EP2679770A1 - Platform seal strip for a gas turbine - Google Patents
Platform seal strip for a gas turbine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2679770A1 EP2679770A1 EP20120173650 EP12173650A EP2679770A1 EP 2679770 A1 EP2679770 A1 EP 2679770A1 EP 20120173650 EP20120173650 EP 20120173650 EP 12173650 A EP12173650 A EP 12173650A EP 2679770 A1 EP2679770 A1 EP 2679770A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- disc
- platform
- seal strip
- cover plate
- turbine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
- F01D11/005—Sealing means between non relatively rotating elements
- F01D11/006—Sealing the gap between rotor blades or blades and rotor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/02—Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
- F01D5/08—Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means
- F01D5/081—Cooling fluid being directed on the side of the rotor disc or at the roots of the blades
- F01D5/082—Cooling fluid being directed on the side of the rotor disc or at the roots of the blades on the side of the rotor disc
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/30—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers
- F01D5/3007—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers of axial insertion type
- F01D5/3015—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers of axial insertion type with side plates
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
- Y10T29/4932—Turbomachine making
- Y10T29/49321—Assembling individual fluid flow interacting members, e.g., blades, vanes, buckets, on rotary support member
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a platform seal strip, a turbine blade assembly and a gas turbine. It further relates to a method for assembling a turbine blade assembly, for example a gas turbine blade assembly.
- EP 2 053 285 A1 and EP 2 053 286 A1 describe a seal strip with varying width that is bent at one end and locked by the locking plate in the assembly.
- a sealing member such as a wire is mounted in a groove between blade platforms of a gas turbine engine to seal between the adjacent platforms.
- US 6,561,764 B1 describes a gas turbine rotor comprising blade platforms with recesses into which insert strips are inserted.
- the recess reaches as far as the disc-side base of the blade platform and the insert strip to have a form fit to the disc, which protects against axial displacement in a direction of inserting of the gas turbine blade.
- a first objective of the present invention to provide an advantageous seals strip, in particular for use in a gas turbine blade assembly.
- a second objective of the present invention is to provide an advantageous turbine blade assembly and an advantageous gas turbine.
- a third objective of the present invention is to provide an advantageous method for assembling a turbine blade assembly, for example a gas turbine blade assembly.
- the first objective is solved by a platform seals strip as claimed in claim 1.
- the second objective is solved by a turbine blade assembly as claimed in claim 5 and by a gas turbine as claimed in claim 11.
- the third objective is solved by a method for assembling a turbine blade assembly as claimed in claim 12.
- the inventive platform seals strip in particular for use in a gas turbine blade assembly, comprises an upper side and a lower side. It further comprises a first portion and a second portion.
- the width of the first portion is smaller than the width of the second portion, which means that the width of the first portion has a smaller value than the width of the second portion.
- the first portion and the second portion are at least partially bent downwards such that the upper side comprises a convex surface portion and the lower side comprises a concave surface portion. In other words, the first portion and the second portion are bent towards the lower side.
- Downward may mean, once the seal strip is installed, in direction of an axis of rotation of the machine. "Downward” also defines the orientation of the bend in respect of the upper side and the lower side, meaning that “downward” is a motion in direction of the lower side.
- “Upper” and “lower” may merely define two opposite sides of the seal platform strip. Particularly “upper” may also mean, once the seal strip is installed, a direction away from of the axis of rotation of the machine. “Lower” may mean, once the seal strip is installed, a direction directed to the axis of rotation of the machine.
- the invention seal strip may for example have an U-shape or a shape like an U.
- Convex surface portion or concave surface portion means that at least part of the surface has a curvature or bending which is convex if seen from the upper side or upper surface and which is concave if seen from the lower side or lower surface of the first portion or of the second portion.
- the first portion may comprise an upper surface portion with a surface normal
- the second portion may comprise an upper surface portion with a surface normal which includes an angle ⁇ with the surface normal of the first portion between 0° and 180°, which means 0° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 180°, advantageously between 90° and 180°.
- the inventive seal strip has the advantage that inter seal leakage, for example between two adjacent blade platforms can be overcome by using a single piece seals strip.
- the inventive seal strip comprises a transition portion which is located between the first portion and the second portion.
- the width of the transition portion increases from the first portion to the second portion.
- the width of the transition portion continuously increases from the first portion to the second portion.
- the platform seal strip may comprise metal or may consist of metal.
- the inventive seal strip comprises at least one nose.
- the nose may be located at the first portion or at the second portion.
- one nose is located the first portion and an additional nose is located at the second portion.
- the nose is at least partially bent upwards such that the upper side of the seals strip with the nose comprises a concave surface portion and the lower side of the seal strip with the nose comprises a convex surface portion.
- the term nose describes a portion of the seal strip which is bent with respect to the adjacent first or second portion.
- the nose may have a surface portion with a surface normal.
- the first portion or the second portion may comprise a surface adjacent to the nose.
- This surface may have a surface normal which may include an angle ⁇ with the surface normal of the nose portion between 0° and 180°, which means 0° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 180°, preferably between 60° and 90°.
- the inventive turbine blades assembly comprises a number of platform seal strip, as previously described, a disc and a number of blades. Each blade comprises a blade platform. The blades are connected to the disc, for example loaded onto the disc. Each seal strip is placed in a gap between the blade platforms of adjacent blades.
- the disc may comprise a rotation axis.
- the platform of each blade may comprise a side surface with a surface normal which includes a right angle with the rotation axis, especially when the blade is loaded onto a disc.
- the side surface of the platform may comprise a slot and part of the second portion of the seal strip engages in the slot.
- the platform may comprise a leading edge side or upstream side and a trailing edge side or downstream side.
- the slot preferably extents up to the trailing edge side or downstream side.
- leading edge side of the platform is defined such that it corresponds to the leading edge of the aerofoil portion of the blade and the trailing edge side of the platform is defined such that it corresponds to the trailing edge of the aerofoil portion of the blade.
- the disc can comprise a front face or upstream side and a rear face or downstream side, which are defined with respect to a hot gas flow through the turbine.
- a first cover plate or cover disc may be attached to the rear face of the turbine disc and/or a second cover plate may be attached to the front face of the turbine disc.
- Adding cover plates or cover discs to the front and/or rear face of the turbine disc assembly allows for making more efficient use of the cooling air.
- the cover plates or discs contain and direct cooling air in a more efficient manner than previously used, since they may comprise fluid channels for guiding cooling air.
- the seal strip may comprise a nose which engages into a groove of the first cover plate or into a groove the second cover plate.
- the seal strip comprises a first nose at the first portion and a second nose at the second portion. The first nose can engage into a groove of the cover plate at the front face and the second nose can engage into a groove of the cover plate at the rear face.
- Preferably only one seal strip is located between two adjacent blades. This reduces the number of necessary components to be assembled and reduces the time for assembling.
- the cover discs may comprise a seal means, for example a C-seal or 0-ring or rope seal as appropriate.
- the seal means my comprise metal or may consist of metal.
- the seal means is preferably located such that it faces the leading edge side or the trailing edge side of the platform of the blade or the blade root.
- the inventive gas turbine comprises a turbine blade assembly as previously described. It generally has the same properties and advantages as described in conjunction with the inventive seal strip and the inventive turbine blade assembly.
- the inventive method for assembling a turbine blade assembly is related to a turbine blade assembly as previously described.
- the method comprises the steps of loading the number of blades onto the disc leaving a gap between the platforms of adjacent blades, inserting a seal strip into the gap between the platforms of two adjacent blades, and retaining the seal strips by attaching a first cover plate to the disc.
- a second cover plate for example a forward cover disc, may be attached to the disc before loading the blades onto the turbine disc. If the second cover plate is identical with a forward cover disc, than the first cover plate is identical with an aft cover disc.
- the forward cover disc may be connected to the front face of the disc and the aft cover disc may be connected to the rear face of the disc.
- a seal strip with at least one nose is used and the at least one nose is inserted into a groove in the first or in the second cover plate.
- the seal strip comprises two noses and a first nose is inserted into a groove in the forward cover disc and the second nose is inserted into a groove in the aft cover disc.
- a seal means can be positioned between the first cover plate, for example the aft cover disc, and the turbine disc. Additionally or alternatively a seal means can be positioned between the second cover plate, for example a forward cover disc, and the turbine disc.
- a C-seal or an 0-ring or a rope seal can be used as seal means.
- the used seal means may comprise metal or may consist of metal.
- the present invention improves the sealing of turbine hot blade components. By improving the sealing also the cooling of a turbine blade can be improved. Furthermore, the amount of cooling air consumed by the turbine blades can be reduced. Moreover, the lifetime of the components is increased, leakages are reduced and the cooling air efficiency is improved. Furthermore, the part count and assembly time is reduced.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a gas turbine.
- a gas turbine comprises a rotation axis with a rotor.
- the rotor comprises a shaft 107.
- a suction portion with a casing 109, a compressor 101, a combustion portion 151, a turbine 105 and an exhaust portion with a casing 190 are located.
- the combustion portion 151 communicates with a hot gas flow channel which may have a circular cross section, for example.
- the turbine 105 comprises a number of turbine stages. Each turbine stage comprises rings of turbine blades. In flow direction 103 of the hot gas in the hot gas flow channel a ring of turbine guide vanes 117 is followed by a ring of turbine rotor blades 115.
- the turbine guide vanes 117 are connected to an inner casing of a stator.
- the turbine rotor blades 115 are connected to the rotor.
- the rotor is connected to a generator, for example.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a sectional and perspective view.
- the turbine blade assembly comprises a disc 12, a number of rotor blades 151, a first cover plate or aft cover disc 7 and a second cover plate or forward cover disc 6.
- the rotor blades 151 are mounted onto the disc 12.
- the disc 12 comprises a front face or upstream side 26 and a rear face or downstream side 27, which are defined with respect to the hot gas flow direction 103.
- the forward cover disc 6 is connected to the front face 26.
- the aft cover disc 7 is connected to the rear face 27. The aft cover disc 7 is fitted after the blades 151 and seal strips 1 are loaded to the disc 12.
- a seal means 8 is placed between the forward cover disc 6 and the blades 151, for example part of the platforms 3 of the blades, especially for preventing a hot gas flow into the blade root cavity 15.
- a further seal means 16 is placed between the forward cover disc 6 and the front face 26 of the disc 12.
- the seal means 8 and/or the seal means 16 may comprise metal or may consist of metal.
- the seal means 8 and/or seal means 16 may be a C-seal or an 0-ring or a rope seal.
- a seal means 9 is positioned, for example to prevent a hot gas flow into the blade root cavity 15.
- the seal means 9 may have the same properties as the previously described seal means 8 or seal means 16.
- the blades 151 comprise an aerofoil portion 2, a blade platform 3 and a blade root 19, which is not shown in Figure 2 .
- the blade platform 3 is located between the aerofoil portion 2 and the blade root 19.
- the blade aerofoil portion 2 comprises a leading edge 4 and a trailing edge 5.
- a small gap occurs between the platforms 3 of the adjacent blades 151.
- an inventive platform seal strip 1 is inserted between the adjacent platforms 3.
- Preferably only one platform seal strip 1 is inserted between each two adjacent platforms 3.
- Fig. 3 schematically shows the cooling fluid flow in part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a sectional and perspective view.
- the blades 151 comprise a blade under platform cavity 15, which is located inside the blade 151 below the platform 3 towards the blade root 19.
- cooling fluid for example cooling air, can be guided into the aerofoil portion 2.
- a flow channel 17 is formed, through which cooling fluid can be guided into the blade under platform cavity 15.
- the direction of the cooling fluid flow is indicated by arrows 18.
- the platform portion 3 of the blade 151 comprises a leading edge side 21, corresponding to the leading edge of the aerofoil portion 4, a trailing edge side 22, corresponding to the trailing edge 5 of the aerofoil portion 2, and a side surface 23.
- the side surfaces 23 of adjacent blades 151 are facing towards each other.
- the side surface 23 comprises a surface normal 25.
- the surface normal 25 includes a right angle with a rotation axis 102 of the disc 12.
- the rotation axis 102 of the disc 12 may correspond to the rotation axis 102 of a gas turbine.
- the side surface 23 of the platform 3 comprises a slot 24.
- the slot runs nearly parallel to the rotation axis 102 and extends up to the trailing edge side 22. Part of the platform seal strip 1 engages into the slot 24.
- the platform seal strip 1 comprises a first nose or rebate 13 and a second nose or rebate 14.
- the first nose 13 engages into a corresponding groove 10 in the forward cover disc 6.
- the second nose 14 engages into a corresponding groove 11 in the aft cover disc 7. This provides a very effective seal between the forward cover disc 6, the platform 3 and the aft cover disc 7, as well as between adjacent blade platforms 3.
- FIG. 4 schematically shows an inventive platform seal strip 1 in a perspective view.
- the seal strip 1 comprises a first portion 31 and a second portion 32.
- the first portion 31 has a width 33.
- the second portion 32 has a width 34, which is larger than the width 33 of the first portion 31.
- the platform seals strip 1 further comprises an upper side 36 and a lower side 37.
- the first portion 31 comprises a bending towards the lower side 37. As result the bending forms a convex surface portion 41 of the upper side 36 and a concave surface portion 43 of the lower side 37.
- the second portion 32 also comprises a bending towards the lower side 37. The bending forms a convex surface portion 42 of the upper side 36 and a concave surface portion 44 of the lower side 37.
- the first portion 31 comprises an upper side surface portion with an surface normal 71 and the second portion 32 comprises an upper side surface portion with a surface normal 72, which includes an angel ⁇ having a value between 0° and 180° (0° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 180°).
- the angle ⁇ has a value between 160° and 180°.
- the platform seal strip 1 has a shape of a U in a side view, as for example shown in Figure 3 .
- the first portion 31 further comprises a nose 13.
- the nose 13 is bent such that the upper side 36 comprises a concave surface portion 53 and the lower side 37 comprises a convex surface portion 51.
- the second portion 32 also comprises a nose 14, which is at least partially bent towards the upper side 36. The bending of the nose 14 forms a concave surface portion 54 at the upper side 36 and a convex surface portion 52 at a lower side 37.
- the noses 13 and 14 may have a surface portion with a surface normal.
- the surface normal 73 of the nose 14 is shown as example.
- the first portion or the second portion may comprise a surface adjacent to the nose.
- This surface may have a surface normal, for example the surface normal 72 of the second portion, which includes an angle ⁇ with the surface normal 73 of the nose portion 14 between 0° and 180°, which means 0° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 180°, preferably between 60° and 90°.
- Figures 5 and 6 schematically show part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a perspective view during the insertion of the platform seal strip.
- Figure 7 schematically shows part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a sectional and perspective view when the assembling process is finished.
- the forward cover disc 6 was attached to the disc 12. Then, the blades 151 were loaded onto the disc 12, for example by inserting at least part of the blade root 19 into corresponding grooves 20 in the disc 12. Between adjacent platforms 151 a gap is left. After loading the blades 151 onto the disc 12 the seal strips 1 are inserted into the gap between the platforms 3 of adjacent blades 151. This is schematically shown in Figures 5 and 6 .
- the first portion 31 is inserted into the blade root cavity 15 via an opening between two adjacent blades 151 close to the slot 24 in the platforms 3. In doing so the seal strip 1 is canted over or turned.
- the seal strip 1 is turned back into a correct position. The second portion 32 and part of the transition portion 35 slide into the slot 24.
- the finished insertion is shown in Figure 7 .
- Part of the second portion 32 and part of the transition portion 35 of the seals strip 1 engages into the slots 24 of the adjacent blades 151.
- the nose 13 of the first portion 31 is inserted into the corresponding groove 10 in the forward cover disc 6.
- a first cover plate in Figure 7 the aft cover disc 7, is attached to the disc 12.
- the nose 14 of the second portion 32 of the seal strip 1 is inserted or engages into the corresponding groove 11 of the aft cover disc 7.
- the present invention uses a single piece seal strip 1 to overcome inter seal leakage in order to make more efficient use of the cooling air.
- Cover discs 6 and 7 have been added to the front face 26 and the rear face 27 of the, for example CT, disc assembly.
- the cover discs 6 and 7 can contain and direct cooling air in a more efficient manner then in previously known solutions.
- the present layout gives the opportunity to improve the sealing at the blade platform as shown in Figures 3 and 5 to 7 .
- the seal strip 1 is a single piece, for example of metal, eliminating leaks and joint inter faces and making assembly easier.
- the assembly of the single piece strip is allowed due to profile of the strip as shown in Figure 4 .
- the narrow nose 13 allows it to be inserted into the gap between adjacent blades 151.
- the wider portion 32 of the strip then engages in the seal groove 24 machined into the side 23 of each blade 151, directly beneath the platform 3.
- the seal strip 1 is then pushed fully into the gap as shown in Figures 5 to 7 . Following the insertion of seal strips 1 the aft cover plate 7 is attached to retain the strip 1.
- an embodiment of the invention is related to a platform seal strip 1, in particular for use in a gas turbine blade assembly, the platform seal strip 1 having sections that are substantially planar and sections that are curved.
- the platform seal strip 1 comprises an upper side 36 and a lower side 37.
- the platform seal strip 1 particularly being a sheet of metal that is three-dimensionally formed.
- the platform seal strip 1 comprises a first portion 31 - the first portion 31 being substantially planar - and a second portion 32 - the second portion 32 being substantially planar -, the width 33 of the first portion 31 being smaller than the width 34 of the second portion 32.
- the first portion 31 and the second portion 32 are connected via bent or curved sections, such that the upper side 36 comprises a convex surface portion 41, 42 and the lower side 37 comprises a concave surface portion 43, 44.
- the convex surface portion 41 and the concave surface portion 43 are opposite surfaces of the platform seal strip 1.
- the convex surface portion 42 and the concave surface portion 44 are also opposite surfaces of the platform seal strip 1.
- a first bend defined by the convex surface portion 42 and the concave surface portion 44 may be sharper than a second bend defined by the convex surface portion 41 and the concave surface portion 43.
- the first bend may have a substantially sharp edge whereas the second bend defines a smooth transition between the first portion 31 and the second portion 32.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
Abstract
A platform seal strip (1), in particular for use in a gas turbine blade assembly, is described. It comprises an upper side (36), a lower side (37), a first portion (31) and a second portion (32). The width (33) of the first portion (31) is smaller than the width (34) of the second portion (32). The first portion (31) and the second portion (32) are at least partially bent downwards such that the upper side (36) comprises a convex surface portion (41, 42) and the lower side (37) comprises a concave surface portion (43, 44).
Description
- The present invention relates to a platform seal strip, a turbine blade assembly and a gas turbine. It further relates to a method for assembling a turbine blade assembly, for example a gas turbine blade assembly.
- The
documents EP 2 053 285 A1 andEP 2 053 286 A1 - In the document
US 3,918,842 a sealing member such as a wire is mounted in a groove between blade platforms of a gas turbine engine to seal between the adjacent platforms. -
US 6,561,764 B1 describes a gas turbine rotor comprising blade platforms with recesses into which insert strips are inserted. The recess reaches as far as the disc-side base of the blade platform and the insert strip to have a form fit to the disc, which protects against axial displacement in a direction of inserting of the gas turbine blade. -
US 3,834,831 disclosures gas turbine engine, wherein cooling fluid may escape through radially directed passageways within the turbine blade or through a space between the adjacent blade platforms. - It has been accepted that a leakage flow will occur between the adjacent blade platforms of gas turbine blades. The air is used to cool the underside of the platforms before it leaks into the gas path. Excessive cooling air leakage wastes valuable cooling air and has an impact on the engine efficiency. Currently the sealing of a blade root can have up to 3 small seals to cover the two vertical joints and the one horizontal joint making them difficult to assemble and prone to leaking when all components are hot.
- It is a first objective of the present invention to provide an advantageous seals strip, in particular for use in a gas turbine blade assembly. A second objective of the present invention is to provide an advantageous turbine blade assembly and an advantageous gas turbine. A third objective of the present invention is to provide an advantageous method for assembling a turbine blade assembly, for example a gas turbine blade assembly.
- The first objective is solved by a platform seals strip as claimed in
claim 1. The second objective is solved by a turbine blade assembly as claimed inclaim 5 and by a gas turbine as claimed inclaim 11. The third objective is solved by a method for assembling a turbine blade assembly as claimed inclaim 12. The depending claims define further developments of the present invention. - The inventive platform seals strip, in particular for use in a gas turbine blade assembly, comprises an upper side and a lower side. It further comprises a first portion and a second portion. The width of the first portion is smaller than the width of the second portion, which means that the width of the first portion has a smaller value than the width of the second portion. The first portion and the second portion are at least partially bent downwards such that the upper side comprises a convex surface portion and the lower side comprises a concave surface portion. In other words, the first portion and the second portion are bent towards the lower side.
- "Downward" may mean, once the seal strip is installed, in direction of an axis of rotation of the machine. "Downward" also defines the orientation of the bend in respect of the upper side and the lower side, meaning that "downward" is a motion in direction of the lower side.
- "Upper" and "lower" may merely define two opposite sides of the seal platform strip. Particularly "upper" may also mean, once the seal strip is installed, a direction away from of the axis of rotation of the machine. "Lower" may mean, once the seal strip is installed, a direction directed to the axis of rotation of the machine.
- The invention seal strip may for example have an U-shape or a shape like an U. Convex surface portion or concave surface portion means that at least part of the surface has a curvature or bending which is convex if seen from the upper side or upper surface and which is concave if seen from the lower side or lower surface of the first portion or of the second portion. As a result of the bending the first portion may comprise an upper surface portion with a surface normal and the second portion may comprise an upper surface portion with a surface normal which includes an angle α with the surface normal of the first portion between 0° and 180°, which means 0° < α ≤ 180°, advantageously between 90° and 180°.
- The inventive seal strip has the advantage that inter seal leakage, for example between two adjacent blade platforms can be overcome by using a single piece seals strip.
- Advantageously the inventive seal strip comprises a transition portion which is located between the first portion and the second portion. The width of the transition portion increases from the first portion to the second portion. Preferably the width of the transition portion continuously increases from the first portion to the second portion.
- Generally the platform seal strip may comprise metal or may consist of metal.
- Preferably the inventive seal strip comprises at least one nose. The nose may be located at the first portion or at the second portion. Advantageously one nose is located the first portion and an additional nose is located at the second portion. The nose is at least partially bent upwards such that the upper side of the seals strip with the nose comprises a concave surface portion and the lower side of the seal strip with the nose comprises a convex surface portion.
- In the context of the present invention the term nose describes a portion of the seal strip which is bent with respect to the adjacent first or second portion. For example, the nose may have a surface portion with a surface normal. The first portion or the second portion may comprise a surface adjacent to the nose. This surface may have a surface normal which may include an angle β with the surface normal of the nose portion between 0° and 180°, which means 0° < β < 180°, preferably between 60° and 90°.
- The inventive turbine blades assembly comprises a number of platform seal strip, as previously described, a disc and a number of blades. Each blade comprises a blade platform. The blades are connected to the disc, for example loaded onto the disc. Each seal strip is placed in a gap between the blade platforms of adjacent blades.
- The disc may comprise a rotation axis. The platform of each blade may comprise a side surface with a surface normal which includes a right angle with the rotation axis, especially when the blade is loaded onto a disc. The side surface of the platform may comprise a slot and part of the second portion of the seal strip engages in the slot.
- Furthermore, the platform may comprise a leading edge side or upstream side and a trailing edge side or downstream side. The slot preferably extents up to the trailing edge side or downstream side. Generally the leading edge side of the platform is defined such that it corresponds to the leading edge of the aerofoil portion of the blade and the trailing edge side of the platform is defined such that it corresponds to the trailing edge of the aerofoil portion of the blade.
- The disc can comprise a front face or upstream side and a rear face or downstream side, which are defined with respect to a hot gas flow through the turbine. A first cover plate or cover disc may be attached to the rear face of the turbine disc and/or a second cover plate may be attached to the front face of the turbine disc. Adding cover plates or cover discs to the front and/or rear face of the turbine disc assembly allows for making more efficient use of the cooling air. The cover plates or discs contain and direct cooling air in a more efficient manner than previously used, since they may comprise fluid channels for guiding cooling air.
- By means of the describe seal strip the sealing at the plate platform is improved. For example, the seal strip may comprise a nose which engages into a groove of the first cover plate or into a groove the second cover plate. Advantageously the seal strip comprises a first nose at the first portion and a second nose at the second portion. The first nose can engage into a groove of the cover plate at the front face and the second nose can engage into a groove of the cover plate at the rear face.
- Preferably only one seal strip is located between two adjacent blades. This reduces the number of necessary components to be assembled and reduces the time for assembling.
- The cover discs, especially the second cover discs or forward cover disc which is attached to the front face, may comprise a seal means, for example a C-seal or 0-ring or rope seal as appropriate. The seal means my comprise metal or may consist of metal. The seal means is preferably located such that it faces the leading edge side or the trailing edge side of the platform of the blade or the blade root.
- The inventive gas turbine comprises a turbine blade assembly as previously described. It generally has the same properties and advantages as described in conjunction with the inventive seal strip and the inventive turbine blade assembly.
- The inventive method for assembling a turbine blade assembly is related to a turbine blade assembly as previously described. The method comprises the steps of loading the number of blades onto the disc leaving a gap between the platforms of adjacent blades, inserting a seal strip into the gap between the platforms of two adjacent blades, and retaining the seal strips by attaching a first cover plate to the disc.
- Advantageously a second cover plate, for example a forward cover disc, may be attached to the disc before loading the blades onto the turbine disc. If the second cover plate is identical with a forward cover disc, than the first cover plate is identical with an aft cover disc. The forward cover disc may be connected to the front face of the disc and the aft cover disc may be connected to the rear face of the disc.
- Preferably a seal strip with at least one nose is used and the at least one nose is inserted into a groove in the first or in the second cover plate. Advantageously the seal strip comprises two noses and a first nose is inserted into a groove in the forward cover disc and the second nose is inserted into a groove in the aft cover disc.
- Moreover, a seal means can be positioned between the first cover plate, for example the aft cover disc, and the turbine disc. Additionally or alternatively a seal means can be positioned between the second cover plate, for example a forward cover disc, and the turbine disc. A C-seal or an 0-ring or a rope seal can be used as seal means. The used seal means may comprise metal or may consist of metal.
- The present invention improves the sealing of turbine hot blade components. By improving the sealing also the cooling of a turbine blade can be improved. Furthermore, the amount of cooling air consumed by the turbine blades can be reduced. Moreover, the lifetime of the components is increased, leakages are reduced and the cooling air efficiency is improved. Furthermore, the part count and assembly time is reduced.
- Further features, properties and advantages of the present invention will become clear from the following description of embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The embodiments do not limit the scope of the present invention which is determined by the appended claims. All described features are advantageous as separate features or in any combination with each other.
- It has to be noted that embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to different subject matters. In particular, some embodiments have been described with reference to apparatus type claims whereas other embodiments have been described with reference to method type claims. However, a person skilled in the art will gather from the above and the following description that, unless other notified, in addition to any combination of features belonging to one type of subject matter also any combination between features relating to different subject matters, in particular between features of the apparatus type claims and features of the method type claims is considered as to be disclosed with this document.
- Fig. 1
- schematically shows a gas turbine.
- Fig. 2
- schematically shows part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a sectional and perspective view.
- Fig. 3
- schematically shows the cooling fluid flow in part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a sectional and perspective view.
- Fig. 4
- schematically shows an inventive
platform seal strip 1 in a perspective view. - Figs. 5 and 6
- schematically show part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a perspective view during the insertion of the platform seal strip.
- Fig. 7
- schematically shows part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a sectional and perspective view when the assembling process is finished.
-
Figure 1 schematically shows a gas turbine. A gas turbine comprises a rotation axis with a rotor. The rotor comprises ashaft 107. Along the rotor a suction portion with acasing 109, acompressor 101, acombustion portion 151, aturbine 105 and an exhaust portion with acasing 190 are located. - The
combustion portion 151 communicates with a hot gas flow channel which may have a circular cross section, for example. Theturbine 105 comprises a number of turbine stages. Each turbine stage comprises rings of turbine blades. Inflow direction 103 of the hot gas in the hot gas flow channel a ring ofturbine guide vanes 117 is followed by a ring ofturbine rotor blades 115. Theturbine guide vanes 117 are connected to an inner casing of a stator. Theturbine rotor blades 115 are connected to the rotor. The rotor is connected to a generator, for example. - During operation of the gas turbine air is sucked and compressed by means of the
compressor 101. The compressed air is led to thecombustion portion 151 and is mixed with fuel. The mixture of air and fuel is then combusted. The resulting hot combustion gas flows through a hot gas flow channel to theturbine guide vanes 117 and theturbine rotor blades 115 and actuates the rotor. -
Figure 2 schematically shows part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a sectional and perspective view. The turbine blade assembly comprises adisc 12, a number ofrotor blades 151, a first cover plate oraft cover disc 7 and a second cover plate orforward cover disc 6. Therotor blades 151 are mounted onto thedisc 12. - The
disc 12 comprises a front face orupstream side 26 and a rear face ordownstream side 27, which are defined with respect to the hotgas flow direction 103. Before loading theblades 151 onto thedisc 12, theforward cover disc 6 is connected to thefront face 26. Theaft cover disc 7 is connected to therear face 27. Theaft cover disc 7 is fitted after theblades 151 andseal strips 1 are loaded to thedisc 12. - A seal means 8 is placed between the
forward cover disc 6 and theblades 151, for example part of theplatforms 3 of the blades, especially for preventing a hot gas flow into theblade root cavity 15. A further seal means 16 is placed between theforward cover disc 6 and thefront face 26 of thedisc 12. The seal means 8 and/or the seal means 16 may comprise metal or may consist of metal. The seal means 8 and/or seal means 16 may be a C-seal or an 0-ring or a rope seal. - Moreover, between the
aft cover disc 7 and theblades 151, for example part of theplatform 3 of theblades 151, a seal means 9 is positioned, for example to prevent a hot gas flow into theblade root cavity 15. The seal means 9 may have the same properties as the previously described seal means 8 or seal means 16. - The
blades 151 comprise anaerofoil portion 2, ablade platform 3 and ablade root 19, which is not shown inFigure 2 . Theblade platform 3 is located between theaerofoil portion 2 and theblade root 19. Theblade aerofoil portion 2 comprises aleading edge 4 and a trailingedge 5. - When loaded onto the
disc 12, a small gap occurs between theplatforms 3 of theadjacent blades 151. To seal this gap an inventiveplatform seal strip 1 is inserted between theadjacent platforms 3. Preferably only oneplatform seal strip 1 is inserted between each twoadjacent platforms 3. -
Fig. 3 schematically shows the cooling fluid flow in part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a sectional and perspective view. Theblades 151 comprise a blade underplatform cavity 15, which is located inside theblade 151 below theplatform 3 towards theblade root 19. Through this blade underplatform cavity 15 cooling fluid, for example cooling air, can be guided into theaerofoil portion 2. - Between the
disc 12 and the forward cover disc 6 aflow channel 17 is formed, through which cooling fluid can be guided into the blade underplatform cavity 15. The direction of the cooling fluid flow is indicated byarrows 18. - The
platform portion 3 of theblade 151 comprises aleading edge side 21, corresponding to the leading edge of theaerofoil portion 4, a trailingedge side 22, corresponding to the trailingedge 5 of theaerofoil portion 2, and aside surface 23. The side surfaces 23 ofadjacent blades 151 are facing towards each other. Theside surface 23 comprises a surface normal 25. The surface normal 25 includes a right angle with arotation axis 102 of thedisc 12. Therotation axis 102 of thedisc 12 may correspond to therotation axis 102 of a gas turbine. - The
side surface 23 of theplatform 3 comprises aslot 24. The slot runs nearly parallel to therotation axis 102 and extends up to the trailingedge side 22. Part of theplatform seal strip 1 engages into theslot 24. - The
platform seal strip 1 comprises a first nose orrebate 13 and a second nose orrebate 14. Thefirst nose 13 engages into a correspondinggroove 10 in theforward cover disc 6. Thesecond nose 14 engages into a correspondinggroove 11 in theaft cover disc 7. This provides a very effective seal between theforward cover disc 6, theplatform 3 and theaft cover disc 7, as well as betweenadjacent blade platforms 3. - The inventive platform seal strip will now be described with reference to
Figure 4. Figure 4 schematically shows an inventiveplatform seal strip 1 in a perspective view. Theseal strip 1 comprises afirst portion 31 and asecond portion 32. Thefirst portion 31 has awidth 33. Thesecond portion 32 has awidth 34, which is larger than thewidth 33 of thefirst portion 31. Between thefirst portion 31 and the second portion 32 atransition portion 35 is located. The width of thetransition portion 35 decreases continuously from thesecond portion 32 towards thefirst portion 31. - The platform seals
strip 1 further comprises anupper side 36 and alower side 37. Thefirst portion 31 comprises a bending towards thelower side 37. As result the bending forms aconvex surface portion 41 of theupper side 36 and aconcave surface portion 43 of thelower side 37. Thesecond portion 32 also comprises a bending towards thelower side 37. The bending forms aconvex surface portion 42 of theupper side 36 and aconcave surface portion 44 of thelower side 37. As a result of the two bending or curvatures of theplatform seal strip 1 thefirst portion 31 comprises an upper side surface portion with an surface normal 71 and thesecond portion 32 comprises an upper side surface portion with a surface normal 72, which includes an angel α having a value between 0° and 180° (0° < α ≤ 180°). InFigure 4 the angle α has a value between 160° and 180°. Because of the bending of thefirst portion 31 and thesecond portion 32 theplatform seal strip 1 has a shape of a U in a side view, as for example shown inFigure 3 . - The
first portion 31 further comprises anose 13. Thenose 13 is bent such that theupper side 36 comprises aconcave surface portion 53 and thelower side 37 comprises aconvex surface portion 51. Thesecond portion 32 also comprises anose 14, which is at least partially bent towards theupper side 36. The bending of thenose 14 forms aconcave surface portion 54 at theupper side 36 and aconvex surface portion 52 at alower side 37. - For example, the
noses Figure 4 the surface normal 73 of thenose 14 is shown as example. The first portion or the second portion may comprise a surface adjacent to the nose. This surface may have a surface normal, for example the surface normal 72 of the second portion, which includes an angle β with the surface normal 73 of thenose portion 14 between 0° and 180°, which means 0° < β < 180°, preferably between 60° and 90°. - The inventive method for assembling a turbine blade assembly will now be described with reference to
Figures 5, 6 and7 .Figures 5 and 6 schematically show part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a perspective view during the insertion of the platform seal strip.Figure 7 schematically shows part of an inventive turbine blade assembly in a sectional and perspective view when the assembling process is finished. - At first the
forward cover disc 6 was attached to thedisc 12. Then, theblades 151 were loaded onto thedisc 12, for example by inserting at least part of theblade root 19 into correspondinggrooves 20 in thedisc 12. Between adjacent platforms 151 a gap is left. After loading theblades 151 onto thedisc 12 the seal strips 1 are inserted into the gap between theplatforms 3 ofadjacent blades 151. This is schematically shown inFigures 5 and 6 . InFigure 5 thefirst portion 31 is inserted into theblade root cavity 15 via an opening between twoadjacent blades 151 close to theslot 24 in theplatforms 3. In doing so theseal strip 1 is canted over or turned. InFigure 6 theseal strip 1 is turned back into a correct position. Thesecond portion 32 and part of thetransition portion 35 slide into theslot 24. - The finished insertion is shown in
Figure 7 . Part of thesecond portion 32 and part of thetransition portion 35 of theseals strip 1 engages into theslots 24 of theadjacent blades 151. Thenose 13 of thefirst portion 31 is inserted into the correspondinggroove 10 in theforward cover disc 6. For retaining the seal strips 1 and the blades 151 a first cover plate, inFigure 7 theaft cover disc 7, is attached to thedisc 12. Thenose 14 of thesecond portion 32 of theseal strip 1 is inserted or engages into the correspondinggroove 11 of theaft cover disc 7. - Generally the present invention uses a single
piece seal strip 1 to overcome inter seal leakage in order to make more efficient use of the cooling air.Cover discs front face 26 and therear face 27 of the, for example CT, disc assembly. Thecover discs Figures 3 and5 to 7 . - The benefit of the invention is that the
seal strip 1 is a single piece, for example of metal, eliminating leaks and joint inter faces and making assembly easier. The assembly of the single piece strip is allowed due to profile of the strip as shown inFigure 4 . Thenarrow nose 13 allows it to be inserted into the gap betweenadjacent blades 151. Thewider portion 32 of the strip then engages in theseal groove 24 machined into theside 23 of eachblade 151, directly beneath theplatform 3. Theseal strip 1 is then pushed fully into the gap as shown inFigures 5 to 7 . Following the insertion ofseal strips 1 theaft cover plate 7 is attached to retain thestrip 1. - To summarise, an embodiment of the invention is related to a
platform seal strip 1, in particular for use in a gas turbine blade assembly, theplatform seal strip 1 having sections that are substantially planar and sections that are curved. Theplatform seal strip 1 comprises anupper side 36 and alower side 37. Theplatform seal strip 1 particularly being a sheet of metal that is three-dimensionally formed. Theplatform seal strip 1 comprises a first portion 31 - thefirst portion 31 being substantially planar - and a second portion 32 - thesecond portion 32 being substantially planar -, thewidth 33 of thefirst portion 31 being smaller than thewidth 34 of thesecond portion 32. Thefirst portion 31 and thesecond portion 32 are connected via bent or curved sections, such that theupper side 36 comprises aconvex surface portion lower side 37 comprises aconcave surface portion convex surface portion 41 and theconcave surface portion 43 are opposite surfaces of theplatform seal strip 1. Theconvex surface portion 42 and theconcave surface portion 44 are also opposite surfaces of theplatform seal strip 1. A first bend defined by theconvex surface portion 42 and theconcave surface portion 44 may be sharper than a second bend defined by theconvex surface portion 41 and theconcave surface portion 43. The first bend may have a substantially sharp edge whereas the second bend defines a smooth transition between thefirst portion 31 and thesecond portion 32.
Claims (15)
- A platform seal strip (1), in particular for use in a gas turbine blade assembly, comprising an upper side (36), a lower side (37), a first portion (31) and a second portion (32), the width (33) of the first portion (31) being smaller than the width (34) of the second portion (32),
characterised in that
the first portion (31) and the second portion (32) are at least partially bent downwards such that the upper side (36) comprises a convex surface portion (41, 42) and the lower side (37) comprises a concave surface portion (43, 44). - The platform seal strip (1) as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that
it comprises a transition portion (35) which is located between the first portion (31) and the second portion (32), wherein the width of the transition portion (35) increases from the first portion (31) to the second portion (32). - The platform seal strip (1) as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2,
characterised in that
it comprises metal. - The platform seal strip (1) as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 3,
characterised in that
it comprises at least one nose (13, 14) located at the first portion (31) or at the second portion (32) which is at least partially bent upwards such that the upper side (36) comprises a concave surface portion (53, 54) and the lower side (37) comprises a convex surface portion (51, 52). - A turbine blade assembly comprising a number of platform seal strips (1) as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 4, a disc (12) and a number of blades (151), each blade (151) comprising a blade platform (3), wherein the blades (151) are connected to the disc (12) and each platform seal strip (1) is placed in a gap between the blade platforms (3) of adjacent blades (151).
- The turbine assembly as claimed in claim 5,
wherein the disc (12) comprises a rotation axis (102) and the platform (3) of each blade (151) comprises a side surface (23) with a surface normal (25) which includes a right angle with the rotation axis (102),
characterised in that
the side surface (23) comprises a slot (24) and part of the second portion (32) of the platform seal strip (1) engages in the slot (24). - The turbine assembly as claimed in claim 6,
characterised in that
the platform (3) comprises a leading edge side (21) and a trailing edge side (22) and the slot (24) extends up to the trailing edge side (22). - The turbine assembly as claimed in any of the claims 5 to 7,
characterised in that the disc (12) comprises a front face (26) and a rear face (27) and a first cover plate (7) is attached to the rear face (27) and/or a second cover plate (6) is attached to the front face (26). - The turbine assembly as claimed in claim 8,
characterised in that
the platform seal strip (1) comprises a nose (13, 14) which engages into a groove (11) of the first cover plate (7) or into a groove (10) of the second cover plate (12). - The turbine assembly as claimed in any of the claims 5 to 9,
characterised in that
only one platform seal strip (1) is located between two adjacent blades (151). - A gas turbine comprising a turbine blade assembly as claimed in any of the claims 5 to 10.
- A method for assembling a turbine blade assembly as claimed in any of the claims 5 to 10,
comprising the steps of:- loading the number of blades (151) onto the disc (12) leaving a gap between the platforms (3) of adjacent blades (151),- inserting a platform seal strip (1) into the gap between the platforms (3) of two adjacent blades (151), and- retaining the platform seal strips (1) by attaching a first cover plate (7) to the disc (12). - The method as claimed in claim 12,
characterised in
attaching a second cover plate (6) to the disc (12) before loading the blades (151) onto the disc (12). - The method as claimed in claim 12 or claim 13,
characterised in
using a platform seal strip (1) as claimed in claim 4 and inserting the at least one nose (13, 14) into a groove (10, 11) in the first (7) or second cover plate (6). - The method as claimed in any of the claims 12 to 14,
characterised in
positioning a seal means (9) between the first cover plate (7) and the disc (12) and/or positioning a seal means (8, 16) between the second cover plate (6) and the disc (12).
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP20120173650 EP2679770A1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2012-06-26 | Platform seal strip for a gas turbine |
EP13730166.9A EP2864593A1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-12 | Platform seal strip, turbine blade assembly and method for assembling it |
PCT/EP2013/062115 WO2014001084A1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-12 | Platform seal strip, turbine blade assembly and method for assembling it |
US14/405,826 US20150125301A1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-12 | Platform seal strip, turbine blade assembly and method for assembling it |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP20120173650 EP2679770A1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2012-06-26 | Platform seal strip for a gas turbine |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2679770A1 true EP2679770A1 (en) | 2014-01-01 |
Family
ID=48669897
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20120173650 Withdrawn EP2679770A1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2012-06-26 | Platform seal strip for a gas turbine |
EP13730166.9A Withdrawn EP2864593A1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-12 | Platform seal strip, turbine blade assembly and method for assembling it |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP13730166.9A Withdrawn EP2864593A1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-12 | Platform seal strip, turbine blade assembly and method for assembling it |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20150125301A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP2679770A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2014001084A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
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EP2886800A1 (en) * | 2013-12-18 | 2015-06-24 | Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co KG | Guide vane assembly for a gas turbine and corresponding strip seal |
EP3101236A1 (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2016-12-07 | United Technologies Corporation | Trailing edge platform seals |
WO2017136625A1 (en) * | 2016-02-03 | 2017-08-10 | Dresser-Rand Company | System and method for cooling a fluidized catalytic cracking expander |
FR3092863A1 (en) * | 2019-02-15 | 2020-08-21 | Safran Aircraft Engines | Turbine wheel for aircraft turbomachines comprising sealing members for inter-blade cavities |
US10851661B2 (en) | 2017-08-01 | 2020-12-01 | General Electric Company | Sealing system for a rotary machine and method of assembling same |
EP3839218A1 (en) * | 2019-12-20 | 2021-06-23 | General Electric Company | Improved rotor blade sealing structures |
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US9719427B2 (en) | 2014-01-21 | 2017-08-01 | Solar Turbines Incorporated | Turbine blade platform seal assembly validation |
US9724780B2 (en) | 2014-06-05 | 2017-08-08 | Honeywell International Inc. | Dual alloy turbine rotors and methods for manufacturing the same |
US10030530B2 (en) * | 2014-07-31 | 2018-07-24 | United Technologies Corporation | Reversible blade rotor seal |
US10196913B1 (en) | 2014-12-17 | 2019-02-05 | United Technologies Corporation | Featherseal having tapered radial portion |
US9822644B2 (en) | 2015-02-27 | 2017-11-21 | Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. | Rotor blade vibration damper |
US10066485B2 (en) * | 2015-12-04 | 2018-09-04 | General Electric Company | Turbomachine blade cover plate having radial cooling groove |
US10655489B2 (en) | 2018-01-04 | 2020-05-19 | General Electric Company | Systems and methods for assembling flow path components |
FR3085420B1 (en) | 2018-09-04 | 2020-11-13 | Safran Aircraft Engines | ROTOR DISC WITH BLADE AXIAL STOP, SET OF DISC AND RING AND TURBOMACHINE |
FR3092865B1 (en) * | 2019-02-19 | 2021-01-29 | Safran Aircraft Engines | ROTOR DISK WITH BLADE AXIAL STOP, DISC AND RING SET AND TURBOMACHINE |
US11125093B2 (en) * | 2019-10-22 | 2021-09-21 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Vane with L-shaped seal |
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EP3839218A1 (en) * | 2019-12-20 | 2021-06-23 | General Electric Company | Improved rotor blade sealing structures |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2014001084A1 (en) | 2014-01-03 |
US20150125301A1 (en) | 2015-05-07 |
EP2864593A1 (en) | 2015-04-29 |
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