EP2794865A1 - A lactonase derived from candida bombicola and uses thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to an enzyme derived from Candida bombicola that is capable of lactonizing or polymerizing carbohydrate-containing compounds, lipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof. Hence host cells comprising the latter enzyme can be used, via the formation of intra- or inter-molecular ester- bounds, to produce -for example- lactonized sophorolipids or polymers of acidic sophorolipids. On the other hand, host cell having lost their capability to produce a functional enzyme of the present invention can be used to produce 100% acidic sophorolipids.

Description

A lactonase derived from Candida bombicola and uses thereof

Technical field of the invention

The present invention relates to an enzyme derived from Candida bombicola that is capable of lactonizing or polymerizing carbohydrate-containing compounds, lipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof. Hence, host cells comprising the latter enzyme can be used, via the formation of intra- or inter-molecular ester- bounds, to produce -for example- lactonized sophorolipids or polymers of acidic sophorolipids. On the other hand, host cell having lost their capability to produce a functional enzyme of the present invention can be used to produce 100% acidic sophorolipids.

Background art

The non-pathogenic yeast Candida (Starmerella) bombicola ATCC 22214 (CBS 6009) is commercially applied for the production of sophorolipids. These glycolipid biosurfactants are constituted of a sophorose head group (2-0-3-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose) attached to a (sub)terminal hydroxylated Ci₈ or Ci₆fatty acid and this by a glycosidic linkage between the anomeric C-atom of the sugar and the hydroxyl group of the fatty acid. Sophorolipids are typically produced by fermentation in presence of a hydrophobic carbon source and are always constituted of a mixture of structurally related molecules with variation in 1 ) degree of fatty acid saturation (saturated, mono-unsaturated or di-unsaturated), 2) presence or absence of acetyl groups at C6' and/or C6" atoms, 3) lactonization between the carboxyl end of the fatty acid and either the C4", C6' or C6" atom of the sophorose group resulting in a lactonic sophorolipid or absence of this lactonization resulting in an open or acid ic sophorolipid, 4) fatty acid chain length and 5) (ω) or (ω-1 ) hydroxylation of the fatty acid (Asmer ef a/., 1988).

Due to this structural variation, sophorolipids show many interesting applications in a wide range of industrial fields (Banat et al., 2010; Franzetti et al., 2010; Kralova and Sjoblom, 2009; Mulligan, 2009). Since structural composition is reflected in the physico-chemical properties, several industries are particularly interested in specific structural variants. Lactonized sophorolipids have different biological and physicochemical properties compared to acidic forms. In general, lactonic sophorolipids have better surface tension lowering and antimicrobial activity, whereas the acidic ones display a better foam production and solubility (Lang er a/. 2000) On the other hand, acidic sophorolipids have been used as starting molecules for the synthesis of e.g. dispersible nanoparticles (Kasture et al., 2007) and glycolipid derivatives (Azim et al., 2006; Zerkowski et al., 2006) or have served as source molecules for the production of glucolipids and specialty fatty acids (Rau et al., 2001 ; Saerens et al., 2009), which are on their turn used for synthesis of polymers (Zerkowski et al., 2007) or precursors for plastics and flavors (Rau et al., 2001 ). Lactonization reduces the rotational freedom of the molecule; dominance of this type of sophorolipids very often results in the formation of crystals instead of the more common viscous oil, rendering the sophorolipids relatively easy to isolate.

To date, it is impossible to efficiently produce 100 % acidic sophorolipids by fermentation with C. bombicola ATCC22214.

It is known that the lactonic/acidic balance is to a certain point influenced by fermentation conditions such as the level of yeast extract, oxygen supply and the provided lipidic substrate (Garcia-Ochoa & Casas, 1999). However, it is unclear what mechanism exactly determines the degree of lactonization.

In a typical C. bombicola fermentation on glucose and oleic acid, 62% of the sophorolipids are composed of diacetylated lactonic forms, 4% is composed of monoacetylated lactonic forms and 4% is composed of unacetylated lactonic forms while the other compounds are constituted of 1 ',6' lactones and 1 ',6" lactones (4%), acidic sophorolipids (8%) and other lipids at the end of the cultivation period (Asmer et al., 1988). Hu and Ju (2001 b) observed a maximum relative percentage of lactonic forms of 50% using soybean oil and 80% using hexadecane. In another experiment where palm esters were used, 79.1 % occurred in the lactonic form, but when sunflower oil was applied, only 55.6 % lactonic sophorolipids were retrieved (Davila et al., 1994). When in a mixed carbon source fed-batch fermentation only oil was added in stationary phase, 13% of the sophorolipids were in the lactonic form (87% acidic) but when a mixture of oil and glucose was fed in stationary phase, 65% were in the lactonic form and moreover, a much higher production was achieved (Davila et al., 1997). Yeast extract concentration and presence of citric acid influence the ratio of lactonic to acidic sophorolipids too: when yeast extract concentration was 1 g/L, 65% of the sophorolipids occurred in the lactonic form, but when the concentration was increased to 20 g/L, only about 2% were in the acidic form. However, yeast extract concentration is negatively correlated to sophorolipid yield; indeed, with 1 g/L, 76 g/L sophorolipids were obtained at the end of the cultivation period, while this was only 13 g/L for the set-up with 20 g/L (Casas and Garcia- Ochoa, 1999). Addition of 5 g/L of citric acid to the medium increased the percentage of lactonic forms in the sophorolipid mixture of Candida apicola (Hommel et al., 1994). The presence of citrate in the cultivation medium was described to be absolutely necessary to obtain lactonized sophorolipids. It was suggested by Stuwer et al. (1987) that the effects seen for citrate are probably just an effect of the buffering action of the conjugate base of a weak acid. Low pH values lead to the production of acidic sophorolipids (= SLs) and the buffering effect of citrate would thus favour the formation of lactonic SLs. Citrate on the other hand is a chelating agent, and metal ions like zinc or calcium could be necessary for the action of a hypothetical enzyme responsible for ringopening. The presence of citrate would in this hypothesis prevent ringopening and as such favour the predominance of lactonic SLs in the cultivation medium. Another possibility is that citric acid has some kind of regulatory effect as was described for the regulation of lipid accumulation in oleaginous yeasts (Evans and Ratledge, 1985).

The exact ratio of lactonic to acidic sophorolipids further changes during cultivation with typically more lactonic forms after prolonged incubation times (Casas and Garcia-Ochoa, 1999; Hu and Ju, 2001 b).

In brief, one can state that dominance of the acidic forms in the sophorolipid mixture produced by wild-type C. bombicola is linked to cultivations under suboptimal conditions and consequently always results in lower yields as compared to the standard conditions described in literature.

Recently, other yeast species producing sophorolipids similar to those of C. bombicola were described. In some cases, the lactonic:acidic ratio is different when compared to the ratio for C. bombicola obtained under the same cultivation conditions.

In the sophorolipids produced by C. batistae, for instance, the acidic forms make up about 60 % of mixture compared to 34 % for C. bombicola (Konishi et al., 2008). The same trend is observed for C. riodocensis, C. stellata and Candida sp. NRRL Y-27208, which produced predominantly free acid sophorolipids when compared to C. bombicola and C. apicola. Furthermore, Imura et al. (2010 and JP2008247845) isolated the strain Candida floricola TM 1502, which preferentially gives diacetylated acid-from sophorolipids without including lactone-form sophorolipids. The latter strain is the only one described to produce 100 % acidic sophorolipids. However, total sophorolipid production is significantly lower when compared the amounts obtained with C. bombicola, hampering the industrial application of this strain.

The only way to obtain acidic sophorolipids in high purity and quantity is via the chemical conversion of natural C. bombicola sophorolipid mixtures to acidic products by alkaline hydrolysis. By this conversion however, all other ester-bonds will be hydrolyzed as well, resulting in the removal of any present acetyl groups and the consequent production of only acidic unacetylated sophorolipids. Until now, it remained unclear how and when lactonization occurred. On the one hand, spontaneous lactonization of aqueous solutions of acidic non-acetylated sophorolipids has been observed, suggesting a spontaneous process. Furthermore, the presence of citrate is claimed to influence the lactonic:acidic ratio (Hommel et al., 1994; Stijwer et al., 1987) On the other hand, Hommel et al. (1994) suggest the involvement of a cell wall-bound lipase in the lactone formation. In this regard, it was demonstrated that the commercial Novozyme 435 or lipase B from Pseudozyma antarctica (former C. antarctica) can, under rather non- physiological laboratory conditions, lactonize an acidic unacetylated sophorolipid ester at the 6"-position in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (Bisht et al., 1999; Nunez et al., 2003).

Furthermore, Van Bogaert et al. (201 1 ) recently reviewed the microbial synthesis of sophorolipids. In this review, the authors indicate that it is believed that a specific lactone esterase mediates lactonization of sophorolipids in C. bombicola but that no such enzyme has been identified.

Taken together, it is clear that identification of an alternative enzyme responsible for an efficient lactonization would offer great potential in the control of structural variability in the sophorolipid production and production of a specific sophorolipid mixture.

However, there was until now not a single hint in the art indicating if and where such an enzyme could be found in the genome of C. bombicola, and/or, what the role of citrate is, and/or if multiple enzymes or a single enzyme are/is fully responsible for the lactonization process.

Brief description of figures

Fig. 1 : The major-but not the sole- components of the new sophorolipid mixture produced by the lactonase-negative strain. R=H or COCH₃ (a) acidic 17-O-sophorosyl-octadecanoic acid; (b) acidic 17-O-sophorosyl-octadecenoic acid.

Fig. 2: Sophorolipids typically produced during fermentation are considered to be a mixture of compounds represented by formulas a) acidic form and b) lactonic form.

Fig. 3: The identified peptides of a putative lipase are marked in bold. The peptides cover 14% of the sequence. Fig 4: HLPC-ELSD chromatogram of sophorolipids produced by the wild-type (upper) and lactonase knock-out strain (lower) without the addition of rapeseed oil. Lactonic sophorolipids elute between 25 and 31 minutes, acid ones between 17 and 24 minutes. LC-MS analysis identified the peaks at 19.4 and 20.3 min as non-acetylated acid sophorolipids with a C18:1 and C18:0 fatty acid chain respectively. The peaks between 20.4 and 23.6 are originate from mono-and diacetylated acidic sophorolipids. The peak at 28.8 is generated by di-acetylated lactonic C18:1 sophorolipids.

Fig 5: HLPC-ELSD chromatogram of sophorolipids produced by the wild-type (upper) and lactonase knock-out strain (lower) with addition of rapeseed oil. Lactonic sophorolipids elute between 25 and 31 minutes, acid ones between 17 and 24 minutes. Free fatty acids derived from rapeseed oil elute between 30 and 40 min. LC-MS analysis identified the peaks at 19.3 and 20.1 min as non-acetylated acid sophorolipids with a C18:1 and C18:0 fatty acid chain respectively. The peaks between 20.4 and 23.6 are originate from mono-and diacetylated acidic sophorolipids. The peak at 27.4 is generated by diacetylated lactonic C18: 1 sophorolipids.

Fig 6: Important parameters for growth and SL production of Candida bombicola wild type (open) and a lipase overexpression transformant (filled) cultivated on production medium. pH (o and ·) glucose concentration (□ and■) and optical density (Δ and A ) are depicted in function of time. These results are the mean of two separate experiments.

Fig 7: HPLC-ELSD chromatograms of samples obtained from a C. bombicola overexpression mutant (a) and wild type (b) cultivated on production medium w/o citrate after 8 days of incubation. Samples were extracted with ethanol to not discriminate certain kinds of sophorolipids.

Fig 8: HPLC-ELSD chromatograms of samples obtained from a C. bombicola wild type strain (a) and an overexpression transformant (b) cultivated on standard production medium after 8 days of incubation. Samples were extracted with ethanol to not discriminate certain kinds of SLs.

Fig 9: SDS-PAGE representing a pooled lactonase fraction from SD 200 separation (used for analysis in 4.1 .2.1 .) S: sample, M: marker.

Fig 10: HPLC chromatograms of the products extracted from the enzymatic assay with 0.6 μg/ml lactonase at pH3.5 with a mixture of the acidic SL from the lactonase KO.

Fig 1 1 : HPLC chromatograms of the products extracted from the enzymatic assay with 0.6 μg/ml lactonase at pH6 with a mixture of the acidic SL from the lactonase KO.

Fig 12: The activity of the recombinant lactonase from Candida bombicola (1 mg/ml) towards p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pnpb) in a final volume of 120μΙ (a) and 200μΙ (b), monitored over time. Background corrections for the multi well plate as well as for the slightly yellowish color of the concentrated enzyme were performed.

Fig 13: The activity of the recombinant lactonase from Candida bombicola (1 mg/ml) over time towards p-nitrophenyl acetate (pnpa). The p-nitrophenol release in the blank is due to natural hydrolysis of (pnpa).

Brief description of the invention

The present invention relates to the identification of a single enzyme responsible for an efficient lactonization offering great potential in the control of structural variability in the sophorolipid production and production of a specific, less heterogeneous sophorolipid mixture without the need of additional chemical treatments.

In order to try to identify an alternative enzyme responsible for an efficient lactonization, the annotated genome of C. bombicola was screened on the presence of putative lipases. Twenty-five (25) predicted proteins displayed putative lipase domains and 9 of them were annotated as putative lipases sensu stricto. One of the 9 putative lipases was evaluated as a lipase belonging to Class 3 which is composed of enzymes that are not closely related to other lipases and therefore might possess other (secondary) activities. However, knocking out this gene in C. bombicola did not result in the partial or complete loss of the lactonizing abilities of the mutant and the mutant did not lose its ability to hydrolyze rapeseed oil triglycerides as well.

Another putative esterase was evaluated based on input from comparative proteomics experiments. When extracellular protein fractions obtained from sophorolipid producing C. bombicola cells were analyzed, a putative lipase was unexpectedly found among the most abundant proteins. Surprisingly, a single knock-out of this lactonase gene resulted in complete absence of any lactonic form in any sample and any tested condition, despite the potential presence of the other putative, functional lipase genes which might be involved in lactonization. Moreover, the total sophorolipid yields for the wild-type and the mutant were comparable, which is surprising in view of previous manipulations of the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway. Indeed, a simple knock-out of the acetyltransferase gene, leading to the production of non-acetylated sophorolipids, resulted in a production of only 5 g/L of sophorolipids, even when rapeseed oil was added (Saerens et al., 201 1 b). Furthermore, when aiming for the production of glucolipids by disabling the second glucosyltransferase of the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway, again a strong decrease of biosurfactant production was observed (Saerens et al., 201 1 a).

Remarkably, although disabling a translated and highly expressed putative lipase gene, rapeseed oil can still serve as a carbon source or hydrophobic substrate for sophorolipid production in the lactonase negative strain.

The present invention thus relates to the identification of a lactonase gene from Candida (Starmerella) bombicola which is, on its own, fully responsible for the lactonization of sophorolipids. Indeed, deletion of the gene surprisingly results in a yeast species producing only acidic sophorolipids (see Figure 1 ). With this new structural composition, the created mutant offers a one-step production technology for the fermentative synthesis of industrially important molecules making use of cheap, renewable substrates. Up to date, it was not possible to produce a sophorolipid mixture with this structural composition with C. bombicola. Due to the higher foaming capacity and better water solubility of the mutant mixture, these compounds have unique properties and show better performances for several applications such as use as detergent, in pharmaceutical applications, in cosmetic applications, etc.

The present invention thus relates to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence given by SEQ ID N°2 having lactonase activity, or a fragment thereof retaining said lactonase activity or a variant thereof having at least 34 % sequence identity with SEQ I D N° 2 and having said lactonase activity. It is further clear that said polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence given by SEQ ID N°2 or a fragment or a variant thereof is/are fully responsible for the lactonization of sophorolipids in C. bombicola. More specifically, the present invention relates to a variant as indicated above comprising an amino acid sequence given by SEQ ID N° 33. The latter amino acid sequence corresponds to the lactonase of C. bombicola of the present invention which is produced in Pichia pastoris via recombinant methods (see also further Example 4). Moreover, the present invention relates to a fragment or a variant as indicated above wherein said fragment or variant comprises the amino acid serine on the amino acid position corresponding to position 181 of SEQ I D N° 33. Indeed, the present invention discloses in Example 6 (see further) that the amino acid serine (= S or Ser) which is part of the conservative motif GYSGGA (= SEQ ID N° 44) and which is present at position 181 of the lactonase corresponding to SEQ ID N° 33 of the present invention is important for the lactonase activity. Hence, said amino acid is an important amino acid which is preferably present in the polypeptides, fragments and/or variants of the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid encoding for a polypeptide, fragment or variant as indicated above and more specifically to a nucleic acid as indicated above wherein said nucleic acid consists of the nucleic acid sequence given by SEQ ID N° 1 or SEQ I D N° 32. SEQ ID N° 32 is disclosed in detail in Example 4. The present invention further relates to any vector comprising a nucleic acid as indicated above and any host cell comprising the latter vector. Some non-limiting examples of specific vectors and host cells are described further in the present 'description' and/or in the 'examples' section.

The nucleic acid sequence as depicted by SEQ I D N° 1 corresponds to the following open reading frame of 1233 base pairs and the protein sequence of the enzyme of the present invention is depicted by the following 410 amino acid sequence SEQ ID N° 2: SEQ ID N° V.

ATGCTGGCTCTGTTTTTTTCGCTTGCGCCTCTACTTTCTCAAGCTCTCCCTTTAGGCTAT ACTGCGGCCCCCGCTGAATCATTCTATTTTTGGCCAGAGAACATATCCAGCCTCCAAGC TGGCGAGATTTTTAGAAAACGGGAACTCTTAACTCTCCCAGACATCTTTGACTTTGGCCC TAATCTGGAAAAGGTCGTACAAGTGGCTTACAAAACCCGTCTCACCGATGGCAATGACT CGTTTTCCATCGCCAGTATCTTTATCCCTAAGAATCCAAGCCCAGAACTCAAACTTTACT CTTATCAGACGTTTGAGGATGCCGTGCAGCTTGATTGTGCCCCAAGCTATGCTTTAGAA GTGGGTAACAAGTCCAGCAACTATCTTCCTGTCACTAGCAATTTATCTGCCATCAGTCGA GAACTTGAGAAAGGACGTCACTGCATTATCCCTGATCACGAGGGCTATATTTCAGGATT CTTTGCAGGACGGCAGGAGGGATATGCTGGTTTAGACGGAATTCGCGCTGCTCGAAAC TATCTCAATGGCACCAACGAGACCCCAATTGGTATCTTCGGATACAGTGGAGGTGCACA AGCAACGGCCTGGATTGTTGATTTGCATGACGAGTATGCTCCTGACTTGAACTTTGTTG G AACAGTTTCTGG AGG CACTTTGGTTG ACG CTTG G G G CACTTTTCAGTATATCG ACTAT CCGAAGGTGTATCTAAAGGGCAGCATTCTTATCATGTATACGGGTCTTTTTTCAGGTTAT CCAGCTCAATTTGAGGTGATTTGGCCATATATTGAGCCTGTAATTCAAGAAAACATGCTA CTGCTACGTTTGGCGCCGAATGATTGTAACCAAAGCCCGATACTTCAAGGTTACAACAA TTCAATCATGGCCGGTATACATGTGGACCTTCCCGAATTCCCTGCTTCTAAGTACATATT CCAGCACGAGTCCCTCCTTGCCAACTACAGCGTAGTGCCAGTTTCCACACCGAAGTTTC CTCGCTACATGTACCATGGTGGATCTGATGAGTTGGCCAAATTGAGCCTTGTCGAGCAG TATGTTGATCAACAATGGAATACCGGCGCTAATCTCACCTTCGTGGTGTATCCGGGTCT TCTTCATGACGAGACGGCTTACCGTGGCTTTGATGCCGCGATGGATTGGCTTGATGCCC AGCTCGATAGTGGATACCTTCCACCTGTAAACTCAACTCATACATGA

SEQ ID N° 2:

MLALFFSLAPLLSQALPLGYTAAPAESFYFWPENISSLQAGEIFRKRELLTLPDIFDFGPNLEK VVQVAYKTRLTDGNDSFSIASIFIPKNPSPELKLYSYQTFEDAVQLDCAPSYALEVGNKSSNY LPVTSNLSAISRELEKGRHCIIPDHEGYISGFFAGRQEGYAGLDGIRAARNYLNGTNETPIGIF GYSGGAQATAWIVDLHDEYAPDLNFVGTVSGGTLVDAWGTFQYIDYPKVYLKGSILIMYTGL FSGYPAQFEVIWPYIEPVIQENMLLLRLAPNDCNQSPILQGYNNSIMAGIHVDLPEFPASKYIF QHESLLANYSVVPVSTPKFPRYMYHGGSDELAKLSLVEQYVDQQWNTGANLTFVVYPGLL HDETAYRGFDAAMDWLDAQLDSGYLPPVNSTHT

The term 'nucleic acid' and a 'fragment' or a 'variant' thereof corresponds for example to DNA, cDNA, RNA, sense and anti-sense nucleic acids and the like.

The term 'fragment' specifically refers to a nucleic acid sequence containing fewer nucleotides than the nucleic acid sequence as depicted by SEQ I D N° 1 or SEQ I D N° 32 and that encodes for a protein retaining said lactonase activity. The term "variant" specifically refers to a nucleic acid encoding for a protein having at least 34 % sequence identity, preferably having at least 51 -70 % sequence identity, more preferably having at least 71 - 90% sequence identity or most preferably having at least 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99 % sequence identity with SEQ ID N° 2 or SEQ ID N° 32 or with a fragment thereof, and, that encodes for a protein retaining said lactonase activity.

The term 'fragment' further refers to a protein (or peptide or polypeptide) containing fewer amino acids than the amino acid sequence as depicted by SEQ ID N° 2 and that retains said lactonase activity. Such fragment can -for example- be a protein with a deletion of 10% or less of the total number of amino acids at the C- and/or N-terminus. Some specific fragments of the present invention comprise the amino acid serine on the amino acid position corresponding to position 181 of SEQ ID N° 33 as indicated above. The term "variant" refers to a protein having at least 34 % sequence identity, preferably having at least 51 -70 % sequence identity, more preferably having at least 71 -90% sequence identity or most preferably having at least 91 , 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99 % sequence identity with SEQ I D N° 2 or with a fragment thereof, and, that encodes for a protein retaining said lactonase activity. A specific variant of the present invention is the polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence given by SEQ ID N° 33 as indicated above.

Hence, orthologues, or genes in other genera and species (than the strain Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 from which SEQ I D N° 1 and 2 are derivedj which encode for a polypeptide with at least 34 % identity at amino acid level, and having the described function are part of the present invention . The percentage of amino acid sequence identity is determined by alignment of the two sequences and identification of the number of positions with identical amino acids divided by the number of amino acids in the shorter of the sequences x 100. The latter 'variant' may also differ from the protein as depicted by SEQ ID N ° 2 only in conservative substitutions and/or modifications, such that the ability of the protein to have lactonase activity is retained. A "conservative substitution" is one in which an amino acid is substituted for another amino acid that has similar properties, such that one skilled in the art of protein chemistry would expect the nature of the protein to be substantially u nchanged . I n general , the following groups of amino acids represent conservative changes: (1 ) ala, pro, gly, glu, asp, gin, asn, ser, thr; (2) cys, ser, tyr, thr; (3) val, ile, leu, met, ala, phe; (4) lys, arg, his; and (5) phe, tyr, trp, his.

Variants may also (or alternatively) be proteins as described herein modified by, for example, the deletion or addition of amino acids that have minimal influence on the lactonase activity as defined above, secondary structure and hydropathic nature of the enzyme. Furthermore, the term variants also refers to any glycosylated protein or fragments thereof as described above.

In addition, the identification of the lactonase gene as the single gene responsible for lactonization of sophorolipids, enables the creation of an overexpression mutant where lactonized sophorolipids are remarkably enriched thus with the mutant mixture being deprived from acidic sophorolipids. Because the significant better surface tension lowering and antimicrobial activity, such mutant mixture attracts attention of pharmaceutical and medical industries. Hence, the present invention relates to the usage of a polypeptide, a fragment and/or a variant as defined above to lactonize or to polymerize carbohydrate- containing compounds, lipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof, and more specifically, to the usage as defined above wherein said carbohydrate-containing compounds are preferably sophorolipids. The present invention further relates to methods to lactonize or to polymerize carbohydrate-containing compounds, lipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof comprising: a) providing an isolated polypeptide, fragment or variant as defined above, and b) contacting said carbohydrate-containing compounds, lipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof with said isolated polypeptide, fragment or variant as defined above. The latter carbohydrate-containing compounds are preferably sophorolipids. Some specific, but non-limiting embodiments of the latter methods or assays are described further in the examples section (e.g. example 3 relating to the usage of a lactonase overexpressing yeast and example 5 relating to activity assays with the lactonase). The present invention thus also relates to a modified host cell which is transformed with an exogenous nucleic acid as defined above or which over-expresses an endogenous nucleic acid as defined above.

In other words, the present invention relates to the usage of the proteins/polypeptides/peptides/fragments/variants having lactonase activity as described above to lactonize carbohydrate-containing compounds such as sophorolipids, cellobioselipids, alkylglucosides; or lipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids. In other words to form intra-molecular ester-bounds.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to the usage of the proteins with a (partial) sequence identical or similar to SEQ ID 2 or SEQ I D N° 33 for the polymerization of acidic sophorolipids, glycolipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids or mixtures hereof. In other words, the present invention related to the formation of inter-molecular ester- bounds.

The term 'lactonase activity' thus relates to the formation of intra-molecular or inter-molecular ester-bounds as indicated above.

Hence, the present invention relates to the usage of a modified host strain expressing a protein having lactonase activity as described above to lactonize or polymerize carbohydrate- containing compounds such as sophorolipids, cellobioselipids, alkylglucosides; or lipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof. I n this regard, the present invention relates to the usage as described above wherein said modified host strain is transformed with an exogenous nucleic acid sequence as described above or wherein said modified host strain over-expresses an endogenous nucleic acid sequence as described above. As such the present invention relates to the usage as described above, wherein said modified host strain is a bacterium, a fungus, a yeast, an insect cell, a plant cell or an animal cell.

The present invention further relates to the usage of a modified host cell as described above to produce sophorolipids or, more specifically, to produce at least 90 % lactonic sophorolipids of the total sophorolipid production. Indeed the present invention discloses (see e.g. example 3) that usage of an overexpression mutant of the present invention is capable to result in a commercially important increase of the total yield of sophorolipids. The present invention further discloses (see also e.g. example 3) that the sophorolipids produced by the overexpression mutants were strongly enriched in the lactonic forms. With the terms 'strongly enriched' is meant more than 50%, 60% or 70%, preferably more than 75%, 80% or 85%, and more preferably more than 90%, 95% or 99% of lactonic forms versus the total amount of sophorolipids.

The present invention further relates to the usage of a modified host cell as described above to produce at least 50 % lactonic sophorolipids in a medium lacking citrate. A specific, non- limiting embodiment of the latter aspect of the invention is described further in Example 3 (result 3.2.1 ).

The present invention further relates to a modified host cell comprising a nucleic acid as defined above which has lost its capability to encode for a polypeptide, fragment or variant as defined above, or, wherein said polypeptide, fragment or variant as defined above has lost its lactonase activity. The present invention further relates to the usage of a modified host cell as defined above to produce acidic sophorolipids. The present invention further specifically relates, as is also described further, to the usage of a modified host cell as defined above to produce at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or most preferably 100% of acidic sophorolipids compared to the total amount of sophorolipids that are produced by said host cell.

The term 'host cell' relates to any possible host cell but specifically relates to a 'fungal species capable of producing sophorolipids' referring to a phylogenetically diverse group of yeasts (predominantly Ascomycetes and few Basidiomycetes) wh ich spontaneously synthesize sophorolipids constituted of the sugar sophorose attached to a hydroxylated fatty acid (see Figure 2). Said phylogenetically diverse group of yeasts comprises the species Candida apicola (Gorin et al., 1961 ) which was initially identified as Torulopsis magnolia, C. bombicola (Spencer et al., 1970; recently referred to as Starmerella bombicola), Wickerhamiella domericqiae (Chen et al., 2006), Rhodotorula bogoriensis (Tulloch et al., 1968; initially called Candida bogoriensis), Candida batistae (Konishi et al., 2008), Candida floricola (Imura et al., 2010), Candida riodocensis, Candida stellata and Candida sp. NRRL Y-27208 (Kurzman et al., 2010) and other species of the so-called Starmerella clade which incorporates over 40 species. More specifically, the present invention relates to host cells as described above, wherein said Candida (Starmerella) bombicola is the strain Candida (Starmerella) bombicola ATCC 22214 (CBS 6009).

Th e te rm 'modified' specifically refers to a mod ified yeast species or yeast strain characterized in having at least one mutation in a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention encoding for a lactonase of the present invention. The term 'mutation' refers to a spontaneous mutation and/or to an induced mutation in the genome of said yeast strain. Said mutation can be a point mutation, deletion, insertion or any other type of mutation. The term most specifically refers to knock outs (KO) via insertion of a KO cassette. I nducing a mutation in the genome of a yeast strain can be undertaken by any method in the art known by a skilled person such as the insertion of a KO cassette into a gene of interest. Similarly, tracing or detecting whether there is a mutation in the genome of a modified strain - compared to a wild type strain- can also be determined by any method known in the art. The term 'sophorolipids' (see Fig u re 2) refers to carbohydrate-based, amphiphilic biosurfactants that are constituted of the sugar sophorose attached to a hydroxylated fatty acid/alkyl chain, i.e. hydroxylated fatty acid/alkyl chains wherein the fatty acid/alkyl chain contains 5 to 26 carbon atoms. Preferably -and especially with regard to C. bombicola- said fatty acid chain is composed of 16 or 18 C-atoms. More specifically the term refers to glycolipid biosurfactants that are constituted of a sophorose head group(2-0-p-D- glucopyranosyl-p-D-glucopyranose) from which the anomeric C-atom is attached to an (ω) or (ω-1 ) hydroxylated Ci₀, Ci₂, Ci₄, Ci₆, Ci₈,C₂2 or C₂₄ fatty acid. They occur either as open-ring structures (acidic form) or as lactones (closed-ring structures or lactonic form or lactonized form) with an intra-esterification between the fatty acid carboxyl group and the 4", 6' or 6" carbon atom of the sophorose head group. In addition, acetyl groups can be attached at the 6' and/or 6" positions (Asmer et al. , 1988).

The term 'acidic sophorolipids' refers to sophorolipids without a free fatty acid carboxylic ending, so the fatty acid carboxylic ending not being intra-molecular esterified at the C4", C6", C6' or any other atom.

The term 'the production of acidic sophorolipids' refers to the production of a mixture which is less complex (as shown in Figure 1 ) as compared to the mixture which one obtains in a typical wild type Candida bombicola fermentation (Asmer et al., 1988). Indeed the mixture of the present invention is preferably deprived from lactonic forms. In other words, no lactonic forms can be detected -using well-known methods- in the mixture of the present invention. Hence, the mixture of the present invention comprises at least 50%, i.e. 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% of acidic sophorolipids.

The present invention thus relates to a modified fungal strain belonging to a fungal species capable of producing sophorolipids as described above, characterized in that said fungal strain, compared to an unmodified wild type strain: a) has at least one mutation in the gene encoding for the lactonase of the present invention, and b) produces a mixture comprising at least 50% entirely acidic sophorolipids, preferably 100% entirely acidic sophorolipids.

The present invention relates to the usages as described above, wherein said mutation is a deletion in the lactonase of the present invention.

The present invention thus relates to the usage of a nucleic acid molecule as defined above having lost its capability to encode for a functional lactonase, or, to the usage of a polypeptide as defined above having lost its lactonase activity to produce a mixture comprising entirely unacetylated sophorolipids. A nucleic acid molecule having lost its capability to encode for a functional lactonase as defined above can be obtained by mutation or by any known means to silence the transcription or translation of said nucleic acid such as the insertion of a nucleic acid fragment, a marker gene or others in the functional coding or non-coding part of the lactonase gene, a mutation or removal of the functional coding or non- coding part of the lactonase gene, the usage of specific siRNAs, miRNAs, combinations hereof or any other way. Similarly, a polypeptide as defined above having lost its lactonase activity can be obtained by any (small) compound or other means to disrupt the function of the lactonase of the present invention. Means to silence the transcription or translation or means to disrupt the function of the lactonase of the present invention or means to disrupt the function of a necessary regulator/activator protein of the lactonase thus comprise the usage of any molecule such as -but not limited to- an antibody, an amino acid, a peptide, a small molecule, an aptamer, a ribozyme, an oligoribonucleotide sequence such a dsRNA used to initiate RNA interference (RNAi) or an anti-sense nucleic acid. Such a molecule is thus capable to bind on a lactonase protein or an activator/regulator protein thereof or is capable to interfere with the cellular synthesis of lactonase or of an activator/regulator thereof by -for example- binding and degrading mRNA's encoding for an lactonase protein or an activator/regulator thereof. The present invention and the above-indicated usages will be illustrated by the following non- limiting examples.

Examples

Example 1 : Occurrence of a putative lipase gene in the secretome of sophorolipid producing C. bombicola cells

1.1 Material and methods

1.1.1 Secretome preparation

C. bombicola ATCC 22214 was cultured for 8 days in 150 ml Lang medium (Lang et al., 2000). The cells were separated from the medium by centrifugation at 4 000 rpm for 15 min (4 °C). The medium liquid was subsequently filtered twice on a 0.22 μηη filter to exclude any cellular trace. A protease inhibitor cocktail (complete, EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Tablets, Roche) was added to prevent protein degradation. Consequently, the protein fraction in the collected medium was enriched and concentrated to a volume of 30 ml using a Stirred Ultrafiltration Cell (Model 8200) with a 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off membrane(Sartorius stedim 14439-63-D). Next, proteins were further concentrated by ultrafiltration in Vivaspin 15R columns (MWCO 10 kDa, Vivaproducts) to a volume of 5 ml. The centrifugation was performed at 4 000 rpm at 4 °C and. The sample was mixed every 15 min to avoid precipitation.

1.1.2 SDS-PAGE

Five μΙ of the sample was mixed with 20 μΙ of Laemmli buffer, boiled for 5 min and loaded on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE gel. The gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 overnight and later destained in 30 % MeOH.

1.1.3 Tryptic digestion

The total SDS-PAGE gel lane was divided into 17 fractions. The gel pieces were destained by 3x20 min incubation cycles at 30°C with 150 μΙ of a 50 % acetonitrile (ACN)/ 200mM (NH₄)₂C0₃ mixture. The proteins were digested in gel (according to Shevchenko et al., 2007) by add i ng 8 μ Ι of 0.002 μ9/μΙ trypsin (Promega) in 50mM (NH₄)₂C0₃ during overnight incubation in 37°C. The peptides were collected from the supernatant. The gel pieces were further extracted with 60μΙ of 60 %ACN/0.1 % FA during a 20 min incubation at 30°C. After that, samples were vortexed for 3 min, shortly centrifuged and extraction was repeated with 20 μΙ of 60 %ACN/0.1 % FA. These extracts were pooled with the supernatant and the resulting peptide mixture was dried using vacuum centrifugation and dissolved in 15 μΙ of 2%ACN/0.1 % FA.

1.1.4 NanoLC-ESI-FT MS analysis

Five μΙ of the extracted peptides were loaded on a Zorbax300SB-C18 analytical column 150 mm x 75 μηη (Agilent) connected to an Agilent 1200 chromatographic system (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA)coupled to an LTQ-FTUItra mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientic, Waltham, MA), as described in de Graaf et al. (2010). The separation was performed by reversed phase chromatography using a 50 min linear gradient ranging from 2% buffer A to 80% buffer B at a 300 nl/min flow rate. The mobile phase buffer A was 99.9% water with 0.1 % formic acid. Mobile phase B was 99.9% acetonitrile with 0.1 % formic acid. The LC eluent was directly coupled to a TriversaNanoMate ESI source (Advion, Ithaca, NY), working in the nanoLC mode and being equipped with D-chips upon which a 1 .55 kV voltage was applied. The FT-ICR mass analyzer acquired MS scans at 100,000 resolution during the LC separation. The three most intense precursor peptides for each MS scan were automatically selected and fragmented by the LTQ ion trap mass analyzer.

1.1.5 Database search

Raw LC-MS/MS data received from the FTICR MS measurements were analyzed using Mascot Daemon version 2.3.2. To identify proteins, Mascot version 2.3.01 searches were performed against the in-house available primary annotated C. bombicola genome containing 4617 genes, predicted from 3 contigs using the Augustus algorithm, together with its decoy database created on the flight by Mascot software. The MS/MS data from the 17SDS-PAGE bands were merged into one single search file. The following search settings were applied: data were imported with the Thermo Finnigan LCQ/DECA RAW filter, maximum 2 missed cleavages of trypsin were allowed and an oxidation (M) was set up as variable modification. As instrument parameter the ESI-FTICR instrument was selected with a possible MS/MS error tolerance of 0.5 Da and peptides error tolerance of 10 ppm. All peptides with a significance threshold higher than 0.01 and an ion score cut off lower than 30 were discarded. We accepted proteins with two or more peptide hits within the above criteria. The protein abundance, expressed as an EmPAIvalue (Rappsilber et al., 2002), was calculated by Mascot using the number of observable peptides N_obSd and the number of the observed peptides N_obSbi for a parent ion: emPAI=10^PAI-1 where PAI=N_obsd/N_obsb|

Protein contents in molar and weight fraction percentages are described as: Protein content (mol %)=(emPAI/∑emPAI)x100

Protein content (weight %)=(emPAIxM_r)/∑(emPAIxM_r))x100

Where M_r is the molecular weight of the protein, and∑emPAI is the summation of the emPAI values for all identified proteins.

1.2 Results

In the secreted protein fraction (secretome) from C. bombicola obtained after 8 days of growth 31 proteins were identified. Between them, a putative lipase was found with a protein score of 14222 (score cut off=30) and 7 unique peptides. In Figure 3, these peptides are marked. In Table 1 detailed information about those peptides can be found, including Mascot scores that indicate the quality of the identification.

Tablel . Detected lactonase peptides and their expect value and ion score calculated by Mascot version 2.3.01

The Mascot software automatically calculates the anemPAI factor for each protein. For the lipase, the calculated emPAI factor is 1 .39 which corresponds to 3.72 mol % and 3.17 weight % respectively of the protein content of the 8 day old secretome.

Example 2: creation of a lactonase-negative C. bombicola strain for the production of acidic sophorolipids

2.1 Material and methods

2.1.1 Strains and culture conditions

Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 was used as the parental or wild-type strain. Candida bombicola PT36, an ura3 autotrophic mutant, was derived from this parental strain and used to construct both the knock-out and overexpression strains. When sophorolipid production was intended, the medium described by Lang et al. (2000) was used. 37.5 g/L rapeseed oil was added two days after inoculation. Yeast cultures were incubated at 30 °C and 200 rpm for a total time of 10 days.

Escherichia co//DH5a cells were used in all cloning experiments and were grown in Luria- Bertani (LB) medium (1 % trypton, 0.5 % yeast extract and 0.5 % sodium chloride) supplemented with 100 mg/L ampicillin. Liquid E. coli cultures were incubated at 37 °C and 200 rpm.

2.1.2 DNA isolation and sequencing

Bacterial plasmid DNA was isolated with the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen). All DNA sequences were determined at LGC genomics, (Berlin, Germany).

2.1.3 Transformation

C. bombicola cells were transformed by electroporation. Transformants were selected on synthetic dextrose (SD) plates [0.67 % yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (DIFCO) and 2 % glucose]. E. coli cells were transformed as described by Inoue et al. (1990). 2.1.4 Creation of the knock-out cassette

A total fragment of 1944bp comprising the complete lactonase CDS was amplified with the primers Np2for3 and Iip2rev3 (Table 2) and cloned into the pGEM-T^® vector (Promega). The created vector of 4946 bp was digested with Mfe\ en Λ/arl, in this way deleting 282 bp of the lactonase coding region.

The Candida bombicola Ura3 autotrophic marker (Van Bogaert et al., 2008a) was amplified with the primers ura3MFelFor and ura3Narlrev (Table 2), harboring the restriction sites for respectively Mfe\ and Λ/arl in their 5' extensions. The purified PCR fragment of 2064bp was cut with mentioned restriction enzymes and ligated into the digested vector. The resulting vector of 6717 bp was used as a template to generate the lactonase knock-out cassette with the primers Np2for3 and Iip2rev3. The fragment of 3806 bp contains the ura3 marker with approximately 0.8 kb of the lactonase sequence on each site, required for homologues recombination at the lactonase locus. This linear fragment was used to transform Candida bombicola PT36. Table 2. Primers used for knocking-out the C. bombicola sophorolipid lactonase gene. All primers were obtained from Sigma Genosys. Underlined regions mark restriction sites.

Name Feature Sequence

Np2for3 cloning lactonase CAGCGCTGGGATTCATCTGCTC (SEQ ID N° 3)

Iip2rev3 cloning lactonase GCTAAGCAGCCTTGGGAGTTTC (SEQ ID N° 4)

ura3MFelFor amplification ura3 marker TACAATTG-GCCTATAAGGCTAAAGAAAGTA (SEQ ID N° 5) ura3Narlrev amplification urea3 marker ATGGCGCC-GATGCCGAGGAACTGTCATTGC (SEQ ID n° 6) koLip2FlankFor checking 5' KO genotype CAGACGCATTGGCTGCCTTC (SEQ ID n° 7)

ura30utBeginRev checking 5' KO genotype ACTGCCATCATGGTTCAACCTCAC (SEQ ID N° 8)

koLip2FlankRev checking 3' KO genotype TACTGCTCTGCCGATCGTTG (SEQ ID N° 9) Ura30utEndFor checking 3' KO genotype TAAAGAAACGAAGGGCCCAGCAGTC (SEQ ID N° 10)

2.1.5 Sampling

Daily sophorolipid samples were extracted as follows: 3 ml. of ethanol was added to 1 ml_ culture broth and shaken vigorously for 5 min. After centrifugation at 9 000 g for 5 min, the supernatant was collected. At the end of the incubation period, 3 volumes ethanol were added to the culture broth for total extraction of sophorolipids. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 1500 g during 10 min.

For further gravimetric analysis, the supernatans water-ethanol mixture of the total extraction was evaporated. 2 volumes of ethanol were added to dissolve the sophorolipids and the residual hydrophobic carbon source. The mixture was filtrated to remove the water-soluble compounds and was evaporated again. 1 volume of water was added and set at pH 7, then 1 volume of hexane was added and after vigorous shaking, the mixture was allowed to separate. The different fractions were collected, evaporated and the mass was determined. The hexane phase will contain residual oil, while the water phase contains the sophorolipids. Samples were analysed by HPLC and Evaporative Light Scattering Detection.

Glucose concentration in the culture supernatans was determined by analysed with the 2700 Select Biochemistry Analyzer (YSI Inc.).

Colony forming units (CFU) were determined by plating decimal dilutions on agar plates with 10 % glucose, 1 % yeast extract and 0.1 % urea which were incubated at 30 °C for three days.

2.1.6 HPLC and LC-MS analysis of glycolipids

Sophorolipid samples were analysed by HPLC on a Varian Prostar HPLC system using a Chromolith^® Performance RP-18e 100-4.6 mm column from Merck KGaA at 30 °C and Evaporative Light Scattering Detection (Alltech). A gradient of two eluents, a 0.5 % acetic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile, had to be used to separate the components. The gradient started at 5 % acetonitrile and linearly increased till 95 % in 40 min. The mixture was kept this way for 10 min and was then brought back to 5 % acetonitrile in 5 min. A flow rate of 1 mL/min was applied. In order to be able to compare and quantify the different samples, dilutions of a standard were analysed in parallel.

Liquid chromatography mass spectromettry (LCMS) analysis was performed by Intertek ASG (Manchester, UK) with a Micromass Quattro Ultima LIMS 1 107 (Waters). The detection range was set at m/z 100 to 1000 and the negative ion mode was applied. The same column and LC conditions as for the HPLC analysis were used. 2.2 Results

The lactonase knock-out cassette was constructed as described in the Materials and Methods section. This linear fragment was used to transform the ura3-negative Candida bombicola PT36 strain. The genotype of the transformants was checked by yeast colony PCR with two primer pairs (Table 2).

The first combination, koLip2for3 and ura30utBeginRev, verifies the upstream recombination event; koLip2FlankFor binds the genomic DNA preceding the integration region and ura30utBeginRev binds the marker gene of the disruption cassette. The second pair checks the downstream part in the same way: KoLip2FlankRev binds the genomic region, whereas ura30utEndFor binds the marker gene. Several correct mutants were obtained.

If the lactonase takes part in ring-closure of the acidic sophorolipids, knocking out the gene should result in a reduction of the relative amount of lactonic sophorolipids. Sophorolipid production of the knock-out was compared to the wild-type both on medium with and without addition of rapeseed oil. Cell growth and viability were not affected; CFU for mutants were not significant different from the wild-type and this for the full production period. Furthermore, also the glucose consumption rate was comparable to the wild-type, indicating that sophorolipid synthesis is taking place; a biochemical process consuming a lot of glucose. During stationary phase and at the end of the cultivation time, sophorolipid samples were collected. Surprisingly, single knock-out of the lactonase gene resulted in complete absence of any lactonic form in any sample and this both in the supplemented and non-oil supplemented set-up (Figure 4 and 5). The experiments were repeated several times at different times and for the cultivations without addition of oil, between 20 and 30 g/L of sophorolipids were obtained, while, confirm with the literature, the yield was higher when rapeseed oil was added. In this latter case, between 45 and 60 g/L were obtained.

Unexpectedly, the yields for the wild-type and the mutant were comparable, this in contrast to previous manipulations of the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway. Indeed, a simple knock-out of the acetyltransferase gene, leading to the production of non-acetylated sophorolipids, resulted in a production of only 5 g/L of sophorolipids, even when rapeseed oil was added (Saerens et al., 201 1 b). Furthermore, when aiming for the production of glucolipids by disabling the second glucosyltransferase of the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway, again a strong decrease of biosurfactant production was observed (Saerens et al., 201 1 a).

As can be seen in the chromatograms of Figure 5, free fatty acids derived from rapeseed oil are detected both for the wild-type and the knock-out, meaning that the rapeseed oil triglycerides are still hydrolyzed even if an enzyme with a putative lipase function is disables. This finding indicates that at least one other lipase enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of rapeseed oil triglycerides and that consequently, rapeseed oil still can serve as a carbon source or hydrophobic substrate for sophorolipid production in the lactonase negative strain.

Example 3: Creation of a lactonase overexpressing C. bombicola strain for the production of fully lactonized sophorolipids

Production of a sophorolipid mixture enriched in lactonic sophorolipid molecules is obtained by the usage of a sophorolipid producing yeast strain as a host for overexpression of the C. bombicola lactonase gene. For C. bombicola ATCC 22214 for example, an overexpression cassette is created in which the lactonase gene is under control of the constitutive and highly active GKI (phosphoglycerate kinase) promotor. These overexpression constructs are cloned into a vector already comprising the C. bombicola URA3 selection marker with up- and downstream sequences for recombination in the genome (Van Bogaert et al., 2008a) and are subsequently used for transformation of an ura3 deficient C. bombicola strain. Expressing the lactonase in this way, leads to a sophorolipid mixture remarkably enriched in the lactonic forms.

3.1 Material and methods

3.1.1 Strains and culture conditions; DNA isolation and sequencing; transformation

See sections 2.1.1, 2.1.2 and 2.1.3.

Other media promoting production of acidic sophorolipids such as a medium without addition of citrate were used as well.

Bioreactor experiments were carried out in a Biostat® B culture vessel (Sartorius-BBI Systems) with a maximum working volume of 1 .5 to 3 L. Temperature (30 °C), pH (3.5), stirring rate (800 rpm) and airflow rate (1 vvm) were controlled by the Biostat® B control unit. 100 mL of an overnight grown shake flask culture was used to inoculate the fermentor. For maintaining pH at 3.5, 5 N NaOH was used. There was no correction for a too alkaline pH and fermentations started at pH 5.8 and were consequently allowed to drop spontaneously till 3.5. Feeding of the hydrophobic carbon source was started 48 hours after inoculation, and from then on 25 g of rapeseed oil was added every 24 hours. Additional glucose was added 150 hours after inoculation. For the wild type fermentations, the stirring rate had to be lowered to 600 rpm after 5 days of cultivation to control foam formation as the addition of the hydrophobic carbon source didn't help anymore. 3.1.4 Creation of the overexpression cassettes

The complete GKI promotor sequence was amplified from genomic DNA of Candida bombicola using the primers P124_FOR_pGKI_extinfuSpel and P125_REV_pGKI_extlipase. The lactonase gene sequence was amplified from genomic DNA using primers P126_FOR_lipase_extpGKI and P127_REV_termlac_extlnfueamHI and both fragments were subsequently fused using fusion PCR. A vector (pGEM-t_cassette_yEGFP) containing the URA3 auxotrophic marker (under control of its own terminator) -and up and downstream sequences for homologous recombination- was cut with the enzymes Spel and BamYW. The abovementioned linear fragment was subsequently inserted into the cut vector using the Infusion Advantage PCR cloning kit (Clontech). The resulting vector of 7896 bp is used as a template to generate the lactonase overexpression cassette with the primers P1_FOR_URA3v and P32_REV_cassette. The fragment of 4904 bp was used to transform the ura3- Candida bombicola PT36 strain and integration occurred at the ura3 locus. The resulting strain thus harboured two copies of the lactonase gene; one under its own regulatory sequences unaltered in the genome and a second one under control of the strong constitutive GKI promoter at the ura3 locus. Correct integration of the cassette at the ura3 locus was controlled by performing colony PCR with primers P33_FOR_checkcasslN and P 1 25_REV_pG KI_extli pase at the 5' s i d e of t h e i n s e rt i o n c a s s e tt e a n d P35_REV_checkcassl N_DOWN and P126_FOR_lipase_extpGKI at the 3' side of th e insertion cassette.

Table 3. Primers used for overexpression of the C. bombicola lactonase gene. All primers were obtained from Sigma Genosys.

Name Sequence

P1_FOR_URA3v AGAACAAGGCCGAGTATGTC (SEQ ID N° 1 1 )

P32 REV cassette GTCAG ATTAG CCTCCG ACATAG (S EQ ID N° 12)

P124_FOR_pGKI_extinfuSpel CTGGCAAATCACTAGGTGCTTAGGGTGCGTGTG(SEQ ID N° 13)

P125_REV_pGKI_extlipase GAAAAAAACAGAGCCAGCATTTTTTCTGGTTTGGAGGACCTTGGGTAG(SEQ

ID N° 14)

P126_FOR_lipase_extpGKI GGTCCTCCAAACCAGAAAAAATGCTGGCTCTGTTTTTTTCG

(SEQ ID N° 15)

P127_REV_termlip_extlnfuSamH/ TGCCCTGCGGGGATCTTCACTCTAAGAAATCCTCCGAGGAAATC

(SEQ ID N° 16)

P33_FOR_checkcasslN CCATACTCAAG CG CG AACAC (SEQ ID N° 34)

P35_REV_checkcasslN_DOWN GAG CTCAAG ACG CGTTTACTCAATG C (SEQ ID N° 35) 3.1.5 Sampling

CFU and glucose were determined as described in section 2.1.5. Samples (1 mL) are withdrawn from the culture medium during cultivation and sophorolipids are extracted by addition of 440 μΙ_ ethyl acetate and 1 1 μΙ_ acidic acid. After vigorously shaking the fractions are separated by centrifugation, the solvent fraction (300 μΙ_) is diluted with 700 μΙ_ ethanol and analysed on HPLC and Evaporative Light Scattering Detection.

Optical density (OD) of cultures was measured at 600nm using the Jasco V 630 bio spectrophotometer (Jasco Europe). Growth was also evaluated by determining the cell dry weight (CDW).

3.1.6 HPLC analysis of glycolipids

See section 2.1.6.

3.2 Results

Three transformants were selected for further characterization and they all showed identical behavior as compared to the wild type regarding growth and substrate consumption when cultivated on production medium. Sophorolipid production was also followed up during cultivation and results are described below. 3.2.1 Sophorolipid production on production medium without citrate

As illustrated in the background art, citrate is described to influence lactonization. A modified production medium was hence used for cultivation of the wild type and the obtained overexpression mutant. This medium did not contain citrate but was otherwise identical to the one described by Lang. pH, glucose consumption and OD are depicted in Fig 6.

The observed pH drop was equal for both the wild type and the overexpression mutant so possible differences in SL composition cannot be attributed to pH effects. Some differences in OD values were observed, but this is caused by interference of SLs and oil with the absorbance. Log CFU's were also determined before the cultures were stopped and these were equal to 8.31 and 8.41 log cfu's/ml for the wild type and the overexpression tranformant respectively. SL biosynthesis was also examined and HPLC-ELSD chromatograms are depicted in Fig 7.

Overexpression of the lactonase gene clearly leads to lactonisation of sophorolipids (peak eluting at 28.2 minutes (diacetylated lactonic) and 24.4 minutes (monoacetylated lactonic)) in the absence of citrate which is not true for the wild type, for which only acidic sophorolipids (peak at 18.3) are produced. These results clearly prove that the action of citrate on the lacton/acidic ratio of sophorolipids is not a result of pH as was suggested by Stuwer et al. (1987J. For the wild type some kind of regulatory effect on the level of transcription must occur as expression of this gene from the strong, constitutive phosphoglycerate kinase promotor leads to the production of lactonic sophorolipids in the absence of citrate.

Total extractions suggested higher yields of sophorolipids for the overexpression mutant as compared to the wild type. The total yield for the overexpression transformant was 35 g ± 1.3 g and 17 g ± 0.5 g for the wild type, the remaining oil was equal to 0.1 g ± 0.0 g for the overexpression strain and 9 g ± 0.4 g for the wild type.

3.2.2 Sophorolipid production on standard production medium

A second experiment was set up with the normal production medium optimized for production of lactonic sophorolipids. This was done to asses if overexpression of this already quite abundant enzyme responsible for lactonisation would even lead to higher ratios of lactonic/acidic sophorolipids and possibly even higher yields of these diacetylated lactonic sophorolipids.

Two replicas of both the wild type and the overexpression transformant were cultivated and samples were extracted with ethanol and ethylacetate as described in the materials and methods section. HPLC-ELSD chromatograms are depicted in Fig 8. The peak eluting at 18.8 minutes corresponds to the non-acetylated, acidic sophorolipids, whereas the peak eluting at 28.3 minutes corresponds to the diacetylated lactonic sophorolipids. Surprisingly, overexpression of the lactonase also leads to a very clear effect on sophorolipid composition on standard production medium as can be concluded when comparing Fig 8a with Fig 8b. Whereas acidic SL's are still present in substantial amounts for the wild type, these structures are not detected for the overexpression transformant.

Total yields for these experiments were subject to high variation and it was thus decided to perform a bioreactor experiment in which all parameters can be controlled to obtain more reliable results.

3.2.3 Bioreactor experiment on standard production medium

A bioreactor with the wild type and the lactonase overexpression mutant were run in parallel. The total SL yield of the succeeded wild type cultivation accounted up to 188.74 g versus 213.42 g for the overexpression mutant. SL production was also visible earlier for the overexpression mutants and p0₂ dropped a lot faster for these strain. The SL's produced by the overexpression mutant were strongly enriched in the lactonic forms from the start which confirms the results obtained in 3.2.2. At the end of the fermentation this effect was less pronounced as lactonase expression probably occurred a lot earlier during cultivation for the overexpression mutant.

Another interesting phenomenon was the absence of foam formation for the overexpression experiments. Whereas for the wild type the stirring speed had to be adjusted to 600 rpm after 5 days of cultivation to prevent foam excess caused by the presence of acidic SLs, the overexpression strains could be left at the initial 800 rpm without a risk for too much foam formation. This could be an advantage for industrial applications, where foam formation can be a real burden.

Example 4: Heterologous expression of the lactonase gene in Pichia pastoris

The lactonase of C. bombicola is produced extracellularly in P. pastoris. The recombinant protein posses a His-tag which allows purification with a Talon column and later with a SD200 column. The Edman degradation and MS analysis were used to confirmed the correctness of expressed protein sequence.

4.1. Materials and methods

4.1.1. Recombinant protein production

4.1.1.1. DNA construct

Genomic DNA of Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 was used to pick up the mature form of the lactonase. The primers LacForvextSacll: CGTCGACTGTATGAGTTGAGT (SEQ ID N° 36) and LacRevextPstl: G CTG C AG G ACT C C CTTTAG G C C (SEQ I D N° 37) were used to create a PCR fragment with two additional restriction sites of Pst\ and Sa/I. After gel- purification the PCR product was subcloned into the pCR2.1 -TOPO vector (Invitrogen) and propagated in Escherichia coli TOP1 0 cells (I nvitrogen). After plasmid purification by chromatography (Qiagen MIDI kit) the insert was cut out with Pst\ and Sa/I. The expression vector apPiczB (Invitrogen) was linearized with the same restriction enzymes and purified from the gel (innuPREP DOUBLEpure kit). The insert was ligated to apPiczB using T4DNA ligase and contract was transformed in to One shot TOP10 electrocompetent E.coli. The best clone was purified with chromatography (Qiagen) and confirmed by multiple restriction digestion with Xmn I +Hind\ II, Nco\ and S/bl+EcoRV. Sequencing (at Beckman Coulter Genomics) confirms the apPiczBJac construct. The linearized apPiczBJac construct obtained with Sad, was transformed into electrocompetent Pichia pastoris NRRL-Y-1 1430 cells.

4.1.1.2. Protein expression

The best expressing mutant of Pichia pastoris NRRL-Y-1 1430 containing the apPiczBJac construct was grown in 1 L of Buffered-Glycerol Complex (BMGY) medium in two 2L flasks containing 500 ml medium, for 48h at 28°C, 250 rpm. Then BMGY medium was replaced with Buffered-Methanol Complex (BMMY) medium containing methanol instead of glycerol. The cell pellets were washed and dissolved in 1 L BMMY medium in sterile conditions. The protein expression in BMMY medium was carried for 48h at 28°C, 250 rpm. Every 12h 1 % MeO H was added for continuous stimu lation of protein expression . Finally, medium containing the expressed lactonase was separated from the cells by 10 min centrifugation at 4000g.

4.1.1.3. Protein purification

The collected medium (1 L) was filtrated through a 0.22 μηη bottle top filter (Corning) and divided in ten dialysis membranes with 6-8kDa cut-off (Spectra por). The dialysis was performed in 10 L of Na₂HP0₄ 50mM; NaCI 300 mM pH 7.5 buffer in 4°C for 24h. Next the dialyzed medium was pooled, filtrated through a 0.22 μηη bottle top filter (Corning) and loaded on a Talon Superflow column (GE healthcare) with a bed volume of 20 ml connected to Akta-purifier (GE Healthcare) system and equilibrated with the same buffer as used for dialysis. After loading the medium, the column was washed with equibration buffer containing 5mM imidazole. The His-tag protein was eluted with buffer containing 200mM imidazole. Next the protein was concentrated to 2 ml using Vivaspin columns with a MW cut-off 10kDa (Sartorius).

The partially purified lactonase was injected into a Superdex 200 column (GE Healthcare) running in 20 mM Tris; 150 mM NaCI pH 7.5 buffer. The fractions containing the lactonase were collected and stored in -80°C.

4.1.2. Confirmation of the lactonase sequence

4.1.2.1.Edman degradation

20 μΙ_ of the concentrated lactonase fraction separated by the Superdex 200 column, was further separated by 12.5% SDS-PAGE. Then, the protein was electroblotted on a PVDF membrane. N-terminal sequence determination was performed by automated Edman degradation on a Procise model 494 sequencer instrument, equipped with an on-line HPLC system consisting of a 140C Microgradient pump and a 785A programmable absorbance detector (all from Applied Biosytems). The analysis was performed with acid delivery in the gas phase.

4.1.2.1. MS analysis

The sample from SDS-PAGE from section 4.1 .2.1 . was used for MS analysis. Sample preparation and analysis are described in 1 .1.3., 1.1 .4 and 1 .1 .5.

4.2. Results

The lactonase from C. bombicola was successfully expressed in P. pastoris. For efficient secretion, the original N-term in us was replaced by the ofactor secretion signal of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as intrinsic for the apPiczB vector. This signal sequence is removed upon secretion by the P. pastoris cells. Consequently, the recombinant protein differs from the natural one: the shorter N-terminus starts with the amino acids alanine and glycine and the C-terminus contains a His-tag (see nucleic acid SEQ ID N° 32 and amino acid SEQ I D N° 33). Fig 6 represents a SDS-PAGE with the pooled lactonase fraction from SD 200 separation (used for analysis in 4.1 .2.1 .). A single diffused band is visible at the height of 70-75 kDa which is higher from the predicted MW 45 kDa of the lactonase. The shift of mass is probably due to the abundant glycosylation typical for the secreted proteins produced by Pichia pastoris.

SEQ ID N° 32, nucleotides different form SEQ ID N° 1 are marked in bold:

GCAGGACTCCCTTTAGGCTATACTGCGGCCCCCGCTGAATCATTCTATTTTTGGCCAGA GAACATATCCAGCCTCCAAGCTGGCGAGATTTTTAGAAAACGGGAACTCTTAACTCTCC CAGACATCTTTGACTTTGGCCCTAATCTGGAAAAGGTCGTACAAGTGGCTTACAAAACC CGTCTCACCGATGGCAATGACTCGTTTTCCATCGCCAGTATCTTTATCCCTAAGAATCCA AGCCCAGAACTCAAACTTTACTCTTATCAGACGTTTGAGGATGCCGTGCAGCTTGATTGT GCCCCAAGCTATGCTTTAGAAGTGGGTAACAAGTCCAGCAACTATCTTCCTGTCACTAG CAATTTATCTGCCATCAGTCGAGAACTTGAGAAAGGACGTCACTGCATTATCCCTGATCA CG AG GG CTATATTTCAGG ATTCTTTG CAG GACG G CAGG AG G GATATG CTG GTTTAG AC GGAATTCGCGCTGCTCGAAACTATCTCAATGGCACCAACGAGACCCCAATTGGTATCTT CG G ATACAGTG G AG GTG CACAAG CAACG G CCTG G ATTGTTG ATTTG CATGACGAGTAT GCTCCTGACTTGAACTTTGTTGGAACAGTTTCTGGAGGCACTTTGGTTGACGCTTGGGG CACTTTTCAGTATATCGACTATCCGAAGGTGTATCTAAAGGGCAGCATTCTTATCATGTA TACGGGTCTTTTTTCAGGTTATCCAGCTCAATTTGAGGTGATTTGGCCATATATTGAGCC TGTAATTCAAGAAAACATGCTACTGCTACGTTTGGCGCCGAATGATTGTAACCAAAGCC CGATACTTCAAGGTTACAACAATTCAATCATGGCCGGTATACATGTGGACCTTCCCGAAT TCCCTGCTTCTAAGTACATATTCCAGCACGAGTCCCTCCTTGCCAACTACAGCGTAGTG CCAGTTTCCACACCGAAGTTTCCTCGCTACATGTACCATGGTGGATCTGATGAGTTGGC CAAATTGAGCCTTGTCGAGCAGTATGTTGATCAACAATGGAATACCGGCGCTAATCTCA CCTTCGTGGTGTATCCGGGTCTTCTTCATGACGAGACGGCTTACCGTGGCTTTGATGCC GCGATGGATTGGCTTGATGCCCAGCTCGATAGTGGATACCTTCCACCTGTAAACTCAAC TCATACAGTCGACCATCATCACCATCACCACTAG

SEQ ID N° 33, amino acids different form SEQ ID N° 2 are marked in bold

AGLPLGYTAAPAESFYFWPENISSLQAGEIFRKRELLTLPDIFDFGPNLEKVVQVAYKTRLTD GNDSFSIASIFIPKNPSPELKLYSYQTFEDAVQLDCAPSYALEVGNKSSNYLPVTSNLSAISRE LEKGRHCIIPDHEGYISGFFAGRQEGYAGLDGIRAARNYLNGTNETPIGIFGYSGGAQATAWI VDLYDEYAPDLNFVGTVSGGTLVDAWGTFQYIDYPKVYLKGSILIMYTGLFSGYPAQFEVIW PYIEPVIQENMLLLRLAPNDCNQSPILQGYNNSIMAGIHVDLPEFPASKYIFQHESLLANYSVV PVSTPKFPRYMYHGGSDELAKLSLVEQYVDQQWNTGANLTFWYPGLLHDETAYRGFDAA MDWLDAQLDSGYLPPVNSTHTVDHHHHHH

Both methods, the N-terminal sequencing and MS analysis, confirm the correctness of the recombinant lactonase. In Edman degradation the N-terminal sequence of the lactonase was: AGLPLGYTAAPA (SEQ I D N° 38), as expected for the recombinant protein (see SEQ I D N° 33). 1 6 unique peptides corresponding to the predicted sequence I D N° 33 were identified by MS analysis (Table 4).

Table 4: Detected peptides of the recombinant lactonase by MS analysis. Every peptides is described by sequence, its expect value and ion score as calculated by Mascot version 2.3.01

Example 5: Activity assays with purified lactonase

Production of the recombinant lactonase in Pichia pastoris allows to perform a more detailed characterization of this enzyme. First, a mixture of acidic mono-, di- and non-acetylated sophorolipids (SL) was tested to confirm that the lactonase is responsible for the SL lactone formation. Then, the different SL forms were analyzed separately to deeply investigate the enzyme behavior with those substrates. All those tests were performed at two different pH values (3.5 and 6).

The lipase/esterase activity of lactonase was investigated. The colorimetric tests were based on the release of p-nitrophenol upon hydrolysis of three p-nitrophenyl derivatives with different chain lenghts, being p-nitrophenyl acetate (pnpa) and p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pnpb) (Jung and Park, 2008; Lopes et al., 201 1 ).

5.1. Materials and methods

5.1.1. Materials

Compounds used for enzymatic assay buffer preparation: natrium citrate, natrium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, were purchased from Sigma.

Different types of SL were obtained by production by C. bombicola strains. If required specific purification steps or chemical treatments know by the person skilled in the art were applied in order to obtain a specific form. About 100 mM stock solution in water was prepared for the enzymatic assays. Because most of the times a SL mixture was used the average estimated molecular weight 675.4 g/mol and density 1.05 g/ml was applied.

Candida antarctica lipase B was purchased from Sigma. The substrates pnpa and pnpb , and sodium dodecyl sulphate, Triton X-100, Tris as well. The solvents acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran were received from Biosolve and Riedel de Haen respectively. Sodium chloride was purchased from Merck. 5.1.2. Enzymatic assays

5.1.2.1. Enzymatic assay with mixture of mono-,di-,non-acetylated acidic SL

135 mg of dried SL was dissolved in 2 ml water to prepare a 100 mM stock solution used in the enzymatic assays. Five different purified protein concentrations were prepared: 0.6 g/ml; 1 .6 g/ml; 3.2 g/ml; 6 g/ml; 9.2 g/ml (stock concentration 60 g/ml). The protein was incubated with about 5 mM of a mixture of di-, mono-, and un-acetylated acidic sophorolipids (obtained from the lactonase KO mutant) in a total volume of 1 ml. To buffer the reaction at pH3.5 and pH6, 50 mM C₆H₅Na₃0₇ was used in both cases. The assay was stopped after overnight incubation at 28°C with rotation. For every condition a blank reaction was prepared, where enzyme was replaced by the buffer in which enzyme was purified: 25 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCI, pH 7.5. Products from the reaction mixture were extracted with 440 μΙ ethylacetate and 1 1 μΙ acetic acid. From the solvent phase, 400 μΙ was recovered and analysis on HPLC, (see section 2.1 .6.). The spectra from the sample and blank reaction were compared. 5.1.2.2. Enzymatic assay with other SL

0.6 g/ml purified protein was incubated with -5 mM of different SL preparations i.e. a : mix of wild-type SL; enriched lactone SL form from a standard production; pure, chemically prepare non-acetylated acidic SL and non- and mono-acetylated acidic SL produced by the KO lactonase mutant. The conditions for incubation and extraction are the same as described in 5.1.2.1 .

5.1.2.3. Lipase/esterase activity

For the enzymatic assay with p-nitrophenyl derivates purified lactonase in 150 mM NaCI, 25 mM Tris, pH 7.5 was used. The concentrations of the working solution, 6 mg/ml, was prepared by Vivaspin concentrators (Sartorius), with a MWCO of 5 KDa. The enzyme concentration was checked using a nanodrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Isogen).

Candida Antarctica lipase B work solutions were derived from a 1 .2 mg/ml stock solution in the same enzyme buffer that was used for lactonase.

Each of the p-nirtophenyl derivates were prepared in a different way due to their stability and solubility. A work solution of 1 mM p-nitrophenyl acetate (ppna) was freshly prepared in 5% ACN/50 mM Tris, pH 7.3, just before use. For p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pnpb) a 1 mM work solution in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.3 containing 0.2% triton X-100 and 0.43M tetrahydrofuran (THF) was used. Experimental setup of the enzyme assay

In a 96 well microtiterplate 200μΙ of a substrate work solution was added to 40μΙ of either enzyme (sample) or enzyme buffer (blank). From these wells, 200μΙ was transferred to an empty well after mixing. In one scale-down experiment with lactonase the final measured volume was only 120μΙ. Spectrofotometric measurements were performed on a Microplate reader, model 680XR, (Bio-rad) using a wavelength of 405 nm, in the time drive mode, performing 60 readings with intervals of 30 or 60 seconds at an incubation temperature of 25°C (in one experiment with lipase B the interval between two readings was set to 15 seconds). Blanking for the background of the microtiterplate wells and/or yellowish color of the concentrated lactonase solution was done by endpoint measurements of the empty wells. Only wells with the same background were used to compare samples with blanks.

Candida Antarctica lipase B was used as a positive control for hydrolyses of all substrates. 5.2. Results

5.2.1. Enzymatic assay with SL

Extracted products after every enzymatic assay with SL were analyzed on HPLC. The chromatograms of the sample were compared with a blank experiment and new peaks were searched. Fig 10 and 1 1 present the results of the enzymatic assay at pH3.5 and pH6 with a mixture of mono-, di-, non-acetylated acidic SL. The black arrows mark the formed products (0.6 μg ml lactonase): peaks eluting at 26.047 min and 27.494 min which are not present in the blank. Those peaks correspond to the di-acetylated lactonic form of the SL with fatty acids C16 and C18:1 as determined by LC-MS (2.1.6). The same pattern was visible in assay with five different purified protein concentrations: 0.6 μg ml; 1 .6 μg ml; 3.2 μg ml; 6 μg ml; 9.2 Mg/ml.

Assays were set up with non-acetylated acidic SL and mixture of non- and mono-acetylated acidic SL at pH 3.5 and pH 6. In both cases no SL lactone form was observed. After enzymatic assays with SL mixture form WT and the enriched lactone SL mixture no difference in the pattern between blanks and the samples were detected. 5.2.3. Colorimetric assays

Per tested p-nitrophenyl derivative a time drive absorption spectrum, using a wavelength of 405nm, at 25°C, was obtained.

Fig 12a and b show the spectra for the 1 mg/ml lactonase in combination with p-nitrophenyl butyrate, in a final test volume set-up of respectively 120 and 200μΙ. A slow release of p- nitro- phenol can be established, which points to some hydrolysis activity of the enzyme on the C₄ substrate.

In the graph presented in Fig 13 the A405 absorption was recorded during 60 minutes for a reaction mixture containing the concentrated lactonase and p-nitrophenyl acetate. The data are corrected for background absorbance of the multi-well plate and the 1 mg/ml enzyme solution. Allthough natural hydrolysis causes release of p-nitrophenol in the blank, the reaction rate clearly increases in the presence of the enzyme. Furthermore, it is obvious that the hydrolysis velocity, catalyzed by the lactonase, is higher in combination with the acetate (C₂) than with the butyrate (C₄) substrate.

The enzymatic assays with sophorolipids demonstrate that the lactonase is responsible for lactonization of the sophorolipids. After analysis of HPLC chromatograms from the enzymatic assay with different SL forms it can be concluded that di-acetylated acidic SL are the best substrates for the lactonase. The present invention shows that to form a lactonic SL, preferably a low concentration of the enzyme is needed: 0.6 μg ml. Moreover SL lactone was produced in the assays at both pH 3.5 and pH 6, which indicates that the enzyme is active in a wide pH range.

Example 6. Mutated lactonase

6.1. Materials and methods 6.1.1. Mutant design

The apPiczB construct (Invitrogen) with the lactonase (sequence I D N° 32) described in section 4.1 .1 .1 . was sent to Genscript where site directed mutagenesis of one amino acid was performed. Ser (181 ) from the conservative motif GYSGGA (SEQ I D N° 44) coded by the nucleotides AGT was replaced with Ala coded by GCT. 6.1.2. Transformation, expression and purification

See section 4.1 .1 .2 and 4.1 .1 .3.

6.2. Enzyme assay

6.2.1. Enzymatic assay with mixture of mono-, di-, non-acetylated acidic SL

The enzymatic assay with 5 mM mixture of mono-, di-, non-acetylated acidic SL was performed with 6 μg ml of lactonase and lactonase Ser mutant at pH 3.5 and pH6.

For more details see section 5.1 .2.1 .

6.3. Results and conclusion

The enzymatic assay with mixture of mono-, di-, non-acetylated acidic SL was identically performed for the lactonase and lactonase Ser mutant together with blanks for every condition. In case of the non-mutated lactonase, SL lactone forms were visible in the chromatograms in both reactions at pH 3.5 and pH 6, similar to the results described in 5.2.1 and Figures 6 and 7. However, no product formation was visible for the enzymatic reactions with the lactonase Ser mutant.

To conclude, Ser (181 ) is important for the SL lactone formation.

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Claims

Claims

1 . An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence given by SEQ ID N°2 having lactonase activity, or a fragment thereof retaining said lactonase activity or a variant thereof having at least 34 % sequence identity with SEQ ID N° 2 and having said lactonase activity.

2. A variant according to claim 1 comprising an amino acid sequence given by SEQ ID N° 33.

3. A fragment or a variant according to claims 1 or 2 wherein said fragment or variant comprises the amino acid serine on the amino acid position corresponding to position 181 of SEQ ID N° 33.

4. A nucleic acid encoding for a polypeptide, fragment or variant according to claims 1 - 3.

5. A nucleic acid according to claim 4 wherein said nucleic acid consists of the nucleic acid sequence given by SEQ ID N° 1 or SEQ ID N° 32.

6. A vector comprising a nucleic acid according to claims 4-5.

7. A host cell comprising a vector according to claim 6.

8. Use of a polypeptide, fragment or variant according to claims 1 -3 to lactonize or to polymerize carbohydrate-containing compounds, lipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof.

9. Use according to claim 8 wherein said carbohydrate-containing compounds are

sophorolipids.

10. A method to lactonize or to polymerize carbohydrate-containing compounds, lipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof comprising: a) providing an isolated polypeptide, fragment or variant according to claims 1 -3, and b) contacting said carbohydrate-containing compounds, lipids, fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, alcohols, dicarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof with said isolated polypeptide, fragment or variant according to claims 1 -3.

1 1 . A modified host cell which is transformed with an exogenous nucleic acid according to claims 4-5 or which over-expresses an endogenous nucleic acid according to claims 4-5.

12. Use of a modified host cell according to claim 1 1 to produce sophorolipids or to

produce at least 50 % lactonic sophorolipids of the total sophorolipid production.

13. Use of a modified host cell according to claim 12 to produce at least 50 % lactonic sophorolipids in a medium lacking citrate.

14. A modified host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to claims 4-5 which has lost its capability to encode for a polypeptide, fragment or variant according to claims 1 -3, or, wherein said polypeptide, fragment or variant according to claims 1 -3 has lost its lactonase activity.

15. Use of a modified host cell according to claim 14 to produce acidic sophorolipids.