EP3285786A1 - La prévention ou le traitement d'une infection par bacteroides thetaiotaomicron - Google Patents
La prévention ou le traitement d'une infection par bacteroides thetaiotaomicronInfo
- Publication number
- EP3285786A1 EP3285786A1 EP16721201.8A EP16721201A EP3285786A1 EP 3285786 A1 EP3285786 A1 EP 3285786A1 EP 16721201 A EP16721201 A EP 16721201A EP 3285786 A1 EP3285786 A1 EP 3285786A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- infection
- composition
- group
- subject
- lactobacillus
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
- A61K35/74—Bacteria
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/135—Bacteria or derivatives thereof, e.g. probiotics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2250/00—Food ingredients
- A23V2250/20—Natural extracts
- A23V2250/206—Bacterial extracts
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of medicine and more specifically to the field of infections, in particular intestinal infections.
- An infection refers to the invasion and then the multiplication of microorganisms within an organ of the living body.
- microorganisms can be viruses, bacteria, parasites or yeasts.
- the body will put in place defense processes to eradicate the unwanted microorganism.
- Intestinal infections are infections affecting one or more of the segments that make up the intestine (small intestine, cecum, colon, rectum). These infections can be caused by a virus (eg Rotavirus), a bacterium (such as salmonella, staphylococcus, or shigella), a parasite (such as amoebae, lamblias, or worms) or yeast (eg , candida albicans).
- a virus eg Rotavirus
- a bacterium such as salmonella, staphylococcus, or shigella
- a parasite such as amoebae, lamblias, or worms
- yeast eg , candida albicans
- the name given to the infection differs from enteritis when the small intestine is affected, from colitis to the colon, from sigmoiditis to the lower part of the colon, or from proctitis for the rectum.
- Intestinal infections cause as many as 1.7 billion cases of diarrhea each year worldwide and are the second leading cause of death among children under five (760,000 child deaths per year). In developing countries, children under three years of age suffer from an average of three diarrheal episodes per year, each of which deprives them of nutrients essential for their growth. Thus, intestinal infections are also a major cause of malnutrition in children (WHO, see the WHO website at the following link: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/) . Beyond these aspects purely medical, intestinal infections also have a very important economic and social cost.
- the intestinal flora of the adult thus constitutes a first curtain of defense against infections by offering, by its mere presence, resistance to any colonization by pathogenic microorganisms.
- the intestinal flora also participates in food digestion and energy metabolism.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a novel composition for effectively controlling infections while preserving intestinal microflora.
- Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. thetaiotaomicron) makes it possible to mature the immune system and thus to fight against infections.
- Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
- the bacterium B. thetaiotaomicron being one of the species of bacteria naturally present in the intestinal microflora, its administration will not alter the microflora but will, on the contrary, have the effect of strengthening the defenses of the intestinal microflora against pathogenic bacteria.
- the present invention relates, in a first aspect, to a composition
- a composition comprising B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof for use in the prevention or treatment of an infection in an immunosuppressed, immunosuppressed subject having a Immature immune system, and / or frailty, and wherein the composition comprises at most six species of bacteria and / or extracts thereof.
- the composition comprises B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof as the only bacterium or bacterial extract.
- the subject is infected.
- the infection according to the present invention is an intestinal infection, more preferably an infection selected from the group consisting of oesophagitis, gastritis, enteritis, colitis, sigmoiditis, proctitis, peritonitis, or a combination thereof.
- the infection according to the present invention may be a bacterial, viral, parasitic infection caused by yeast, or a combination thereof.
- the infection may be a bacterial infection, preferably selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexnerii, Shigella dysenteriae, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Aewmonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or a combination thereof.
- Vibrio cholerae Vibrio parahaemolyticus
- Escherichia coli
- the infection may also be a viral infection, preferably selected from the group consisting of Rotavirus, Norwalk Virus, Adenovirus, Calicivirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus, Astrovirus, or combination of these.
- the infection may further be caused by a parasite, preferably selected from the group consisting of Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Microsporidium, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum, Coccidia and Trichinella spiralis, or a combination thereof.
- a parasite preferably selected from the group consisting of Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Microsporidium, Enterobius vermic
- the infection may finally be caused by a yeast, preferably selected from the group consisting of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guillermondii, Torulopsis glabrata, or combinations thereof.
- a yeast preferably selected from the group consisting of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guillermondii, Torulopsis glabrata, or combinations thereof.
- composition according to the invention may also be administered orally.
- the subject of the invention is an animal, preferably a non-human mammal, more preferably a mammal selected from the group consisting of dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs. India, chickens, chickens, and non-human primates. Most preferably, the subject of the invention is a newborn animal.
- the subject of the invention is a human, preferably a human selected from the group consisting of a newborn, a child and an elderly person.
- composition according to the invention may also be a food or a food supplement.
- composition according to the invention may be administered in combination with a prebiotic, preferably selected from the group consisting of oligofructose, inulin, galacto-oligosaccharides, lactulose, mother's milk oligosaccharides, derivatives or combinations of them.
- a prebiotic preferably selected from the group consisting of oligofructose, inulin, galacto-oligosaccharides, lactulose, mother's milk oligosaccharides, derivatives or combinations of them.
- composition according to the invention may also be administered in combination with an antibiotic, preferably selected from the group consisting of Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Vancomycin, Neomycin sulfate, Metronidazole, Alatrofloxacin, Tetracycline, Moxifloxacin, Azithromycin, Bacampicillin, Oxacillin, Benzylpenicillin, Clarithromycin, Carbenicillin, Cefadroxile, Cephalexin, Cefditorene, Cefepime, Cefmetazole, Cefoperazone, Cefprozil, Cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin , Clindamycin, Daptomycin, Dicloxacillin, Erythromycin, Fidaxomycin, Gemifloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, Kanamycin, Levofloxacin, Lincomycin, Lomefloxacin, Ofloxacin , Vancomycin, Meropeneme, Metronidazole, Na
- composition according to the invention may finally further comprise at least one other bacterium and / or an extract thereof, preferably a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides intestinalis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides caccae Bacteroides massiliensis, Parabacteroides diastasonis, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Escherichia coli, Ruminococcus gnavus, Roseburia intestinalis, Fusobacterium necrogenic, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulg
- Figure 1 Study of gene expression in the colon of monocolonized mice by a DNA chip technique.
- mice Monocolonized mice
- sterile axenic group
- conventionalized mice in red.
- the axes correspond to the main components 1 (x-axis) and 2 (y-axis).
- the mice were monocolonized by Escherichia coli, Ruminococcus gnavus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Roseburia intestinalis, Saccharomyces boulardii or Candida albicans.
- the genes of 8 proteins of the immune system were selected: T-bet, Gata3, IFN ⁇ , TLR4, FoxP3, RORyt, IL- ⁇ , and CCL2.
- the expression of these genes was determined in the colon by RT-qPCR from their RNAs.
- a statistical comparison was made with the group of sterile mice using a Mann-Whitney test (* / ** / ***, p ⁇ 0.05 / 0.01 / 0.001).
- the inventors have discovered that the administration of B. thetaiotaomicron in the intestine of axenic mice, i.e., sterile mice (devoid of any microorganism), results in a maturation of the immune system of their host which is quite comparable to that observed in conventionalized mice, i.e., axenic mice to which a complete intestinal microflora has been transferred.
- the inventors have noted an infiltration of the intestinal mucosa of the host by T lymphocytes, B cells and macrophages but also a maturation of the system of immunoglobulin A (IgA). This maturation of the immune system is essential for an effective fight against infections.
- IgA immunoglobulin A
- the bacterium B. thetaiotaomicron is one of the most represented species of the phylum Bacteroidetes, in both humans and mice, the phylum Bacteroidetes being one of the three major phyla of the intestinal microflora (Qin J et al, 2010, Nature, 464, pp. 59-65). Being naturally present in the intestinal microflora, its administration will not have a deleterious effect on the microflora but will, on the contrary, have the effect of reinforcing the stimulation of the immune system and the defenses of the intestinal microflora against the pathogenic bacteria and thus of strengthen the fight against an infection or prevent a new infection.
- the present invention relates, in a first aspect, to a composition
- a composition comprising B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof for use in preventing or treating an infection in a subject.
- the subject is immunosuppressed, immunosuppressed, has an immature immune system, and / or has fragility.
- said composition comprises at most six, five, four, three or two species of bacteria and / or extracts thereof.
- the composition comprises B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof as the only bacterium or bacterial extract.
- the present invention also relates to the use of B. thetaiotaomicron or an extract thereof for preventing or treating an infection in a subject, preferably an immunocompromised, immunosuppressed subject, having an immature immune system, and / or having an fragility.
- B. thetaiotaomicron or an extract thereof is used in combination with not more than five, four, three, two or one species of bacteria and / or extracts thereof.
- B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof is used as the only bacterium or bacterial extract.
- the present invention also relates to the use of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of an infection in a subject, preferably an immunocompromised subject, immunosuppressed, with an immature immune system, and / or frailty.
- B. thetaiotaomicron or an extract thereof is used in combination with not more than five, four, three, two or one species of bacteria and / or extracts thereof.
- B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof is used as the only bacterium or bacterial extract.
- the present invention further relates to a method for preventing or treating an infection in a subject, preferably an immunocompromised, immunosuppressed, immature, and / or frail immune subject, comprising a step of administering an infection.
- B. thetaiotaomicron or an extract thereof is used in combination with at most five, four, three, two or one species of bacteria and / or extracts thereof.
- B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof is used as the only bacterium or bacterial extract.
- composition according to the invention comprises B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof.
- Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron refers to any bacterial strain belonging to the species Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, particularly strain VPI-5482 (ATCC 29149).
- extract refers to any fraction obtained from the bacterial cell, including a cell supernatant or a component thereof, a cell debris, a cell wall or a member thereof.
- components in particular a peptidoglycan, a polysaccharide, or a protein of the wall, a DNA extract, the cytoplasm or one of its components, a molecule or a complex produced by the bacterium, enzymes or an enzyme preparation obtained from bacterial cells by chemical, physical and / or enzymatic treatment, and which is substantially free of living cells.
- this term refers to an extract capable of reproducing all or part of the effects of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.
- composition according to the invention may also comprise a mixture of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and extracts of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, the addition of extracts to enhance the effect of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron without increasing the amount of bacteria administered to the subject.
- composition according to the invention comprises at most six species of bacteria and / or extracts thereof.
- composition according to the invention comprises Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof and at most five other species of bacteria and / or extracts thereof.
- the composition according to the invention comprises at most five species of bacteria and / or extracts thereof.
- the composition according to the invention comprises at most four, at most three or at most two species of bacteria and / or extracts thereof.
- composition according to the invention comprises exactly six, exactly five, exactly four, exactly three, exactly two species of bacteria and / or extracts thereof.
- the composition according to the invention comprises a single species of bacterium and / or an extract thereof. This is B. thetaiotaomicron.
- said composition is administered in combination with another microorganism, a microorganism extract or combinations thereof.
- the species of bacteria that may be present in the composition according to the invention in addition to B. thetaiotaomicron are compatible with the intestinal microflora of the subject, more preferably they are commensal bacteria.
- intestinal microflora refers to all microorganisms that are naturally present in the organs that make up the digestive tract.
- intestinal microflora refers to all microorganisms that are naturally present in the organs that make up the digestive tract.
- intestinal microflora refers to all microorganisms that are naturally present in the organs that make up the digestive tract.
- intestinal microflora refers to all microorganisms that are naturally present in the organs that make up the digestive tract.
- intestinal microflora refers to all microorganisms that are naturally present in the organs that make up the digestive tract.
- intestinal microflora refers to all microorganisms that are naturally present in the organs that make up the digestive tract.
- intestinal microflora refers to all microorganisms that are naturally present in the organs that make up the digestive tract.
- intestinal microflora refers to all microorganisms that are naturally present in the organs that make up the digestive tract.
- intestinal microflora refer
- microorganism refers to microscopic living things such as bacteria, viruses, unicellular fungi (yeasts), and protists.
- microbe and “microorganism” are equivalent and may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present invention.
- cancermensal microorganism for example commensal bacteria, refers to microorganisms naturally present in the intestinal microflora of the subject and are, in general, beneficial to their host.
- pathogenic microorganism which, in general, has a detrimental effect on its host.
- pathogenic microorganisms are responsible for infections.
- the species of bacteria that may be present in the composition according to the invention in addition to B. thetaiotaomicron are selected from the group consisting of bacteria belonging to phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Even more preferably, the species of bacteria that may be present in the composition according to the invention in addition to B. thetaiotaomicron belong to a genus selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Peptococcus.
- thetaiotaomicron are selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides intestinalis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides infantis, Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides massiliensis, Bacteroides distasonis, Parabacteroides diastasonis, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Escherichia coli, Ruminococcus gnavus, Roseburia intestinalis, Fusobacterium necrogenic, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium brief, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus helveticus , Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus
- the species of bacteria that may be present in the composition according to the invention in addition to B. thetaiotaomicron are selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides intestinalis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides massiliensis , Parabacteroides diastasonis, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Escherichia coli, Ruminococcus gnavus, Roseburia intestinalis, Fusobacterium necrogenic, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus casei, Lac
- the species of bacteria that may be present in the composition according to the invention in addition to B. thetaiotaomicron are selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides intestinalis, Bacteroides massiliensis, Parabacteroides diastasonis, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Ruminococcus gnavus, Roseburia intestinalis, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bacillus clausii, Enterococcus faecium -this.
- the composition according to the invention may further comprise at least one other microorganism and / or a microorganism extract.
- Said microorganism is preferably compatible with the intestinal microflora of the subject, more preferably it is a commensal microorganism.
- the commensal microorganism is a yeast, more preferably the commensal microorganism is a yeast selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and / or extracts thereof.
- the composition according to the invention consists essentially of B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof.
- the term "essentially consists of" as used herein refers to a composition according to the invention not comprising any other microorganism, in particular commensal. More particularly, said composition does not comprise any other bacteria and does not include yeast.
- composition according to the invention may further be administered in combination with another therapeutic agent, preferably selected from the group consisting of a prebiotic, an antibiotic, or a combination thereof.
- additional therapeutic agent preferably selected from the group consisting of a prebiotic, an antibiotic, or a combination thereof.
- the composition according to the invention and the additional therapeutic agent may be administered simultaneously or sequentially.
- the additional therapeutic agent may be administered before or after administration of the composition according to the invention.
- said composition is administered in combination with a prebiotic.
- a prebiotic refers to any molecule having a prebiotic effect, ie promoting the growth or activity of intestinal microorganisms beneficial to the health of their host.
- Prebiotics are generally short-chain oligosaccharides or polysaccharides consisting of approximately two to twenty monosaccharide units. They escape digestion in the small intestine and are potential substrates for hydrolysis and fermentation by intestinal bacteria.
- the prebiotic employed in the invention may specifically target a species or kind of intestinal microorganisms such as several species or genera of microorganisms, thereby modulating the total number or relative proportion of one or more intestinal microorganisms.
- the prebiotics according to the invention may in particular be substrates of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.
- the prebiotics according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of oligofructose, inulin, galacto-oligosaccharides, lactulose, mother's milk oligosaccharides, derivatives or combinations thereof.
- said composition is administered in combination with an antibiotic.
- the antibiotic employed may specifically target a species or genus of intestinal microorganisms such as several species or genera of microorganisms, in order to modulate the total number or relative proportion of one or more intestinal microorganisms.
- the antibiotics according to The invention is selected from the group consisting of Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Vancomycin, Neomycin sulfate, Metronidazole, Alatrofloxacin, Tetracycline, Moxifloxacin, Azithromycin, Bacampicillin, Oxacillin, Benzylpenicillin, Clarithromycin, Carbenicillin, Cefadroxile, Cephalexin, Cefditorene, Cefepime, Cefmetazole, Cefoperazone, Cefprozile, Cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Clindamycin, Daptomycin, Dicloxacillin, Erythromycin, Fidaxomycin, Gemifloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, Kanamycin, Levofloxacin, Lincomycin , Lomefloxacin, Ofloxacin, Vancomycin, Meropeneme, Metronidazole, Nafcillin, Nalid
- composition according to the invention consists of B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof.
- the composition according to the invention does not comprise any other microorganism and is not administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.
- B. thetaiotaomicron is present in a therapeutically effective amount.
- the term "therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and / or extracts thereof capable of preventing or delaying the onset of infection, or curing or reduce the effects of an infection. It is obvious that the quantity to be administered can be adapted by those skilled in the art, depending on the subject to be treated, the nature of the infection, etc. In particular, dosages and dosing regimens depend on the nature, stage of development, and severity of the infection being treated, as well as the weight, age, and general health status of the subject to be treated. treat, or the judgment of the prescribing physician.
- treatment refers to any act to improve the medical status of a person with an infection.
- the treatment may be aimed at both improving the patient's condition, i.e., regression of the infection, or some of its symptoms, only to eradicate the infection or some of its symptoms.
- the treatment may also have the effect of preventing or slowing down the progression of an infection.
- prevention refers to any action to prevent or delay the onset of infection.
- prevention and “prophylactic treatment” are equivalent and may be used interchangeably within the scope of the present invention.
- Prevention can target both subjects with a predisposition to infections, preferably intestinal infections, as well as non-susceptible subjects.
- the composition according to the invention may be delivered at its intestinal action site either in the form of a suppository, in the form of an enema, or orally, preferably orally.
- formulations of the composition include, but are not limited to, solid formulations such as cachets, pills, capsules or capsules, liquid formulations such as beverages, and suspensions.
- the composition is delivered orally and reaches its site of intestinal action without being damaged by the acidity of the stomach, for example through a gastro-resistant coating.
- the composition can be administered in the form of a food, a dietary supplement, a nutraceutical, a yoghurt, a diet bar, or other products of the same kind.
- composition according to the invention may be administered at the rate of a single dose, or at several doses depending on the formulation, the subject, his state of health and the infection to be treated. When several doses of the composition are administered, they may be spread over one or more days. Preferably, the composition according to the invention is administered at the rate of a single dose per day of administration. Alternatively, the subject receives several doses of the composition per day of treatment.
- the composition according to the invention may be administered every day, every two days, once a week, once a month, or once a year, preferably once a day.
- the periodicity of taking the composition depends on many parameters such as the expected overall duration of taking the composition, the age of the subject and / or the severity of the infection to be prevented or treated.
- the frequency of setting of the composition can also change over time, in a given subject, particularly according to the evolution of his infection, his risk of infection, and / or his overall state of health.
- composition according to the invention may be administered for a maximum of about 31 days, for a period of about 1 to about 24 months or for at least two years.
- the composition according to the invention may be administered to the subject for a period of 1 to about 31 days, preferably for a period of about 2 to about 21 days, more preferably for a period of about 7 to about 14 days.
- a duration of administration of the composition less than or equal to one month is particularly suitable for the acute treatment of an infection or the prevention of an immediate risk of infection.
- the composition according to the invention may be administered throughout the duration of the infection or the duration of the risk of infection.
- the composition according to the invention may also be administered to the subject for a period of about 1 to about 24 months, preferably for a period of about 2 to about 12 months, more preferably during a period of about 3 to about 6 months.
- a duration of administration of the composition from about 1 to about 24 months is particularly suitable for preventing an infection.
- the composition according to the invention may be administered throughout the period when the subject has an increased risk of infection.
- the composition according to the invention may finally be administered to the subject for at least two years, preferably for at least 5 years, more preferably for at least 8 years.
- a duration of administration of the composition of at least two years is particularly suitable for the prevention or treatment of a chronic infection.
- the composition according to the invention can be administered throughout the life of the subject.
- the composition according to the invention may be administered for the prevention or treatment of any infection, preferably an intestinal infection.
- An intestinal infection is an infection affecting one of the organs of the intestine, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon, or rectum.
- the name given to the infection may be different, it is called oesophagitis when the esophagus is affected, gastritis when the stomach is touched, enteritis when the intestine Hail is affected, colitis for the colon, sigmoiditis for the lower part of the colon, or rectitus for the rectum.
- the intestinal infection according to the invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of esophagitis, gastritis, enteritis, colitis, sigmoiditis, proctitis, peritonitis, intestinal tuberculosis. , or a combination thereof.
- An intestinal infection can be caused by different pathogenic microorganisms, it can be viruses, bacteria, parasites, yeasts or combinations thereof.
- the intestinal infection is caused by a virus, a parasite, a yeast or a combination thereof.
- the intestinal infection is caused by a virus, preferably a virus excluding Rotavirus.
- the intestinal infection is caused by a virus selected from the group consisting of Rotavirus, Norwalk Virus, Adenovirus, Calicivirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus, Astrovirus, or a combination of these.
- the intestinal infection is caused by a virus selected from the group consisting of Norwalk Virus, Adenovirus, Calicivirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus, Astrovirus, or a combination of these.
- the intestinal infection is caused by a bacterium, preferably the intestinal infection is caused by a bacterium excluding bacteria of the Clostridium difficile species, more preferably to the exclusion of bacteria of the genus Clostridium.
- the intestinal infection is caused by a bacterium excluding bacteria of the bacteria Salmonella enteritidis species, preferably excluding bacteria of the genus Salmonella.
- the intestinal infection is caused by a bacterium with the exception of bacteria of the species Salmonella enteritidis and Clostridium difficile.
- the intestinal infection is caused by a bacterium with the exception of bacteria of the genera Salmonella and Clostridium.
- the intestinal infection is caused by a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexnerii, Shigella dysenteriae, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfengens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria mono cyto genes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or a combination thereof.
- a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolytic
- the intestinal infection is caused by a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexnerii, Shigella dysenteriae, Clostridium perfengens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria mono cyto genes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or a combination thereof.
- a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella
- the intestinal infection is caused by a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexnerii, Shigella dysenteriae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli , Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria mono cyto genes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or a combination thereof.
- a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexnerii, Shigella dysenteriae, Yersinia enterocolitica,
- the intestinal infection is caused by a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexnerii, Shigella dysenteriae, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfengens, Clostridium botulinum, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria mono cyto genes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or a combination thereof.
- a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella
- intestinal infection may still be caused by a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexnerii, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria mono cyto genes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or a combination thereof.
- a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexn
- the intestinal infection is caused by a parasite, preferably a parasite selected from the group consisting of Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Microsporidium, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum, Coccidia and Trichinella spiralis, or a combination thereof.
- a parasite preferably a parasite selected from the group consisting of Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Microspori
- the intestinal infection is caused by a yeast, preferably a yeast selected from the group consisting of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guillermondii, Torulopsis glabrata, or a combination of these.
- composition according to the invention may be intended for a pharmaceutical use or a veterinary use.
- subject refers to an animal, preferably a mammal.
- subject and patient are equivalent and may be used interchangeably in the context of the present invention.
- the subject of the invention may be healthy or infected.
- the subject of the invention may be infected, preferably the subject of the invention has an intestinal infection.
- the subject of the invention does not present an infection, preferably, it does not present an intestinal infection.
- the subject may present an increased risk of infection.
- the subject of the invention may be immunocompromised, immunosuppressed, have an immature immune system, have an abnormal intestinal microflora, and / or exhibit fragility.
- the subject of the invention is immunosuppressed, immunosuppressed, has an immature immune system, and / or has fragility.
- the subject of the invention is immunosuppressed, immunosuppressed, and / or has a fragility.
- the subject of the invention may be immunocompromised.
- immunocompromised and “immunodeficient” are equivalent and can be used interchangeably.
- immunosuppressed refers to a state in which the subject has weakened immune defenses. Immunocompromised people will be unable to normally manage microorganisms that normally do not present any danger.
- the subject of the invention may be immuno deleted.
- the term “suppressed immuno” refers to a state in which the subject no longer has immune defenses.
- the subject of the invention may have an immature immune system.
- immature immune system refers to a state in which the immune system has not yet reached maturity.
- the immune defenses of an immature immune system are less effective in the fight against pathogens.
- newborns have an immature immune system, especially premature newborns.
- the immune system of a newborn is all the more immature as it is premature.
- the subject of the invention may have a fragility.
- fragment refers to a clinical syndrome reflecting a decrease in physiological reserve capacities that alters the mechanisms of adaptation to stress, its clinical expression is modulated by co-morbidities and psychological factors, social, economic and behavioral. Fragility syndrome is a marker of risk for mortality and pejorative events, including disability, falls, hospitalization and institutionalization. Age is a major determinant of frailty but does not explain this syndrome alone. Managing the determinants of frailty can reduce or delay its consequences.
- abnormal intestinal microflora refers to an intestinal microflora unsuitable for effectively protecting the subject against intestinal infections.
- a subject may present an abnormal intestinal microflora following antibiotic treatment. This abnormal intestinal microflora can also be the consequence of a congenital anomaly.
- the subject of the invention may be a non-human mammal or a human mammal.
- the subject of the invention is a human. It can be a newborn, a child, a teenager, an adult or a senior.
- the subject is a human neonate or a child, more preferably a human neonate.
- the subject is an elderly person.
- the term "newborn" refers to a human being younger than 12 months, preferably less than 6 months, more preferably less than 3 months, and preferably especially preferred less than a month old.
- the human subject is a child.
- the term "child” refers to a human being aged 1 to 12 years, preferably to a human being aged 1 to 8 years, and still more preferably to a human being. human 1 to 5 years old.
- the human subject is an elderly person.
- the term “elderly person” refers to a human being aged 60 or over, preferably to a human being aged 65 or over, and even more preferably to a human being. human being 70 years of age or older.
- the subject of the invention is a premature mammal, preferably a human, more preferably a newborn human or a child, most preferably a newborn human.
- premature refers to a subject born before term, ie, before 40 weeks of amenorrhea (SA), preferably before 37 weeks.
- SA amenorrhea
- the premature subject may be slightly premature (35 to 37 weeks), moderately premature (32 to 34 weeks), a very premature baby (27 to 31 weeks), or an extreme premature baby (22 to 26 weeks).
- the subject of the invention may be a non-human mammal, preferably a pet or farm animal, more preferably an animal selected from the group consisting of dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, chickens, chickens, and non-human primates.
- the subject of the invention is in addition a newborn.
- the term "newborn” refers to an animal less than 12 months old, preferably less than 6 months old, more preferably less than 3 months old, and thus particularly preferred less than a month old.
- the subject of the invention may not be weaned.
- the present invention also relates to a kit for treating or preventing an infection in a subject, preferably an immunocompromised, immunosuppressed subject, having an immature immune system, and / or having a fragility
- said kit comprising ( i) a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof, as well as optionally (ii) a prebiotic, (iii) an antibiotic, and / or (iv) another microorganism and / or an extract thereof, and also optionally (v) a leaflet detailing the precautions of use of such a kit.
- the other microorganisms are at most five, four, three, two or other species of microorganisms and / or extracts thereof, in particular bacteria.
- the additional microorganism or microorganisms are commensals, more preferably one or more commensal yeast (s) or extracts from that (s).
- the other microorganisms are at most five, four, three, two or other species of microorganisms and / or extracts thereof, in particular bacteria.
- the additional microorganism (s) are commensal, more preferably one or more yeast (s) commensal (s) or extracts from that (s)
- the present invention also relates to the use of a treatment or prevention kit for an infection in a subject, preferably immunocompromised, immunosuppressed, having an immature immune system, and / or having a fragility
- a treatment or prevention kit for an infection in a subject preferably immunocompromised, immunosuppressed, having an immature immune system, and / or having a fragility
- said kit comprising (i) a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of B. thetaiotaomicron and / or an extract thereof, as well as optionally (ii) a prebiotic, (iii) an antibiotic, and / or (iv) another microorganism and / or an extract thereof, and also optionally (v) a leaflet detailing the precautions of use of such a kit.
- the other microorganisms are at most five, four, three, two or other species of microorganisms and / or extracts thereof, in particular bacteria.
- the additional microorganism or microorganisms are commensals, more preferably one or more commensal yeast (s) or extracts from that (s).
- the embodiments described for the first aspect of this invention are also included in this third aspect.
- Monoxenic mice are mice whose intestine has only been colonized by a single microorganism, in this case a bacterium or a yeast.
- Escherichia coli AIEC LF82 Ruminococcus gnavus ATCC 29149
- Bacteroides thetaiotaomicwn VPI-5482 ATCC 29148
- Roseburia intestinalis Ll-82 DSM 14610
- Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM 1-745 Syn HANSEN CBS 5926, Biocodex Laboratories
- Candida albicans SC5314 Echerichia coli AIEC LF82, Ruminococcus gnavus ATCC 29149, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicwn VPI-5482 (ATCC 29148), Roseburia intestinalis Ll-82 (DSM 14610), Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM 1-745 (syn HANSEN CBS 5926, Biocodex Laboratories) and Candida albicans SC5314.
- mice Female axenic (non-microorganismic) C3H / HeN mice (ANAXEM platform, INRA, France) were raised in sterile incubators. Bacterial suspensions (10 8 -10 9 cfu in 400 ⁇ l), suspensions of yeasts (10 7 -10 8 cfu in 400 ⁇ l), feces of conventional mice, or a control medium were administered to 6-week-old mice by intra-gastric gavage (8 mice per group). After 6 weeks of implantation, the mice were euthanized and several samples were taken, namely the pieces and contents of the jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon.
- Colon samples for histological studies were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and then embedded in paraffin before being cut into micro-metric sections. These sections were then incubated for histological and immunohistochemical analyzes.
- RNA integrity test result was verified on a Bioanalyzer 2100 using RNA 6000 nanopips (Agilent Technologies), and all samples had an RNA integrity test result greater than 8.
- Microarray analysis was carried out on the colon of monocolonized mice (6 groups corresponding to the six microorganisms of interest) as well as on that of axenic mice (no microorganisms) and conventionalized (colonized by a microbiota). normal integer).
- the transcriptomic profile of monocolonized mice with B. thetaiotaomicron, unlike those obtained with other microorganisms, is very similar to that of conventionalized mice (see Figure 1).
- the inventors confirmed by qPCR the stimulation of the expression of a selection of genes involved in major immune functions by B. thetaiotaomicron (see FIG. 2).
- B. thetaiotaomicron induces an infiltration of the colonic mucosa by different populations of immune cells: T lymphocytes, B cells and macrophages. This reflects a maturation of the immune system.
- B. thetaiotaomicron also induces the maturation of the IgA system in the intestinal mucosa (see Figure 3). Although some of the maturation aspects of the immune system are also observed with some of the other microorganisms studied, B. thetaiotaomicron is the only one to have an overall impact, on all the parameters studied.
- the inventors have thus discovered that the bacterium B. thetaiotaomicron, alone, was perfectly capable of maturing the intestinal immune system of their host.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1553645A FR3035329A1 (fr) | 2015-04-23 | 2015-04-23 | La prevention ou le traitement d'une infection par bacteroides thetaiotaomicron |
| PCT/FR2016/050947 WO2016170280A1 (fr) | 2015-04-23 | 2016-04-22 | La prévention ou le traitement d'une infection par bacteroides thetaiotaomicron |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP3285786A1 true EP3285786A1 (fr) | 2018-02-28 |
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| EP16721201.8A Withdrawn EP3285786A1 (fr) | 2015-04-23 | 2016-04-22 | La prévention ou le traitement d'une infection par bacteroides thetaiotaomicron |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20180092949A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3285786A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3035329A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2016170280A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| IT201600091033A1 (it) * | 2016-09-08 | 2018-03-08 | Bioimmunizer Sagl | Ceppi di batteri probiotici appartenenti al genere Bifidobacterium e loro estratti di cellule probiotiche (ECP) aventi proprietà immunostimolanti. |
| US12144834B2 (en) | 2018-09-13 | 2024-11-19 | Xbiome Inc. | Methods and compositions for treating gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders |
| CN110812357B (zh) * | 2019-11-06 | 2022-09-23 | 山东省农业科学院奶牛研究中心 | 比阿培南在制备防治牛肠道病毒感染药物中的应用 |
| US11318174B2 (en) * | 2020-07-09 | 2022-05-03 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Probiotics for use in the prevention or treatment of illness and/or symptoms associated with coronaviruses |
| FR3112557B1 (fr) * | 2020-07-20 | 2025-12-05 | Lesaffre & Cie | Combinaison de souches de lactobacilles et son utilisation en sante animale |
| CN112401071B (zh) * | 2020-11-19 | 2021-08-27 | 山东龙昌动物保健品有限公司 | 一种胆汁酸复合菌剂在用于制备肉羊饲料添加剂中的应用 |
| US20230255237A1 (en) * | 2021-02-23 | 2023-08-17 | Bactana Corp. | Methods and compositions for improving food safety and enhancing feed efficiency in poultry |
| US20220264909A1 (en) * | 2021-02-23 | 2022-08-25 | Bactana Corp. | Methods and compositions for improving food safety and enhancing feed efficiency in poultry |
| WO2024251031A1 (fr) * | 2023-06-06 | 2024-12-12 | 四川厌氧生物科技有限责任公司 | Composition probiotique pour la prévention et le traitement de la diarrhée liée au traitement antitumoral et son utilisation |
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| US5951977A (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 1999-09-14 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Competitive exclusion culture for swine |
| GB0127916D0 (en) * | 2001-11-21 | 2002-01-16 | Rowett Res Inst | Method |
-
2015
- 2015-04-23 FR FR1553645A patent/FR3035329A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2016
- 2016-04-22 US US15/565,947 patent/US20180092949A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-04-22 WO PCT/FR2016/050947 patent/WO2016170280A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2016-04-22 EP EP16721201.8A patent/EP3285786A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| ZOCCO ET AL: "Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in the gut: Molecular aspects of their interaction", DIGESTIVE AND LIVER DISEASE, W.B. SAUNDERS, GB, vol. 39, no. 8, 14 July 2007 (2007-07-14), pages 707 - 712, XP022140665, ISSN: 1590-8658, DOI: 10.1016/J.DLD.2007.04.003 * |
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| US20180092949A1 (en) | 2018-04-05 |
| FR3035329A1 (fr) | 2016-10-28 |
| WO2016170280A1 (fr) | 2016-10-27 |
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