EP2473684B1 - Building wall, and method for producing said wall - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to the walls of buildings, as well as the processes for the realization of these walls, whatever the use of these buildings, as an individual or collective dwelling, for public, industrial, commercial use, etc., more specifically when these walls comprise at least one supporting wall or the like associated with an outer insulation and an inner facing of the plaster type or the like, so as to obtain walls with thermal inertia.

Various techniques are currently used to produce a building wall of the type comprising a load-bearing wall or the like, an external insulation and an interior facing of the plaster type or the like, as for example described in DE 3405736 A1 .

The most common technique, at least for buildings of relatively small height and small size, consists, first of all, in casting a slab and manually mounting on this slab, blocks on top of each other to form the wall. carrier. Then, on the so-called "outer" face of this wall, that is to say that which is intended to be turned towards the outside environment of the building, are glued and / or clipped plates of an insulating material such as polystyrene , glass foam, etc. On the inside face of the block wall, is associated a facing layer, generally plaster applied to the trowel or plates, stating that, when the wall bearing blocks is covered externally with an insulating material, the layer of facing is generally directly applied to the carrier wall without interposing, for example, another layer of insulation such as glass wool or a layer of air, in order to use the mass of the load-bearing wall and the internal facing as a mass thermal inertia.

This technique is relatively long to implement because it is performed manually, and induces a high cost.

There is another technique which is theoretically less expensive because it is more automated, but which is generally only used for large buildings such as factories, housing units. type "tower" or the like, very rarely for single dwellings or the like because of its complexity.

This technique is substantially identical to that described above, but instead of mounting the carrier wall manually with blocks, the carrier wall is made in the following manner: with formwork panels, a hollow space is produced which corresponds to the shape that must have the load-bearing wall, then pouring concrete in this space, after having possibly prepared and put in place a reinforcement to finally make a reinforced concrete wall. When the concrete of this load-bearing wall is sufficiently crystallized, the formwork is removed and the operations described above with the load-bearing wall in blocks, that is to say the laying of the outer insulation and the inner facing, s' perform the same way.

This technique is in principle less expensive than the previous one, at least for the construction of large buildings. However, it is still relatively expensive, in particular because it requires relatively long manual operations, for example the assembly and disassembly of the forms, their cleaning, and always the manual or relatively automatic installation of the outer insulation and cladding. inside after the realization of the carrier wall.

Also, the present invention is intended to achieve a building wall and implement a method for the realization of this building wall, regardless of the type of this building, individual or collective housing, building to public, industrial, commercial use, etc., and more specifically when the wall comprises a load-bearing wall associated with an external insulation and an interior facing of the plaster type or the like, to produce a thermal-inertia wall, which largely overcomes the disadvantages of the techniques of the prior art, in particular those defined above in the preamble, in order to obtain a cost price significantly lower than that induced by these prior techniques.

More specifically, the present invention relates to a wall according to claim 1.

The present invention also relates to a method for producing a portion of a building wall as defined above, according to claim 6.

• Les figures 1 et 2 représentent de façon schématique deux phases successives illustrant la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon l'invention pour la réalisation d'un mur de bâtiment selon l'invention, et
• Les figures 3 et 4 représentent, sous forme schématique, un mode de réalisation d'une partie d'un mur obtenu avec le procédé selon l'invention, respectivement dans une vue de côté et dans une vue de dessus, la vue selon la figure 3 étant une coupe référencée IV-IV sur la figure 4.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description given with reference to the accompanying drawings, by way of illustration but in no way limiting, in which:

• The Figures 1 and 2 schematically represent two successive phases illustrating the implementation of the method according to the invention for producing a building wall according to the invention, and
• The Figures 3 and 4 represent, in schematic form, an embodiment of a part of a wall obtained with the method according to the invention, respectively in a side view and in a view from above, the view according to the figure 3 being a referenced section IV-IV on the figure 4 .

It is first of all specified that, in the figures, the same references designate the same elements, whatever the figure on which they appear and whatever the form of representation of these elements. Similarly, if elements are not specifically referenced in one of the figures, their references can be easily found by referring to another figure.

It is also stated that the figures essentially represent an embodiment of the object according to the invention, but that there may be other embodiments that meet the definition of this invention.

It is furthermore specified that, when, according to the definition of the invention, the object of the invention comprises "at least one" element having a given function, the embodiment described may comprise several of these elements. Conversely, if the embodiment of the object according to the invention as illustrated has several elements of identical function and if, in the description, it is not specified that the object according to this invention must obligatorily comprise a number particular of these elements, the object of the invention may be defined as comprising "at least one" of these elements.

Lastly, it is specified that when, in the present description, an expression defines, by itself, without a specific particular mention concerning it, a set of structural characteristics, these characteristics may be taken, for the definition of the object of the protection requested, when technically possible, either separately, or in full and / or partial combination.

The present invention relates to a building wall, or a portion of wall, whatever the type of this building, individual or collective residential building, building for public, industrial, commercial, etc., and finds a particularly advantageous application when the wall must include at least one supporting wall or the like associated with an outer insulation in contact with the carrier wall, and an inner plaster-type facing or similar, also in contact with the carrier wall.

The wall according to the invention comprises, with reference to Figures 1 to 4 at least one first plate 11 of a thermal insulating material, at least one second plate 22 made of plaster, at least one spacer 30 of a determined length between its two ends 31, 32, means for linking the two ends of the spacer respectively with the two first and second plates to define between them an inter-plate space 40, and a mixture 50 comprising at least cement and water, this mixture being poured into the inter-plate space 40.

In the context of the present invention, the term "cement" is used in its primary sense, that is to say designating a product for binding bodies together when it hardens, in particular by crystallization with water . The first plate, which is designed to be placed on the outer face of a wall, is made of a material having thermal insulation qualities, but preferably also to withstand weathering. It can possibly receive a protective coating. The second plate, for its part, is intended to be placed on the inner face of the wall. It is made of plaster, which gives it no particular insulating property, but on the contrary provides a thermal inertia sought in the present invention. It could be designated by the expression "interior facing" by analogy with existing systems, although its decorative function is here secondary, or at least indirect: the plaster, as "facing material" will allow the easy application of a finish, such as paint or wallpaper.

In the context of the present invention, the term "plaster" designates a building material whose raw material is a calcium sulphate hydrated, used in the form of a paste consisting of a mixture of powder and water, or prepared in the form of plates. It can commonly contain various adjuvants, or starch, or retarders to change the setting time of the plaster. It can also be stained in various colors, or imitating stone or other ancient material. Similar materials known to those skilled in the art can also be used as a plaster.

This having been specified, according to a preferred embodiment, the (or) first plate 11 consists of at least one block of a thermal insulating material, selected from the following materials: polystyrene, glass foam, glass wool, etc. .

As for the second plate 22 in plaster, it is advantageously made from plaster tiles. If the mixture cast in inter-plate space 40 comprises only cement and water, it will be useful to add a binder or tackifier (of known type) to bind this mixture with the second plate. If the mixture cast in the inter-plate space contains cement, water and a plaster type material, it will not be necessary to use an additive, because through the chemical affinities, the mixture will bind automatically with the second plate.

Preferably, the wall comprises a frame 70, for example a reinforcement or the like, embedded in the mixture 50 furthermore advantageously comprising sand and / or granulate, to obtain reinforced concrete.

According to the invention, the means for linking the two ends 31, 32 of the spacer 30 respectively with the first and second plates are constituted so that one 31 of these ends is embedded in the first plate 11, while the other end 32 is simply pressed against the second plate 22, since the materials of the mixture 50 and the second plate bind to one another.

According to a preferred embodiment, the first plate 11 may comprise at least one groove 75, hollowed on its face delimiting the inter-plate space 40, said groove advantageously having an inwardly flared profile (for example at T, at the tail end). 'aronde or the like), so as to form a tenon. Thus, the end 31 of the spacer can advantageously adopt a complementary shape, so as to form a mortise adapted to cooperate with the tenon groove, and which can be slidably inserted to the desired level in one of the grooves of the first plate 11. This provision is all the more interesting, as this groove 75 fills with the mixture 50 when the mixture is poured into the inter-plate space, which has the effect not only to fix the spacer in its position , but also to secure the first plate 11 with the mixture 50 during its crystallization.

According to an advantageous embodiment, the first plate has on its face delimiting the inter-plate space 40, several grooves 75, which offers more flexibility in the placement of the spacers by the mason and reinforces the link of the first plate 11 with the mixture 50 when the grooves 75 are filled with the mixture 50.

It is observed that the groove or grooves may be hollowed out in different orientations, that is to say horizontally, vertically or otherwise, depending on the choices of the skilled person related in particular to the manufacture of the plate or its implementation .

Finally, it may be useful that the outer face of the first plate 11, that is to say the face intended to be subjected to the weather, be coated with a coating. To do this, it is advantageously provided that said outer face has a relief promoting the adhesion of the coating, for example in the form of adequate spacing and depth streaks, the skilled person can adapt this parameter depending the nature of the coating to be applied.

The present invention also relates to the implementation of a method for producing at least a portion of a building wall Mu as defined above, it being specified that this part of wall Mu may constitute the wall. in himself.

The method consists, first of all to provide at least a first plate 11 of a thermal insulating material, at least a second plate 22 made of plaster and at least one spacer 30 of a given length defined between its two ends 31, 32.

It then consists in positioning these first and second plates 11, 22 on a base, which will be defined more specifically below under the generic term slab, so that they are substantially parallel to each other and located at a determined distance Dt l one of the other to define an inter-plate space 40, this distance Dt being that which must have the rigid and solid carrier wall of the wall portion Mu to achieve.

The method then consists in applying, on the two plates 11, 22, respectively at least two forces represented diagrammatically by the two arrows F1, F2, each having at least one component, these two components being opposite and oriented towards each other. other, figure 1 , to maintain the first and second plates parallel to each other and at the determined distance Dt defined above each other and in contact respectively with the ends 31, 32 of the spacer 30.

The method then consists in casting, according to the arrow Fc on the figure 2 a particular mixture 50 in the inter-plate space 40, this mixture comprising at least cement and water, with advantageously aggregates such as sand or gravel to obtain concrete.

When, after at least partial crystallization, the mixture 50 has reached a sufficient mechanical strength to obtain the relatively solid wall portion Mu, the process then consists in canceling the two forces F1, F2 to obtain in the final part of wall Mu.

According to a characteristic of the method which is the subject of the invention, the latter consists of placing the first and second plates 11, 22 on said base so that said first plate constitutes the external face of the wall and said second plate constitutes its internal face. .

Advantageously, the cement chosen to constitute the determined mixture 50 is of the type known to those skilled in the art under the name "quick setting".

If necessary, according to a particular embodiment, the mixture 50 may comprise an additive for bonding the cement with the material of the second plate. Such an additive is in the field of the skilled person who will choose it depending on the nature of this material.

According to a simple and rapid implementation of the process, in particular because it is generally necessary to pour at a time only small amounts of the determined mixture 50, the process according to the invention consists in pouring this mixture into the inter-plate space 40 by projection, according to the well known technique itself usually used to coat the walls of a colored coating or the like.

As mentioned above, the method according to the invention comprises a step consisting in applying two forces F1, F2 on the two plates 11, 22.

Given the technical field of application of the method according to the invention, namely the field of building construction, these two forces are preferably applied by means of at least one clamp 60 which comprises, in a known manner in itself, at least two end pieces 61, 62, the two end pieces 61, 62 coming into contact with the faces 12, 23 substantially perpendicular to the spacer 30 and the farthest ones, respectively from the first and second plates 11, 22.

As the plates are relatively fragile, sometimes even relatively friable, it may be advantageous to interpose, between at least one of the ends 61, 62 of the clamp 60 and the face 12, 23 of the plate 11, 22 with which it is in contact, at least one plate 64, as schematically illustrated in the figures, to distribute the force on a surface of an area greater than that of the tip and thus avoid marking and even even partially destroy the plate 11, 22.

Preferably, since the spacer must be light and of stainless material because left in place in the cast mixture 50, it is made of a plastic material, for example polymer or the like.

In addition, since the two plates 11, 22 are also intended to remain in place, in particular to complete the joining of the first plate 11 with the mixture 50, the method consists in embedding an end 31 in the general shape of mortise (T-shape). , dovetail or the like) of the spacer 30 in this first plate 11, for example in a previously made groove, as illustrated in FIGS. Figures 1 to 4 , like a mortise and tenon type interlocking. So, according to a preferred embodiment, the method comprises a step of inserting an end 31 of said spacer 30 into a groove 75 excavated on the face of said first plate 11 defining said inter-plate space 40, said groove 75 having a flared profile pin-shaped adapted to cooperate with said end 31 adopting a complementary shape mortise.

However, for the reason explained above, the other end 32 of the spacer 30 is simply plated on the inner face of the second plate 22, with or without a plate or the like as the wafer 64 described above, Figures 1 to 4 .

In what is described above, reference is made to plates 11, 22, but the method according to the invention can also consist in producing at least one of the two plates 11, 22 by assembling a plurality of plates units in one of three ways: (i) plates units joined to each other by sandwiching each other, (ii) plates units superimposed on each other by their edge, (iii) a combination of the two previous ways. Those skilled in the art will be able to choose the structure of these plates depending, for example but not exclusively, on the nature of the building to be produced.

Similarly, to obtain a more resistant and solid wall, especially in the context of seismic constraints, it is preferable that the method comprises a step of arranging a frame 70, for example a reinforcement, in a manner known in itself. , in the inter-plate space 40, before casting the mixture 50 in this inter-plate space.

In the description given above, reference is made to a method for producing at least a portion of a building wall Mu. As previously specified, such a portion of wall Mu can be made as illustrated on the Figures 1 to 4 , starting from a base constituted by a slab Da or the like, that is to say any substantially horizontal solid surface.

However, this method according to the invention also applies to the realization of a wall portion Mu, starting not from a slab, but from a base that can be made of another portion of the wall Mu carried out previously with the same method as described above, possibly even another method, as one of those mentioned in the preamble of the present description.

With the method according to the invention, it is possible to produce a wall in its entirety, with its desired height, width and shape, as the embodiment given for illustrative purposes on the Figures 3 and 4 .

For example, this method applies quite interestingly to the construction of an outer wall of a dwelling house or the like which defines an outer space Ext home and an interior space Int. Rows of plaster tiles (which constitute the second plates 22 defined above) face the interior Int of the house, for example on the entire perimeter of the house, while polystyrene blocks (which constitute the first plates 11 defined above), arranged at the distance Dt of the plaster tiles, face outside Ext, and the concrete wall obtained with the mixture 50 constitutes the load-bearing wall in the sense of the building technique.

As mentioned above, the concrete used is advantageously fast setting concrete such as for example that which is described in the application FR 2,856,679 which has a high mechanical strength very quickly, about three hours after casting. This concrete has gypsum, it is easily glued to plaster. However, if necessary, the mixture 50 may comprise an additive to make it adhere even more firmly to the plaster.

As a result, the clamps can be very quickly removed after pouring the concrete, for the realization of a second part of the wall Mu on the first as explained above.

• il ne nécessite pas l'utilisation d'un coffrage qui doit être monté, démonté et nettoyé après chaque coulée de béton,
• il peut facilement être mis en oeuvre par des auto-constructeurs,
• il peut être mis en oeuvre avec des carreaux de plâtre qui se trouvent couramment sur le marché, par exemple de 50 cm de haut, 66 cm de large et 7 cm d'épaisseur,
• un mur complet peut être réalisé par coulage de couches successives d'environ 50 cm de haut, ce qui ne nécessite pas d'équipement très complexe et onéreux, la mise en oeuvre du procédé ne nécessitant pas l'emploi de moyens lourds,
• le mur ainsi réalisé est immédiatement prêt à recevoir, à l'extérieur un enduit hydraulique ou un revêtement type RPE (Revêtement Plastique Epais), tandis que, à l'intérieur, les carreaux de plâtre permettent d'encastrer facilement les différents réseaux et peuvent recevoir une finition habituelle,
• par sa facilité de mise en oeuvre, le procédé induit un prix de revient raisonnable et même relativement faible par rapport aux procédés comparables de l'art antérieur, pour un bâtiment comme une maison traditionnelle ou analogue qui est en outre rapidement utilisable,
• il présente un bénéfice technique appréciable, notamment sur le plan thermique. Il permet d'atteindre des performances élevées car, avec des panneaux de polystyrène d'une certaine épaisseur, il est permis d'envisager la conception d'une maison passive (chauffage minimum). Par ailleurs, comme le matériau isolant est continu et situé à l'extérieur Ext, il protège la paroi porteuse, ce qui permet d'évacuer tous les problèmes de ponts thermiques bien connus dans le bâtiment. De plus, l'ensemble comprenant les carreaux de plâtre de 5 ou 7 cm et la paroi porteuse en béton, par exemple de 15 cm, constitue un accumulateur thermique qui joue son rôle :
• en hiver, en permettant le stockage à l'intérieur des calories apportées par le rayonnement solaire,
• en été, en régulant les surchauffes de la journée.
• le mur selon l'invention présente aussi un bon bilan phonique. En effet, dans l'exemple donné, le mur réalisé présente une masse pleine d'une épaisseur d'environ 22 cm avec une masse volumique moyenne de 1700 kg par m³, constituant ainsi une barrière phonique de haute qualité secondée par un piège à sons que constitue le ressort de la masse du polystyrène extérieur.

In the light of the description above, all the advantages of the method according to the invention appear:

• it does not require the use of a formwork which must be assembled, disassembled and cleaned after each pouring of concrete,
• it can easily be implemented by self-builders,
• it can be implemented with plaster tiles that are commonly on the market, for example 50 cm high, 66 cm wide and 7 cm thick,
• a complete wall can be made by casting successive layers of about 50 cm high, which does not require very complex and expensive equipment, the implementation of the process does not require the use of heavy means,
• the wall thus produced is immediately ready to receive, on the outside, a hydraulic plaster or a type RPE (Thick Plastic Coating) coating, while inside, the plaster tiles allow to easily embed the various networks and can receive a usual finish,
• by its ease of implementation, the method induces a reasonable cost price and even relatively low compared to comparable methods of the prior art, for a building such as a traditional house or the like which is also rapidly usable,
• it has a significant technical benefit, particularly in terms of heat. It achieves high performance because, with polystyrene panels of a certain thickness, it is possible to consider the design of a passive house (minimum heating). Moreover, since the insulating material is continuous and located outdoors, it protects the load-bearing wall, which makes it possible to evacuate all the thermal bridge problems well known in the building. In addition, the assembly comprising plaster tiles of 5 or 7 cm and the concrete supporting wall, for example 15 cm, constitutes a thermal accumulator which plays its role:
• in winter, by allowing indoor storage of calories brought by solar radiation,
• in the summer, regulating the overheating of the day.
• the wall according to the invention also has a good sound balance. Indeed, in the example given, the wall produced has a solid mass with a thickness of about 22 cm with an average density of 1700 kg per m ³ , thus constituting a high quality sound barrier assisted by a sound trap constituted by the spring of the mass of the outer polystyrene.

A house having a wall according to the invention combined with continuous mechanical ventilation (VMC) heat recovery double flow will provide excellent natural comfort in summer and ensure maximum conservation of calories in winter.

In addition, the concrete, perfectly protected from the effects of water as well as temperature variations by the first plate 11, has an increased longevity. Indeed, a concrete such as that indicated above, which also has many advantages, is sensitive to water. But when it is used to implement the process according to the invention, it is sandwiched between the two plates 11, 22 and is thus protected from the essentially external water, has no shrinkage on drying and does not undergo a change in temperature since it is protected by panels of thermal insulating material.

Claims (12)

1. Wall which comprises at least one first plate (11) consisting of at least one block of thermally insulating material, at least one second plate (22) consisting of at least one square of plaster, at least one spacer (30) having a given length between its two ends (31, 32), means for joining the two ends of said spacer to said two first and second plates, respectively, so as to define an inter-plate space (40) therebetween, and a mixture (50) comprising at least cement and water, said mixture being poured into said inter-plate space (40), characterized in that, with each of the means for joining the two ends (31, 32) of said spacer (30) to the first and second plates (11, 22), respectively, being formed such that one (31) of these ends is fixed in the first plate (11), the other end (32) being pressed against the second plate (22), the materials of the mixture and of the second plate are joined together.
2. Wall according to Claim 1, characterized in that said first plate (11) consists of at least one block of thermally insulating material, chosen from the following materials: polystyrene, glass foam, glass wool.
3. Wall according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that said mixture comprises an additive for joining said cement to the material of said second plate.
4. Wall according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it comprises a reinforcement (70) embedded in said mixture (50).
5. Wall according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first plate (11) comprises at least one groove (75) recessed into its face delimiting said inter-plate space (40), said groove (75) having a flared profile in the form of the tenon that is able to engage with the end (31), having a complementary shape, of at least one spacer (30) and to be filled with said mixture (50).
6. Method for producing a building wall part (Mu) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it consists in:

   - providing a first plate (11) consisting of at least one block of thermally insulating material,

   - providing a second plate (22) consisting of at least one square of plaster,

   - providing at least one spacer (30) having a given length defined between its two ends (31, 32),

   - positioning said first and second plates (11, 22) on a base, interposing said spacer (30) in between, such that these first and second plates are substantially parallel to one another, at a given distance (Dt) from one another, defining an inter-plate space (40) between one another, one end (31) of said spacer (30) being fixed in said first plate (11) and the other end (32) of said spacer (30) being pressed against said second plate (22),

   - applying to said two first and second plates (11, 22), respectively, at least two forces (F1, F2) that each have at least one component, the two components being opposite and oriented one towards the other, so as to keep the first and second plates in contact respectively with the ends (31, 32) of said spacer (30) and at the given distance (Dt),

   - pouring a mixture (50) comprising at least cement and water into said inter-plate space (40), and

   - cancelling said two forces (F1, F2) when said mixture, following at least partial crystallization, has a given mechanical strength so as to obtain said wall part (Mu).
7. Method according to Claim 6, characterized in that it consists in placing the first and second plates (11, 22) on said base such that said first plate forms the outer face of the wall and said second place forms the inner face thereof.
8. Method according to either of Claims 6 and 7, characterized in that it consists in producing said mixture (50) with quick-setting cement.
9. Method according to one of Claims 6 to 8, characterized in that it consists in pouring said mixture (50) into said inter-plate space (40) by spraying.
10. Method according to one of Claims 6 to 9, characterized in that it consists in applying said forces (F1, F2) by means of at least one clamp (60) comprising at least two end pieces (61, 62), said two end pieces (61, 62) coming into contact with the faces (12, 23), which are substantially perpendicular to the spacer (30) and furthest away from the two first and second plates (11, 22), respectively.
11. Method according to one of Claims 6 to 10, characterized in that it consists in producing at least one of the first and second plates (11, 22) by assembling a plurality of plate units in one of the three following manners: plate units positioned side-by-side, plate units superposed on one another by their edge, a combination of the two preceding manners.
12. Method according to one of Claims 6 to 11, characterized in that said base is one of the following elements: a slab (Da), another wall part (Mu) produced beforehand, or a combination thereof.

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