EP3044708A1 - Procédé de conception assistée par ordinateur comportant une étape de modélisation - Google Patents
Procédé de conception assistée par ordinateur comportant une étape de modélisationInfo
- Publication number
- EP3044708A1 EP3044708A1 EP14761372.3A EP14761372A EP3044708A1 EP 3044708 A1 EP3044708 A1 EP 3044708A1 EP 14761372 A EP14761372 A EP 14761372A EP 3044708 A1 EP3044708 A1 EP 3044708A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- primitives
- primitive
- graph
- construction
- faces
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
- G06F30/15—Vehicle, aircraft or watercraft design
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T17/00—Three-dimensional [3D] modelling for computer graphics
- G06T17/10—Constructive solid geometry [CSG] using solid primitives, e.g. cylinders, cubes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
Definitions
- Computer-aided design method including a modeling step
- the present invention belongs to the field of three-dimensional computer object design methods.
- the automatic generation of the construction graph is based on a decomposition phase of this initial 3D object, known only by a surface model of its boundary, into a set of simple volume primitives.
- Such a dimensional modification of a known three-dimensional part involves, in particular, calculations of mechanical resistance to certain dimensional forces.
- the realization of these calculations, most often by numerical methods of the finite element type, implies a modeling of the part corresponding to the objectives of the calculations set up and involves modifications of form.
- This modeling includes a so-called idealization phase, in which an operator performs a simplification of the piece to highlight the elements of its structure, including stiffeners, thin walls, etc. modeled by plates, shells etc. thus meeting the objectives of the corresponding calculations.
- Idealization thus refers to geometrical transformations where a subset of a volume can be transformed into a surface or a line respectively representative of a plate or shell or of a beam in the case where geometric element is a line.
- This phase of idealization produces a model of the initial object called idealized.
- This idealized model can be treated by a finite element approach. The results of these calculations may lead to changes in the size of the initial object in order to respond to changes in the specifications.
- the construction tree is lost when the geometric model of the object has to be transferred between the software where it was created and another software that meets the needs of another trade,
- the 3D object is only described by a single construction tree as generated by the user during the construction of the object.
- CAD CAD
- a construction tree is defined as an ordered sequence of shape generation processes (also called generative processes corresponding to the creation of primitives) usually created by a CAD modeler during an object design process.
- surface modeling called B-Rep (acronym for "Boundary Representation”: surface modeling of a volume by its border: faces, edges and vertices).
- CAD and simulation software packages offer idealization functions that are not very automated and robust. They also propose decompositions into characteristic forms ('form features') and primitives (basic forms like cylinder, cone, cube etc.) which are limited to a single construction tree and are poorly adapted to idealization processes. because the primitives they contain are often not suitable for setting up processes of idealization.
- CAD software associates objects with necessarily binary trees, that is, only one primitive is added to the shape of the intermediate object at each stage of construction, that is to say at each node of the construction tree.
- the invention thus aims at a method of computer-aided design of a second three-dimensional object, from a first three-dimensional object known only by its boundary surfaces (through a B-Rep type surface model), of planar type, cylinders, cones, spheres, tori, excluding free forms in the definition of the boundary of the object, the method comprising steps:
- creating the second object as a variant of the first object according to this construction graph by modifying some of these parameters (for example diameter, length, etc.).
- a construction graph may include cycles, especially in the case of the present method, when two different generation sequences of the same object are obtained by a first set of primitives, identical and identically ordered for each of the two sequences, and then diverge. by the form of the primitives contained in each sequence then end up again with the same intermediate form, which is translated in the graph by two branches ending in two same nodes of said graph.
- Each node of a sequence represents an intermediate form progressively evolving from "root" primitives to the same complete object.
- Each of these sequences represents a tree that is a construction tree of the object extracted from the construction graph.
- said construction graph includes all the construction variants of the object using Boolean combinations of these primitives.
- the method comprises a step of modeling the first three-dimensional object in the form of a construction graph using a set predetermined volume primitives and Boolean operations determining the combination of these volume primitives in said object.
- the decomposition method used in the present method makes it possible to give a structure to an object (decomposition graph) in order to allow simple and rapid modifications of the shape of this object.
- the method proposes to extract a construction graph of a volume model (B-Rep) of an object, said volume model being conventionally obtained using CAD software, so that the generative processes (primitives and associated Boolean operations) , identified in the construction graph, can be used for finite element analysis and, particularly in this case, for idealization processes.
- the method is not restricted to the case of finite element analyzes but can be used for any operation requiring a modification of parameters or shape of said volume model.
- the decomposition graph obtained by the method, comprises in each node the largest possible number of primitives that can be applied to each step of construction of the object, which allows a compact encoding many of the construction possibilities of this object unlike the CAD software construction trees that generate binary construction trees.
- primitive generation variants are not distinguished in the construction graph.
- the construction graph comprises a set of nodes representing a minimal, non-trivial set of shapes of the object at different intermediate stages of its construction.
- the non-trivial steps of constructing the object characterized by a node of the construction graph can be associated with simple algorithms making it possible to enumerate the non-explicit complementary variants.
- a node with several primitives may be associated with an algorithm expressing all the variants of binary trees for generating each of the construction trees as produced by a CAD software.
- the construction graph is extracted using a primitive deletion operator which progressively simplifies the shape of the object.
- the principle is to "go back in time” starting from the initial complete object and gradually eliminating form primitives of this object until at least one primitive "root”.
- the process of geometric construction of an object from primitives can be seen as a temporal process where the user starts from simple primitives and combines them progressively with others to complicate the intermediate form of the object up to get the desired final shape.
- the primitives used comprise extrusion primitives, defined by two parallel faces comprising an extrusion contour, and an extrusion direction not parallel to these faces.
- the process is able to efficiently process mechanical type components, which are particularly well suited to extrusion primitive modeling.
- the extrusion primitives are associated with each node of the construction graph to a union type boolean operator, which corresponds to a material addition operation.
- the primitives used comprise revolution primitives.
- connection radii are those that can not be integrated into the contours of extrusion or revolution primitives.
- the boundary of the initial object is transformed, without changing the shape of the object, into a set of faces and maximum edges.
- This new representation is unique and intrinsic to the shape of the object.
- the method comprises a step of identifying maximum primitives at each step of decomposing the object, a primitive identified at a step of the process of constructing an object being said to be primitive maximum if no other primitive, valid at this same step, can be fully inserted into the primitive.
- the maximum primitives are identified based on the maximum faces and edges defining the boundary of the intermediate object available at each decomposition step of the initial object.
- the generative processes used are of the additive type, that is to say that they are exclusively based on a Boolean regularized union operator during the combination of primitives at each step t of modeling of generative processes.
- objects subjected to transformations of idealization like the determination of average surfaces, are characterized by surfaces or lines located inside these primitives, and the connections between the primitives also locate the connections between their representatives idealized (said surfaces and previous lines) when these connections derive objectives formulated for a finite element model.
- the idealized representation of the object M corresponding to the final object of the construction graph, can be derived from the idealized representation of each maximum primitive Pi present in the construction graph of M and its connections, independently of other maximal primitives present in this same graph. This applies in the case where the primitives Pi are combined with each other only by a regularized Boolean union operation.
- each maximum primitive Pi and its connections determine both the 3D location of the idealized representation of Pi that its connections with other neighboring idealized primitives, that is to say primitives whose Boolean intersection with Pi is non-zero.
- a classification of connection categories can to be defined, which is important because the idealization processes still rely on the user's know-how to process significantly different connections from simple connections currently handled by CAD or finite element software.
- the initial M objects decomposed into primitives are associated with a construction graph comprising only generative processes for adding matter. That is, each node of the construction graph associated with M has only regularized union Boolean operations.
- FIG. 1 a flow chart of the main steps of a method as described
- FIG. 2 a global diagram of generation of the generative processes corresponding to the generation of the construction graph of the initial object
- FIG. 3 the main steps of the extraction of a primitive Pi at a step t of generation of the graph of generative processes, that is to say from the identification of this primitive until its removal from the intermediate object, at this stage, derived from the initial object M,
- FIG. 4 an overall flowchart of the different steps of an idealization process
- Figure 5 a taxonomy of the morphologies associated with a segment of the MAT of a primitive Pi
- Figure 6 a part of the possible interfaces between subdomains when they are plate or shell type.
- the process of generating a construction graph of a 3D object is determined from different construction sequences of this object.
- To designate a construction operation we refer to an instant f characterizing it within a sequence describing a generative process. The previous operation will be identified by (t-1).
- the object whose construction graph is to be determined is denoted M. It is the result object of the combination of the primitives contained in the construction graph.
- Af 0 the starting object M.
- ⁇ _ 7 denotes an evolution of the object M during a construction sequence whose origin is the object M and M 3 is the object obtained at time t ⁇ for j 'th step in the sequence before reaching the object 0 Af. This notation indicates that by including step j, it remains j construction steps before it reaches the form of A% which coincides with the starting object M.
- a target object M to be analyzed for example morphological analysis of M for a finite element calculation
- the object M was generated using a CAD software or, more generally a geometric modeler, it is thus obtained by means of a set of primitives combined with each other by addition or deletion of material (regularized Boolean operations union or subtraction between primitives).
- the boundary of the object M contains traces of the generative processes that produced its primitives. So, elements of the boundary of M, that is, faces, edges and vertices can be considered as the memory of the generation processes in which the primitives are sequentially combined by regularized Boolean operators.
- Common CAD modelers are based on strictly sequential processes, where a primitive is combined with the intermediate object using a regularized Boolean operator, because the user can hardly generate several primitives simultaneously without looking at the intermediate results, for see how they combine or interact, and their influence on the shape of the intermediate object. As indicated in the preamble, it follows from this behavior that the construction trees associated with objects are binary trees.
- CAD modelers provide regularized Boolean operators
- the number of possible generative processes producing the object M can be arbitrarily large, for example, even a cube can be obtained from an arbitrarily large number of arbitrarily small extent extrusions combined with an operator of union.
- a primitive Pi valid, identified at a step t of the process of constructing M using a base face Fb1 is called a primitive maximum if no other primitive Pj, valid at this same step t, having F'b1 as the base face , can not be fully inserted into the Pi primitive (see section 2.1).
- P ⁇ P ⁇ P "where ⁇ 'means the regularized Boolean intersection (the definition of such an operator is known to the skilled person).
- the maximum primitives imply that the outline of a sketch can be arbitrarily complex, which is not the case in the practice of current engineering, where the use of simple primitives facilitates the interactive modeling process, the parameterization, and assigning geometric constraints to outlines.
- the generative processes constituting the construction graph are of the additive type, that is to say that they are exclusively based on a regularized union operator (the definition of such an operator is known to those skilled in the art when combining primitives at each step of constructing the object using generative processes of M.
- the use of additive generative processes is preferred over material removal operations that can not be easily used in idealization operations. If M has a shape such that, locally, the decomposition can not be obtained without the use of a material removal operation, the decomposition process will produce a volume domain that will not be an extrusion primitive.
- these generative processes must be non-trivial variants of previously identified processes.
- the same parallelepiped block can be extruded with three different face contours and orientations, but they create the same volume.
- these equivalent processes are detected by comparing the geometric properties of the contour of the generated object.
- the trivial variants of generative processes are implicitly described by simple algorithms attached to each of the nodes of the construction graph.
- the algorithm that lists all the possible combinations of binary operations of union between all regularized primitive Pi present in the same node to reduce a generative process in a binary tree.
- a STEP file is provided as input. It contains the volume model of the object M, described as B-Rep.
- a set of generative processes is extracted which forms sets of construction trees, capable of producing a graph (set of construction trees arriving at the same volume object).
- step 103 application-dependent criteria are used to identify one or more construction trees according to the needs of the application.
- a step 104 in the case of finite element analysis, shape transformations are performed (idealization).
- a decomposition of a volume model B-Rep of an object is however not unique (and therefore not suitable), because it is subject to two influences:
- CAD modelers may not be able to merge the corresponding entities in any case, thus producing a decomposition of the boundary surface (in non-maximal faces) that does not change the shape of the object. This is consistent with the theorem Euier Poincaré which establishes a relationship between the topological invariant of a volume object and the decomposition of its border faces, edges, vertices.
- the topological conditions necessary to set up a coherent tiling of the boundary of the object that is to say the decomposition of its boundary surface, must be a CW-complex (which is a type of topological space defined to meet the needs of the homotopy theory
- a CW-complex is a space constructed by gluing together cells
- a CW-complex of dimension 0 is a finite set of points
- a CW-complex of dimension 1 is a set of segments
- a complex CW of dimension 2 is a set of faces . Therefore, closed curved surfaces must be partitioned.
- a cylinder is decomposed into two half cylinders in most CAD modelers or is described with a connected auto patch attached along a generator.
- edge (s) connecting the cylindrical faces are adjacent to the same cylindrical surface and are not significant from the point of view of the shape of the object incorporating this surface.
- this pavement must not participate in the decomposition of the boundary surface of the object so that this decomposition is intrinsic to the shape of the object.
- a maximum face F is obtained by repeated fusion of an adjacent face Fa sharing a common edge with the face F when the face Fa is defined by a surface of the same type and the same parameters as F (typically adjacent planar faces which are defined from a single plane).
- the face F is said maximum face when there is more face Fa which can be fused with F (in intuitive terms, all facets forming a face of an object have been encompassed). These maximum faces coincide with the "c-faces" defined in the prior art, which have been proven to define the object M uniquely.
- a maximum edge ⁇ having as adjacent faces F1 and F2 is obtained by repeated fusion with an edge Ea, adjacent to E, when Ea is also adjacent to F1 and F2 (the maximum edge ⁇ is then the largest broken curve having F1 and F2 as adjacent faces).
- edge (or edge) E representing a portion of the boundary of a face F, is said maximum edge (or maximum edge) when no more edges Ea can be fused with E.
- the merging operations are performed only topologically, that is to say that the representation by volume model B-Rep of the object remains unchanged and its decomposition into maximum faces and edges is a topological representation of its interfaced border with its B-Rep representation.
- the faces and the maximum edges are generated not only for the initial M model, but also after the removal of each primitive during the identification of the generative process graph.
- the maximum primitives are based on maximum faces and edges.
- connection radii in English: "blending radii”
- feature removal functions in most CAD systems.
- connection radii concerns those which can not be incorporated into Pi primitives.
- the object M is treated by an iterative process of identification and elimination of primitives Pi.
- the objective of this phase is to "go back in time” until reaching the root primitives of the generative processes.
- the result of this phase is a set of primitives Pi.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the main steps of the extraction of a primitive Pi from a generative process graph, that is to say from the identification of this primitive to its removal from M, and is explained in more detail below.
- a primitive Pi is the memory of a generative process that took place between the object M- j and the object M_ (J + 1 ; _
- the identification of primitives based on extrusion contours visible allows the generation of reference primitives having more simple contours compared to primitive which part of the contour would not be visible Indeed, in a step j where M_ object. would consist of a primitive
- this configuration gives rise to an infinity of trivial configurations which have no influence on the form of the object M; and where the parties contour primitive Pi included in the object M_y 1] could be made of arbitrary number of geometric elements (line segments, arcs of circles and thus of points of connection between these entities).
- this arrangement consists of minimizing the interface, that is to say the common part between the primitive Pi and the object M_y
- the parameters involved in a reference extrusion primer Pi are the two basic faces, Fb1 and Fb2, which are planar and have the same drawn contour on which the extrusion takes place.
- edges of the Fbi face are called contour edges and the edges of this contour are called convex.
- a convex edge is such that the normals at its adjacent faces define an angle a such that: 0 ⁇ a ⁇ .
- the edges of its contour along which the primitive Pi is fixed to the object M j can be either convex or concave, depending on the proximity of the primitive Pi in the object. object M.
- edges generated from the vertices of the contour are defined by segments of line parallel to each other and orthogonal to the face Fbi. These edges are called lateral edges of Pi.
- the faces adjacent to the face Fbi are called side faces. These lateral faces are delimited by four sides, two of them being lateral edges.
- Lateral edges may be fictitious lateral edges when a lateral face coincides with a face of the object M j adjacent to the primitive Pi.
- the visibility of the primitive Pi depends on its insertion into the object M, and sets the conditions for identifying the primitive Pi in dM j .
- the simplest visibility Fbi is obtained when the base faces of the primary P in the object M j exist, and when at least one lateral edge connects Fbi to M s
- the primitive Pi is identified by two conditions.
- At least one base face Fbi is visible in the object M that is to say the primitive Pi can be identified by a maximum planar surface (face having all the facets adjacent to this face and of the same type and parameters).
- a lateral edge namely a perpendicular line segment and connected to a convex edge of Fbi.
- This edge defines the extrusion distance of the primitive Pi.
- Other side faces are identified by propagation from both sides of the candidate edge until the contour edges of Fbi are no longer convex.
- the lateral edge may not be orthogonal and be connected to a convex edge of Fbi.
- the identified primitive Pi will be inclined with respect to the face Fbi according to the direction defined by this edge.
- a primitive Pi extrusion is attached to the object M ⁇ , changes to j M of the object, according to its visibility in the W_ j object.
- the area of attachment between the primitive Pi and the object ALy 1] corresponds to the faces and pieces of the original Pi faces that do not exist in the M_ object; and which are necessary for the definition of Pi so that dPi is a closed surface: a necessary condition for Pi to be a volume primitive.
- the binding defines a geometric interface, IG, between the primitive Pi and the object M_ ⁇ J + 1 ;, which is the intersection of Pi and the object Af_ (J + 1 i, evolution at step ( j + 1), of the object M.
- This geometric interface IG can be a surface or a volume, or both, that is to say a non-manifold model (object consisting of surfaces and volumes which is not, in the mathematical sense, a variety.)
- One of the simplest attachments occurs when the extrusion primitive Pi has its basic faces Fb1 and Fb2 visible with similar outlines.This means that the primitive Pi is connected to the object M (j +1) through side faces only.
- the geometric interface IG is a surface defined by the set of side faces that are not visible in the primitive Pi.
- This delete operator is defined as a binary operator with the primitive extrusion Pi and M_ object as operands, and AF_ object (J 1 + j as a result.
- the object M refers to a step j and the object _y +1 ] to a step (j + 1) older in the construction graph of the object M.
- the IG geometric interface is of surface type.
- the deletion operator will have to create side faces and / or an extension of the base face Fb2 so that the extended face Fb2 'coincides with the other base face Fb1.
- this category should be subdivided into two sub-categories:
- the geometric interface IG contains only lateral faces of Pi or the geometric interface IG contains such lateral faces and also an extension of the base face Fb2 and the edges of this extension are concave edges of the object M_y
- the geometric interface IG contains side faces of the extrusion primitive Pi, but it also contains an extension of the base face Fb2 and the edges of this extension are fictitious edges of the base face in the M.- r object These edges are convex edges in the object "(D + 1) (example P1 in Figure 3),
- the geometric interface IG contains at least one subdomain of a voluminal nature.
- Pi denotes the volume of the reference primitive, that is, of the set of the extrusion primitive Pi.
- the necessary validity condition is formally expressed using regularized Boolean operators between these two volumes:
- the next step is to generate the object _y 1j once the extrusion primitive (reference primitive) Pi has been identified and removed from the object of M.
- some faces of the reference primitive Pi may be added to ensure that the object Ai-Q + IJ is a volume.
- at least one face of the reference primitive Pi must be modified so that the visible part of the primitive Pi describes the totality of Pi, thus defining the reference primitive Pi.
- the geometric interface GI contains the faces F al defining the lateral faces of Pi to form the lateral faces of the extrusion primitive Pi that have been "completely hidden" in the object M- r Fa 1 denotes a set of faces.
- edges of the attachment of the primitive Pi belonging to the lateral faces of Pi can be lateral edges (real or fictitious) or arbitrary edges.
- the side edges limit the lateral faces defined throughout Fa1, arbitrary edges limit the extension of the partially visible side faces of Pi, they belong to all Fa2.
- Fb2 U Fa 3 Fb1.
- M_j, dPi is the set of connected faces delimiting the visible part of Pi.
- fj 1 j defines a closed surface, orientable, without self-intersection.
- the object Af_Q + 1 is therefore a volume.
- IG contains a set of faces Fa1 extending the lateral faces of the visible part of the primitive Pi.
- Fa3 the essential aspect related to the extension of the faces Fb2 contained in IG.
- the IG geometric interface is of type 2, it contains by definition at least one subdomain of a voluminal nature. Again, the diversity of configurations can be quite broad.
- a first condition for generating a volume interface addresses the surfaces adjacent to Pi. If S is the extension of such a surface and if S ⁇ * Pi ⁇ 0, S can contribute to the creation of a sub-volume domain.
- each of these surfaces S must be treated.
- all the edges attaching the primitive Pi in the object M_ J + 11 and delimiting the same surface S in the object Af_y +1 ] are grouped together because they form a subset of the contour of the faces that can contribute to a sub-domain defining IG.
- Ea groups with other sets of edges, are used to identify loops in the surfaces S that define a volume subdomain IG which must satisfy the conditions of validity are not discussed here for brevity.
- the existence of the object _ j (j - 1] defined as a volume allows, in the iterative process of determining the M construction graph, ensure that the object J # _ CJ + 1 J product the end of an iteration where Pi valid primitives are removed from the current object AF_; is a volume represented as a boundary representation, as is the initial object M.
- the goal is now to integrate the constraints on the IG variants, and thus on the different valid Pi primitives that are candidates for being integrated into the construction graph of the object M , so that a significant set of objects M-, j> 0 can be generated to produce a graph of generative processes.
- the goal is to "go back in time” from object M to simple primitives that constitute the roots of the possible building trees of object M.
- any acceptable withdrawal of primitives Pi, candidates in step j of the generation of the graph must produce a transformation of the object Mj into k objects _ ( J + 1 j ft each using the geometric interface IGk, l one of the variants of the geometric interface GI, such as _ items - t j ft to be simpler than the Mw object.
- Algorithm 1 After setting the condition for change according to the reverse order of the possible building process of the object M in the graph generating process, the creation of this graph is summarized in Algorithm 1:
- nb config compare config (list config, list confignw);
- P (i) simplify prime contour (P (i), Mj);
- interf Ust (i) generate geom interf aces (P (i), Mj);
- interf list (i) discard complex (interf ' list (i), P (i), Mj);
- nb config generate independent ext (prim list, Mj,);
- prim set primitive set (i, prim list);
- Mj remove primitives (Mj + 1 , prim set);
- node generate node (Mj, prim set);
- node list node
- ext list remove ext outside model (Mj, ext list);
- the main procedure extract_graph treats the possible variants of the object M_ (j +1 j fe forming part of the list of nodejist nodes by traversing the processes of construction of M in their inverse orders in using the procedure for processing process_variant variants and compares new variants generated ⁇ to graph nodes (a node of the graph here is a simplified model, that is to say an evolution to the stage (j + 1) of existing object M) using the compare_config procedure.
- the extract_graph procedure adds to the graph a tree structure to a given variant corresponding to the new simpler variants _ ( J + 1 i k derived from Ai_.
- the graph is terminated when there is no more evolution variant of the object M to be processed, that is to say that the list of nodes of the nodejist graph is empty.
- each of the nodes of the graph expresses the fact that all the primitives Pi at this node of the graph could be deleted (when the graph is scanned "by going back in time"), one by one, in an arbitrary order, which avoids to have to describe trivial order variants as already mentioned if a binary tree of the object M must be extracted from the construction graph.
- the variants Process_variant processing procedure begins by identifying visible primitives valid in extrusion _ j using find_extrusion (see sections 2.1 and 2.2 respectively).
- the goal is to remove (using remove_primitives) the largest possible amount of reference extrusions Pi whose IGk interfaces do not overlap each other, otherwise djk would not be significant (simplification of the form guaranteed by variant IG k ).
- the deletion criterion expresses that any couple primitive (Pi, Pj), distinct from one another and from all the previous treatments, must be such that Pi attaches in the object _ ; must be geometrically disjunct from the attachment of Pj. This means that the edges of the border of the visible part of Pi in the object M ⁇ and the edges of the border of the visible part of Pj in AF_ object j are disjoint sets. Sets of independent primitives from all previous processes can be assigned to node _Q +1 > and are then sorted to make it easier for the user to navigate the graph.
- Examples treaties also show that the construction of graph structure is actually a structure to describe non-trivial variations of construction of objects.
- the shapes of the components treated in the examples show that the use of the unique operations of adding material to the description of their construction process is particularly suitable for the identification of parts of such articles that are well adapted to transformations of idealization. If the decomposition method described does not incorporate, currently, operation of removing material and can break down entirely primitive great diversity of forms of object, it nevertheless highlights the fact that focus of operations adding material for the description of the construction process of objects is a criterion particularly well suited when the decomposition obtained is used for morphological analysis to perform preparatory operations idealization finite element calculations.
- the graph structure obtained on some examples show that the aggregation of many primitives in parallel extrusions in a single node in the graph can be achieved and produces a compact representation of the construction graph.
- These results also show the necessity of introducing a continuity constraint to improve the decomposition process with respect to idealization transformations for finite element applications.
- This constraint can be formalized as follows: the configurations produced by a generate_independent_ext procedure must be such that each object variant generated from object M_ 7 must contain a voluminal object described by a single connected component, as is the case for the object M.
- each of its transformation steps must also check this continuity constraint to ensure that any simplified model, that is any node of the graph, can be used as the basis for an idealization process.
- the construction graph expresses more diversity construction process of the object. This greater diversity can facilitate the introduction of changes in the size and shape of the object because the diversity of the primitives and therefore the dimensions associated with them is greater when the continuity constraint does not participate in the generation of the object. construction graph.
- the starting point of the method of idealization can be defined as follows:
- a construction graph is associated with the object M to describe its construction process from a set of primitives of simple shapes.
- a primitive is denoted Pi.
- the graph conforms to the characteristics described up to section 3.
- This graph can be reduced to a binary tree such that it can be generated by a CAD software.
- This graph or tree is designated by G c .
- the constraint associated with any graph or tree related to the object M concerns the fact that the operator associated with each node proceeds by adding material.
- Each primitive Pi present in G c associated with the object M can be described by a primitive extrusion, - during the construction of the object M from primitive Pi as described in
- each primitive Pi has at least one geometric interface IG with at least one further primitive present in the construction graph G c -
- This geometrical interface is described explicitly, according to a boundary representation representation, that is to say that the geometric interface IG is represented by faces, edges, vertices and that they carry attributes that distinguish them from other faces, edges and vertices constituting the boundary of Pi.
- the geometric interface IG can constitute a geometric model of non-variety type. If the construction graph G c is derived from a CAD software, it is considered that the primitives Pi explicitly contain the geometric interfaces IG described above.
- a process of idealization of an object consists in identifying parts of this object whose morphology responds to proportions allowing to place them in predefined categories representative of mechanical behaviors. These categories are limited in number and can be listed as follows:
- Beam (geometric subdomain of an object of which two dimensions are small compared to the third. Both of these dimensions define the beam section),
- Plate, shell, membrane (geometric subdomain of an object whose one dimension is small compared with the other two. This dimension defines the thickness of the plate, the shell or membrane)
- 3D mass (subdomain which does not benefit from the previous morphological properties and which must be treated by a three-dimensional mechanical behavior).
- the principle of the method of idealization corresponds to a variety of size reduction of the identified sub-domains.
- a convex volume subdomain (variety of dimension 3), morphologically of beam type, will be idealized into a line (variety of dimension 1).
- the line corresponding to the locus of the centers of inertia of the sections is located within the initial volume subdomain.
- geometrical operations of connection between the idealized subdomains must be realized.
- a process of idealization is significantly reference to the expertise of the user to meet the objectives of a finite element analysis, for example.
- the proposed method allows the user interventions to adapt certain idealizations and some connections between subdomains idealized, according to his expertise. 4.1. Structure of the idealization process
- Figure 4 describes the different steps of this process.
- a first phase the decomposition of the object M in pitch Pi as described in the graph G c results in a first phase of morphological analysis of each Pi primitives.
- this analysis Morphologically, it is possible to determine whether the primitive Pi has a plate, shell or membrane type morphology rather than a massive 3D morphology.
- This step is described in section 4.2 and uses the intervention of the user to define thresholds in order to adjust the boundaries of the morphology categories.
- the second morphological analysis concerns again all the primitives Pi and makes it possible to determine if these can be subdivided into subdomains, denoted Dj (pQ, morphologically different from the one which was assigned to them during the first analysis. conducted from the extruder used to outline the definition of primitive Pi. the resulting decomposition of each primitive Pi subdomains generates new GI interfaces. This analysis also uses the user and expertise to adjust the boundaries of the categories of morphologies and intervene if necessary in the choice of interfaces between 3 ⁇ 4j3 ⁇ 4 subdomains.
- this phase corresponds to a process of reconstruction of the object M from primitives Pi and subdomains j ⁇ pj contained in each primitive
- a third phase takes place the generation of the idealization of each sub-domain D'h ⁇ Q and, then, the typology and the location of the geometric interfaces IG are used to connect the idealized geometrical models of the subdomains D'k ⁇ P j between them and thus derive an idealized model M, from the object M.
- the IG interfaces between D'k ⁇ are used to limit the connections between D3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ ft- i and obtain a connection process robust.
- the typology of the connections between the different idealization morphologies is used to reposition some average lines or surfaces in order to simplify the object M ,. This step is described in section 4.4. During this step, the user can intervene to modify certain configurations according to his know-how.
- the described process is therefore an automatic process that the user can interrupt to modify a small number of configurations punctually according to his know-how.
- the primitives Pi extracted from the graph G c can be used to analyze their morphology and evaluate their suitability for idealizations. This first analysis determines whether the primitive Pi has a plate, shell or membrane type morphology rather than massive 3D. Because all the primitives are extrusions and associated with adding material operations, a first characteristic dimension of the original is determined by the length of extrusion.
- the morphological criterion used to determine whether a primitive Pi, default 3D solid type comprises at least one under geometric area plate-like shell or membrane is a ratio between the length of extrusion and the maximum diameter, max ⁇ of circle inscribed in the contour of outline of Pi. the determination of the maximum diameter, max ⁇ may be carried out by applying a method of processing by median axis MAT ( "medial axis transform”) through a corresponding algorithm for this method.
- x max ((max ⁇ / d), (d / max ⁇ )).
- the user then defines a reference threshold that x u must not exceed for the primitive to be considered as plate, membrane or shell.
- the user can reduce the value of the threshold, based on its know-how in order to be more tolerant on the morphology of primitive justifyables.
- any value of x> x r leads to an idealized primitive automatically.
- Pi comprises at least one subdomain 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4) morphologically plate-like or shell membrane.
- GIs interfaces between primitive Pi and the graph G c are used to define a graph of the interfaces between the noted Pi primitives G ,.
- the content of G / will be explained in section 4.3.
- the second morphological analysis concerns each Pi again and aims to determine if parts of the primitive Pi, ie subdomains D ( PQ, are morphologically similar to beams, for example, and can therefore undergo additional dimensional reduction. Indeed, the ratio x only characterizes a morphological aspect of a subdomain of Pi because the location of the MAT where x is defined is not necessarily reduced to one point ..
- Figure 5 effectively illustrates different configurations where x is set to a segment of the MAT contour extrusion of Pi.
- the parameter y is representative of the elongation of Pi in the plane of its contour and to distinguish morphologically primitive type beam within the category of morphologically primitive plate-like or shell.
- the xu xr thresholds are also used to specify intervals morphology elongation.
- the thresholds xu, xr, applied to the parameters x and y produce the nine configurations present in the table on the left.
- the table on the right is prepared according to the same principle, by considering that P has a first stretch in the direction of extrusion and not as a flattening in the previous table.
- Figure 5 is a taxonomy morphologies associated with a segment of the MAT Pi. Given the fact that the extrusion Pi contour consists of straight line segments and circular arcs, the MAT comprises rectilinear segments and curves. Pi's MAT is structured according to two categories of segments:
- segments including an end point is located on the contour extrusion of Pi and the other end point is connected to another segment of the MAT
- segments which both endpoints are connected to other segments of the MAT.
- segment not possessing end point in the case of circular segment determined from a contour Pi representing a circular crown
- the MAT is reduced to a circle.
- This particular case has no bearing on the process of idealization.
- Category 1 segments are removed and the morphological analysis relates to the segments of category 2 and recorded on each of these segments, the ratio y has a maximum or is constant and y max represents the maximum of this ratio which is assigned to corresponding segment.
- the MAT obtained and reduced to category 2 segments has cycles.
- TMA denoted MAT '
- a comparative morphological analysis between MAT segments corresponding to a cycle in MAT can handle configurations with inner contours and analyze the corresponding flattenings to distinguish plates hollowed out of hollow beams.
- Segments are grouped into three subsets: a. the segments 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4] forming an open chain having only one bifurcation point of MAT at one end of the sequence, b. the segments 3 ⁇ 4 Pi ] forming an open chain having two bifurcation points of MAT at each end of this sequence, c. the segments 5j Pl forming a closed chain having an arbitrary number of bifurcation points of MAT and representing a minimum cycle of MAT.
- the morphology of each segment is assigned according to the taxonomy defined in the tables of figure 5.
- the division of Pi then intervenes on the basis of the changes of classification automatically determined on each 5 / Pt by the morphological analysis or by the modification carried out by the user, according to his know-how.
- the divisions are located on the transitions between two subsets taken from: 3D mass, (plate or shell), (beam or ribbon). This division produces the subdomains D ( Pt ) of each primitive Pi that will be used in the idealization process that follows.
- IG geometrical interfaces between primitive Pi and cutting Pi following their second step of morphological analysis define a set of geometric interfaces IG shown in the graph G, the interfaces between the Pi primitives.
- the nodes of the graph G, the interfaces between the primitives Pi are subdomains 3 ⁇ 4 "j and the arcs are IG interfaces.
- Figure 6 describes a part of the possible interfaces between subdomains 3 ⁇ 4PQ when they are plate or shell type. This figure illustrates the coding of the connections between subdomains which is introduced in the graph G / of the interfaces between the primitives Pi.
- the nodes of the graph G are structured as follows:
- the node is subdivided into three elements representing the subdomain structure that is to say an element representing the faces defining the thickness of 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4) and two other elements each representing a base face of ffj jfj.
- the graph G the interfaces between the primitives Pi then has properties that make it possible to identify the structural role of groups of Dj (» ⁇ , for example a cycle formed by three subdomains interconnected by configuration connections (4) (see Figure 6) such as one of these DJ P Q: Dk. (Pt) , or linked to the other two by its faces defining its thickness which are therefore based on the base faces of the other two subdomains, O ipq, and a connection of the same nature (base face of a sub-domain). domain connected to a face defining the thickness of the other subdomain) is established between the subdomains Dprp, and!? 3 ⁇ 4 ".
- This configuration corresponds to a structural role of the subdomain stiffener type.
- Each subdomain 3 ⁇ 4 "] has a status characterizing the dimensional reduction that can be applied to it (solid 3D, plate / shell / membrane, beam) plus the detail status to characterize subdomains that can be removed without have significant impact on the r finite element calculation results.
- Figure 6 gives a representation of this taxonomy for connection configurations between subdomains of the plate / shell type. /membrane. If this figure illustrates parallel and orthogonal configurations for reasons of simplicity, these can be extended to larger angular ranges to describe the classes of connections, which leads to the inclusion of volumetric and not just areal type GIs as shown in Figure 6.
- Figure 6 describes all valid configurations between two subdomains S1 and S2 for which a thickness parameter can be attached to each of them, which is compatible with extrusion type primitives Pi.
- the four valid configurations can be structured in two groups: (1) and (4) form C1 and (2) and (3) form C2.
- the configuration (1) of C1 is such that the thicknesses e1 and e2 of S1 and S2 respectively are influenced by IG. That is, the overlap area between S1 and S2 acts as an increase in thickness which stiffens each of the subdomains over the range of IG. This increase in stiffness can be significant and require its incorporation using a thickness variation to better represent the actual behavior of the structure.
- This overlap zone can be assigned to S1 or S2 or form an independent subdomain defined with thickness (e1 + e2). Whatever the chosen solution, S1 or S2 or both are modified as well as their IG interface, producing one or two new IG 'interfaces (see FIG. 6).
- the IG 'interfaces are necessarily of type (2) and cut S1 or S2 or both depending on the solution chosen.
- the configuration (4) is such that S2 can be stiffened by S1 depending on the thickness of S1 and / or the 2D shape of IG.
- a 2D form designating a surface interface The influence of the form is characterized for example by the difference between a GI bounded by a single closed contour or by a GI bounded by several closed contours.
- This last case is representative of S1 with a tube shape, IG is then a crown which will have the effect of stiffening the surface of IG on S2 which is bounded by the outer contour of the crown.
- the increase in stiffness over an area of S2 can lead to a partitioning of S2 into smaller subdomains and the effect of IG will result in the generation of a configuration of type (2) with IG 'interfaces when S2 is cut by S1.
- the configuration (1) reduces the areas of constant thickness of S1 and S2 (e1 and e2 respectively), which can influence the morphology of S1 and S2 according to the primitive idealization criterion Pi defined in the previous section.
- the configuration (4) reduces the area of S2 of thickness e2 but has no influence on S1, which influences the morphology of S2 only. It can thus be observed that processing configurations belonging to C1 produces configurations belonging to C2 only. Now considering the configurations of C2, none of them stiffness increasing product comparable to C1 and requiring a new cutting of S1 or S2. Therefore, C2 configurations do not require further processing and no configuration change made in C1 produces a new configuration in C1. This indicates that configuration processing in C1 involving subdomain splitting is conservative with respect to C2. The process of processing C1 configurations therefore converges to C2 configurations only. These observations and this property make it possible to set up an iterative algorithmic approach that necessarily converges.
- the geometric interface IG can be of volumic type between two subdomains 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4
- This generalization is equivalent to considering configurations for which the conditions of parallelism and perpendicularity between S1 and S2 are replaced by configurations where the angles between S1 and S2 deviate from these reference patterns. Such configurations are reduced to the reference patterns of C1 and C2 as follows.
- the definition of primitives Pi ensures that any primitive with a volumetric IG interface always has a visible base face, therefore, its GI can contain only one base face of the primitive Pi.
- the contours of S1 and S2 comprise the projections of the base faces Fb1 and Fb2 of each extrusion primitive defining S1. and S2.
- what distinguishes C1 from C2 is characterized by the fact that the configurations (1) and (4) each contain S2 such that one of its basic faces do not intersect S1.
- the base faces of S1 and S2 contain the extrusion contour of the corresponding primitives.
- the following process consists of taking into account the stiffening effects linked to certain connections in order to establish the connections between subdomains Dj (p t y possibly leading to divisions of these subdomains producing the subdomains D'fc (j3 ⁇ 4) and updating the morphology of the J? 3 ⁇ 4 (") in order to determine the nature of the idealization that can be applied to each of them. be evaluated graphically by the user in order to apply certain changes according to his know-how.
- This process can be synthesized by the following algorithm (see algorithm 2).
- This algorithm is adapted to the processing configurations of the only connections described in FIG. 6, to simplify its description. The taking into account of the totality of the taxonomy of the connections resumes principles similar to those of the algorithm 2.
- the principle of this algorithm is to classify each IG between two subdomains 3 ⁇ 4? ( ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 such that if IG belongs to C1 (configurations (1) and (4) in algorithm 2), it must be transformed to produce new geometric interfaces IG '(see FIG.
- interVol Get interfaceVol (P, P ng h, IG)
- each primitive Pi, P ngh means a collection of VJ (Pt) subdomains resulting from the preliminary morphological analysis of each of they.
- Pr can therefore contain several volume subdomains, when Card (Pr)> 1, depending on the form of Pi and P ngh .
- Each partition P 'of Pr can be of morphology different from that of Pi, which constitutes an indication of idealization more precise for the user.
- P r ngh can have several partitions, ie Card (P r ngh ) ⁇ 1, and the morphology of each partition P ' ngh , corresponding to a collection of subdomains £ 3 ⁇ 4pj], must also be analyzed. If the common volume between P ' ngh and P' is not idealizable, it is merged with the more rigid of the two subdomains P ngh or Pi in order to preserve the morphology of the subdomain most suited to idealization.
- each subfield ffj (pi) is strictly bounded by an IG interface of category C2 or by an interface IG 'produced by the preceding algorithm.
- the method produces precise information on idealizable areas and the nature of the possible idealizations in these areas constituting the model M.
- Areas of M corresponding to primitives connected according to type (1) on one or two of the opposite base faces of primitives are subdivided into new subdomains that provide more precise information, however, in type (1) configurations with more than three stacked subdomains, new morphological configurations may emerge which must be studied to define the conditions of corresponding idealization.
- the propagation process of the morphological analysis is applied to the different construction variants of the object M. This allows the user to determine a compromise between the idealizable subdomains and a particular construction process of the object M in order to be able to better adapt the idealized model ⁇ /, according to the simulation objectives associated with object M.
- the last phase of the idealization process consists in generating the idealized models of each sub-domain D'k ⁇ and connecting them according to the typology and location associated with each of the IG interfaces between subdomains.
- the initial volume of the object is segmented into M sub areas densities D'k ⁇ j for which the volume shape meets class from 3D solid type idealization plate , shell, membrane and beam.
- the idealized geometry of each subdomain is generated from the initial volume geometry of the subdomain.
- the geometric support generated will be:
- the thickness of the shell depends on the diameter of the inscribed circle in the sketch in accordance with the MAT associated with the corresponding primitive Pi,
- a median line in the case of subdomain D'k ( Pi s identified as beam) This line is generated from the sketch outline contour barycenter in the case where the direction of the beam corresponds to the direction of extrusion. In the case where the direction of the beam is orthogonal to the extrusion direction, the line corresponds to the center line of the sketched contour offset from the extrusion half-distance. • The volume support of the subdomain D'k ⁇ corresponding in the case of 3D solid mass.
- the graph GI interface is enriched with information on the geometric contours of the interface on subdomains, these contours are denoted Q "k).
- the geometric region of the contour makes it possible to define whether its boundaries belong to the base faces Fb1 and Fb2 of the subdomain D'fc ( " ) , or to one of its lateral faces.
- This information comes from the content of the graph G, the interfaces between the subdomains primitives Pi, which makes it possible to distinguish the base faces and the faces defining the thickness of a subdomain D'kfj> t; .
- the contour is redrawn into sub-contours denoted C'i (o, fc).
- the next step is to determine the pairs of contours belonging to the same subdomain and having part of their contours in common, in other words whose Boolean intersection is non-zero: C'l ⁇ D , ⁇ n C'm [ From k ⁇ ⁇ .
- the neighborhood relations between contours of the same subdomain D'k ⁇ form a graph structure where the nodes are the contours and the arcs the neighborhood relations.
- This neighborhood graph denoted G D3 ⁇ 4 . can be nested in the graph of the interfaces G / in the subdomain node D'kf p
- connection cycles between subdomains When at least 3 (4) type interface contours belonging to 3 distinct subdomains have part of their boundaries in common, the connections of the average surfaces perpendicular to the interfaces to the average surfaces parallel to the interfaces must also be extended in the directions of extrusion adjacent interfaces in the ring.
- This type of configuration can be identified from the graph G, and nested graphs ( jo ' k as being cycles containing only arcs of G, associated with type interfaces (4) and nodes of G, therefore the graph embedded G Dk contains a path between the contours of the interfaces. These paths correspond to contours of interfaces sharing a common border.
- the last step consists in connecting the idealized supports of the subdomains of types beam, shell, plate to their respective neighboring subdomains.
- the connections between average surfaces are made by an operator of extension of average surfaces.
- the connection surfaces are therefore bounded by connection areas defined by the outlines reported on the average surfaces. This restriction makes the strong connection operator preventing it from creating any surface outside the connection area, which differentiates the process described with respect to the prior art.
- the application connection allows operators to generate an idealized model M, derived from the original model Mr.
- the decomposition primitive obtained can be used to monitor the idealizations.
- a taxonomy of the links between the extrusion primitives is partially illustrated in Figure 6.
- the location of the geometric interfaces IG between the primitives Pi are precisely identified and can be used to monitor the necessary gaps of average surfaces to improve the idealization process and take into account the know-how of the user.
- connections with parallel average surfaces can be processed with medium area repositionings and a corresponding adjustment of the material thickness on both sides of the idealized surface, as described above in particular connection processes.
- This is a common practice in linear analysis in structural mechanics which has been advantageously implemented using the relative position of extrusions.
- Construction trees and shape generation processes are common approaches to modeling mechanical components.
- construction trees structured in a compact form of graph, can be extracted from the B-Rep volume model of a component.
- the proposed method includes criteria for generating primitives of simple shapes and ensuring that intermediate objects have their effectively simplified form after each primitive deletion. These properties guarantee the convergence of the algorithm used to generate the construction graph. Indeed, the generation of a complex object from primitive simple forms involves a process capable of changing a simple initial form incrementally up to get arbitrarily complicated form.
- building trees are structured into a graph to represent a non-trivial set of generative processes that produce the input B-Rep volume model.
- the graph contains non-trivial construction trees because the extrusion directions variants producing the same primitive are not encoded, the material addition operations that can be run in parallel are grouped into a single node of the graph ( only one variant of the object) to avoid the description of combinatorial combinations when the primitives are added sequentially as in a CAD software. More generally, each node in the graph can be associated with simple algorithms to generate trivial variants of construction of an object.
- the advantage of a graph of generative processes has been evaluated as part of the idealizations needed for a finite element analysis.
- the primitives of simple forms constituting the graph are particularly adapted to a precise morphological analysis which makes it possible to characterize plates / shells / membranes with respect to beams / ribbons and with respect to 3D massifs.
- This morphological analysis also makes it possible to characterize shape details with respect to the local and idealizable morphologies of M, independently of any numerical method of structural calculation.
- the decomposition of the object produces a precise description of the geometric interfaces between primitives, which have been advantageously used to set up idealizations.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR1358842A FR3010812A1 (fr) | 2013-09-13 | 2013-09-13 | Procede de conception assistee par ordinateur comportant une etape de modelisation |
| PCT/EP2014/069161 WO2015036390A1 (fr) | 2013-09-13 | 2014-09-09 | Procédé de conception assistée par ordinateur comportant une étape de modélisation |
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| US (1) | US10354020B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3044708A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN105793848B (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3010812A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2015036390A1 (fr) |
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| DE102015117181A1 (de) | 2015-10-08 | 2017-04-13 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Luftfahrzeugrekonfigurator zum Rekonfigurieren einer Luftfahrzeugkonfiguration |
| DE102015117343A1 (de) | 2015-10-12 | 2017-04-13 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Bauteilkonfigurator zum Generieren von Varianten eines zu installierenden Bauteils |
| WO2017137158A1 (fr) * | 2016-02-10 | 2017-08-17 | Testo SE & Co. KGaA | Procédé et dispositif d'enregistrement d'images pour déterminer une grandeur de mesure géométrique d'un objet sélectionné |
| CN106909730B (zh) * | 2017-02-21 | 2020-05-05 | 山东师范大学 | 基于同伦映射算法的建筑物三维模型仿真方法及系统 |
| US11244502B2 (en) * | 2017-11-29 | 2022-02-08 | Adobe Inc. | Generating 3D structures using genetic programming to satisfy functional and geometric constraints |
| EP3675059B1 (fr) * | 2018-12-29 | 2022-09-14 | Dassault Systèmes | Extraction d'un arbre de caractéristiques à partir d'une maille |
| WO2020147914A1 (fr) * | 2019-01-18 | 2020-07-23 | Sew-Eurodrive Gmbh & Co. Kg | Génération de modèle volumique pour des objets à composants multiples |
| US11281820B2 (en) | 2019-04-02 | 2022-03-22 | Desktop Metal, Inc. | Systems and methods for growth-based design |
| WO2021010963A1 (fr) * | 2019-07-15 | 2021-01-21 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Opérateurs décalés |
| CN114894140B (zh) * | 2022-04-24 | 2023-09-15 | 珠海格力精密模具有限公司 | 一种测量三维模型间隔厚度的方法、装置、设备和介质 |
| CN115100357B (zh) * | 2022-07-08 | 2024-03-12 | 中国航空发动机研究院 | 几何特征描述的数据文件生成方法及格式转换方法 |
| CN118316188B (zh) * | 2024-04-03 | 2025-05-16 | 国网陕西省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 | 应用于电网数据类的资产监控系统及方法 |
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| US5377129A (en) * | 1990-07-12 | 1994-12-27 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Particle interaction processing system |
| EP0760125B1 (fr) * | 1994-05-16 | 2002-04-03 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Systeme de personnalisation de la representation et du comportement d'interfaces utilisateurs graphiques |
| DE69525338T2 (de) * | 1994-05-16 | 2002-10-24 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Abstraktion von mustern und farben in einer graphischen benutzerschnittstelle |
| US6243102B1 (en) * | 1994-05-16 | 2001-06-05 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Data-driven layout engine |
| US6404433B1 (en) * | 1994-05-16 | 2002-06-11 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Data-driven layout engine |
-
2013
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2014
- 2014-09-09 WO PCT/EP2014/069161 patent/WO2015036390A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2014-09-09 EP EP14761372.3A patent/EP3044708A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-09-09 CN CN201480062487.4A patent/CN105793848B/zh active Active
- 2014-09-09 US US15/021,243 patent/US10354020B2/en active Active
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| US10354020B2 (en) | 2019-07-16 |
| CN105793848B (zh) | 2019-06-28 |
| WO2015036390A1 (fr) | 2015-03-19 |
| FR3010812A1 (fr) | 2015-03-20 |
| CN105793848A (zh) | 2016-07-20 |
| US20160224694A1 (en) | 2016-08-04 |
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