EP2585627A1 - Procede de renforcement des proprietes mecaniques d'une fibre vegetale - Google Patents
Procede de renforcement des proprietes mecaniques d'une fibre vegetaleInfo
- Publication number
- EP2585627A1 EP2585627A1 EP11737999.0A EP11737999A EP2585627A1 EP 2585627 A1 EP2585627 A1 EP 2585627A1 EP 11737999 A EP11737999 A EP 11737999A EP 2585627 A1 EP2585627 A1 EP 2585627A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- relative humidity
- fiber
- plant fiber
- value
- minutes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01B—MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF NATURAL FIBROUS OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL TO OBTAIN FIBRES OF FILAMENTS, e.g. FOR SPINNING
- D01B9/00—Other mechanical treatment of natural fibrous or filamentary material to obtain fibres or filaments
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01G—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
- D01G99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- D01G99/005—Conditioning of textile fibre during treatment before spinning
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for strengthening the mechanical properties of a plant fiber. More particularly, the invention relates to a method of hygro-thermo mechanical treatment to improve the mechanical properties (eg rigidity) of a plant fiber.
- plant fibers have many advantages: renewable resources, abundant, cheap, with high specific mechanical properties ..., justifying their use in the manufacture of composites.
- Natural fiber composites are already used in the automotive and construction industries. Other applications requiring high mechanical performance are envisaged in order to fully exploit this plant resource.
- the mechanical performance of the composites depends on the properties of the constituents (fibers and matrix), their microstructure and the strength of the adhesion interface.
- Vegetable fibers also have the major advantage of having a much lower density than glass fibers (1 to 1.5 against 2.5) leading to specific mechanical properties sometimes higher than those of glass fibers.
- the applicants have successfully demonstrated that the stiffening phenomenon was partially reversible at ambient temperature and humidity.
- the applicants observed that when mechanical tensile stresses were applied to plant fibers exposed to an environment where the humidity level was high, rigidity tended to increase sharply. They also observed that this phenomenon of rigidity was amplified as a result of a gradual decrease in the humidity rate in the immediate environment of the plant fiber. They have had the merit of developing a process which, by applying axial tensile stresses at different relative humidity levels in the air surrounding the plant fiber, further enhances the mechanical properties of the plant fibers and especially their rigidity.
- the invention relates to a process for reinforcing the mechanical properties of a plant fiber comprising the application of axial tensile stresses on the plant fiber, the tensile stresses applied being between 1% and 70%, preferably 10% the breaking stress of the plant fiber and the relative humidity level in the air surrounding the plant fiber is initially that of ambient relative humidity (HRa), then possibly decreased to a value (HR1) d at most 20%) relative humidity, then increased to a value (HR2) of between 75% o and 100%), preferably between 80%> to 95% and very preferably to 90%> humidity relative and then decreased to a value (HR3) of at most 25%, preferably between 5% and 20% and very preferably at 10% relative humidity.
- HRa ambient relative humidity
- Young's modulus also called modulus of elasticity or modulus of traction
- This Young's modulus is the constant which connects the stress of traction (or compression) and deformation for an isotropic elastic material.
- a material whose Young's modulus is very high is said to be rigid.
- the Young's modulus is calculated from the stress-strain curve.
- the stress is the ratio of the axial force to the section of the specimen.
- Deformation is the ratio of the extension to the initial length of the fiber.
- the Young's modulus can be calculated from the stress-strain curve by three methods: linear regression, chordal method and tangent method. However, in the case of most plant fibers, it is preferable to use the tangent method. Finally, it is best to always use the same method so that the comparison of results is objective.
- Axial tensile stresses means a tensile action that is performed on a sample (for example, a plant fiber), when the latter is fixed at one of its ends and that is pulled on the other end with a force F or when it is fixed at both ends and that one pulls on both ends with a force F.
- Ambient relative humidity refers to the ambient relative humidity of the test rooms. It can vary according to the seasons and the times of the day if the room is not air-conditioned. The current values are between 10 and 85%, preferably between 25% and 50% and more preferably between 30% and 50% relative humidity.
- the method of the invention is implemented for example using a DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) apparatus of the Bose brand (Electroforce 3230).
- This DMA device uses an electromagnetic actuator to apply axial tensile stresses. These tensile stresses can be exerted either at both ends of the plant fiber, or at only one end of the plant fiber.
- the device is also equipped with a high resolution system providing displacement control of the order of 0.1 micron and effort of 1 mN. It also makes it possible to apply the axial tensile stresses at frequencies of between 10 -4 and 200 Hz for temperatures ranging from -150 to 300 ° C.
- This commercial apparatus may optionally be implemented with a relative humidity generator which allows to control the humidity relative to the air surrounding the plant fiber and thus allow the exposure of plant fibers to high relative humidity levels and low relative humidity levels.
- the method according to the invention can also be implemented using a conventional testing machine with the resolutions required in displacement and effort.
- These traditional machines are mostly electric, pneumatic or hydraulic.
- the method according to the invention is also characterized in that the axial tensile stresses applied on the plant fiber are sinusoidal functions of time having a frequency (f) of between 10 ⁇ 4 and 200 Hz, preferably between 1 and 10 Hz. and very preferably at 1 Hz.
- the response of the material is of the same frequency f as the bias but out of phase by an angle ⁇ with respect to the bias.
- the application of the axial tensile stresses on the plant fiber are repeated at regular intervals.
- the number of axial tensile stresses required according to the invention for the rigidity of the fiber to be increased to a value of 3.5 is between 1,000 and 120,000, preferably between 10,000 and 80,000 and more preferably 65,000. .
- the relative humidity level is possibly reduced from the value HRa to the value HR1 in 1 minute at 60 minutes,
- the relative humidity level is optionally stabilized at the HR1 value for 1 minute at 60 minutes,
- the relative humidity level is increased from the value HRa or HR1 to the value HR2 in 1 minute to 60 minutes, that is to say that it is not essential to first reduce the rate of humidity at HR1; we can actually increase the humidity from HRa to HR2 directly; the relative humidity level is then stabilized at HR 2 for 1 minute to 60 minutes, preferably between 5 minutes and 40 minutes and more preferably for 30 minutes;
- the relative humidity level is reduced from the HR2 value to the HR3 value in 1 minute to 60 minutes, and
- the relative humidity is optionally stabilized at HR3 for 1 minute to 60 minutes, preferably between 5 minutes and 40 minutes and more preferably for 30 minutes. According to a particular embodiment of the method according to the invention,
- the relative humidity level is possibly reduced from the value HRa to the value HR1 in 1 minute at 60 minutes,
- the relative humidity level is optionally stabilized at the HR1 value for 1 minute at 60 minutes,
- the relative humidity level is increased from the HR1 value to the HR2 value in 1 minute at 60 minutes,
- the relative humidity level is then stabilized at HR 2 for 1 minute to 60 minutes, preferably between 5 minutes and 40 minutes and more preferably for 30 minutes,
- the relative humidity level is reduced from the HR2 value to the HR3 value in 1 minute to 60 minutes, and
- the relative humidity is optionally stabilized at HR3 for 1 minute to 60 minutes, preferably between 5 minutes and 40 minutes and more preferably for 30 minutes.
- the relative humidity level is increased from the HRa value to the HR2 value in 1 minute to 60 minutes,
- the relative humidity level is then stabilized at HR 2 for 1 minute to 60 minutes, preferably between 5 minutes and 40 minutes and more preferably for 30 minutes; the relative humidity level is reduced from the HR2 value to the HR3 value in 1 minute to 60 minutes, and
- the relative humidity is optionally stabilized at HR3 for 1 minute to 60 minutes, preferably between 5 minutes and 40 minutes and more preferably for 30 minutes.
- the stabilization phases HRa and / or HR1 make it possible to bring the fibers to a relative humidity at the beginning of treatment which is always identical.
- the drying of fibers for example by the possible phase of stabilization HR3, is an important step before making the composites.
- any treatment producing a drop in humidity in the air surrounding the plant fiber at less than 20% relative humidity can be used.
- This decrease in relative humidity can therefore be effected for example by means of a humidity generator integrated in a DMA-type apparatus, by the use of drying salts and / or by increasing the temperature.
- the axial tensile stresses are applied to the plant fiber for the complete duration of the process. process.
- the application of axial tensile stresses on the plant fiber is simultaneously with the exposure of said fiber to varying conditions of relative humidity in the air surrounding the plant fiber.
- the axial tensile stresses are applied to the plant fiber during at least one of the stages of stabilization of the relative humidity, that is to say at HRa, at HR1, HR2 or HR3, preferably HR2 and HR3.
- the application of axial tensile stresses on the plant fiber is done before or after exposing said fiber to varying conditions of relative humidity in the air surrounding the plant fiber.
- a typical test protocol could be: 1) stabilization of the relative humidity at a certain value before starting the application of axial tensile stresses; 2) beginning of the application of axial tensile stresses on the plant fiber; 3) stop the application of axial tensile stresses after a certain time; 4) variation of the relative humidity rate and recommencement of the application of axial tensile stresses.
- a feature of the invention is that the method further comprises exposing the plant fiber to varying temperature conditions, said temperature conditions being between 10 ° C and 90 ° C, preferably between 15 ° C and 70 ° C. ° C and very preferably at 25 ° C.
- the temperature during the complete duration of the process remains stable at 25 ° C.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the plant fiber is derived from annual plants, preferably chosen from hemp, flax, jute, ramie and sisal. , kenaf, nettle or abaca and very preferably hemp and that it is present in the form of a unitary or elemental plant fiber, a bundle of fibers, a fiber yarn or a fiber mat.
- plant fiber means a unit or elemental fiber, a bundle of fibers, a fiber yarn or a fiber mat
- Unit or elemental fiber means an elongate plant cell.
- the unit fiber is composed of a cell wall encompassing a cellular void.
- the diameter generally varies from approximately 15 to 40 microns for a length of a few tens of mm to a few mm depending on the species considered.
- “Bundle of fibers” means a set of 10 to 40 spindle-shaped unitary fibers with a generally polygonal cross-section and variable length.
- An annual plant stem generally has between 30 to 40 fiber bundles arranged longitudinally (see Fig. 1);
- Fiber yarn means a long, thin strand of unit fibers or bundles of fibers parallel to each other, more or less twisted (e) s; a “fiber mat” is an anisotropic composite structure.
- reinforcements often called mats: 1) unidirectional (UD) which are fibers assembled parallel to each other and 2) tissues or woven which consist of perpendicular warp and weft between them, the mode of intercrossing or armor characterizing them. We distinguish classically taffeta, twill and satin.
- 1 represents a plant fiber from the stem to the cell wall in which (1) represents a rod (a few millimeters in diameter), (2) represents a bundle of fibers (a few tens of unit fibers), (3) represents a unitary / elementary fiber of 20 to 40 micrometers in diameter comprising a cellular void (4), a primary wall (5), a mean lamella ensuring cohesion between unit fibers (6), a secondary wall (7) having SI sections, S2 and S3. Fibrils (about 0.1 ⁇ in diameter) and micro fibrils (about 100 angstrom in diameter). Finally, it is also possible to visualize the angle of about ten degrees (10) which is formed with the longitudinal axis of the fiber.
- unit fibers can be taken manually from bundles of fibers (called the "laboratory” method), by machines (called the mechanical method - often derived from the textile industry) or by using a pectin-degrading product that ensures cohesion between unit fibers (called chemical method).
- the process according to the invention has the major advantage of imparting reinforced mechanical properties to a material (vegetable fiber) without resorting to chemical treatment or energy-intensive processes. It is a way of exploiting the full potential of a material delivered by nature by "reshaping" its structure under the effect of physical and mechanical stresses. In addition, it is a treatment process that is quite within the reach of industry and should not cause significant additional cost compared to the level of increase in the mechanical properties of the material.
- Another object of the invention relates to a plant fiber with improved mechanical properties that can be obtained by the process as defined according to the present invention.
- the invention particularly relates to the use of the method as defined according to the present invention to enhance the mechanical properties of plant fibers.
- Another object of the invention relates to a vegetable fiber with improved mechanical properties characterized in that its initial rigidity is increased by a factor greater than 1.6 in the longitudinal axis, preferably by a factor of between 2.5 and 4 and even more preferably by a factor of 3.5 (this factor being expressed thanks to the Young's modulus).
- a factor greater than 1.6 in the longitudinal axis preferably by a factor of between 2.5 and 4 and even more preferably by a factor of 3.5 (this factor being expressed thanks to the Young's modulus).
- Fig. 1 Schematic representation of a plant fiber from the stem to the cell wall.
- Fig. 2 Curve representing the storage module and the loss module as a function of time during cyclic voltage stresses and variation of the humidity level at a constant temperature of 25 ° C.
- Fig. 3 Curve representing the evolution of the length of the fiber during the test described in FIG. 2, that is to say as a function of time during cyclic voltage stresses and variation of the moisture content at a given time. constant temperature of 25 ° C.
- the inventors have studied the influence of axial tensile stresses on the mechanical properties of a hemp fiber ⁇ Cannabis sativa L., supplied by the Chanvrière de l'Aube) in association with a variation relative humidity and constant temperature at 25 ° C. Preparation of the fibers:
- Unit fibers of hemp are taken manually from bundles of fibers and positioned on a windowed paper frame. A dot of glue is added to each end of the fiber. The paper frame is then put into place in the anchoring jaws of the traction machine. The paper frame is then cut to apply axial tensile stresses to the fiber only.
- the hemp fiber is then subjected to repeated axial tensile stresses and sinusoidal at a frequency of 1 Hz thanks to a DMA type device (Electroforce 3230) with built-in relative humidity generator.
- the peak-to-peak amplitude of the applied stress is equal to about 10% of the breaking stress (ie about 50 mN peak to peak).
- the relative humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the fiber is then increased gradually to reach a value of 90%. After a stabilization time at this level of humidity greater than 30 min, the relative humidity is then decreased to a value close to 10%, and then stabilized for more than half an hour.
- the axial tensile stresses are repeated at regular intervals during the complete duration of the protocol and the temperature surrounding the plant fiber is kept constant at 25 ° C.
- the viscoelastic properties are calculated from the force and displacement values measured as well as from the dimensions of the sample.
- the diameter of the fiber is calculated from measurements made at 5 points along the fiber.
- the deformation is calculated from the value of the displacement of the crosshead of the machine.
- the stress, from the value of the force is of the initial section of the fiber. For the calculation of the section of the fiber, the cellular void has been neglected because of the difficulty of measuring its dimensions.
- the storage and loss modules are calculated according to the following method.
- the loss coefficient or loss factor, tanô (also called tangent of loss), is directly related to the viscoelastic properties and is expressed as follows:
- the phase shift ⁇ between the stress and the deformation depends on the frequency, the temperature and the water content.
- the storage and loss modules are expressed in Pascal (Pa) and are homogeneous at a density of energy.
- E ' represents the stored strain energy and E "the strain energy dissipated.
- FIG. 3 demonstrates that the length of the fiber increases substantially simultaneously with the increase in rigidity.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1055157A FR2961830B1 (fr) | 2010-06-28 | 2010-06-28 | Procede de renforcement des proprietes mecaniques d'une fibre vegetale |
| PCT/FR2011/051429 WO2012001268A1 (fr) | 2010-06-28 | 2011-06-21 | Procede de renforcement des proprietes mecaniques d'une fibre vegetale |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2585627A1 true EP2585627A1 (fr) | 2013-05-01 |
| EP2585627B1 EP2585627B1 (fr) | 2014-11-19 |
Family
ID=43567752
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP11737999.0A Not-in-force EP2585627B1 (fr) | 2010-06-28 | 2011-06-21 | Procede de renforcement des proprietes mecaniques d'une fibre vegetale |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2585627B1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2961830B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2012001268A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1383267A (fr) * | 1963-12-11 | 1964-12-24 | Deering Milliken Res Corp | Procédé de traitement de matières cellulosiques |
| CH473943A (de) * | 1965-05-18 | 1969-07-31 | Heberlein & Co Ag | Verfahren zur Verbesserung der textilen Eigenschaften von vernetzten, cellulosehaltigen textilen Flächengebilden |
| GB1174003A (en) * | 1967-01-24 | 1969-12-10 | Linen Ind Res Ass | A method of Treating Textile Fibres |
-
2010
- 2010-06-28 FR FR1055157A patent/FR2961830B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-06-21 WO PCT/FR2011/051429 patent/WO2012001268A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2011-06-21 EP EP11737999.0A patent/EP2585627B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2012001268A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2961830B1 (fr) | 2013-04-12 |
| WO2012001268A1 (fr) | 2012-01-05 |
| EP2585627B1 (fr) | 2014-11-19 |
| FR2961830A1 (fr) | 2011-12-30 |
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