EP3037469A1

EP3037469A1 - Process for producing multimodal polyethylene blends including ultra-high molecular weight components

Info

Publication number: EP3037469A1
Application number: EP14004366.2A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Bernd Kretzschmar; Carl-Gustaf Ek; Thomas Rätzsch; Sandeep Tyagi; Yi Liu
Original assignee: Borealis AG
Current assignee: Borealis AG
Priority date: 2014-12-22
Filing date: 2014-12-22
Publication date: 2016-06-29
Anticipated expiration: 2034-12-22
Also published as: US20170349678A1; CN106795339B; EP3237531A1; US10597470B2; WO2016102063A1; CN106795339A; EP3037469B1; ES2652271T3

Abstract

The present application relates to a process for producing a multimodal polyethylene composition comprising the steps of
blending a polyethylene fraction (A-1) having a weight average molecular weight Mw of equal to or more than 700 kg/mol to equal to or less than 10,000 kg/mol and a density of equal to or more than 920 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ and a polyethylene fraction (A-2) having a lower Mw as polyethylene fraction (A-1) and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ with a weight ratio of (A-1) to (A-2) of 45:55 to 80:20 to form a first polyethylene resin (A) having a Mw of equal to or more than 200 kg/mol to equal to or less than 1500 kg/mol, a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.001 to 10 g/10 min and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³,
blending the first polyethylene resin (A) with a second polyethylene resin (B) having a Mw of equal to or more than 50 kg/mol to less than 700 kg/mol, and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ to form the multimodal polyethylene composition, wherein the multimodal polyethylene composition a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.01 to 10 g/10 min and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 970 kg/m³,
a polyethylene composition obtainable by said process and the polyethylene resin of said first blending step.

Description

The present application relates to a process for producing a multimodal polyethylene composition with an ultra-high molecular weight component by melt-blending the ultra-high molecular weight component in form of a pre-blend. The resultant multimodal polyethylene composition shows an improved homogeneity at a minimum degradation during melt-blending.

Background of the invention

In multimodal polyethylene resins the high molecular weight component usually with comonomer incorporation is responsible for the strength, including long term strength and how well this fraction is incorporated in the total polymer mass is the key for the final product properties, in particular for high-strength and high performance products such as PE100 or PE100+ pipe resins, high-end film resins or blow moulding resins.
Multimodal polyolefins, especially multimodal polyethylenes are inherently difficult to homogenize due to a large difference in viscosities and a large difference in particle size of the various reactor powder particles. Especially in sequential polymerization processes the high molecular weight and high viscous powder particles are normally considerably larger than the lower molecular weight particles. During the homogenization step the particles of high molecular weight polyethylene are difficult to homogenize within the polymer melt so that so-called "white spots" occur in the compounded material. These white spots usually have a size of below 10 to about 50 micrometer, even though they occasionally can have a size of up to 0.1 mm or even 0.5 mm, and consist of high molecular weight polymer particles that have not been adequately dispersed in the composition. Further, when compounding polymer compositions e.g. for the production of films gel particles with a size of about 0.01 to 1 mm often occur. These gel particles also consist of high molecular weight polymer particles not adequately dispersed and appear as disfiguring inhomogeneities in the finished film. Still further, inhomogeneities in multimodal polymer compositions may also increase roughness of the surface of articles produced thereof.
One possibility to break up these high viscous particles is to use higher shear forces during compounding. Higher shear forces are usually applied to the extent which is necessary with regard to the needs, the degradation limits of the polymer, energy costs, costs for necessary process stabilizers and other physical limits such as low viscosities and lower shear forces due to high temperatures generated and limited cooling capacity.
High shear forces, however, applied as shear flow which is the predominant flow in extruders and mixers, are in most cases not sufficient to break up high molecular weight polymer particles in multimodal polyethylene resins with large viscosity differences between the polymer fractions.
These compatibility problems particularly apply in the case an ultra high molecular weight component (UHMW) is included into a polyethylene composition for further improving strength properties, as it becomes more and more difficult to homogenize the ultra high molecular weight particles into the polymer matrix.
Thus, there is still a need for methods to incorporate ultra high molecular weight components into multimodal polyethylene resins such as that a homogeneous blend with a minimum of UHMW particles, so-called white spots is obtained at a minimum degradation of the polymer chains.
It has surprisingly been found that this object can be achieved when blending the UHMW polyethylene component with a polyethylene resin of lower weight average molecular weight in a first blending step to form a so-called pre-blend. This pre-blend is subsequently blended with a polyethylene resin to form the desired polyethylene composition. Said composition surprisingly shows a low amount of white spots even when blended under mild conditions in order to avoid degradation.

Summary of the invention

The present invention is based on the surprising finding that the above-mentioned improved homogeneity can be achieved by a process for producing a multimodal polyethylene composition comprising the following steps:

i) blending a polyethylene fraction (A-1) having a viscosity average molecular weight Mv of equal to or more than 700 kg/mol to equal to or less than 10,000 kg/mol and a density of equal to or more than 920 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ and a polyethylene fraction (A-2) having a lower Mw as polyethylene fraction (A-1) and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ with a weight ratio of (A-1) to (A-2) of 45:55 to 80:20 to form a first polyethylene resin (A) having a Mw of equal to or more than 200 kg/mol to equal to or less than 1500 kg/mol, a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.001 to 10 g/10 min and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³,
ii) blending the first polyethylene resin (A) with a second polyethylene resin (B) having a Mw of equal to or more than 50 kg/mol to less than 700 kg/mol, and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 970 kg/m³ to form the multimodal polyethylene composition,

₅

³

The present invention further provides a polyethylene resin (A) comprising a polyethylene fraction (A-1) having a weight average molecular weight Mw of equal to or more than 700 kg/mol to equal to or less than 10,000 kg/mol and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ and a polyethylene fraction (A-2) having a lower Mw as polyethylene fraction (A-1) and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ with a weight ratio of (A-1) to (A-2) of 45:55 to 80:20, wherein the polyethylene resin (A) has a Mw of equal to or more than 200 kg/mol to equal to or less than 1500 kg/mol, a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.001 to 10 g/10 min and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³.
In a further aspect the present invention provides a polyethylene composition obtainable by a process comprising the following steps:

i) blending a polyethylene fraction (A-1) having a viscosity average molecular weight Mv of equal to or more than 700 kg/mol to equal to or less than 10,000 kg/mol and a density of equal to or more than 920 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ and a polyethylene fraction (A-2) having a lower Mw as polyethylene fraction (A-1) and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ with a weight ratio of (A-1) to (A-2) of 45:55 to 80:20 to form a first polyethylene resin (A) having a Mw of equal to or more than 200 kg/mol to equal to or less than 1500 kg/mol, a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.001 to 40 g/10 min and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³,
ii) blending the first polyethylene resin (A) with a second polyethylene resin (B) having a Mw of equal to or more than 50 kg/mol to less than 700 kg/mol, and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ to form the multimodal polyethylene composition,

₅

³

Detailed description of the invention

Definitions

A polyethylene composition according to the present invention denotes a polymer derived from at least 50 mol-% ethylene monomer units and additional comonomer units.
The term 'homopolymer' thereby denotes a polymer consisting essentially of ethylene monomer units. Due to the requirements of large-scale polymerization it may be possible that the ethylene homopolymer includes minor amounts of additional comonomer units, which usually are below 0.05 mol%, preferably below 0.01 mol% of the ethylene homopolymer. Accordingly, the term 'copolymer' denotes a polymer derived from ethylene monomer units and additional comonomer units in an amount of more than 0.05 mol%.
Usually, a polyethylene composition comprising at least two polyethylene fractions, which have been produced under different polymerisation conditions resulting in different (weight average) molecular weights for the fractions, is referred to as "multimodal". The prefix "multi" relates to the number of different polymer fractions of the composition consists of. Thus, for example, a composition consisting of two fractions only is called "bimodal", whereas a composition consisting of three fractions is called "trimodal".
The ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) component of the polyethylene composition is the fraction having a viscosity average molecular weight Mv of 700 kg/mol to 10,000 kg/mol. Thus, in the wording of claim 1 the UHMW component denotes the polyethylene fraction (A-1) having a viscosity average molecular weight Mv of equal to or more than 700 kg/mol to equal to or less than 10,000 kg/mol.
For determining the molecular weight of a polyolefin resin, component or fraction several statistical methods are known in the art. In practice four averages are used, representing the weighted mean taken with the mole fraction, the weight fraction, and two other functions which can be related to measured quantities:

Number average molar mass or Mn (also loosely referred to as Number Average Molecular Weight) with Mn = ∑M_iN_i / ∑N_i
Mass average molar mass or Mw (w is for weight; also commonly referred to as weight average) with Mw = ∑Mi²N_i / ∑M_iN_i
Z average molar mass or Mz with Mz=∑M_i ³N_i / ∑M_i ²N_i
Viscosity average molar mass or Mv with Mv = [∑M_i ^1+aN_i / ∑M_iN_i]^1a

Here a is the exponent in the Mark-Houwink equation that relates the intrinsic viscosity to molar mass.
Thereby, for polyethylene resins usually Mn < Mv < Mw < Mz.
The term 'base resin' denotes the polymeric part of the composition without fillers such as carbon black. A person skilled in the art will understand that the measurements as to the base resin require the presence of stabilizers.
In addition to the base resin, usual additives for utilization with polyolefins, such as pigments (e.g. carbon black), stabilizers (e.g. antioxidant agents), antacids and/or anti-UV's, antistatic agents and utilization agents (such as processing aid agents) may be present in the polyethylene composition. Preferably, the amount of these additives is 10 wt% or below, more preferably 8 wt% or below, most preferably 5 wt% or below, of the composition. Further, the composition may comprise fillers, like mineral fillers and modifiers, in an amount of up to 20 % by weight of the composition, preferably up to 10 % by weight of the composition, provided that such fillers have no negative impact on the properties of the composition. Preferably, however, such mineral fillers are not present. For the purpose of the determination of the homogeneity of the polyethylene composition by means of the white spot area as described in the example section the polyethylene composition does not comprise any mineral fillers as these fillers would impair the measurement.
Preferably, the composition comprises carbon black in an amount of 8 wt% or below, more preferably in an amount of 1 to 4 wt%, of the total composition.
Further preferred, the amount of additives different from carbon black and the optional fillers is 1 wt% or less, more preferably 0.5 wt% or less.
The term "blending" denotes any method for admixing components of the polyethylene composition such as polyethylene components and additives. Suitable blending methods are in situ blending, such as polymerizing one polyethylene compound in the presence of another polyethylene compound, or mechanical blending, such as dry blending of solid compounds such as powders and/or pellets, melt blending of liquid compounds such as melts of polyethylene compounds or blending of a liquid compound with a solid compound. Devices for these blending methods are known in the art.
Extruders can be classified as small extruders and large extruders. An extruder is denoted as small if the temperature of the melt in the extruder effectively could be influenced by the extruder barrel temperatures by heat conduction, i.e. by external heating or cooling of the barrel.

General

Process

First blending step

In the process according to the invention polyethylene fraction (A-1) is blended in a first blending step with polyethylene fraction (A-2) to form polyethylene resin (A).
The weight ratio of polyethylene fraction (A-1) to polyethylene fraction (A-2) in the polyethylene resin (A) is from 45:55 to 80:20, more preferably from 47:53 to 75:25, most preferably from 50:50 to 70:30.
In one embodiment of the process of the invention polyethylene resin (A) is formed by in situ blending of polyethylene fractions (A-1) and (A-2), preferably in two subsequent steps of a multistage polymerization process. In such a multistage process polyethylene resin (A) is formed by polymerizing, respectively copolymerizing, ethylene in a reactor cascade formed by at least a first reactor and a second reactor, whereby preferably the first reactor is a loop reactor and further preferably, the second reactor is a gas phase reactor. Thereby, polyethylene fractions (A-1) and (A-2) are polymerized in subsequent reactor stages wherein the fraction polymerized in the second reactor is polymerized in the presence of the fraction polymerized in the first reactor.
However, in the preferred embodiment of the process of the invention polyethylene resin (A) is formed by melt blending of polyethylene fractions (A-1) and (A-2).
Thereby, polyethylene fractions (A-1) and (A-2) can be fed to the melt blending device as pellets or as powder. Preferably, fraction (A-1) is introduced as powder and fraction (A-2) is introduced as pellets.
The melt blending device usually has one or more feeding ports. For effective utilization of the screw length it is preferred to feed both polyethylene fractions (A-1) and (A-2) through one feed port.
For a co-rotating twin screw extruder the feed port of the extruder used in the first blending step is preferably located so that the L/D is from 12 to 20, more preferably from 14 to 18, wherein L is the distance from the feed port to the die and D is the diameter.
It is possible that the extruder used in the first blending step has an additional feed port downstream of the above-mentioned feed port. It is then preferred that the distance between such an additional feed port and the die would be such that the ratio of said distance to the screw diameter would not be less than 10.
It is, however, preferred to feed all the polymer components to the extruder via one feed port.
Additives as defined above can be introduced to the polyethylene resin (A) by feeding them into the first blending step through any one of the one or more feed ports.
Suitable melt blending devices are mixers or extruders. Especially suitable are twin screw extruders such as e.g. Leistritz ZSE MAXX, Coperion ZSK twin screw extruders, twin screw extruders by Japan Steel Works or Kobe twin screw extruders.
The set point for the barrel temperature in the extruder is preferably from 150°C to 220°C, more preferably from 160°C to 210°C and most preferably from 170°C to 200°C. The temperature settings are normally selected to be close to the temperatures which will be generated in the extruder in the melt by friction via the screw rotation. For small extruders and also for large extruders during the start-up the barrels are typically heated, for instance, by electric bands. However, as it is well understood by the person skilled in the art large extruders generally operate adiabatically and then the barrel temperatures are not controlled and practically linked to the temperatures generated in the melt along the length of the extruder.
The throughput is selected based on the desired production volume. As the person skilled in the art understands greater throughput can be achieved by extruders having a greater diameter. Useful scale-up principles for mixing is presented, among others, in Rauwendaal, Polymer Extrusion, Hanser Publishers, Munich, 1986 (ISBN 3-446-14196-0), in Table 8-4 on page 439. It shows that the ratio of the output rates is directly proportional to the cube of the ratio of the diameters. ${\dot{V}}_{2} = {\dot{V}}_{1} \cdot {(\frac{D_{2}}{D_{1}})}^{3}$
where V₂ and D₂ are the output rate and diameter of the large extruder and V₁ and D₁ are output rate and the diameter of the small extruder.
For small laboratory and pilot scale extruders throughput within a range of from about 1 up to about 200 kg/h would be appropriate and for large production scale extruders the throughput could be from about 300 up to about 20,000 kg/h.
In one embodiment of the process according to the invention the first polyethylene resin (A) is pelletized prior to blending with the second polyethylene resin (B) to form the polyethylene composition.
In another embodiment of the process according to the invention the first polyethylene resin (A) is blended in powder form with the second polyethylene resin (B) to form the polyethylene composition.

Second blending step

In the process according to the invention the first polyethylene resin (A) is blended in a second blending step with the second polyethylene resin (B) to form the polyethylene composition.
The weight ratio of the first polyethylene resin (A) to with the second polyethylene resin (B) in the polyethylene composition is preferably from 2:98 to 50:50, more preferably from 5:95 to 35:65, most preferably from 10:90 to 25:75.
Preferably, the polyethylene composition is formed by melt blending of the first polyethylene resin (A) and the second polyethylene resin (B).
Thereby, polyethylene resins (A) and (B) can be fed to the melt blending device as pellets or as powder. Where large extruders are used near the polymer production facilities it is usually more convenient to feed the polyethylene resin (B) as powder. On the other hand, for small extruders or where the extruder is located far away from the production facilities it may be more convenient to feed the polyethylene resin (B) as pellets.
For a co-rotating twin screw extruder, the feed port of the extruder used in the second blending step is preferably located so that the L/D is from 18 to 30, more preferably from 20 to 26, wherein L is the distance from the feed port to the die and D is the diameter. It is possible that the extruder used in the first blending step has an additional feed port downstream of the above-mentioned feed port. It is then preferred that the distance between such additional feed port and the die would be such that the ratio of said distance to the screw diameter would not be less than 10. It is, however, preferred to feed all the polymer components to the extruder via one feed port. For counter-rotating twin screw extruders/mixers, which normally are shorter in length compared to co-rotating twin screw extruders, e.g. Kobe LCM and Japan Steel Works CIM, all the components are preferably feed via one feed port.
Additives as defined above can be introduced to the polyethylene composition by feeding them into the second blending step through any one of the one or more feed ports. However, it is possible, and sometimes even preferred, to introduce all the required additives during the first blending step as described above. It is, thus, most preferred to dry-blend the polyethylene resins (A) and (B) and introduce said dry-blend via one feed port into the melt-blending device.
During dry-blending of the polyethylene resins (A) and (B) additives as defined above can be added.
Suitable melt blending devices are mixers or extruders. Especially suitable are twin screw extruders such as ZSK extruders by Coperion, CIMP and TEX twin screw extruders by Japan Steel Works and Kobe LCM and KTX twin screw extruders. For each type of extruder the diameter can be chosen based on the desired production rate using the principles discussed above. The diameter is usually indicated in the extruder name, such as ZSK40 (40 mm extruder), ZSK80 (80 mm extruder) CIMP-90 (90 mm extruder).
Preferably the second homogenisation device has a diameter which is equal to or greater than the diameter of the first homogenisation device. Especially preferably the second homogenisation device has a greater diameter than the first homogenisation device.
The set point for the barrel temperature in the extruder is preferably from 150°C to 250°C, more preferably from 170°C to 230°C and most preferably from 200°C to 220°C. The temperature settings are normally selected to be close to the temperatures which will be generated in the extruder in the melt by friction generated via the screw rotation. For small extruders and also for large extruders during the start-up the barrels are typically heated, for instance, by electric bands. However, as it is well understood by the person skilled in the art large extruders generally operate adiabatically and then the barrel temperatures are not controlled.
The screw speed in the co-rotating twin screw extruder is preferably from 100 min^-1 to 220 min^-1, more preferably 120 min^-1 to 180 min^-1. For the counter-rotating twin screw mixer the screw speed is normally higher, preferably from 200 min^-1 to 550 min^-1, more preferably from 260 min^-1 to 500 min^-1. The screw speed is often related to the throughput in kg/hour, of the extruder, e.g. for a large two-speed extruder, the higher speed is chosen when target is to produce close to the nameplate capacity and the lower speed often chosen when milder conditions and / or lower throughputs are targeted. With a variable speed drive the extrusion conditions are easier to tailor for the particular throughput and homogenisation conditions required.
Again, the throughput is set by the desired production volume. For scale-up purposes the discussion given for the first homogenisation device is valid also for the second homogenisation device. Preferably the polyethylene composition exiting the melt blending device is pelletized before storage.
The different components of the polyethylene composition according to the invention and obtainable according to the process according to the invention as characterized as follows:

Polyethylene resin (A)

The polyethylene resin (A) comprises polyethylene fractions (A-1) and (A-2) which are blended according to the process of the invention.
Preferably, the base resin of the polyethylene resin (A) consists of the polyethylene fractions (A-1) and (A-2).
The weight ratio of polyethylene fraction (A-1) to polyethylene fraction (A-2) in the polyethylene resin (A) is from 45:55 to 80:20, more preferably from 47:53 to 75:25, most preferably from 50:50 to 70:30.
Polyethylene resin (A) can comprise additives as defined above.
Polyethylene resin (A) is characterized by the following properties:

Mw

Polyethylene resin (A) has a weight average molecular weight Mw of 200 kg/mol to 1,500 kg/mol, preferably from 250 kg/mol to 1,200 kg/mol, most preferably from 300 kg/mol to 1,000 kg/mol, determined by GPC.

MFR₅

Polyethylene resin (A) preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.001 to 5.0 g/10min, more preferably of 0.01 to 4.5 g/10min, and most preferably 0.1 to 4.0 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.

Density

Polyethylene resin (A) has a density of equal to or more than 910.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 960.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 912.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 959.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 915.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 958.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.

White spot area (WSA)

Polyethylene resin (A) preferably has a white spot area of 1.0 to 6.0, more preferably of 1.3 to 5.0.

Polyethylene fraction (A-1)

Polyethylene fraction (A-1) can comprise additives as defined above.
Polyethylene fraction (A-1) can be either a homopolymer of ethylene or a copolymer of ethylene, preferably a homopolymer of ethylene, and is characterized by the following properties:

Mv

Polyethylene fraction (A-1) has a viscosity average molecular weight Mv of 700 kg/mol to 10,000 kg/mol, preferably from 800 kg/mol to 5,000 kg/mol, most preferably from 1,000 kg/mol to 2,500 kg/mol, determined according to ASTM 4020-81.

Density

Polyethylene fraction (A-1) has a density of equal to or more than 920.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 960.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 925.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 950.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 930.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 940.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.

Polyethylene fraction (A-2)

Polyethylene fraction (A-2) can be a unimodal or multimodal ethylene homo- or copolymer.
It is preferred that the polyethylene fraction (A-2) is multimodal.
Preferably, the polyethylene fraction (A-2) is a copolymer of ethylene with at least one alpha-olefin comonomer unit. The alpha-olefin comonomer unit preferably is selected from alpha-olefin co-monomer units with 3 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 4 to 8 carbon atoms. Suitable alpha-olefin comonomer units are 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene. Thereby, 1-butene and 1-hexene are most preferred.
Polyethylene fraction (A-2) can comprise additives as defined above.

Mw

Polyethylene fraction (A-2) has a weight average molecular weight Mw of 50 kg/mol to less than 700 kg/mol, preferably from 70 kg/mol to 500 kg/mol, most preferably from 100 kg/mol to 300 kg/mol, determined by GPC.

MFR₅

Polyethylene fraction (A-2) preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.01 to 5.0 g/10min, more preferably of 0.05 to 4.0 g/10min, and most preferably 0.1 to 3.0 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.

Density

Polyethylene fraction (A-2) has a density of equal to or more than 910.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 960.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 915.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 955.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 920.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 950.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.

Polymerization

Polyethylene fraction (A-2) is usually made by a multi-stage process, i.e. a process which makes use of at least two reactors, one for producing a lower molecular weight component and a second for producing a higher molecular weight component. These reactors may be employed in parallel, in which case the components must be mixed after production. More commonly, the reactors are employed in series, such that the products of one reactor are used as the starting material in the next reactor, e.g. one component is formed in the first reactor and the second is formed in the second reactor in the presence of the first component. In this way, the two components are more intimately mixed, since one is formed in the presence of the other.
The polymerization reactions used in each stage may involve conventional ethylene homo-polymerization or copolymerization reactions, e.g. gas phase, slurry phase, liquid phase polymerizations, using conventional reactors, e.g. loop reactors, gas phase reactors, batch reactors, etc.
The polymerization may be carried out continuously or batchwise, preferably the polymerization is carried out continuously.
Known two-stage processes are for instance liquid phase-liquid phase processes, gas phase-gas phase processes and liquid phase-gas phase processes. It is also known that these two-stage processes can further be combined with one or more additional polymerization steps selected from gas phase, slurry phase or liquid phase polymerization processes.
Polyethylene fraction (A-2) is preferably produced in a multistage process, where lower molecular weight and higher molecular weight polymers (components) are produced in different polymerization steps, in any order.
The polymerisation is conducted in the presence of an olefin polymerisation catalyst. The catalyst may be any catalyst which is capable of producing the desired ethylene polymer. Suitable catalysts are, among others, Ziegler - Natta catalysts based on a transition metal, such as titanium, zirconium and/or vanadium or metallocene catalysts or late transition metal catalysts. Especially Ziegler - Natta catalysts and metallocene catalysts are useful as they can produce polymers within a wide range of molecular weight with a high productivity.
Suitable Ziegler - Natta catalysts preferably contain a magnesium compound, an aluminium compound and a titanium compound supported on a particulate support.

Polyethylene resin (B)

Polyethylene resin (B) can be a unimodal or multimodal ethylene homo- or copolymer.
It is preferred that the polyethylene resin (B) is multimodal.
Preferably, the polyethylene resin (B) is a copolymer of ethylene with at least one alpha-olefin comonomer unit. The alpha-olefin comonomer unit preferably is selected from alpha-olefin co-monomer units with 3 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 4 to 8 carbon atoms. Suitable alpha-olefin comonomer units are 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene. Thereby, 1-butene and 1-hexene are most preferred.
Polyethylene resin (B) can comprise additives as defined above.

Mw

Polyethylene resin (B) has a weight average molecular weight Mw of 50 kg/mol to less than 700 kg/mol, preferably from 70 kg/mol to 500 kg/mol, most preferably from 100 kg/mol to 300 kg/mol, determined by GPC.

MFR₅

Polyethylene resin (B) preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.01 to 5.0 g/10min, more preferably of 0.05 to 4.0 g/10min, and most preferably 0.1 to 3.0 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.

Density

Polyethylene resin (B) has a density of equal to or more than 910.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 960.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 915.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 955.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 920.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 950.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.

Polymerization

Polyethylene resin (B) is usually made by a multi-stage process, i.e. a process which makes use of at least two reactors, one for producing a lower molecular weight component and a second for producing a higher molecular weight component. These reactors may be employed in parallel, in which case the components must be mixed after production. More commonly, the reactors are employed in series, such that the products of one reactor are used as the starting material in the next reactor, e.g. one component is formed in the first reactor and the second is formed in the second reactor in the presence of the first component. In this way, the two components are more intimately mixed, since one is formed in the presence of the other.
The polymerization reactions used in each stage may involve conventional ethylene homo-polymerization or copolymerization reactions, e.g. gas phase, slurry phase, liquid phase polymerizations, using conventional reactors, e.g. loop reactors, gas phase reactors, batch reactors, etc.
The polymerization may be carried out continuously or batchwise, preferably the polymerization is carried out continuously.
Known two-stage processes are for instance liquid phase-liquid phase processes, gas phase-gas phase processes and liquid phase-gas phase processes. It is also known that these two-stage processes can further be combined with one or more additional polymerization steps selected from gas phase, slurry phase or liquid phase polymerization processes.
Polyethylene resin (B) is preferably produced in a multistage process, where lower molecular weight and higher molecular weight polymers (components) are produced in different polymerization steps, in any order.
The polymerisation is conducted in the presence of an olefin polymerisation catalyst. The catalyst may be any catalyst which is capable of producing the desired ethylene polymer. Suitable catalysts are, among others, Ziegler - Natta catalysts based on a transition metal, such as titanium, zirconium and/or vanadium or metallocene catalysts or late transition metal catalysts. Especially Ziegler - Natta catalysts and metallocene catalysts are useful as they can produce polymers within a wide range of molecular weight with a high productivity.
Suitable Ziegler - Natta catalysts preferably contain a magnesium compound, an aluminium compound and a titanium compound supported on a particulate support.
Polyethylene resin (B) can be different from polyethylene fraction (A-2) in at least one of the above defined properties.
In a preferred embodiment polyethylene resin (B) is the same as polyethylene fraction (A-2).

Polyethylene composition

The multimodal polyethylene composition according to the invention comprises polyethylene resins (A) and (B) which are blended according to the process of the invention.
Preferably, the base resin of the composition consists of the polyethylene resins (A) and (B).
The composition can comprise additives as defined above.
The weight ratio the first polyethylene resin (A) to with the second polyethylene resin (B) in the polyethylene composition is preferably from 2:98 to 50:50, more preferably from 3:97 to 45:55, more preferably from 5:95 to 40:60, still more preferably from 7:93 to 30:70, even more preferably from 8:92 to 25:75 and most preferably from 10:90 to 20:80.
Preferably the amount of polyethylene fraction (A-1) in the polyethylene composition is 0.5 to 30 wt%, more preferably 1 to 25 wt%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt%, still more preferably 3 to 18 wt%, even more preferably 4 to 16 wt% and most preferably 4 to 14 wt% of the total polyethylene composition
The polyethylene composition is characterized by the following properties:

MFR₅

The composition according to the present invention preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.01 to 10.0 g/10min, more preferably of 0.03 to 9.0 g/10min, and most preferably 0.05 to 8.0 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.

MFR₂₁

The composition according to the present invention preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₂₁ (190°C, 21.6 kg) of 0.5 to 300 g/10 min, preferably of 0.7 to 250 g/10min, and most preferably of 1.0 to 200 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.

Density

The composition according to the present invention preferably has a density of equal to or more than 910.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 970.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 912.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 969.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 915.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 968.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.
The density of the composition is influenced by the density of the base resin and can further be adjusted by the amount of filler, usually carbon black, in the composition.
The density of the base resin is mainly influenced by the amount and type of comonomer. In addition to that, the nature of the polymer originating mainly from the catalyst used as well as the melt flow rate play a role. In addition to that, it should be stressed that the comonomer does not need to be a single comonomer. Mixtures of comonomers are also possible.
The composition is further characterized by specific rheological properties.

Complex viscosity eta_0.1

The composition according to the present invention preferably has a complex viscosity determined for the complex shear modulus of 0.1 kPa, eta_0.1, of 5,000 Pa·s to 100,000 Pa·s, more preferably 6,000 Pa·s to 85,000 Pa·s, even more preferably 8,000 Pa·s to 70,000 Pa·s and most preferably 10,000 Pa·s to 55,000 Pa·s. For certain applications, such as HD pipe, MD pipe or injection moulding applications, eta_0.1 can be of 5,000 Pa·s to 400,000 Pa·s, preferably of 6,000 Pa·s to 350,000 Pa·s, even more preferably of 8,000 Pa·s to 300,000 Pa·s, and most preferably of 10,000 Pa·s to 250,000 Pa·s.
Viscosities determined at low frequencies or shear rates such as eta_0.1 are measures for the molecular weight of a polyethylene composition as they are directly proportional with the weight average molecular weight Mw. Thus, they can also be used as measures for the degradation of the polyethylene composition by comparing eta_0.1 of the final composition after blending the first polyethylene resin (A) with the second polyethylene resin (B), eta_0.1 (Composition) and eta_0.1 of the second polyethylene resin (B) prior to blending, eta_0.1(B).
It is preferred that the ratio of the complex viscosity at a frequency of 0.1 rad/s of the multimodal polyethylene composition, eta_0.1 (Composition), to the complex viscosity determined at a frequency of 0.1 rad/s of the polyethylene resin (B), eta_0.1 (B), is in the range of 1.1 to 2.5, more preferably 1.2 to 2.3, still more preferably 1.25 to 2.0 and most preferably 1.3 to 1.7.

SHI _0.1/100

The composition preferably has a shear thinning index SHI_0.1/100 of 7 to 30, more preferably a shear thinning index SHI_0.1/100 of 8 to 25, even more preferably a shear thinning index SHI_0.1/100 of 9 to 20 and most preferably a shear thinning index SHI_0.1/100 of 10 to 17.
The shear thinning index is a measure for the broadness of the molecular weight distribution of the polyethylene composition.

White spot area (WSA)

The polyethylene composition according to the present invention preferably has a white spot area of not more than 5.0%, more preferably not more than 4.0%, still more preferably not more than 3.0%, even more preferably of not more than 2.0%, and most preferably of not more than 1.5%. The lower limit of the white spot area is usually 0.01%.

ISO rating

The polyethylene composition according to the present invention preferably has an ISO rating of not more than 7.0, more preferably not more than 6.0, even more preferably not more than 4.0, most preferably not more than 3.5. The lower limit of the ISO rating is usually 0.1.
The white spot area test and the ISO rating are measures for the homogeneity of a polyethylene composition. When compounding polyethylene compositions e.g. for producing pipes, so-called "white spots" occur in the compounded material. These white spots usually have a size of below 10 to about 50 micrometer and consist of non-pigmented, high molecular weight polymer agglomerates/particles that have not been adequately dispersed in the composition. These inhomogeneities in polymer compositions may increase roughness of the surface of articles produced thereof and impair their strength properties.
It is known that homogeneity of a multimodal polymer composition can be improved by applying multiple compounding steps and/or particular compounding conditions to the resin coming from the reactor. These measures, however, have the disadvantage that they are associated with a significant increase in production costs for the composition and possibly degradation of the polymer.

Applications

The polyethylene compositions produced according to the present invention are suitable for different applications such as steel pipe coating, high density (HD) pipe applications, film applications, such as linear low density (LLD) films, medium density (MD) films and high density (HD) films, injection moulding applications and cable jacketing. For these different applications the polyethylene composition has the following properties:

Steel pipe coating

For steel pipe coating the composition according to the present invention preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.05 to 5.0 g/10min, more preferably of 0.1 to 2.5 g/10min, and most preferably 0.2 to 1.0 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.
The composition preferably has a density of equal to or more than 935.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 960.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 936.5 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 957.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 938.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 955.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.
The composition preferably has a weight average molecular weight Mw of 50 kg/mol to 300 kg/mol, more preferably 70 kg/mol to 250 kg/mol, determined by GPC.

LLD films

For LLD films the composition according to the present invention preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.5 to 5.0 g/10min, more preferably of 0.6 to 4.0 g/10min, and most preferably 0.8 to 3.0 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.
The composition preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₂₁ (190°C, 21.6 kg) of 10 to 100 g/10 min, preferably of 12 to 80 g/10min, and most preferably of 15 to 70 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.
The composition preferably has a density of equal to or more than 910.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 930.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 912.5 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 927.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 915.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 925.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.
The composition preferably has a weight average molecular weight Mw of 100 kg/mol to 350 kg/mol, more preferably 130 kg/mol to 300 kg/mol, determined by GPC.

MD film

For MD films the composition according to the present invention preferably a melt flow rate MFR₂₁ (190°C, 21.6 kg) of 2.5 to 50 g/10 min, preferably of 3.5 to 40 g/10min, and most preferably of 5 to 30 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.
The composition preferably has a density of equal to or more than 925.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 945.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 927.5 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 943.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 930.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 940.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.

HD films

For HD films the composition according to the present invention preferably a melt flow rate MFR₂₁ (190°C, 21.6 kg) of 2.5 to 20 g/10 min, preferably of 3 to 15 g/10min, and most preferably of 4 to 10 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.
The composition preferably has a density of equal to or more than 940.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 970.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 942.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 965.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 945.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 960.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.

Injection moulding

For injection moulding the composition according to the present invention preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₂ (190°C, 2.16 kg) of 0.2 to 4.0 g/10 min, preferably of 0.4 to 3.0 g/10min, and most preferably 0.2 to 1.0 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.
The composition preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₂₁ (190°C, 21.6 kg) of 15 to 300 g/10 min, preferably of 20 to 250 g/10min, and most preferably of 25 to 200 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.
The composition preferably has a density of equal to or more than 935.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 955.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 936.5 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 952.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 938.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 950.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.

HD pipe

For HD pipes the composition according to the present invention preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.05 to 1.0 g/10min, more preferably of 0.08 to 0.7 g/10min, and most preferably 0.1 to 0.4 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.
The composition preferably has a density of equal to or more than 945.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 965.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 946.5 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 964.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 948.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 963.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.

MD pipe

For MD pipes the composition according to the present invention preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.05 to 1.0 g/10min, more preferably of 0.08 to 0.7 g/10min, and most preferably 0.2 to 0.6 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.
The composition preferably has a density of equal to or more than 930.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 945.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 930.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 940.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.

Cable jacketing

For cable jacketing the composition according to the present invention preferably has a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.1 to 3.0 g/10min, more preferably of 0.2 to 2.5 g/10min, and most preferably 0.3 to 3.0 g/10min determined according to ISO 1133.
The composition preferably has a density of equal to or more than 918.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 965.0 kg/m³, more preferably of equal to or more than 920.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 962.0 kg/m³, and most preferably of equal to or more than 930.0 kg/m³ and equal to or less than 960.0 kg/m³ determined according to ISO 1183-1:2004.

Examples:

1. Determination methods

a) Melt Flow Rate

The melt flow rate (MFR) is determined according to ISO 1133 and is indicated in g/10 min. The MFR is an indication of the flowability, and hence the processability, of the polymer. The higher the melt flow rate, the lower the viscosity of the polymer. The MFR₅ of polyethylene is measured at a temperature 190 °C and a load of 5 kg, the MFR₂ of polyethylene at a temperature 190 °C and a load of 2.16 kg and the MFR₂₁ of polyethylene is measured at a temperature of 190 °C and a load of 21.6 kg. The quantity FRR (flow rate ratio) denotes the ratio of flow rates at different loads. Thus, FRR_21/5 denotes the value of MFR₂₁/MFR₅.

a) Density

Density of the polymer was measured according to ISO 1183-1:2004 Method A on compression moulded specimen prepared according to EN ISO 1872-2 (Feb 2007) and is given in kg/m³.

b) Comonomer content

Quantitative nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to quantify the comonomer content of the polymers.
Quantitative ¹³C{¹H} NMR spectra recorded in the molten-state using a Bruker Advance III 500 NMR spectrometer operating at 500.13 and 125.76 MHz for ¹H and ¹³C respectively. All spectra were recorded using a ¹³C optimised 7 mm magic-angle spinning (MAS) probehead at 150°C using nitrogen gas for all pneumatics. Approximately 200 mg of material was packed into a 7 mm outer diameter zirconia MAS rotor and spun at 4 kHz. This setup was chosen primarily for the high sensitivity needed for rapid identification and accurate quantification.{[1], [2], [6]} Standard single-pulse excitation was employed utilising the transient NOE at short recycle delays of 3s {[1], [3]} and the RS-HEPT decoupling scheme {[4], [5]}. A total of 1024 (1k) transients were acquired per spectrum. This setup was chosen due its high sensitivity towards low comonomer contents.
Quantitative ¹³C{¹H} NMR spectra were processed, integrated and quantitative properties determined using custom spectral analysis automation programs. All chemical shifts are internally referenced to the bulk methylene signal (δ+) at 30.00 ppm {[9]}.
Characteristic signals corresponding to the incorporation of 1-hexene were observed {[9]} and all contents calculated with respect to all other monomers present in the polymer. $H = I_{* B 4}$
With no other signals indicative of other comonomer sequences, i.e. consecutive comonomer incorporation, observed the total 1-hexene comonomer content was calculated based solely on the amount of isolated 1-hexene sequences: $H_{total} = H$
Characteristic signals resulting from saturated end-groups were observed. The content of such saturated end-groups was quantified using the average of the integral of the signals at 22.84 and 32.23 ppm assigned to the 2s and 2s sites respectively: $S = (1 / 2) * (I_{2 S} + I_{3 S})$
The relative content of ethylene was quantified using the integral of the bulk methylene (δ+) signals at 30.00 ppm: $E = (1 / 2) * I_{δ +}$
The total ethylene comonomer content was calculated based the bulk methylene signals and accounting for ethylene units present in other observed comonomer sequences or end-groups: $E_{total} = E + (5 / 2) * B + (3 / 2) * S$
The total mole fraction of 1-hexene in the polymer was then calculated as: $fH = (H_{total} / (E_{total} + H_{total}))$
The total comonomer incorporation of 1-hexene in mole percent was calculated from the mole fraction in the usual manner: $H [mol %] = 100 * fH$
The total comonomer incorporation of 1-hexene in weight percent was calculated from the mole fraction in the standard manner: $H [wt %] = 100 * (fH * 84.16) / ((fH * 84.16) + ((1 - fH) * 28.05))$

[1] Klimke, K., Parkinson, M., Piel, C., Kaminsky, W., Spiess, H.W., Wilhelm, M., Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2006;207:382.
[2] Parkinson, M., Klimke, K., Spiess, H.W., Wilhelm, M., Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2007;208:2128.
[3] Pollard, M., Klimke, K., Graf, R., Spiess, H.W., Wilhelm, M., Sperber, O., Piel, C., Kaminsky, W., Macromolecules 2004; 37:813.
[4] Filip, X., Tripon, C., Filip, C., J. Mag. Resn. 2005, 176, 239
[5] Griffin, J.M., Tripon, C., Samoson, A., Filip, C., and Brown, S.P., Mag. Res. in Chem. 2007 45, S1, S198
[6] Castignolles, P., Graf, R., Parkinson, M., Wilhelm, M., Gaborieau, M., Polymer 50 (2009) 2373
[7] Zhou, Z., Kuemmerle, R., Qiu, X., Redwine, D., Cong, R., Taha, A., Baugh, D. Winniford, B., J. Mag. Reson. 187 (2007) 225
[8] Busico, V., Carbonniere, P., Cipullo, R., Pellecchia, R., Severn, J., Talarico, G., Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2007, 28, 1128
[9] J. Randall, Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1989, C29, 201.

c) Rheological parameters

The characterization of polymer melts by dynamic shear measurements complies with ISO standards 6721-1 and 6721-10. The measurements were performed on an ARES (TA Instruments) stress controlled rotational rheometer, equipped with a 25 mm parallel plate geometry. Measurements were undertaken on compression moulded plates using nitrogen atmosphere and setting a strain within the linear viscoelastic regime. The oscillatory shear tests were done at 230°C applying a frequency range between 0.0631 and 100 rad/s and setting a gap of 2.0 mm.
In a dynamic shear experiment the probe is subjected to a homogeneous deformation at a sinusoidal varying shear strain or shear stress (strain and stress controlled mode, respectively). On a controlled strain experiment, the probe is subjected to a sinusoidal strain that can be expressed by $γ (t) = γ_{0} \sin (ωt)$
If the applied strain is within the linear viscoelastic regime, the resulting sinusoidal stress response can be given by $σ (t) = σ_{0} \sin (ωt + δ)$
where σ₀, and γ₀ are the stress and strain amplitudes, respectively; ω is the angular frequency; δ is the phase shift (loss angle between applied strain and stress response); t is the time.
Dynamic test results are typically expressed by means of several different rheological functions, namely the shear storage modulus, G', the shear loss modulus, G", the complex shear modulus, G*, the complex shear viscosity, η*, the dynamic shear viscosity, η', the out-of-phase component of the complex shear viscosity, η" and the loss tangent, tan η, which can be expressed as follows: $Gʹ = \frac{σ_{0}}{γ_{0}} cosδ [Pa]$
$Gʺ = \frac{σ_{0}}{γ_{0}} sinδ [Pa]$
$G * = Gʹ - iGʺ [Pa]$
$η * = ηʹ - iηʺ [Pa \cdot s]$
$ηʹ = \frac{Gʺ}{ω} [Pa \cdot s]$
$ηʺ = \frac{G ʹ}{ω} [Pa \cdot s]$
The determination of so-called Shear Thinning Index, which correlates with MWD and is independent of Mw, is done as described in equation 9. $SHI (x / y) = η *_{ω = x rad / s} / η *_{ω = y rad / s}$
For example, the SHI_(0.1/100) is defined as the ratio of the complex viscosity determined at a frequency of 0.1 rad/s to the complex viscosity determined at a frequency of 100 rad/s.
The values of storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G"), complex modulus (G*) and complex viscosity (η*) were obtained as a function of frequency (ω).
Thereby, e.g. η*_300rad/s (eta*_300rad/s) is used as abbreviation for the complex viscosity at the frequency of 300 rad/s and η*_0.05rad/s (eta*_0.05rad/s) is used as abbreviation for the complex viscosity at the frequency of 0.05 rad/s.
The values are determined by means of a single point interpolation procedure, as defined by Rheoplus software. In interpolation the option from Rheoplus "Interpolate y-values to x-values from parameter" and the "logarithmic interpolation type" were applied.
References:

[1] Rheological characterization of polyethylene fractions" Heino, E.L., Lehtinen, A., Tanner J., Seppälä, J., Neste Oy, Porvoo, Finland, Theor. Appl. Rheol., Proc. Int. Congr. Rheol, 11th (1992), 1, 360-362
[2] The influence of molecular structure on some rheological properties of polyethylene", Heino, E.L., Borealis Polymers Oy, Porvoo, Finland, Annual Transactions of the Nordic Rheology Society, 1995.).
[3] Definition of terms relating to the non-ultimate mechanical properties of polymers, Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 701-754, 1998.

d) Molecular weight

Molecular weight averages (Mz, Mw and Mn), Molecular weight distribution (MWD) and its broadness, described by polydispersity index, PDI= Mw/Mn (wherein Mn is the number average molecular weight and Mw is the weight average molecular weight) were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) according to ISO 16014-4:2003 and ASTM D 6474-99 using the following formulas: $M_{n} = \frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{N} A_{i}}{\sum (A_{i} / M_{i})}$
$M_{w} = \frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{N} (A_{i} x M_{i})}{\sum A_{i}}$
$M_{z} = \frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{N} (A_{i} {xM}_{i}^{2})}{\sum (A_{i} / M_{i})}$
For a constant elution volume interval ΔV_i, where A_i and M_i are the chromatographic peak slice area and polyolefin molecular weight (MW).
A PolymerChar GPC instrument, equipped with infrared (IR) detector was used with 3 x Olexis and 1x Olexis Guard columns from Polymer Laboratories and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB, stabilized with 250 mg/L 2,6-Di tert butyl-4-methyl-phenol) as solvent at 160 °C and at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. 200 µL of sample solution were injected per analysis. The column set was calibrated using universal calibration (according to ISO 16014-2:2003) with at least 15 narrow MWD polystyrene (PS) standards in the range of 0,5 kg/mol to 11 500 kg/mol. Mark Houwink constants for PS, PE and PP used are as described per ASTM D 6474-99. All samples were prepared by dissolving 5.0 - 9.0 mg of polymer in 8 mL (at 160 °C) of stabilized TCB (same as mobile phase) for 2.5 hours for PP or 3 hours for PE at 160°C under continuous gentle shaking in the autosampler of the GPC instrument.

e) White spot area (WSA) and ISO rating

A sample of the composition (including a pigment to make the inhomogeneities visible, i.e. carbon black added to Reference Example 1 in an amount as listed below) which is obtained after the compounding steps as described for the different examples below, is analysed by firstly obtaining 6 microtome cuts of 6 different parts of the sample (thickness about 10 micrometer, diameter 3 to 5 mm).
Microtome cuts with a thickness of about 10 µm were made from 6 pellets of the respective sample perpendicular to extrusion direction. The microtome cuts were characterized by light microscopy (ZEISS microscope Axioimager) at a magnification of 100 quantitatively using the White Spot Area method with SCANDIUM software. In this method all detected areas of white particles in all cuts of every sample were summarized and related to the total area of investigation (1.63 mm²). The investigated area of each cut was chosen on a random basis.
The same images used for WSA were also evaluated by the rating following ISO 18553.

f) Viscosity average molecular weight of the UHMWPE

The viscosity average molecular weight of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene was determined according to ASTM 4020-81.

2. Figures

Figures 1 and 2 show the screw design of the extruders used for the production of the pre-blends and the polymers of the examples according to the invention.

Fig. 1:: Leistritz ZSE 27 MAXX screw design for the production of the pre-blends Raw material feed at the arrow on the top of the figure; melt exit at the left
Fig. 2:: Coperion ZSK 40 screw design for the production of the polymers of the examples according to the invention Raw material feed at the arrow; melt exit at the right

3. Examples

a) Polymerization of Reference Example 1 (RE1)

A loop reactor having a volume of 50 dm³ was operated continuously at a temperature of 60 °C and a pressure of 62 bar. Into the reactor were introduced 42 kg/h of propane diluent, 2 kg/h of ethylene and 35 g/h of hydrogen. In addition 6.3 g/h of a solid polymerization catalyst component sold by BASF under a trade name of Lynx 200 was introduced into the reactor together with triethylaluminium cocatalyst so that the ratio of aluminium to titanium was 30 mol/mol. The rate of polymer production was about 1.8 kg/h.
The slurry from the 50 dm³ loop reactor was withdrawn and transferred continuously to another loop reactor having a volume of 500 dm³ and which was operated at a temperature of 95 °C and a pressure of 60 bar. Into the reactor were introduced additional propane diluent, ethylene and hydrogen. The ethylene concentration in the fluid mixture was 3.4 mol-%, based on the total number of moles in the fluid mixture, the molar ratio of hydrogen to ethylene 650 mol/kmol. The rate of polymer production was 32 kg/h and the MFR₂ of the ethylene homopolymer was 500 g/10 min. The slurry from the loop reactor was withdrawn by using settling legs into a flash vessel operated at a temperature of 50 °C and a pressure of 3 bar where the hydrogen and major part of the hydrocarbons was removed from the polymer. The ethylene homopolymer was directed into a fluidized bed gas phase reactor operated at 85 °C temperature and 20 bar pressure. Into the reactor were introduced additional ethylene, 1-butene comonomer, hydrogen and nitrogen as inert gas. The ethylene concentration was 11 mol-%, based on the total number of moles in the gas mixture. Hydrogen and 1-butene were added so that the bimodal polymer had a density of 943 kg/m³, an MFR₅ of 2 g/10 min and a weight average molecular weight Mw of 129 kg/mol. The split between the polymer produced in the loop reactor and the gas phase reactor was 50/50.
The resulting polymer powder was dried from hydrocarbons and mixed with 3000 ppm of Irganox B225, 1000 ppm of calcium stearate and 2.4 % of carbon black, based on the final composition. A part of the mixture was then extruded into pellets by using a CIM90P twin screw extruder (manufactured by Japan Steel Works).

b) Production of the Pre-blends

PB1:

An ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE-GC002, supplied by Jingchem Corporation, Beijing, China, and having a viscosity average molecular weight of 1,650,000 g/mol, a density of 0.934 g/cm³, a bulk density of 0.42 g/cm³, and a content of volatile matter of 0.12 % by weight was mixed with Irganox B225 and calcium stearate so that the powder mixture contained 0.3 parts per hundred of B225 and 0.15 parts per hundred of calcium stearate. This powder mixture was separately dosed into the hopper of an extruder together with also separately dosed bimodal polymer pellets produced according to the Reference Example 1 above so that final blend of PB1 contained 50 % by weight of the UHMWPE-additive mixture and 50 % by weight of the pellets of Reference Example 1. Both components were extruded by using a Leistritz ZSE 27 MAXX twin screw extruder (screw diameter 28.3 mm, OD/ID 1.66) with a screw design according to Figure 1 (L/D 18). The adjusted barrel temperature during the extrusion was 170 °C and the screw speed was 500 min^-1. At the exit of the extruder the melt was passed through a die plate and cut to pellets. The throughput was 10 kg/h.
The white spot area was determined from the polymer of PB1 and it was found to be 2.36 %.

PB2:

For the production of PB2 procedure for the production of PB1 was repeated except that the adjusted barrel temperature was maintained at 200 °C.
The white spot area of the polymer of PB2 was 1.3%.

PB3:

For the production of PB3 procedure for the production of PB2 was repeated except that the amount of the UHMWPE - additive mixture was 70 % by weight and the amount of the pellets of Reference Example 1 was 30 % by weight.
The white spot area of the polymer of PB3 was 1.8%.

c) Production of the Examples according to the invention

Inventive Example 1 (Ex1):

A dry blend of the pellets produced according to Reference Example 1 (80 % by weight) and the pellets of pre-blend PB1 (20 % by weight) was made. The mixture was then extruded in a Coperion ZSK40 twin screw extruder with a screw design according to Figure 2. An increasing temperature program from 200 °C to 220 °C was adjusted, the screw speed was 150 min^-1 and the throughput was 25 kg/h. At the end of the extruder the melt was passed through a die plate, cooled in a water-bath and cut to pellets. From the pellets the dispersion (as the white spot area) and the dynamic viscosity was measured. Table 1 shows the WSA, η_0.1 and η₁₀₀.

Inventive Example 2 (Ex2):

The procedure of Inventive Example 1 was followed except that the pellets of pre-blend PB2 were used instead of those of pre-blend PB1. Table 1 shows the viscosity and WSA.

Inventive Example 3 (Ex3):

The procedure of Inventive Example 1 was followed except that pellets of pre-blend PB3 were used so that the amount of Reference Example 1 material was 85.7 % by weight and the amount of the material of pre-blend PB3 was 14.3 % by weight. Table 1 shows the viscosity and WSA.

Inventive Example 4 (Ex4):

The procedure of Inventive Example 1 was followed except that 60 percent by weight of the pellets of the Reference Example 1 and 40 % by weight of the pellets of pre-blend PB1 were used. Table 2 shows the viscosity and WSA.

Inventive Example 5 (Ex5):

The procedure of Inventive Example 4 (Ex4) was followed except that the pellets of pre-blend PB2 were used instead of those of pre-blend PB1. Table 2 shows the viscosity and WSA. Table 2 shows the viscosity and WSA.

Inventive Example 5 (Ex5):

The procedure of Inventive Example 4 (Ex4) was followed except that the pellets of pre-blend PB3 were used instead of those of pre-blend PB1. Table 2 shows the viscosity and WSA. Table 2 shows the viscosity and WSA.

Comparative Example 1 (CE1)

An ultra-high molecular weight PE (UHMWPE-GC002, supplied by Jingchem Corporation, Beijing, China, and having a viscosity average molecular weight of 1 650 000 g/mol, a density of 0.934 g/cm³, a bulk density of 0.42 g/cm³, and a content of volatile matter of 0.12 % by weight was mixed with Irganox B225 and calcium stearate so that the powder mixture contained 0.3 parts per hundred of B225 and 0.15 parts per hundred of calcium stearate. This powder mixture was separately dosed into the hopper of a Leistritz ZSE 27 MAXX extruder together with also separately dosed bimodal polymer pellets produced according to the Reference Example 1 above so that final blend contained 10 % by weight of the UHMWPE - additive mixture and 90 % by weight of the pellets of Reference Example 1. The polymer mixture was extruded by using a Leistritz ZE 27 MAXX twin screw extruder (screw diameter 28.3 mm; L/D 36) with a screw design according to Figure 3. The adjusted barrel temperature during the extrusion was 200 °C to 220°C and the screw speed was 500 min^-1. The throughput was 10 kg/h.
At the end of the extruder the melt was passed through a die plate, cooled in a water-bath and cut to pellets. The pellets were then dried and recovered. From the pellets the dispersion (as the white spot area) and the dynamic viscosity was measured. Table 1 shows the WSA, η_0.1 and η₁₀₀.

d) Results

Table 1:

Example	Ex1	Ex2	Ex3	RE1	CE1
Amount UHMWPE [wt%]	10	10	10	0	10
WSA [%]	0.34	0.75	0.68	n.d.	5.28
η_0.1 [Pas]	21550	16330	16050	12450	16620
η₁₀₀ [Pas]	1510	1370	1315	1060	1295
SHI_0.1/100	14.3	11.9	12.2	11.7	12.8
η_0.1(Ex)/η_0.1(RE1)	1.73	1.31	1.30	---	1.33

n.d. not determined

Table 2:

Example	Ex4	Ex5	Ex6	RE1	CE1
Amount UHMWPE [wt%]	20	20	20	0	10
WSA [%]	1.13	0.48	1.15	n.d.	5.28
η_0.1 [Pas]	19560	17370	20030	12450	16620
η₁₀₀ [Pas]	1450	1500	1580	1060	1295
SHI_0.1/100	13.5	11.6	12.7	11.7	12.8
η_0.1(Ex)/η_0.1(RE1)	1.57	1.40	1.61	---	1.33

n.d. not determined

Claims

A process for producing a multimodal polyethylene composition comprising the following steps:
i) blending a polyethylene fraction (A-1) having a viscosity average molecular weight Mv of equal to or more than 700 kg/mol to equal to or less than 10,000 kg/mol and a density of equal to or more than 920 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ and a polyethylene fraction (A-2) having a lower Mw as polyethylene fraction (A-1) and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ with a weight ratio of (A-1) to (A-2) of 45:55 to 80:20 to form a first polyethylene resin (A) having a Mw of equal to or more than 200 kg/mol to equal to or less than 1500 kg/mol, a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.001 to 10 g/10 min and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³,

ii) blending the first polyethylene resin (A) with a second polyethylene resin (B) having a Mw of equal to or more than 50 kg/mol to less than 700 kg/mol, and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ to form the multimodal polyethylene composition,
wherein the multimodal polyethylene composition has a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.01 to 10 g/10 min and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 970 kg/m³.
The process according to any of claim 1, wherein the first polyethylene resin (A) is formed by melt blending of polyethylene fractions (A-1) and (A-2).
The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the first polyethylene resin (A) is pelletized prior to blending with the second polyethylene resin (B) to form the polyethylene composition.
The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the second polyethylene resin (B) is blended in powder form with the first polyethylene resin (A) optionally together with additional additives to form the polyethylene composition.
The process according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the second polyethylene resin (B) is pelletized optionally together with additional additives prior to blending with the first polyethylene resin (A) to form the polyethylene composition.
The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the polyethylene composition is formed by melt blending of the first polyethylene resin (A) and the second polyethylene resin (B).
The process according to claim 6, wherein the first polyethylene resin (A) and the second polyethylene resin (B) were dry-blended prior to the melt blending step.
The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the weight ratio of the first polyethylene resin (A) to the second polyethylene resin (B) in the polyethylene composition is 2:98 to 50:50.
The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the second polyethylene resin (B) is a multimodal polyethylene resin.
A polyethylene resin (A) comprising a polyethylene fraction (A-1) having a weight average molecular weight Mw of equal to or more than 700 kg/mol to equal to or less than 10,000 kg/mol and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ and a polyethylene fraction (A-2) having a lower Mw as polyethylene fraction (A-1) and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ with a weight ratio of (A-1) to (A-2) of 45:55 to 80:20, wherein the polyethylene resin (A) has a Mw of equal to or more than 200 kg/mol to equal to or less than 1500 kg/mol, a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.001 to 10 g/10 min and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³.
A polyethylene composition obtainable by a process comprising the following steps:
i) blending a polyethylene fraction (A-1) having a weight average molecular weight Mw of equal to or more than 700 kg/mol to equal to or less than 10,000 kg/mol and a density of equal to or more than 920 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ and a polyethylene fraction (A-2) having a lower Mw as polyethylene fraction (A-1) and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ with a weight ratio of (A-1) to (A-2) of 45:55 to 80:20 to form a first polyethylene resin (A) having a Mw of equal to or more than 200 kg/mol to equal to or less than 1500 kg/mol, a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.001 to 40 g/10 min and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³,

ii) blending the first polyethylene resin (A) with a second polyethylene resin (B) having a Mw of equal to or more than 50 kg/mol to less than 700 kg/mol, and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 960 kg/m³ to form the multimodal polyethylene composition,
wherein the multimodal polyethylene composition a melt flow rate MFR₅ (190°C, 5 kg) of 0.01 to 10 g/10 min and a density of equal to or more than 910 kg/m³ to equal to or less than 970 kg/m³.
The polyethylene composition according to claim 11 having a rating in the white spot area of not more than 5.0 %.
The polyethylene composition according to any of claims 11 or 12 having a shear thinning index SHI_0.1/100, being the ratio of the complex viscosities determined for the complex shear moduli of 0.1 kPa and 100 kPa, of 7 to 30.
The polyethylene composition according to any of claims 11 to 13, wherein the ratio of the complex viscosity at a shear rate of 0.1 Pa of the multimodal polyethylene composition, eta_0.1 (Composition), to the complex viscosity determined for the complex shear modulus of 0.1 kPa of the polyethylene resin (B), eta_0.1 (B), is in the range of 1.1 to 2.5.
The polyethylene composition according to any of claims 11 to 14, wherein the amount of polyethylene fraction (A-1) is 0.5 to 30 wt% of the total polyethylene composition.