EP3317784A1 - Procédé de conception assistée par ordinateur d'un dispositif pour dévier, par diffraction sur des colonnes, la trajectoire de vagues dans un liquide - Google Patents
Procédé de conception assistée par ordinateur d'un dispositif pour dévier, par diffraction sur des colonnes, la trajectoire de vagues dans un liquideInfo
- Publication number
- EP3317784A1 EP3317784A1 EP16750910.8A EP16750910A EP3317784A1 EP 3317784 A1 EP3317784 A1 EP 3317784A1 EP 16750910 A EP16750910 A EP 16750910A EP 3317784 A1 EP3317784 A1 EP 3317784A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- zone
- region
- waves
- columns
- column
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of computer-aided design of a device for deflecting, by diffraction on columns located inside a deviation zone, the wave trajectory in a liquid. .
- the invention also relates to:
- Such devices deviate the wave path so as to change the height of the waves within a target zone which is at least partly surrounded by and adjacent to the deflection zone.
- the modification of the wave height is either to deflect the wave path so that it bypasses this target area so as to reduce the height of the waves within this target zone or, on the contrary, to deflect the wave trajectory to this target area so as to increase the height of the waves within this target area relative to the height of the waves outside the deflection zone.
- waves are surface waves that propagate on the surface of a liquid, such as an oceanic or marine environment.
- a notable disadvantage of this device is that it is designed to operate only for linear waves in low constant depth environments.
- a so-called shallow water environment is a medium for which the quantity hk, known as the relative depth, is less than or equal to ⁇ / 10.
- This quantity corresponds to the product between h and k, where h is the depth of water and k is the wavenumber of the wave. In this description, the depth is measured along a vertical axis, from the surface of the water in the absence of a wave, to the bottom of the marine environment.
- this device is not suitable for protecting regions and structures located in deeper waters, such as oil platforms.
- Linear waves are waves whose propagation is governed by the linear wave propagation theory. These are typically periodic waves of low amplitude, such as waves. Such a model is not always realistic in marine or oceanic environments, in which nonlinear and / or large waves can occur, such as breaking waves or waves known as rogue waves ("rogue waves"). In the English language).
- the invention therefore relates to a computer-assisted design method, according to claim 1, of a device for deflecting, by diffraction on columns located inside a deflection zone, the wave trajectory. in a liquid.
- the claimed method allows to design devices to deflect waves in non-linear media and greater depth, that is to say intermediate depth media. Moreover, since this device deflects waves by diffraction like known devices, it also retains the advantages of these known devices.
- the design and realization of the claimed devices have been made possible thanks to several discoveries:
- the invention also relates to a method of constructing a device for deflecting, by diffraction on columns, the trajectory of waves in a liquid, this method comprising:
- the invention also relates to an information recording medium comprising instructions for the execution of the claimed method, when these instructions are executed by an electronic calculator.
- the invention also relates to an electronic computer programmed to implement the claimed method.
- the invention also relates to a device for deflecting the trajectory of the waves.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration, in a view from above, of a marine environment comprising a device for deflecting the wave path;
- FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration, in cross-sectional view, of the medium of FIG. 1;
- FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrammatic illustrations of wave propagation direction in areas of the marine environment respectively without and with the protection device of FIG. 1;
- FIGS. 6 and 7 schematically illustrate, in plan view, a spatial arrangement of the protection elements of the device of FIG. 1 according to two different geometrical representations;
- FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate the amplitude of waves in the marine environment of FIG. 1, respectively, with and without the device of FIG. 1;
- FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate the complex part of the function of the water elevation due to the waves in the marine environment of FIG. 1, respectively, with and without the device of FIG. 1;
- FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate in greater detail the amplitude variations of the waves in regions of FIGS. 8B and 9B;
- FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of an automatic calculation device
- Fig. 13 is a flowchart of a computer-aided design method of the device of Fig. 1;
- Fig. 14 is a flow chart of another embodiment of the method of Fig. 13;
- FIG. 15 schematically illustrates the shape of a deflection zone for implementing the method of FIG. 14;
- FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of a set of elementary cells used to carry out a homogenization step.
- FIG. 1 diagrammatically represents a marine medium 2 comprising a liquid 4, such as seawater. Waves are able to propagate on the surface of this medium 2.
- This medium 2 comprises here:
- zone 8 of deflection which completely surrounds the zone 6 and which comprises a device 10 for deflecting the waves;
- a structure 12 to be protected located inside zone 6.
- the zones 6 and 8 have cylindrical shapes with a circular base, concentric and centered around the same center O.
- the zone 6 is delimited by a cylinder 14 with a circular base of center O and radius R.
- the zone 8 is delimited on one inner side by the cylinder 14 and on the other side, on the outside, by a cylinder 16 with a circular base of center O and radius R 2 , the radius R 2 being strictly greater at the radius Ri.
- zone 6 may thus be named “zone to be protected” and zone 8 "protection zone” or “protective layer”.
- the horizontal section of the structure 12 has any shape and must only be fully included inside the zone 6. In particular, it does not need to be identical to the horizontal section of the zone 6
- the structure 12 is a maritime hydrocarbon drilling platform.
- the device 10 comprises a plurality of protective columns 20 (also called “inclusions") which are immersed in the liquid 4 and distributed within the zone 8 in a particular arrangement which will be described in more detail.
- the columns 20 have the function of diffracting the waves so as to deviate their trajectory so that they bypass the zone 6.
- the physical principle used by the device 10 to deflect the waves is not the same as that used by a dyke.
- the dike has the function of stopping and reflecting the waves. The wave bounces on the dyke and goes back. Because of this, it must be very strong to withstand the pressure of the waves.
- the dike must have a transverse dimension at least equal and generally much greater than the wavelength of the waves that are to be stopped.
- the function of the device 10 is to diffract the waves. Because of this, each of the columns is very small in front of the wavelength of the waves. In addition, because of their particular arrangement, the waves are not reflected or very little on the device 10. Thus, the waves exert very little pressure on each column. Therefore, it is not necessary that these columns are as solid as a dyke. For example, the pressure exerted by the waves on each column is twice as low as that exerted on a dike placed at the same location.
- the columns 20 extend vertically. In what follows, these columns are designated under the reference 20 generically. All the columns 20 are located inside the zone 8. In particular, the zone 6 does not contain columns 20.
- Figure 2 shows a vertical section of the device 10.
- the columns 20 extend vertically and parallel to each other from a bottom 22 of the middle 2 and project beyond the surface 24 of the liquid 4.
- the surface 24 corresponds to the horizontal surface of the liquid 4 when there is no wave in the liquid 4. It extends in a horizontal plane defined by two axes A and B orthogonal to each other and perpendicular to the Z direction.
- these axes A and B define an orthonormal reference, denoted R, of cylindrical coordinates.
- the axes A and B respectively hold the role of abscissa and ordinate axes respectively.
- the origin of the reference R coincides with the center O.
- (r, ⁇ ) the polar coordinates of a point of the reference R in the horizontal plane.
- the columns 20 extend outside the liquid 4 above the surface 24. Preferably, they extend with an elevation above above the surface 24 which is greater than or equal to the maximum value of elevation of the waves propagating in the medium 4 and that the device 10 must deviate.
- the columns 20 exceed the surface 24 by at least 1 m or 2 m or 5 m.
- the level of the bottom 22 is not constant throughout the medium 2 and, in particular, inside the zone 8.
- h (x) (or simply “h") the height of the liquid 4, measured along the Z axis between the surface 24 and the bottom 22.
- This height h (x) is a function of the vector "x" of position which has for coordinates r, ⁇ in the reference R.
- This variation of height of the fluid is known as "bathymetry”.
- the bathymetry inside the zone 8 varies only radially according to the coordinate "r”. For example, this variation is linear. In what follows, this height is also referred to as "depth”.
- the depth corresponds to a marine environment said low depth or so-called intermediate depth ("intermediate depth" in English).
- intermediate depth intermediate depth
- the product hk between the bathymetry h (x) and the wave number k of the wave is less than or equal to 1 or to 1/10.
- the product hk is equal to 0.56.
- Each column 20 has a cross section 26 (Figure 1) of constant profile over its entire height.
- the sections 26 of all the columns 20 which lie on the same circle of center O are all identical.
- each section 26 is a portion of a center ring O. More precisely, here, the section 26 corresponds to a rectangle that has been curved so that its largest sides each define an arc of center O.
- each section 26 is defined by parameters L r and L e which respectively define the radial and angle of section 26.
- the parameter L r corresponds to the length of the side of this section 26, measured in a radial direction from the center O.
- the parameter L e corresponds to the length of the side of this section 26 closest to the center O.
- the largest width of the section 26 in the horizontal plane is less than or equal to 3 ⁇ 0 , where ⁇ 0 is the smallest wavelength of the waves in the liquid 4 that the device 10 must deviate. As previously, this wavelength ⁇ 0 is, for example, determined from the wave spectra of the maritime or oceanic region where the device 10 is to be installed. Thus, typically, the greatest width of the section 26 of the columns 20 is less than 5 m or 3 m or 2 m. The greatest width of the horizontal section 26 corresponds to the distance, measured along a straight line, between the two furthest points of this section 26.
- the columns 20 are here made of a rigid material and resistant to seawater, such as reinforced concrete, rock, or treated wood. They are anchored in the bottom 22.
- FIG. 3A schematically represents the propagation of the waves in the absence of the device 10.
- the lines 40 represent trajectories followed by the waves when they propagate on the surface of the liquid 4.
- the waves entering the zone 8 transit through the zone 6. In doing so, they can damage the structure 12.
- FIG. 3B represents the desired propagation of the waves in the presence of the device 10 to protect the structure 12.
- the lines 42 represent the deflected trajectories of the waves which avoid the zone 6. More precisely, the waves which penetrate the the zone 8 are deflected by the device 10, so that they bypass the zone 6 without ever entering. In this example, when these waves leave the zone 8, they find a trajectory oriented in a direction essentially identical to the trajectories 40.
- the configuration of the device 10 depends in particular on the geometry of the zones 6, 8 and the propagation properties of the waves in the liquid 4. When the device 10 is present in the zone 8, it modifies the way the waves propagate. in the liquid 4 within this zone 8.
- the device 10 functions as invisibility cloaks known in the field of electromagnetism, in which the propagation of electromagnetic waves is deflected by a protection device, typically made by means of a metamaterial.
- a protection device typically made by means of a metamaterial.
- the transformation f is chosen from the transformations of the following form, expressed in polar coordinates:
- This transformation f transforms the coordinates (r, ⁇ ) into coordinates (r ', ⁇ '). More precisely, this transformation f here transforms a disk of radius R 2 and center O into a ring of center O delimited by concentric circles of inner radius R 1 and outer radius R 2 .
- the transformation f can be expressed in the form of the following matrix (denoted T or [T]) in a base in polar coordinates of the reference R:
- this transformation f is applied to the wave propagation equations in the medium 4. This makes it possible to define the physical parameters of a transformed medium that is located within the zone 8 and that deflects the waves as shown in Figure 3B. From the point of view of wave propagation, this transformed medium is characterized by so-called transformed physical parameters.
- the propagation of the waves in a medium depends on the values of magnetic permeability ⁇ and dielectric permittivity ⁇ of this medium.
- the transformed medium is then characterized by transformed values of magnetic permeability ⁇ 'and dielectric permittivity ⁇ ' which are different from the parameters ⁇ and ⁇ . These transformed parameters exhibit anisotropy within the zone 8, which is at the origin of the deflected trajectories 42.
- the wave propagation in the liquid 4 is modeled using the so-called Mild-Slope equation.
- Mild-Slope equation is for example described in the article by D. Porter, "The mild-slope equations", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 494, p. 51-63, 2003, doi: 10.1017 / S0022112003005846.
- This model makes it possible to take into account the depth variations h (x).
- V- denotes the divergence operator and V the gradient operator
- ⁇ 2 g * k * tanh (k * h (x)) where tanh () is the hyperbolic tangent trigonometric function;
- c g (c p / 2) * [1 + k * h * (l-tanh 2 (k * h (x))) / tanh (k * h (x)))].
- u (x) (-l / g) * (d t> / dt), where d / dt is the derivative of the potential ⁇ ( ⁇ ) with respect to the time variable noted t.
- u (x) (i * G) / g) * t>, where "i" is the imaginary number.
- the amplitude u (x) is here defined as the height of the wave, measured along the Z axis, with respect to the surface 24.
- the physical parameters relevant for the propagation of the waves selected here are the product c p * c g , and the ratio c g / c p speeds c g and c p .
- the value of the product [c p c g ] transformed depends on the value of the product c p c g scalar velocities c p and c g and therefore the period T or the wavelength ⁇ of the waves.
- the value of this wavelength ⁇ is set to respect the relation kh ⁇ l.
- this value is chosen so that the curves 51 and 51 ', described below with reference to FIG. 4, are monotonic functions.
- ⁇ and ⁇ 2 denote the eigenvalues of the matrix [T] and det A the determinant of this matrix:
- the eigenvalues ⁇ , ⁇ 2 and the determinant det A are adapted by adjusting the parameter r 0 so that the quantities ⁇ and detx do not tend to zero and the quantity ⁇ 2 does not tend towards infinity, when the coordinate r tends to [0066] Moreover, one must always satisfy the following inequality: c g / c p ⁇ l
- the parameters A mse i, A mse 2 and det mse A are obtained by reducing the variations of ⁇ , ⁇ ' 2 and det' A when the variable r approaches Ri to avoid zero values or almost infinite for, respectively, ⁇ and ⁇ ' 2 .
- the use thereafter of the parameters A mse i, A mse 2 and det mse A in place of the parameters ⁇ , ⁇ ' 2 and det' A prevents exactly obtaining the trajectories 42 shown in FIG. 3B.
- the device 10 thus designed makes it possible to get very close to it.
- FIG. 4 represents the evolution of the parameters, expressed in arbitrary units, as a function of the variable "r", expressed in meters.
- the curves 50, 51 and 52 respectively represent the evolution of the parameters ⁇ , ⁇ ' 2 and det.
- the curves 50 ', 51' and 52 '(in broken lines) respectively represent the evolution of the parameters A mse i, A mse 2 and det ms ⁇ .
- zone 8 is divided into several contiguous regions. The meeting of these regions covers more than 95% or more than 98% of zone 8. Each region has a constant depth. But at least two of these regions have depths different, as will be seen below. In each of these regions the eigenvalues A mse i, A mse 2 and the determinant of ms ⁇ are approximated by constants.
- these regions are concentric rings centered at 0, of constant thickness, and distributed one after the other between the rolls 14 and 16.
- the zone 8 is cut into a number N of such regions. , where N is an integer greater than two or three.
- the values of the parameters A mse i, A mse 2 and det ms ⁇ which vary as a function of r are approximated by a numerical constant. It is said that the values of these parameters are discretized. For example, in each region, the discretized value of the parameter is taken equal to the average of the corresponding continuous parameter in this same region.
- this number N of regions is preferably greater than five or ten. In this example, the number N is chosen equal to ten.
- FIG. 5 represents an example of cutting of zone 8 into ten regions of the same thickness.
- the curves 50 ", 51" and 52 "respectively represent the discretized values of the parameters A mse i, A mse 2 and det mse A.
- the curves 50 ', 51' and 52 ' correspond to those illustrated in FIG. 4.
- a square is considered as a particular rectangle.
- the expressions “rectangular zone” or “rectangular section” also cover the cases, respectively, of a square zone and of a square section.
- CpCg ik are the coefficients of the transformed product matrix [c p c g ] acquired for this region, CpCg (y) is the product of the scalar phase velocity c p by the scalar group velocity c g at the coordinate point y,
- Y * denotes a horizontal rectangular domain completely surrounding at least one cross-section of a column of the rectangular zone and to which is subtracted the cross-sectional area of each column contained within this area, the Y * domain being characterized by a width di and a length d 2 , at least one of the Y * domain or the column cross-section having a length greater than its width,
- y denotes the coordinate point (yi, y 2 ) in the domain Y * and expressed in an orthogonal reference frame R 'of the domain Y *,
- I dy denotes the partial differentiation operator with respect to the variable y;
- V- denotes the divergence operator and "V" the gradient operator
- the set (A) of equations connects, for a rectangular zone, the value of the product [CpCg] within this rectangular zone, the bathymetry of this rectangular zone and the cross sectional area of each column in this rectangular area. From the moment when the product values [c p c g ] and the bathymetry h (x) are given for this rectangular zone, the set (A) of equations thus makes it possible to determine the cross sectional area of the columns to implant in this rectangular zone to obtain this value of the product [CpCg].
- a rectangular zone 60 is matched (FIG. 7). This correspondence is obtained here by means of a transformation geometrically consistent pattern that transforms a rectangular area into a ring of inner radius R1 and outer radius R 2 .
- a conformal transformation (conformai map" in English) is a transformation of space that preserves the angles. This property is important because it makes it possible to avoid introducing anisotropy linked to a change of coordinates.
- - w represents the coordinate of a point in a Cartesian coordinate system of the rectangular area.
- This area 60 is defined two orthogonal axes X 1 and X 2 horizontal and parallel, respectively, to the length and the width of the zone 60. These axes X 1 and X 2 define an orthogonal coordinate system R 'of Cartesian coordinates.
- This rectangular zone has a length, measured along the axis Xi, within the interval [a, b] and a width, measured along the axis X 2 , in the range [- ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ ; ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ ].
- the zone 60 is divided into N parallel rectangular strips of the same width as the concentric regions described above for the zone 8. These N bands extend successively parallel to the vertical side [- ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ ; ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ ] of the zone 60.
- the number N of bands is identical to the number N of defined regions to discretize the eigenvalues A mse i, A mse 2 and the determinant ms ms .
- N is equal to ten. So each of the N bands in zone 60 is transformed into a corresponding region of the zone 8 after transformation by the conformal transformation te.
- the band closest to the abscissa "a” corresponds to the concentric region closest to the center O of the zone 8.
- the strip closest to the abscissa " b correlates to the region farthest from the center O.
- the bathymetry of the band is taken equal to that of the corresponding region in the zone 8.
- the depth is constant in each band.
- the depth in each region is chosen so that the depth differences between two contiguous regions of zone 8 are small, that is, the
- the gradient Vh is such that the ratio
- the depth of water in each region is chosen to decrease as one moves away from the center O.
- the depth of water in each region, and hence in each band is given in Table No. 1 below.
- the regions are numbered in ascending order from the edge 14 to the edge 16 and therefore corresponds to a numbering of the bands from the abscissa a to the abscissa b.
- This band is designated by the reference 64 in FIG. 7. What is described in the particular case of the band 64 applies identically to the other bands.
- Periodic tiling of the strip 64 with rectangular cells 66 is first selected. These cells 66 have the same characteristics as those defined for the elementary cells 406 in Appendix 1. In particular, each cell 66 completely contains the cross section of a column. So the choice of the number of cells 66 determines the number of columns in the band 64 and thus the number of columns 20 in the corresponding region of the zone 8.
- the number of columns per band is greater than two and preferably greater than four.
- the number of columns in each band is chosen so that the total number of columns in the zone 60 is preferably greater than 50 or 100.
- the number of columns in each band is chosen to increase as and when that we are getting closer to the cylinder 16.
- the cells of each band are arranged next to each other along the axis X 2 .
- the tiling of the band 54 forms a vertical column of eight cells.
- the set (A) of equations is solved in the particular case where the bathymetry is known, the dimensions di and d 2 of the cell 66 and the values of the coefficients [c p Cg] ik of product [c p c g ] in this band.
- the coefficients [c p Cg] ik of the band 64 are taken equal to the coefficients [c p Cg] ik of the region of the zone 8 corresponding to this band.
- the resolution of the set (A) of equations then makes it possible to obtain the cross-sectional area 62 of the column contained in each of the cells 66 which makes it possible to obtain the product [c p c g ].
- the shape of the section 62 is chosen. There are very few constraints on the choice of the shape of the section 62. It is only necessary that the cell 66 is anisotropic. This results in the fact that it is not possible to choose a circular cross section if the cell 66 is square. In this example, to simplify the calculations, the section 62 is chosen rectangular with one side longer than the other. Once the shape of the section 62 is chosen, the dimensions of the section 62 are chosen so that it has the area determined by the set (A) of equations.
- FIGS. 8A to 9B illustrate results, obtained by simulation, on the propagation of the sets in the presence and in the absence of the device 10 in the medium 2. These simulations were made inside a square-based volume. middle 2 of length equal to 8 meters and whose center is the center O and for the wavelength ⁇ of the waves fixed during the design.
- the structure 12 is here represented by a hard object with a cylindrical base located in the center of the zone 6. The structure 12 here occupies the whole of the zone 6. It appears in the form of a white circle in FIGS. 8A to 9B.
- FIG. 8A represents the modulus of the amplitude u (x), denoted Mod (u), of waves in the liquid 4 in the absence of the device 10.
- FIG. 8B represents the imaginary part of the amplitude u (x), noted lm (u), also in the absence of the device 10. This imaginary part gives information on the wave phase.
- FIG. 9A represents the modulus of the amplitude u (x) of the waves for the same medium, but in which the device 10 previously calculated is present in zone 8. It is noted that the fluctuations of the surface elevation liquid 4 are less important.
- FIG. 9B represents the imaginary part of the amplitude u (x) in the same case. It is noted that the waves are reforming at their exit from zone 8 and find a trajectory aligned with their direction of initial propagation.
- Figure 10 shows an extract of the evolution of these amplitudes in the section plane 72 of Figure 9A.
- the plane 72 is parallel to the arrow 70 and thus to the wave propagation direction and passes through the center O.
- the curves 80 and 82 respectively correspond to the case without and with the device 10 and are extracted from the data of FIGS. 8A and 9A. preceding.
- Figure 11 shows the evolution of these amplitudes in the section plane 74 of Figure 9A.
- the plane 74 is perpendicular to the arrow 70 and passes through the center O.
- the curves 90 and 92 respectively correspond to the case without and with the device 10 and are extracted from the data of FIGS. 8A and 9A above. .
- the elevation profile of the liquid 4 is relatively symmetrical on both sides of the structure 12.
- the incident waves did not induce no displacement of the structure 12 in a direction perpendicular to the arrow 70.
- the structure 10 does not degrade the situation in this direction.
- FIG. 12 represents an automatic calculation device 100 able to determine the spatial configuration of the columns 20 of the device 10.
- the device 100 comprises:
- an information recording medium 102 such as a non-volatile memory
- a programmable electronic calculator 104 such as a microprocessor
- the support 102 comprises the instructions for executing the method of FIG. 13.
- the calculator 104 reads and executes the instructions recorded on the medium 102.
- the interface 106 makes it possible to exchange and transfer data.
- the computer 104 is a microprocessor of the 8086 family of the INTEL® company.
- the device 100 is here a microcomputer.
- the geometric data on the zones 6 and 8 are acquired by the interface 106. More specifically, these acquired data comprise the geometry of the zones 6 and 8. In the case of zones 6 and 8, these geometrical data are limited to the values of the radii Ri and R 2 .
- the computer 104 acquires a division of the zone 8 into a plurality of regions in which the parameters of the problem take on a constant value. These regions have previously been described with reference to FIGS. 4 to 6. For example, during this step 202, the computer 104 acquires only the number N of regions via the interface 106 and then cuts the zone 8 in N rings. concentric. During this step, the calculator 104 also acquires for each of the regions:
- each column 20 is rectangular and that this information is already pre-recorded in the memory 102 so that the user does not have to provide it.
- this information is acquired by the computer 104 from the contents of the memory 102.
- the computer acquires for each of these regions the values of the product [c p c g ] transformed within this region.
- calculator 104 automatically calculates product values [CpCg] within this region using equation (0.2).
- the calculator 104 deduces the value of the product [c p c g ] transformed for this region and acquires this value.
- the calculator 104 automatically calculates the location and the dimensions of each column 20 inside the zone 8 from the values of the products [c p c g ] transformed acquired during of step 204. More precisely, as explained above, each region of zone 8 corresponds to a band of rectangular zone 60. Thus, calculator 104 first solves the set (A) of equations for each band of the rectangular zone 60 taking into account the data acquired during the previous steps. It thus determines the surface of the cross section 62 of the columns as well as their location inside this band. Then, it calculates the length and width of the section 62 of each column from the determined cross-sectional area. For example, the calculator 104 automatically solves the set (A) of equations by means of a finite element numerical calculation method.
- the location and the dimensions L r and L e of the columns 20 of each region are then deduced from the location and the dimensions of the columns of the corresponding band in the area 60.
- the computer 104 applies the transformation according te at zone 60.
- the dimensions L r and L e of each column 20 as well as its location inside zone 8 are then obtained.
- the characteristics of the device 10 are obtained.
- the device 10 having the characteristics determined during the preceding steps is built in the middle 2 around the structure 12 to be protected. For this purpose, conventional techniques of construction of maritime structures are implemented. If necessary, the bottom 22 of the medium 2 is leveled so that the depth of each region of the bottom 22 corresponds to that used in the steps 202 to 206.
- the device 10 thus constructed has in each region, a product [c p c g ] homogenized within this region equal to plus or minus 5% or 10% or 20% near the average of the products [c p c g ] processed for the same region.
- the product [c p c g ] homogenized is that obtained by solving the set (A) of equations for the corresponding band of zone 60.
- the product [c p c g ] transformed is that equal to c p c g [ T].
- the device 10 designed may have very different structures from each other but that deviate all the waves by diffraction as desired.
- the following parameters during the design dimensions of the zone 8, number N of regions, bathymetry of each region, discretization of the parameters A mse i, A mse 2 and det mse A in each region, number of columns per region, periodicity of the arrangement of the columns in each region, and shape of the cross section of each column.
- the one or more conforming transformations are determined which make it possible to transform each non-rectangular region into a corresponding rectangular band. Then, for each region, the determined conformal transformation is applied to this region to deduce the location of the columns and the dimensions of the cross section of the columns within the corresponding rectangular strip. If the identified region is already rectangular, then the conforming transformation is the identity transformation.
- the size of the rectangular elementary cells is determined from the spacing between the columns within this band.
- the set (A) of equations is solved to determine the product [c p c g ] homogenized in this rectangular band.
- the unknowns are the coefficients [CpCg] ik while the cross sectional area of the columns and the periods di and d 2 are known.
- FIG. 14 represents another computer-assisted design method of the device 10.
- the method of FIG. 14 is applicable even when the deflection zone has a complicated and non-regular shape. Indeed, in this case it may be difficult to find an adequate conformal transformation that matches the area 60 to this area 8.
- Step 300 is identical to step 200 except that the geometric shape of the deviation zone acquired by the computer is much more complex. For example, zone 8 is replaced by zone 8 'illustrated in FIG.
- step 302 the zone 8 'is cut into rectangular regions contiguous to each other.
- the meeting of these rectangular regions covers more than 95% of the horizontal section of the zone 8 '. Then the problem is solved independently in each rectangular region.
- Figure 15 shows an example of such a rectangular tiling of the zone 8 '.
- This paving is formed of a plurality of contiguous rectangular regions 301 whose meeting approximates the zone 8 '.
- a step 304 the computer 104 acquires for each of these regions 301 the values of the product [c p c g ] transformed within this region.
- This step is performed like step 204 except that the shape of the regions is not the same. Indeed, whatever the shape of the region 8 ', it is always possible to find a geometric transformation f which transforms a first set of rectangular regions which approximates the meeting of the regions 6 and 8' into a second set of regions 301 which approximates the 8 'deflection region. Typically, the second set is divided into as many rectangular regions as the first set. It is therefore possible to calculate for each region 301 the transformed product [c p c g ] acquired for this region by applying this transformation f to the Mild-Slope equation in a manner similar to that described with reference to FIG. step 204.
- the calculator 104 calculates the dimensions of the cross sections of the columns inside each rectangular region 301.
- the assembly (A) of equations can be used directly to determine the cross section of the columns without having to use the conformal transformation. If necessary, once the dimensions of the cross-section of a column have been determined, different orientations of that column within its region 301 can be tested to identify the one that is closest to the product. p c g ] transformed acquired for this region.
- the device designed during steps 300 to 308 is built during a step 310.
- the liquid 4 may be other than seawater. This is for example fresh water.
- the shapes of the zones 6 and 8 may be different. For example, they have a diamond or quadrilateral shape. Zones 6 and / or 8 may also have a non-regular shape. For each different form of the zones 6 and 8, it is then generally necessary to adapt the transformation f. There is a very large number of possible transformations. For example, the transformation f is not linear. As for example, for a diamond-shaped area, the following transformation f can be used:
- the transformation f can be replaced by a transformation f whose matrix is identical to the matrix [T] described, except that the coefficients (r-) / r and r / (r-) of this matrix are replaced, respectively, by the coefficients (r m -) / r m and r m / (r m -), where "m" is a natural integer.
- the computer 104 randomly chooses one of them.
- Zone 8 can be cut into regions that have several different shapes. For regions of zone 8 which have a rectangular shape, then it is not necessary to use the conformal transformation. For other regions, a conformal transformation is used to calculate the dimensions and location of the columns.
- the columns 20 may be made of a different material, such as metal or a ceramic or a material based on carbon fibers.
- the cross section of the columns 20 may have a different shape, such as a quadrilateral shape, triangle, ellipse, polygon, or even any non-regular shape. However, a regular shape makes it easier to manufacture the columns 20.
- the cross section may also have no anisotropy. In this case, however, it is necessary that the cell 66 has an anisotropic form.
- the cross section is circular in shape but the cell 66 is rectangular in shape with one side longer than the other.
- a cell 66 may also contain several columns. In this case, the resolution of the set (A) of equations makes it possible to determine the cumulation of the cross-sectional areas of all the columns contained inside the cell 66.
- the columns 20 are not all identical to each other. Their sections 26 can change shape from one column to another.
- the columns 20 of one of the N regions have a section 26 of rectangular shape
- the columns 20 of one of the N-1 other regions have a section 26 of square shape.
- the columns have cross sections of different shapes but all having the same area.
- zone 6 can be used to create a water sports practice site such as surfing. , boat, jet-ski or canoe-kayak.
- the transformation f transforms a circular zone of radius R 2 into a circular zone of smaller radius Ri, which defines a transformation f which concentrates the trajectory of the waves in a smaller zone. This transformation f then allows as described above to determine the product [CpCg] transformed that must present the deflection zone to concentrate the waves. Then, the method described above can be adapted, without difficulty for the skilled person, to this case.
- the structure 12 may be different. It may be, non-exhaustively, an antenna, a boat, a lighthouse, a buoy, a coastal zone, a port facility or a natural site to protect.
- the waves do not necessarily find their exit trajectory as illustrated with reference to FIG. 3B. However, they are nevertheless sufficiently deviated not to cross the zone 6. Thus, the object 12 is protected. This is particularly interesting when the object 12 has a linear shape, for example a coastal portion.
- the device 10 can then advantageously replace a coastal protection dam.
- the sector of the device 10 is defined by two vertical half-planes sharing a common vertical edge passing through the center O. The angle between these two half-planes is for example greater than 45 ° or 90 °.
- This angle is also less than or equal to 180 °.
- the front half of the device 10 is the one on the side of the plane 74 ( Figure 9A) where the waves arrive. In this case, the angle between the half-planes is equal to 180 °.
- the protected coast is then inside zone 6 or behind this zone 6. When the deflection zone has a diamond shape, only one quadrant of this rhombus can be selected.
- the device 100 may be different. For example, it is a workstation or a compute server.
- the bathymetry can be chosen differently.
- the bathymetry h (x) may vary differently and not necessarily linearly.
- this variation be small compared to the distance of a wavelength, that is to say that the norm
- the depth varies abruptly between two regions of different depths.
- these sudden variations in depths between regions are eliminated by replacing them with gentle slopes.
- the staircase depth variation described for zone 8 is replaced by a smooth and continuous variation in depth. In a particular case, this gentle variation of the depth does not even include any horizontal plateau.
- the steps of the design process can be performed differently.
- the method can be simplified by limiting the amount of information to be provided by the user.
- the number N of regions, the number of columns per region and the shape of the cross section of each column are prerecorded data that the computer 104 acquires directly in the memory 102.
- the depth h of each region and or the shape of the zones 6 and 8 are prerecorded in the memory 104.
- the user just has to supply, via the interface 106, the values of the radii Ri and R 2 .
- the user supplies via the interface 106 the value of the product [CpCg] transformed that he wishes to obtain for each region and the computer acquires these data via the interface 106.
- the computer 104 does not itself calculate the values of the product [c p c g ] transformed.
- the cross section of the columns has been determined by one of the methods described above, to simplify the construction of the device 10, they may be slightly adapted.
- the adaptation provided is "light" if, in the region containing these columns of suitable cross-section, the product [c p c g ] homogenized calculated with the columns whose cross-sectional area has been adapted is between 0.8 [c p c g ] and 1.2 [c p Cg] and, preferably, between 0.9 [c p c g ] and l, l [c p c g ] or between 0, 95 [c p c g ] and 1.05 [c p c g ], where [c p c g ] is the transformed product obtained with one of the methods described here for this region.
- each column 20 shown in FIG. 1 which each have a cross-section 26 in the form of a ring portion, can each be replaced by a column of rectangular cross-section likewise surface and of the same width L r .
- Each column of rectangular section is centered on the ring-shaped column it replaces.
- the geometric center of the cross section of the rectangular section column coincides with the geometric center of the cross section of the column 20 it replaces.
- the geometric center of a cross-section is defined as being equal to the center of gravity of all the points of this cross-section, assigning the same weighting coefficient to each point of this cross-section.
- the orientation of the rectangular section column is such that the largest side of the rectangular cross section is tangent to the middle of the longer side of the ring portion section of the column it replaces. Numerical simulations have shown that such an approximation made it possible to obtain a device that functions as well as the device previously described but using only columns of rectangular section. Columns of rectangular section may be easier to build than columns having a cross section in ring portion.
- Another possible adaptation of the columns is to replace a column 20 which has a section 26 in ring portion by two columns of rectangular section.
- the section 26 is divided into two half columns symmetrical to each other with respect to a vertical plane.
- each half-column is approximated by a respective column of rectangular section.
- this approximation is performed for each half-column as described in the previous paragraph by replacing column 20 with the half-column. Numerical simulations have shown that this approximation works quite well.
- the column 20 is divided vertically into NC parts which are then each approximated by a respective column of rectangular section.
- NC parts which are then each approximated by a respective column of rectangular section.
- the column 20 can also be approximated by a juxtaposition of columns of circular section. In fact, as long as the adaptations made can be considered as "light", the device obtained works correctly.
- the transformation f is provided by a user on the interface 106.
- the support 102 comprises a library of predefined geometric transformations f.
- the computer 104 automatically selects within this library a suitable transformation f which transforms a set formed by the joining of the zones 6 and 8 into a set formed of the single zone 8.
- the resolution of the set (A) of equations can be omitted.
- step 206 a method for solving an inverse problem is executed to determine the dimensions L r and L e from the target values of the product [c p c g ] in each region.
- the computer 104 randomly and automatically generates configurations of the columns 20 in the zone 8. For each configuration generated, it is checked whether it makes it possible to obtain the target values of the product [CpCg]. For example, for this, the homogenized product [c p c g ] of each region is calculated using the set (A) of equations. In this calculation the product values [CpCg] are the unknowns and the values of the cross sectional areas of the columns as well as the periods di and d 2 are known. If yes, this configuration is retained. If not, a new configuration is generated.
- the technique known as "homogenization” is used.
- This technique is used here to model a non-homogeneous medium, formed here of a mixture of liquid and rigid columns, by a homogeneous liquid called “effective liquid” which has exactly the same properties in terms of wave propagation. More specifically, here, the non-homogeneous medium and that contained within a rectangular zone 404, shown in Figure 16, which contains columns of cross section 402 and the liquid between these columns.
- the homogenization technique is generally described in the book “Homogenization of the Standard Operators and Integral Functionals", VV. Jikov et al. , Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1994.
- An example of application of this technique in the case of electromagnetic waves is also described in the article by S. Guenneau et al, "Homogenization of 3D finite photonic crystals with heterogeneous permittivity and permeability”. , published in “Waves in Random and Complex Media,” Vol. 17: 4, p. 653-697, Nov. 2007.
- the zone 404 is covered by a periodic tiling of a plurality of identical copies of an elementary cell 406.
- the elementary cell is a rectangle.
- the size of this cell 406 is characterized by a strictly positive parameter ⁇ which defines the ratio between the wavelength of the wave and the length of the largest side of the elementary cell.
- each cell 406 has a length di and a width d 2 , where di is measured along an axis Xi and d 2 is measured along an axis X 2 .
- the horizontal orthogonal axes X 1 and X 2 are parallel, respectively, to the length and the width of the zone 404. These axes X 1 and X 2 define an orthogonal coordinate system R 'of Cartesian coordinates.
- Each of these cells 406 here contains entirely a single cross section 402 of a column. The number of cells 406 thus determines the number of columns in the area 404.
- dS denotes the outer edge of domain S
- the domain Y * is equal to the private domain Y of the domain S.
- the homogenization thus makes it possible to make the link between the previously defined transformed parameters and the geometry of the sections 402.
- the propagation of the waves in the zone 404 is governed by the following equations, which are called “main problem” and which are noted (P n ):
- x denotes a point of coordinates (Xi, x 2 ) in the frame R ';
- dSi denotes the union of all the outer edges dS of the domains S contained in the zone 404, multiplied by the parameter ⁇ ;
- indices "i" and "j" are integers which can take, alternately, the values 1 and 2, and
- - (ni, n 2 ) is a vector of the horizontal plane normal to the edge dQ n .
- the scalar product c p c g and the scalar ratio c g / c p thus depend on the position x.
- the operator V is replaced by corresponding partial derivatives according to the coordinates X 1 and X 2 of respective axes X 1 and X 2 .
- the dot product c p c g is periodic of period di along the axis Xi and periodic period d 2 along the axis X 2 .
- the product c p c g (y) satisfies the following positivity condition on domain Y, where "c" is a real constant: ⁇ dy)>> Q, 3 ⁇ 4 € Y ⁇ 2)
- u (x, y) and u 2 (x, y) are periodic functions of period (di, d 2 ) in (yi, y 2 ), the integers "0", “1", “2” placed in exponent not designating a power but used here to index these functions;
- ⁇ 2 denotes the parameter ⁇ squared
- Equation 1.10 governs the macroscopic behavior of the waves in the zone 404.
- the value of its coefficients is obtained by solving the equation 1.11.
- Equation 1.11 governs the behavior of waves inside the cell.
- the objective is to solve this equation to calculate the functions u ° (y) and u ⁇ y) and thus to calculate the first terms of the functions u n and ⁇ ⁇ .
- g is a function to be averaged.
- equation (1.14) leads to the following result:
- This equation is here an equation for the unknown u ⁇ x, y) parametrized by x and of period di and d 2 in, respectively, yi and y 2 . It can be rewritten in the following compact form:
- - w k are functions of y periodic period (di, d 2 ), where k is an integer index (distinct from the wave number k) equal to 1 or 2, and
- diw 1 denotes the partial derivative ⁇ w 1 (y) / axi
- diw 2 denotes the partial derivative dw 2 (y) / dxi
- 2W 1 denotes the partial derivative dw 1 (y) / dx 2
- d 2 w 2 denotes the partial derivative dw 2 (y) / dx 2 .
- This method is thus applied to each of the N bands of the zone 60. Knowing the value of this homogenized parameter associated with one of the N bands by the previously performed discretization and the relationship between this homogenized parameter and the cross section of a column, it is possible to calculate the length and width of each column contained in this band. This calculation is performed here for all the N bands.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1556189A FR3038409A1 (fr) | 2015-07-01 | 2015-07-01 | Procede de conception assistee par ordinateur d'un dispositif pour devier, par diffraction sur des colonnes, la trajectoire de vagues dans un liquide |
| PCT/FR2016/051642 WO2017001787A1 (fr) | 2015-07-01 | 2016-06-30 | Procédé de conception assistée par ordinateur d'un dispositif pour dévier, par diffraction sur des colonnes, la trajectoire de vagues dans un liquide |
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| EP3317784A1 true EP3317784A1 (fr) | 2018-05-09 |
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| EP16750910.8A Withdrawn EP3317784A1 (fr) | 2015-07-01 | 2016-06-30 | Procédé de conception assistée par ordinateur d'un dispositif pour dévier, par diffraction sur des colonnes, la trajectoire de vagues dans un liquide |
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| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP3317784A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3038409A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2017001787A1 (fr) |
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| CN117251921B (zh) * | 2023-10-26 | 2024-04-30 | 重庆中环建设有限公司 | 一种用于智能孔位设计系统生成图形文件的尺寸标记方法 |
| CN121502126B (zh) * | 2026-01-13 | 2026-04-14 | 山东大学 | 一种基于空间变换超材料的水波波长放大方法 |
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2015
- 2015-07-01 FR FR1556189A patent/FR3038409A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
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2016
- 2016-06-30 WO PCT/FR2016/051642 patent/WO2017001787A1/fr not_active Ceased
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| FR3038409A1 (fr) | 2017-01-06 |
| WO2017001787A1 (fr) | 2017-01-05 |
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