EP2491631A1 - Device for recharging and equalizing a battery - Google Patents
Device for recharging and equalizing a batteryInfo
- Publication number
- EP2491631A1 EP2491631A1 EP10718464A EP10718464A EP2491631A1 EP 2491631 A1 EP2491631 A1 EP 2491631A1 EP 10718464 A EP10718464 A EP 10718464A EP 10718464 A EP10718464 A EP 10718464A EP 2491631 A1 EP2491631 A1 EP 2491631A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- single cell
- charge state
- representative
- parameter
- deviation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
- H02J7/52—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially for charge balancing, e.g. equalisation of charge between batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for recharging and balancing a battery, used in particular for electrical traction, according to the general part of claim 1 ; the invention further relates to the method for recharging and balancing a battery carried out by the above device.
- Power batteries to be applied in the field of electrical traction consist of one or more groups, commonly called "packs", each one of which may consist of one or more modules, that is, groups of elementary cells connected to each other in series, parallel or series/parallel mode.
- Elementary cells internally consist of a cathode, an anode, a separator and an electrolyte, enclosed within an enclosure.
- the cathode and the electrolyte are respectively obtained by doping and liquid solutions, as well as by a lithium- based polymeric state, hence the denomination of lithium batteries.
- the electrical conductivity features of the electrolyte are significantly affected by the values of electrical capacity and resistance, which besides by unavoidable leakages during production, may also differ on the basis of usage conditions, determined by the amount of energy instantaneously absorbed or dissipated and by the temperature value of the cell itself.
- the efficiency of the storage system that is, its capacity of accumulating all the potentially absorbable energy and of releasing it to the maximum acceptable discharge, therefore depends on the capacity of levelling, or more properly, balancing in an even manner, the value of the charge capacity of all the cells making up the pack.
- the methods used for ensuring this performance are usually based on the synthesis of "observers” or “estimate models” of the features of the single cells, which try to determine the resistivity parameters of every single cell, subsequently acting on minimum and maximum voltage value or capacity cells, in order to optimise the absorption capacity.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a control system based on the use of a particular mathematical parameter (standard deviation) for determining if and which cells show at least one electrical parameter, for example voltage value, beyond the acceptability range, so as to apply a control thereto, to bring it back into the same range.
- a particular mathematical parameter standard deviation
- the control method proposed, object of the present invention instead of the conventional techniques of observation or estimate of complex chemical or electrical parameters, uses a mathematical-statistical observer of the system state.
- many physical phenomena, of a mechanical and chemical nature may be well described in stochastic terms, it being possible to represent them, for a number of observations tending to infinity, through the probability distribution function.
- many of them may be represented, either directly or through a suitable transformation, for example of the logarithmic type, by the Gaussian or Normal distribution function, defined by the density value f(x):
- the system to be controlled consists of a large number of elementary cells; thus, by providing each cell with at least one means for measuring an electrical parameter thereof, for example the voltage value V t , and observing the set of such parameters at a predetermined instant /, it can be said that the population of samples collected is statistically significant and the probability distribution thereof may be identified.
- such parameter may therefore be taken as representative of the storage group state.
- the standard deviation limit value representative of a correct state of the system is controlled, typically expressed as a multiple of ⁇ , that is, the admissible dispersion limit value of the electrical parameters.
- a threshold set to twice the standard deviation value determines a limit of 4.5% of admitted samples, beyond the typical feature; a threshold set to 3 determines a limit of 0.3%; setting the threshold to 3.5 times, the values exceeding the limit of 0.04% are controlled.
- Imposing a limit value ⁇ , ⁇ therefore determines the sample acceptability threshold, relative to the typical statistical distribution, and it is possible to activate a function of regulation of the energy stored in the cells, for example of proportional-integral type, to return the values of the electrical parameters within the admissible distribution.
- the estimator calculation may be simplified, according to the formula:
- the sample error value is calculated with rounding by excess or defect, upon any update of the mean distribution value, compared to the typical population, expressed as: ⁇ ⁇ , - ⁇ ,- ⁇ , ⁇ ,
- the error value of the electrical parameter analysed is representative of a corresponding surplus of stored energy, if with positive sign, or lack of stored energy, if with negative sign.
- control system provides for acting through means for dissipating surplus energy, during the recharge and/or discharge process, a dissipating discharge action is applied to the cells with surplus energy, according to law:
- the proportional controller thus made generates a power dissipation which is a function of the surplus energy value, compared to the characteristic one of the limit standard deviation distribution Cmax. the minimisation of the dissipated thermal power value is thus ensured, while ensuring the maximum system efficiency, through the parallel action on the maximum admissible number of cells.
- the method allows recirculating the power between the cells with positive error si towards those with negative £ / , generating a favourable energy balance compared to the purely dissipative case.
- control law is again of the proportional-integral type: but constraints are imposed on the power that may be recirculated between positive and negative error cells:
- - fig. 1 shows a graph of the Gaussian or Normal distribution function, defined by the density value f(x) ;
- - figs. 2 as well as 3 and 4 show an exemplary probability distribution of electrical parameters, representative of the state of each single cell
- - figs. 5 and 6 show a graph of the distribution of sample population belonging to a single storage group, as the amount of energy stored in the single elementary cells varies;
- fig. 9 shows a principle diagram of a device for recharging and balancing a battery, which embodies the principles of the invention.
- Fig. 1 shows a typical diagram of the Gaussian or Normal distribution, illustrated and described above.
- figs. 7 and 8 show two examples of storage groups that exhibit standard deviation values beyond typical ones. In both these situations, the process for recharging and discharging the storage groups is compromised, with a strong limitation of the overall storage capacity, limited by the capacity unbalancing of the single cells. The result therefore is a limitation of the overall efficiency of the storage system and thus, of the traction efficiency.
- the device according to the invention is capable of acting on a battery U (see fig. 9) consisting of one or more modules 2, connected in series or in parallel, each in turn capable of consisting of a plurality of cells.
- such device is provided with means 4 suitable for measuring at least one significant parameter of the charge state of each single cell. From the operating point of view such parameter shall mainly, although not exclusively, consists of the voltage value of each single cell.
- the finding further provides for a processing unit 7 suitable for determining whether the charge state of each single cell falls within a predetermined characteristic.
- such processing unit is provided with an algorithm suitable for determining, in real time, whether the parameter measured representative of the charge state of each single cell falls within the predetermined characteristic.
- characteristic is determined through the estimate of the population variance of the measured parameters, representative of the charge state of each single cell.
- variance estimate is calculated instantaneously, upon each new acquisition of parameter representative of the charge state of each single cell and such variance estimate is compared with a minimum value, representative of the maximum acceptable limit of the charge state of each single cell, in relation to that of all the other cells present in the storage group or module.
- Said variance estimate and said limit value are used for determining the deviation of the representative parameter of the charge state of each single cell, compared to the mean one of the measurement population.
- means suitable for balancing the surplus or defective deviation electrical power, during the battery recharge and/or discharge step may be suitable for dissipating the surplus electrical power at the cells featuring deviation surplus.
- means are suitable for determining the circulation with the deviation surplus cell and one or more cells featuring a deviation in defect, during the battery recharge and/or discharge step.
- the second solution would be preferable, since there would be no energy waste as in the previous case.
- the first system is certainly simpler from the construction and functional point of view compared to the second system, which can imply higher costs in the first case.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
- Supply Devices, Intensifiers, Converters, And Telemotors (AREA)
- Electric Cable Installation (AREA)
- Devices For Conveying Motion By Means Of Endless Flexible Members (AREA)
Abstract
This is a device for recharging and balancing a battery, used in particular for electrical traction. As a control method, instead of the conventional techniques of observation or estimate of complex chemical or electrical parameters, such device uses a mathematical-statistical observer of the system state. According to the invention, the Gaussian or Normal distribution function is used, defined by the density value (Formula (I)) and in particular, the variance of the population of the measured parameters is compared with a limit value, for determining the deviation of the representative parameter of the charge state of each single cell compared to the mean one of the measurement population. Finally, the device is provided with means suitable for balancing the surplus or defective deviation electrical power, during the battery recharge and/or discharge step.
Description
Title: DEVICE FOR RECHARGING AND EQUALIZING A BATTERY
Description
The present invention relates to a device for recharging and balancing a battery, used in particular for electrical traction, according to the general part of claim 1 ; the invention further relates to the method for recharging and balancing a battery carried out by the above device.
Power batteries to be applied in the field of electrical traction consist of one or more groups, commonly called "packs", each one of which may consist of one or more modules, that is, groups of elementary cells connected to each other in series, parallel or series/parallel mode. Elementary cells internally consist of a cathode, an anode, a separator and an electrolyte, enclosed within an enclosure. According to the most advanced prior art, the cathode and the electrolyte are respectively obtained by doping and liquid solutions, as well as by a lithium- based polymeric state, hence the denomination of lithium batteries. The electrical conductivity features of the electrolyte are significantly affected by the values of electrical capacity and resistance, which besides by unavoidable leakages during production, may also differ on the basis of usage conditions, determined by the amount of energy instantaneously absorbed or dissipated and by the temperature value of the cell itself.
The efficiency of the storage system, that is, its capacity of accumulating all the potentially absorbable energy and of releasing it to the maximum acceptable discharge, therefore depends on the capacity of levelling, or more properly, balancing in an even manner, the value of the charge capacity of all the cells making up the pack.
At present, the methods used for ensuring this performance are usually based on the synthesis of "observers" or "estimate models" of the features of the single
cells, which try to determine the resistivity parameters of every single cell, subsequently acting on minimum and maximum voltage value or capacity cells, in order to optimise the absorption capacity.
"Observers" of the state of the single cells are thus made, synthesised by differential equations with a high number of degrees of freedom, which for their calibration require the acquisition of multiple physical quantities, through a very large number of experiments. This implies a high complication of both the acquisition and control algorithm to be implemented on the real time controller of the battery modules, and of the number of experiments that must be conducted to achieve a proper calibration of the function itself, with the need for complex data processing environments with large memory capacity.
The object of the present invention is to provide a control system based on the use of a particular mathematical parameter (standard deviation) for determining if and which cells show at least one electrical parameter, for example voltage value, beyond the acceptability range, so as to apply a control thereto, to bring it back into the same range.
The control method proposed, object of the present invention, instead of the conventional techniques of observation or estimate of complex chemical or electrical parameters, uses a mathematical-statistical observer of the system state. In fact, it is well known that many physical phenomena, of a mechanical and chemical nature, may be well described in stochastic terms, it being possible to represent them, for a number of observations tending to infinity, through the probability distribution function. In particular, many of them may be represented, either directly or through a suitable transformation, for example of the logarithmic type, by the Gaussian or Normal distribution function, defined
by the density value f(x):
characterised by the property of being symmetrical and representable by the mean value of the population of samples observed (μ) and by its mean quadratic deviation, also called standard deviation (σ). An important feature of the Gaussian Distribution is that the standard deviation value is independent of the mean value of the population of samples observed.
In the subject case, the system to be controlled consists of a large number of elementary cells; thus, by providing each cell with at least one means for measuring an electrical parameter thereof, for example the voltage value Vt, and observing the set of such parameters at a predetermined instant /, it can be said that the population of samples collected is statistically significant and the probability distribution thereof may be identified.
By examining a large number of batteries, each in turn consisting of multiple packs, obtained through the connection in series or in parallel of elementary modules, each in turn consisting of groups of cells with a nominal energy capacity, it is noted that the probability distribution of the electrical parameters, representative of the state of every single cell, such as for example the voltage value Vi, is of the Gaussian type.
Based on the property mentioned above, relating to the invariance of the standard deviation relative to the mean distribution value, such parameter may therefore be taken as representative of the storage group state.
It is therefore possible to determine the standard deviation limit value representative of a correct state of the system to be controlled, typically
expressed as a multiple of σ, that is, the admissible dispersion limit value of the electrical parameters. For example, a threshold set to twice the standard deviation value determines a limit of 4.5% of admitted samples, beyond the typical feature; a threshold set to 3 determines a limit of 0.3%; setting the threshold to 3.5 times, the values exceeding the limit of 0.04% are controlled. Imposing a limit value σ,^ therefore determines the sample acceptability threshold, relative to the typical statistical distribution, and it is possible to activate a function of regulation of the energy stored in the cells, for example of proportional-integral type, to return the values of the electrical parameters within the admissible distribution.
Let's now suppose to have a system available for acquiring the electrical parameters of every single cell, characterised by an information updating frequency adequate to the dynamic features of the signal, of sufficient accuracy, as well as means suitable for dissipating the excess energy or for recirculating energy between different cells.
In order to instantaneously determine the limit acceptability value of each electrical parameter sample measured, it is necessary to estimate the mean distribution value. Setting the observation instant t at which at least one updated value Xi of an electrical parameter of a single elementary cell is made available, the estimated mean distribution value is calculated, for example using a recursive finite impulse response digital filter, like that implemented by the calculation of the floating mean with memory:
If a single updated sample Xi is made available at each instant /, then the estimator calculation may be simplified, according to the formula:
The sample error value is calculated with rounding by excess or defect, upon any update of the mean distribution value, compared to the typical population, expressed as: ε^ Χ, -μ,-σ^∞Χ,≥μ,
έ^ , -μ,+σ^∞Χ, < μ>
The error value of the electrical parameter analysed is representative of a corresponding surplus of stored energy, if with positive sign, or lack of stored energy, if with negative sign.
If the control system provides for acting through means for dissipating surplus energy, during the recharge and/or discharge process, a dissipating discharge action is applied to the cells with surplus energy, according to law:
imposing the constraint: diss
I
The proportional controller thus made generates a power dissipation which is a function of the surplus energy value, compared to the characteristic one of the limit standard deviation distribution Cmax. the minimisation of the dissipated thermal power value is thus ensured, while ensuring the maximum system efficiency, through the parallel action on the maximum admissible number of cells.
If means are available for recirculating the energy between one or more cells, the method allows recirculating the power between the cells with positive error si towards those with negative £/, generating a favourable energy balance compared to the purely dissipative case.
The control law is again of the proportional-integral type:
but constraints are imposed on the power that may be recirculated between positive and negative error cells:
I being positive error cells, j negative error ones. The present invention shall now be illustrated and described with reference to a particular embodiment thereof, made by way of a non-limiting example with the aid of the attached drawing tables, wherein:
- fig. 1 (TAB. 1) shows a graph of the Gaussian or Normal distribution function, defined by the density value f(x) ;
- figs. 2 as well as 3 and 4 (TAB. II) show an exemplary probability distribution of electrical parameters, representative of the state of each single cell;
- figs. 5 and 6 (TAB. Ill) show a graph of the distribution of sample population belonging to a single storage group, as the amount of energy stored in the single elementary cells varies;
- figs. 7 and 8 (TAB. IV) show two graphs representative of examples of storage groups that exhibit standard deviation values beyond typical ones;
- fig. 9 (TAB. V) shows a principle diagram of a device for recharging and balancing a battery, which embodies the principles of the invention. Fig. 1 shows a typical diagram of the Gaussian or Normal distribution, illustrated and described above.
By carefully examining figs. 2, 3 and 4, it is seen that considering a large number of batteries, each in turn consisting of multiple packs, obtained through the connection in series/parallel of elementary modules, each in turn consisting of groups of cells with a normal energy capacity, the probability distribution of the electrical parameters, representative of the state of every single cell which, by way of an example may consist of voltage values Vi, in fact is of the Gaussian type.
The same property is also noted looking at the distribution of sample population belonging to a single storage group, as the amount of energy stored in the single elementary cells varies, as is well visible in figs. 5 and 6.
On the other hand, figs. 7 and 8 show two examples of storage groups that exhibit standard deviation values beyond typical ones. In both these situations,
the process for recharging and discharging the storage groups is compromised, with a strong limitation of the overall storage capacity, limited by the capacity unbalancing of the single cells. The result therefore is a limitation of the overall efficiency of the storage system and thus, of the traction efficiency. From the operating point of view, the device according to the invention is capable of acting on a battery U (see fig. 9) consisting of one or more modules 2, connected in series or in parallel, each in turn capable of consisting of a plurality of cells.
According to the finding, such device is provided with means 4 suitable for measuring at least one significant parameter of the charge state of each single cell. From the operating point of view such parameter shall mainly, although not exclusively, consists of the voltage value of each single cell. The finding further provides for a processing unit 7 suitable for determining whether the charge state of each single cell falls within a predetermined characteristic.
According to the finding, such processing unit is provided with an algorithm suitable for determining, in real time, whether the parameter measured representative of the charge state of each single cell falls within the predetermined characteristic. Such characteristic is determined through the estimate of the population variance of the measured parameters, representative of the charge state of each single cell. Such variance estimate is calculated instantaneously, upon each new acquisition of parameter representative of the charge state of each single cell and such variance estimate is compared with a minimum value, representative of the maximum acceptable limit of the charge state of each single cell, in relation to that of all the other cells present in the storage group or module.
Said variance estimate and said limit value are used for determining the deviation of the representative parameter of the charge state of each single cell, compared to the mean one of the measurement population.
Finally, there are provided means suitable for balancing the surplus or defective deviation electrical power, during the battery recharge and/or discharge step. In particular, such means may be suitable for dissipating the surplus electrical power at the cells featuring deviation surplus. As an alternative, such means are suitable for determining the circulation with the deviation surplus cell and one or more cells featuring a deviation in defect, during the battery recharge and/or discharge step.
It is clear that from a principle point of view, the second solution would be preferable, since there would be no energy waste as in the previous case. However, the first system is certainly simpler from the construction and functional point of view compared to the second system, which can imply higher costs in the first case.
Claims
1 . DEVICE FOR RECHARGING AND BALANCING A BATTERY, USED IN PARTICULAR FOR ELECTRICAL TRACTION; said device acting on a battery (1), consisting of one or more modules (2) connected in series or in parallel, of which each is in turn capable of consisting of a plurality of cells (3); said device being characterised in that it is provided with means (4) suitable for measuring at least one significant parameter of the charge state of each single cell; a unit (6) for acquiring said parameters, representative of the charge state of each single cell; a processing unit (7), suitable for determining whether the charge state of each single cell falls within a predetermined characteristic;
said processing unit being provided with an algorithm suitable for determining, in real time, whether the measured parameter representative of the charge state of each single cell falls within the predetermined characteristic, said characteristic being determined through the estimate of the population variance of the measured parameters, representative of the charge state of each single cell, said variance estimate being calculated instantaneously, upon each new acquisition of parameter representative of the charge state of each single cell, said variance estimate being compared with a limit value, representative of the maximum acceptable limit of the charge state of each single cell, in relation to that of all the other cells present in the storage module or group, said variance estimate and said limit value being used for determining the deviation of the parameter representative of the charge state of each single cell, compared to the mean one of the measurement population; finally, there being provided means suitable for balancing the surplus or defective deviation electrical power, during the battery recharge and/or discharge step.
2. DEVICE according to claim 1, characterised in that it is provided with means (8) suitable for dissipating the surplus electrical power at the deviation surplus cells.
3. DEVICE according to claim 1 , characterised in that it is provided with means suitable for determining the circulation between a deviation surplus cell and one or more cells featuring deviation in defect, during the battery recharge and/or discharge step.
4. DEVICE according to claim 1, characterised in that it is provided with means suitable for measuring the voltage value of each single cell.
5. METHOD FOR RECHARGING AND BALANCING A BATTERY, carried out by the device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterised in that it comprises the following steps:
- measuring at least one significant parameter of the charge state of each single cell;
- acquiring said parameter and determining the charge state of each single cell in order to assess whether such parameter falls within a predetermined characteristic;
- determining in real time whether the measured parameter, representative of the charge state of each single cell falls within the characteristic, said characteristic being determined through the estimate of the population variance of the measured parameters, representative of the charge state of a single cell;
- instantaneously recalculating said variance estimate at each new acquisition of a parameter representative of the charge state of a single cell;
- comparing said variance estimate with a limit value, representative of the maximum acceptable limit of the charge state of each single cell, in relation to that of all the other cells present in the storage group or module; - using said variance estimate and said limit value for determining the deviation of the representative parameter of the charge state of a single cell, compared to the mean one of the measurement population.
6. METHOD according to claim 5, characterised in that the significant parameter of the charge state of each single cell that is measured consists of the voltage value of the same cell.
7. DEVICE according to claim 5, characterised in that the deviation of the parameter representative of the charge state of a single cell is used for determining the amount of electrical power that must be dissipated, or recirculated between a deviation surplus cell and one or more cells featuring deviation in defect, during the battery recharge and/or discharge step.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT000254A ITVI20090254A1 (en) | 2009-10-20 | 2009-10-20 | RECHARGING AND BALANCING DEVICE FOR AN ACCUMULATOR, USED IN PARTICULAR FOR ELECTRIC TRACTION |
| PCT/EP2010/002271 WO2011047741A1 (en) | 2009-10-20 | 2010-04-14 | Device for recharging and equalizing a battery |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2491631A1 true EP2491631A1 (en) | 2012-08-29 |
Family
ID=42226485
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP10718464A Pending EP2491631A1 (en) | 2009-10-20 | 2010-04-14 | Device for recharging and equalizing a battery |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2491631A1 (en) |
| IT (1) | ITVI20090254A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2011047741A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116500478B (en) * | 2023-05-23 | 2024-01-19 | 山东科技大学 | A method for obtaining statistical parameters of lithium battery pack based on Gaussian mixture model |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3503414B2 (en) * | 1997-05-12 | 2004-03-08 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Battery charging rate adjustment device for assembled batteries |
| TW542470U (en) * | 2000-07-11 | 2003-07-11 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Battery voltage balancer |
-
2009
- 2009-10-20 IT IT000254A patent/ITVI20090254A1/en unknown
-
2010
- 2010-04-14 EP EP10718464A patent/EP2491631A1/en active Pending
- 2010-04-14 WO PCT/EP2010/002271 patent/WO2011047741A1/en not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2011047741A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ITVI20090254A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
| WO2011047741A1 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
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