assumption of frictional forces refers to the assumption that the formation is not continuous and frictional forces exist between pre-existing planes of weakness, i.e. fault.
  • an assumption of a uniaxial elastic earth crust refers to the assumption that deformation under the constraint that two out of three principal strains remain zero, i.e. the earth crust is elastic within certain range of strain/stress that is uniaxial, or simply put, the strain exists in only one direction.
  • percentile filtering refers to a mathematical filter that assigns each cell (or basic unit) in the output grid the percentile (0% to 100%) that the grid cell value is at within the cumulative distribution of values in a moving window centered on each grid cell. In other words, the percentile value becomes the result of the median filter at a center position of the cell.
  • scaling factor refers to the factor empirically determined and assigned to the two solutions such that the combined results more accurately approximate reality.
  • FIG. 1A-B shows the conventional approximation of horizontal stresses using the uniaxial elasticity and fnctional equilibrium approaches.
  • FIG. 2A-B shows additional examples of approximation using the modified frictional equilibrium solution of this disclosure.
  • FIG. 3A-B shows the stress offset using percentile decomposition to define the scaling function between frictional equilibrium and uniaxial elastic solution along the borehole.
  • FIG. 4 A-B shows continuous solutions of horizontal stresses that honor the results as shown in FIGS. 2A-B and 3A-B.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a wireline tool collecting data in a wellbore.
  • FIG. 6 shows the flow diagram of the disclosed method.
  • FIG. 7 shows an alternative flow diagram of the disclosed method.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the simplified flow chart of the disclosed method.
  • the method disclosed herein combines the frictional equilibrium concept with the uniaxial, elasticity concepts.
  • the first step 601 is measuring and obtaining physical properties along the wellbore, including one or more of density log, compressive and tensile rock strength, frictional strength of the discontinuities, wellbore path, position and type of wellbore failure observed in wellbore images and mud weight.
  • density log including one or more of density log, compressive and tensile rock strength, frictional strength of the discontinuities, wellbore path, position and type of wellbore failure observed in wellbore images and mud weight.
  • step 602 these physical properties are used as input to the modified frictional equilibrium solution to obtain an approximation of a first horizontal stress.
  • the frictional equilibrium solution is preferably modified from the conventional ones so that the approximation is more accurate.
  • conventional equations can also be used throughout.
  • step 603 a modified uniaxial elasticity solution is used to obtain a second approximation of the horizontal stress.
  • the preferred modified uniaxial elasticity solution itself provides more accurate approximations than conventional ones.
  • step 604 the results from the steps 602 and 603 are compared, where the difference would be a result of tectonic forces and local variation in stresses due to faults and discontinuities.
  • step 605 by applying percentile filtering to the results in 604, a scaling factor for each datapoint in the image is obtained, such that the two solutions are combined to provide an optimum approximation of the horizontal stresses for a confined area.
  • step 607 the optimized integrated solution is used to calculate a final stress for this optimized integration, which considers the effects due to discontinuities in the earth crust, as well as the stress accumulated in the earth before any wellbore failure. Further research and experimentation are being conducted to develop a general power law material to estimate stress around the borehole, wherein limited input parameters are necessary.
  • step 601 the physical properties along the wellbore are typically measured as illustrated in FIG. 5, which depicts a general wireline operation by a wireline tool 106c suspended by the rig 128 into the wellbore 136.
  • the wireline tool 106c is used to gather and generate well logs, performing downhole tests and collecting samples for testing in a laboratory.
  • the wireline tool 106c may be used to perform a seismic survey by having a, for example, explosive, radioactive, electrical or acoustic energy source that sends and/or receive signals to the surrounding subterranean formations 102 and fluids.
  • the wireline tool 106c may transmit data to the surface unit
  • the wireline tool 106c can be positioned at various depths in the wellbore 136 to collect data from different positions.
  • S is one or more sensors located in the wireline tool 106c to measure certain downhole physical properties, such as porosity, permeability, fluid compositions, and other parameters of the oilfield operation.
  • the sensors S can also detect the well path and provide information of the location and type of breakout or drilling induced tensile failure.
  • Other parameters such as mud weight, compressive and tensile rock strength in the formation, and frictional strength of any discontinuities, can be derived from the already collected data.
  • Failure Criteria The disclosed method used the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion to determine whether a failure exists. However, other failure criteria may be used instead. These failure criteria are briefly discussed herein.
  • the general definition of rock failure refers to the formation of faults and fracture planes, crushing, and relative motion of individual mineral grains and cements.
  • Mohr-Coulomb criterion may also be expressed as
  • This form of the Mohr-Coulomb criterion is applicable to failure on a plane that is parallel to the ⁇ 2 direction.
  • the angle ⁇ is the friction angle in the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, and c is the cohesion.
  • the circumscribed Drucker-Prager criterion is a pressure-dependent model for determining whether a material has failed or undergone plastic yielding, and is represented in terms of principal stresses by:
  • FIG. 1 A-B shows the results of uniaxial and frictional equilibrium.
  • Shmm is the least horizontal principal stress
  • Snmax is the maximum horizontal principal stress
  • MDT is the modular formation dynamic tester
  • DFIT is the diagnostic fall off injection test.
  • FIG. 1A the estimate based on poro- elastic strain concept deviates considerably from the actual stress.
  • FIG. IB the frictional equilibrium concept gives better result, but may miss the continuity in the earth because of its inherent assumption that faults exists.
  • FIG. 2A-B Additional results for different wells are illustrated in FIG. 2A-B, where it can been seen that the results of code 5a uses frictional concepts to obtain better results with more statistical points to define polynomial functions.
  • Code 5b is specifically used for locations where the polynomial functions of continuous elastic solution cannot provide satisfactory results. Consequently, integrating code 5a and 5b is the final optimum continuous solution integrating both the elastic and frictional equilibrium concepts.
  • FIG. 3A-B shows the second part of the described method, in which percentile filtering is applied to define the scaling function between the frictional equilibrium and uniaxial elastic solution along the bore hole.
  • the scaling function with the scaling factor k can be expressed as:
  • FIG. 3A shows the Sh offset and SH offset by the disclosed method along one wellbore
  • FIG. 3B shows another wellbore. It is seen that the disclosed method provides good approximation of the stress field.
  • the non-elastic and tectonic stress effects are constants that are experimentally determined on a location-by-location basis.
  • FIG. 4A-B shows integration of frictional equilibrium and uniaxial elastic solutions, as discussed in the second part of the disclosed method.
  • the drawing shows continuous solutions of horizontal stresses for two wells that contain transition zones. Because the method considers both the uniaxial elasticity concept and the frictional equilibrium concept, and assigns an optimum scaling factor for each data point, and the results are much more consistent with actual field observation, especially when discontinuities exist in the underground formation.
  • Hardware for implementing the inventive methods may preferably include massively parallel and distributed Linux clusters, which utilize both CPU and GPU architectures.
  • the hardware may use a LINUX OS, XML universal interface run with supercomputing facilities provided by Linux Networx, including the next-generation Clusterworx Advanced cluster management system.
  • Another system is the Microsoft Windows 7 Enterprise or Ultimate Edition (64-bit, SP1) with Dual quad-core or hex-core processor, 64 GB RAM memory with Fast rotational speed hard disk (10,000-15,000 rpm) or solid state drive (300 GB) with NVIDIA Quadro K5000 graphics card and multiple high resolution monitors.
  • Slower systems could also be used, because the processing is less compute intensive than for example, 3D seismic processing.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative approach of integrating the continuous elastic stress solution and frictional equilibrium solution to obtain optimum continuous stress solution.
  • vertical stress and sub-surface rock properties including uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, frictional strength, etc., are estimated from existing log data as a starting point.
  • step 703 continuous elastic stress solution is performed based on plain-strain elastic solution using sonic logs obtained previously from the wellbore.
  • the method can alternatively proceed by step 705 or directly to step 713, as discussed below.
  • step 705 a stationed frictional equilibrium solution is performed, specifically at the locations of compressive and tensile borehole failure.
  • the frictional equilibrium solution is particularly suitable for these locations because the elastic stress solution would not fit well.
  • Steps 703 and 705 are independently performed depending on the locations of compressive/tensile borehole failure present in the borehole. At the locations where the compressive/tensile failure occurs, step 705 is performed instead of 703. On the contrary, at the locations where there is no such failure, step 703 is performed. The results of both steps are superimposed (or integrated) together to represent the solution for the entire borehole. Therefore, if there is little or no compressive/tensile failure along the borehole, the results of step 703 proceed directly to step 713.
  • step 707 the processor iteratively performs the solution between 709 that defines polynomial functions based on co-existing solutions from the method mentioned above, and 711 that defines UCS functions based on co-existing solutions from the method mentioned above.
  • step 713 the results from step 707 are compared to already-acquired sample points. If the difference is greater than 10 or 15%, the system will determine that the solution is not optimal, therefore returning back to step 707 for further optimization by modifying the polynomial functions or the UCS functions. If the difference is equal to or less than 10 or 15%, then the system determines that the optimum continuous stress solution is obtained and ends the solution optimization. Higher (205) or lower (5%) cutoffs can be used if preferred or if dictated by reservoir geology or planning needs.
  • Step 713 can also receive the results directly from step 703, especially when there is no significant compressive and/or tensile borehole failure, and therefore skipping step 705. [0097] Therefore, the method illustrated in FIG. 7 combines the advantages of both the elastic stress solution and the frictional equilibrium solution.
  • results may be displayed in any suitable manner, including printouts, holographic projections, display on a monitor and the like.
  • the results may be recorded to memory for use with other programs, e.g., reservoir modeling and the like.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention décrit un procédé pour calculer les contraintes horizontales, qui tient compte à la fois des suppositions en termes d'équilibre des frottements et d'élasticité uniaxiale. Les résultats sont plus précis qu'en utilisant l'une ou l'autre des suppositions.
EP16840135.4A 2015-08-25 2016-08-25 Procédé d'estimation de l'amplitude de contraintes Active EP3341562B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201562209577P 2015-08-25 2015-08-25
PCT/US2016/048728 WO2017035371A1 (fr) 2015-08-25 2016-08-25 Procédé d'estimation de l'amplitude de contraintes

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EP3341562A1 true EP3341562A1 (fr) 2018-07-04
EP3341562A4 EP3341562A4 (fr) 2018-11-14
EP3341562B1 EP3341562B1 (fr) 2022-03-16

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN115470635A (zh) * 2022-09-16 2022-12-13 中国葛洲坝集团三峡建设工程有限公司 一种动态无序载荷条件下的井筒稳定性预测方法
CN117890477A (zh) * 2024-03-13 2024-04-16 西南交通大学 一种基于tsp数据对岩石抗压强度的推算方法

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN117805895B (zh) * 2023-12-29 2024-08-16 应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院 一种适用于青藏高原地区的断层强度估算方法

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US20060153005A1 (en) * 2005-01-07 2006-07-13 Herwanger Jorg V Determination of anisotropic physical characteristics in and around reservoirs
US9051815B2 (en) * 2009-09-28 2015-06-09 Baker Hughes Incorporated Apparatus and method for predicting vertical stress fields
EP2529254A4 (fr) * 2010-01-25 2017-08-02 CGG Veritas Services (U.S.) Inc. Procédés et systèmes d'estimation de contraintes à l'aide de données sismiques
US9176250B2 (en) * 2011-09-29 2015-11-03 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Estimation of depletion or injection induced reservoir stresses using time-lapse sonic data in cased holes
WO2013172813A1 (fr) * 2012-05-14 2013-11-21 Landmark Graphics Corporation Modélisation de contraintes autour d'un trou de forage
WO2015030837A1 (fr) * 2013-08-27 2015-03-05 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Simulation de fuite de fluide et reflux dans une région souterraine fracturée

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN115470635A (zh) * 2022-09-16 2022-12-13 中国葛洲坝集团三峡建设工程有限公司 一种动态无序载荷条件下的井筒稳定性预测方法
CN115470635B (zh) * 2022-09-16 2023-09-01 中国葛洲坝集团三峡建设工程有限公司 一种动态无序载荷条件下的井筒稳定性预测方法
CN117890477A (zh) * 2024-03-13 2024-04-16 西南交通大学 一种基于tsp数据对岩石抗压强度的推算方法
CN117890477B (zh) * 2024-03-13 2024-05-17 西南交通大学 一种基于tsp数据对岩石抗压强度的推算方法

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Publication number Publication date
EP3341562A4 (fr) 2018-11-14
EP3341562B1 (fr) 2022-03-16

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