EP2258119A1 - Procede et dispositif pour la determination de fonctions de transfert de type hrtf - Google Patents
Procede et dispositif pour la determination de fonctions de transfert de type hrtfInfo
- Publication number
- EP2258119A1 EP2258119A1 EP09714694A EP09714694A EP2258119A1 EP 2258119 A1 EP2258119 A1 EP 2258119A1 EP 09714694 A EP09714694 A EP 09714694A EP 09714694 A EP09714694 A EP 09714694A EP 2258119 A1 EP2258119 A1 EP 2258119A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- functions
- directivity
- measured
- hrtf
- directivity functions
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04S—STEREOPHONIC SYSTEMS
- H04S7/00—Indicating arrangements; Control arrangements, e.g. balance control
Definitions
- the present invention relates to transfer functions specific to each individual and defining the spatial hearing characteristics of this individual taking into account in particular the reflections related to his morphology.
- HRTF transfer functions for "Head Related Transfer Functions”.
- the invention fits in particular in the context of telecommunication services offering a spatialized reproduction of sound, as for example in the case of an audio-conference between several speakers, a movie trailer or broadcast any type of multichannel audio content.
- the invention also applies in the case of telecommunication terminals, including mobile terminals, for which it is envisaged a sound reproduction with a stereo headset allowing the listener to position the sound sources in the space.
- Binaural synthesis is based on the use of so-called "binaural" filters, which reproduce the acoustic transfer functions between the sound source (s) and the listener's ears. These filters are used to simulate auditory location indices that allow a listener to locate sound sources in real listening situations.
- the techniques related to binaural synthesis are therefore based on a pair of binaural signals that feeds a rendering system. These two binaural signals can be obtained by signal processing, by filtering a monophonic signal by binaural filters that reproduce the properties of acoustic propagation between the source placed at a given position and the two ears of a listener.
- Such a binaural synthesis can be used for different renditions such as for example a reproduction using a headset with two earpieces, or two speakers.
- the objective is the reconstruction of a sound field at the ears of a listener practically identical to that which would have induced the real sources in space.
- Binaural filters take into account all the acoustic phenomena that modify the acoustic wave in its path between the source and the ears of the listener. These phenomena include diffraction by the head and reflections on the auditory flag and the upper torso.
- acoustic phenomena vary according to the position of the sound source with respect to the listener and these variations allow the listener to locate the source in the space. Indeed, these variations determine a kind of acoustic coding of the position of the source.
- the auditory system of an individual knows, by learning, to interpret this coding to locate the sound sources. Nevertheless, the acoustic phenomena of diffraction / reflection depend strongly on the morphology of the individual.
- a quality binaural synthesis is therefore based on binaural filters that best reproduce the acoustic coding naturally produced by the listener's body, taking into account the individual characteristics of its morphology. When these conditions are not respected, there is a deterioration in performance binaural rendering, which results in particular intracranial perception of sources and confusion between the front and rear locations.
- these filters represent acoustic transfer functions or HRTF transfer functions which model the transformations generated by the torso, the head and the horn of the listener on the signal coming from a sound source.
- HRTF transfer functions which model the transformations generated by the torso, the head and the horn of the listener on the signal coming from a sound source.
- Each sound source position is associated with a pair of functions
- HRTF one for each ear.
- these HRTF transfer functions carry the acoustic fingerprint of the morphology of the individual on which they were measured.
- the HRTF transfer functions are obtained during a measurement phase. Initially, a selection of directions is fixed that covers more or less finely the entire space surrounding the listener. For In each direction, the left and right HRTFs are measured by means of microphones inserted at the entrance of the auditor's ear canal. In general, a sphere centered on the listener is defined.
- an object of the present invention is to provide listener-specific HRTF transfer functions by performing a reduced number of measurements for that listener and exceeding the limits of the statistical learning models.
- the subject of the present invention is a method for determining transfer functions of the HRTF type for an individual comprising a measurement, for a first number of directions, of HRTF transfer functions specific to said individual, a mapping directivity functions associated with said HRTF type functions measured with reference directivity functions associated with reference HRTF transfer functions, said reference HRTF type functions being determined for a second greater number of directions than said first HRTF number of directions and a reconstruction of the directivity functions measured from said reference directivity functions.
- the reconstructed HRTF transfer functions associated with the reconstructed directivity functions are expressed over a larger number of directions than the measured transfer functions.
- the method comprises a prior phase comprising a determination of said reference HRTF transfer functions for a plurality of individuals, according to a plurality of frequencies and said second number of directions, an evaluation of similarity. between directivity functions associated with said reference HRTF functions, classification of said directivity functions into groups according to their similarities, selection of a representative directivity function for each group, and modification of the directivity functions to minimize a offset with their respective representative directivity functions and form the reference directivity functions.
- Such an embodiment makes it possible to take into account spatial characteristics of the directivity functions.
- said evaluation of similarity between the directivity functions is based on a similarity criterion representative of independent similarities with respect to rotational offsets of said directivity functions.
- said mapping comprises an evaluation of a spatial similarity between the measured directivity functions and the directivity functions representative of the reference directivity function groups, an association of the measured directivity functions with the directivity function groups of the reference directivity function groups. reference according to said similarity assessment, a modification of the directivity functions measured to minimize a spatial shift with the directivity functions representative of the associated groups.
- the measured directivity functions can more easily be expressed according to the reference directivity functions.
- the method further comprises a modification of the directivity functions measured at the end of said reconstruction to at least partially compensate for the minimization of the spatial shift.
- said reconstruction of the measured directivity functions comprises a determination of reconstruction directivity functions among the reference directivity functions of the group associated with the current measured directivity function, a determination of a vector base of reconstruction from said reconstruction directivity functions and an expression of said current measured directivity function on said reconstruction vector basis.
- the measured directivity functions are reconstructed on a basis of eigenvectors corresponding to reference directivity functions.
- the determination of the reconstruction directivity functions comprises an interpolation from the reference directivity functions at least for the directions of the measured directivity functions.
- Such an embodiment makes it possible to ensure a vectorial correspondence between the measured directivity functions and the reconstruction directivity functions.
- said expression of the directivity functions measured on said reconstruction vector base comprises an approximation based on information derived from said reconstruction directivity functions and information derived from said measured directivity functions.
- the method further comprises a modification of the reconstructed directivity functions to at least partially compensate for said approximation.
- the invention relates to a corresponding device and a computer program, characterized in that it comprises code instructions for implementing the method described above, when it is executed by a computer of this type. computer.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B represent flowcharts of the method according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 represents a block diagram of an implementation system of the invention.
- This method starts with a preliminary phase 2 of determining a database of HRTF type reference functions.
- This prior phase comprises an acquisition 4 of HRTF type transfer functions for a plurality P of individuals according to a plurality M of frequencies and a plurality H of directions. For example, the measurements concern several hundred individuals each having been measured over a thousand directions in the audible frequency band.
- This database may consist of non-homogeneous measurements, that is to say made in different environments at different times.
- the directivity characteristics of HRTF transfer functions are used. This amounts to considering the HRTF transfer functions as directivity functions.
- Each directivity function represents the module of a transfer function of the HRTF type for a given frequency and evaluated on the N points of the space. The method therefore has 2 * P * M directivity functions. The directivity functions being directly extracted from HRTF functions, no specific step is required at this level.
- a spatial similarity of the directivity functions is then evaluated during a step 6. This evaluation is performed by a comparison of the two-to-two directivity functions independently of their frequency. The results form a symmetric similarity matrix of size (2 * P * M) x
- the similarity measure is the maximum of the normalized spherical inter-correlation on R G S ⁇ (3). Normalized spherical inter-correlation is defined at close R rotation.
- D m ⁇ m (R) is a so-called Wigner-D function as described for example in the document Kostelec, PJ. and DN Rockmore, "FFTs on the Rotation Group” Santa Fe Institute Working Papers Series, 2003.
- the denominator is calculated directly and the numerator is expressed as an inverse Fourier transform on the group SO (3) as defined in the document cited previously. The implementation of this calculation is therefore feasible without difficulty from fast FFT algorithms. As a result, this calculation and the discrete sampling of the rotations are achievable quickly.
- the evaluation of the similarities 6 is followed by a classification 8 to form K groups or clusters of directivity functions according to their similarities. Various classification algorithms can be used for carrying out this step.
- the classification is a spectral classification such as that described in the document by Von Luxburg, U., "A Tutohal on Spectral Clustering. Statistics and Computing »2007 17 (4) p. 395- 416.
- the directivity functions are considered as the nodes of a graph which it is a question of partitioning. Each edge of this graph is weighted by the value of the similarity between its extremities.
- the matrix expressing the Laplacian of the graph is decomposed into eigenvalues, and the K groups are obtained by a classification algorithm such as the algorithm called k-means applied in the representation space that constitute the K first eigenvectors of the Laplacian.
- An example of a k-means algorithm is described in MacQueen, J. B. "Some methods for classification and analysis of multivahate observations" in Proceedings of 5-th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability 1967.
- the classification is followed by a selection 10, for each group, of a representative directivity function.
- the representative function of a group is the directivity function whose average similarity with the other directivity functions of the group is the strongest.
- the representative function is the directivity function which has the lowest Euclidean distance with the other functions of the group.
- Other selection principles can be used.
- the preliminary phase 2 includes a modification or transformation
- this minimization is a spatial rotation applied to each directivity function to maximize its similarity with the function representative of the corresponding group. This operation makes it possible to reduce the spatial differences of the directivity functions, these differences resulting from a different orientation of auditory flags which are otherwise structurally similar.
- a first estimate of the optimal rotation Ro of alignment is the rotation R which maximizes the normalized spherical inter-correlation described with reference to step 6.
- the estimate of R is improved in the case where the calculation of this rotation R by IFFT on SO (3) is only carried out on a limited sampling of the group of rotations SO (3).
- Minimization is then improved by exploring the SO (3) space according to a gradient descent algorithm, such as that proposed in the document by Chirikjian, G. S., et al. Rotational matching problems International Journal of
- the rotation is initialized and the algorithm converges to an optimal solution by minimizing the cost function equal to the opposite of normalized spherical inter-correlation.
- the method therefore has reference directivity functions which are grouped into groups corresponding to structurally similar hearing instruments.
- This phase comprises a measurement or acquisition of HRTF type transfer functions specific to a listener. These transfer functions acoustic or HRTF are measured according to conventional methods for a plurality n of directions and a plurality JW of frequencies.
- the number of directions n is less than the number of directions measured H during the collection 4.
- the number of directions in the measurement 14 is ten times less than the number of directions in the collection 4.
- the method uses measured directivity functions associated with measured HRTF transfer functions. These directivity functions are extracted directly from the measured HRTF transfer functions without requiring any particular step. The method thus has 2 * M 'measured directivity functions.
- the method then comprises a mapping between the measured directivity functions and the reference directivity functions.
- This mapping starts with an evaluation 22 of the similarities between the measured directivity functions and the directivity functions representative of the reference directivity function groups.
- the evaluation 22 comprises a comparison in pairs and independently of the frequency, the measured directivity functions and the directivity functions representative of the groups. In the embodiment described, this comparison is based on the same measure of similarity as the comparison of step 6.
- the evaluation 22 is followed by an association 24 of the directivity functions measured with the groups of reference directivity functions. More precisely, each measured directivity function is associated with the group from which the representative function with which the evaluation of similarity is maximal is derived.
- This step is similar to a pattern recognition between the set, or the constellation, of the measured directivity functions and the reference directivity functions.
- mapping 20 includes a modification 26 of the measured directivity functions to minimize a spatial shift with associated representative directivity functions.
- each function of measured directivity is modified to increase its similarity with the representative directivity function associated with it.
- This modification 26 is similar to the modification 12 described above.
- the method comprises a reconstruction of the directivity functions measured from the reference directivity functions.
- This reconstruction begins with a determination of 32 reconstruction directivity functions. These reconstruction directivity functions are determined, for a measured directivity function, from the reference directivity function group associated with this measured directivity function. In addition, the number of directions on which the reconstruction directivity functions are determined corresponds to the desired level of precision. In any case, this number must be greater than n the number of directions measured.
- this determination firstly comprises an interpolation from the reference directivity functions. Indeed, except in a particular case, the reference directivity functions are not known exactly to the directions of the directivity functions measured.
- the reconstruction directivity functions are determined by interpolation from the reference directivity functions of the associated group.
- the sampling of the spatial environment obtained by the reference directivity functions is refined and resampled to include the measurement directions and to ensure a vectorial correspondence between the measured directivity functions and the reconstruction directivity functions.
- Step 32 then comprises determining the reconstruction directivity functions for NT additional directions in order to achieve the desired level of accuracy.
- the reconstruction directivity functions are also determined for the NT additional directions by interpolation from the reference directivity functions of the group associated with the measured directivity function. The objective of this interpolation is to obtain a homogeneous spatial distribution of the reconstruction directivity functions.
- the additional directions are selected by triangulation on the space from the measurement directions.
- each group reconstruction directivity function is represented as a vector v, each dimension of which is associated with a position on the sphere, and each component of which is the value taken by this directivity function in these positions.
- X ⁇ x ⁇ , x 2 , ..., x m ).
- the eigenvector base for the S - diagi ⁇ ⁇ reconstruction is extracted from this matrix.
- this step can be performed via a singular value decomposition of the matrix X as described in the Press document,
- the basis of the eigenvectors of each measured directivity function is constructed and ordered so that the vectors hierarchically express a decreasing share of the variability of the analyzed data.
- the first g vectors with q ⁇ m-1 are preserved.
- the method comprises, during a step 36, an expression of the directivity functions measured on the basis of eigenvectors associated with the group identified for the current measured function.
- it is a projection of each measured directivity function performed on the common dimensions at the base of eigenvectors.
- the projection is regularized in order to make a compromise between the accuracy of the reconstruction at the measurement points and the likelihood of the result.
- This projection is used to express the directivity functions measured in the form of linear combinations of the reconstruction vectors. Since the vectors are defined on a greater number of directions than the measured directivity functions, the reconstructed directivity functions have a spatial resolution greater than the measured directivity functions.
- the regularized projection is carried out according to a method proposed by Blanz et al in the document "Reconstructing the Complete 3D Shape of Faces of Partial Information". it + ti, Informationstechnik und Technische Informatik, 2002. 44 (6).
- Blanz et al in the document "Reconstructing the Complete 3D Shape of Faces of Partial Information”. it + ti, Informationstechnik und Technische Informatik, 2002. 44 (6).
- the result is guaranteed to be a compromise between probability of the result and precise reconstruction at the measuring points, via the setting of a single parameter.
- L is formed by concatenation of the identity matrix of dimension (n) x (n) with the null matrix of dimension (n) x (N') ).
- r low the vector of dimension n, whose components are the values of the directivity function measured at the n points of the sphere. According to the algorithms proposed by Blanz et al, the solution that maximizes the probability of high-resolution r hgh reconstruction, is written:
- the method then comprises a step 40 of modifying the reconstructed directivity functions.
- This step applies an inverse modification to the modification of step 26 and makes it possible to cancel the effects of the previously applied rotations to minimize a spatial shift between the measured directivity functions and the directivity functions representative of the reference directivity function groups. .
- the method also comprises a correction 42 of the compromise made during the projection during step 36.
- a reconstruction error is evaluated at the measurement points by comparing the measured directivity functions and the reconstructed functions for these points. This error is then removed.
- the reconstruction error can also be evaluated for additional directions to the measurement points.
- this evaluation can be performed by interpolation according to the algorithms described in the publication by Wahba, G., "Spline interpolation and smoothing on the sphere. SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comp., 1981. 2: p. 5-14.
- the reconstructed HRTF transfer functions are obtained directly using the coefficients of the reconstructed directivity functions.
- the directivity functions correspond to a particular reading of the values of transfer functions of HRTF type.
- the reconstruction of the directivity functions therefore automatically leads to the reconstruction of the transfer functions of the HRTF type.
- the method of the invention makes it possible to reconstruct the HRTF transfer functions specific to an individual with a fine spatial resolution from HRTF type transfer functions measured on a coarse sampling of directions. This makes it possible to simplify and reduce the constraints of the procedure for acquiring HRTF transfer functions specific to a listener. In addition, with respect to statistical learning models, information from physical phenomena and the spatial structure of HRTF transfer functions are taken into account.
- the individualization parameters of the model are HRTF transfer functions measured on the individual and are more reliable parameters than morphological parameters.
- the device is adapted to implement the preliminary and operational phases. It is connected to a database 44 of reference HRTF type functions and to a database 46 of measured HRTF type functions. In addition, in the embodiment described, these databases are directly modified during operation of the device.
- the device 50 comprises as input a module 52 for evaluation of similarities adapted to perform comparisons of the directivity functions as described in steps 6 and 14 with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B.
- the module 52 is connected to a classifier 54 adapted to implement the step 8 of classification of the reference directivity functions into groups according to their similarities.
- the module 54 is connected to a selector 56 capable of selecting 10 directivity functions representative of the groups of reference directivity functions.
- the selector 56 is connected to a transformation module 58 adapted to perform an operation of minimizing a spatial shift and thus able to implement step 12.
- this same module 58 is also able to implement step 26.
- comparison module 52 is also connected to an association module 60 which is adapted to implement the step 24 described with reference to FIG. 1 B.
- This module 60 is connected at the output to the transformation module 58 Consequently, the modules 52 to 58 make it possible to implement steps 2 and 20 of the method as described above with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B.
- the device 60 also comprises a module 62 able to carry out the reconstruction operations of the step 30 as described with reference to FIG. 1B.
- This module 62 is connected at the output to a module 64 performing the inverse transformation of the module 58 in order to implement step 40 of the method of the invention.
- the device 50 also comprises a corrector 66 implementing step 42.
- the various elements described are computer programs or subprograms comprising code instructions for the implementation of the method as described above when these instructions are executed by a computer computer.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0851348 | 2008-02-29 | ||
| PCT/FR2009/050246 WO2009106783A1 (fr) | 2008-02-29 | 2009-02-17 | Procede et dispositif pour la determination de fonctions de transfert de type hrtf |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2258119A1 true EP2258119A1 (fr) | 2010-12-08 |
| EP2258119B1 EP2258119B1 (fr) | 2012-08-29 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP09714694A Active EP2258119B1 (fr) | 2008-02-29 | 2009-02-17 | Procede et dispositif pour la determination de fonctions de transfert de type hrtf |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8489371B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2258119B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2009106783A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20110035094A1 (en) * | 2009-08-04 | 2011-02-10 | Telecordia Technologies Inc. | System and method for automatic fault detection of a machine |
| FR2958825B1 (fr) * | 2010-04-12 | 2016-04-01 | Arkamys | Procede de selection de filtres hrtf perceptivement optimale dans une base de donnees a partir de parametres morphologiques |
| CN104956689B (zh) | 2012-11-30 | 2017-07-04 | Dts(英属维尔京群岛)有限公司 | 用于个性化音频虚拟化的方法和装置 |
| WO2014164361A1 (fr) | 2013-03-13 | 2014-10-09 | Dts Llc | Système et procédés pour traiter un contenu audio stéréoscopique |
| US9426589B2 (en) | 2013-07-04 | 2016-08-23 | Gn Resound A/S | Determination of individual HRTFs |
| EP3539305A4 (fr) | 2016-11-13 | 2020-04-22 | Embodyvr, Inc. | Système et procédé de capture d'image de pavillon et de caractérisation de l'anatomie auditive humaine à l'aide d'une image de pavillon auriculaire |
| US10701506B2 (en) | 2016-11-13 | 2020-06-30 | EmbodyVR, Inc. | Personalized head related transfer function (HRTF) based on video capture |
| CN106682203A (zh) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-05-17 | 西北工业大学 | 基于三维生理参数的hrtf个人化匹配方法 |
| CN107480100B (zh) * | 2017-07-04 | 2020-02-28 | 中国科学院自动化研究所 | 基于深层神经网络中间层特征的头相关传输函数建模系统 |
| WO2019094114A1 (fr) * | 2017-11-13 | 2019-05-16 | EmbodyVR, Inc. | Fonction de transfert asservie aux mouvements de la tête (hrtf) personnalisée sur la base de capture vidéo |
| CN108596016B (zh) * | 2018-03-06 | 2021-11-09 | 北京大学 | 一种基于深度神经网络的个性化头相关传输函数建模方法 |
| US10856097B2 (en) | 2018-09-27 | 2020-12-01 | Sony Corporation | Generating personalized end user head-related transfer function (HRTV) using panoramic images of ear |
| US11113092B2 (en) | 2019-02-08 | 2021-09-07 | Sony Corporation | Global HRTF repository |
| US11451907B2 (en) | 2019-05-29 | 2022-09-20 | Sony Corporation | Techniques combining plural head-related transfer function (HRTF) spheres to place audio objects |
| US11347832B2 (en) | 2019-06-13 | 2022-05-31 | Sony Corporation | Head related transfer function (HRTF) as biometric authentication |
| US11146908B2 (en) | 2019-10-24 | 2021-10-12 | Sony Corporation | Generating personalized end user head-related transfer function (HRTF) from generic HRTF |
| US11070930B2 (en) | 2019-11-12 | 2021-07-20 | Sony Corporation | Generating personalized end user room-related transfer function (RRTF) |
| US11363402B2 (en) | 2019-12-30 | 2022-06-14 | Comhear Inc. | Method for providing a spatialized soundfield |
| US11778408B2 (en) | 2021-01-26 | 2023-10-03 | EmbodyVR, Inc. | System and method to virtually mix and audition audio content for vehicles |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUPQ514000A0 (en) * | 2000-01-17 | 2000-02-10 | University Of Sydney, The | The generation of customised three dimensional sound effects for individuals |
| JP3521900B2 (ja) * | 2002-02-04 | 2004-04-26 | ヤマハ株式会社 | バーチャルスピーカアンプ |
| US7430300B2 (en) * | 2002-11-18 | 2008-09-30 | Digisenz Llc | Sound production systems and methods for providing sound inside a headgear unit |
| US20090030552A1 (en) * | 2002-12-17 | 2009-01-29 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | Robotics visual and auditory system |
| JPWO2005025270A1 (ja) * | 2003-09-08 | 2006-11-16 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | 音像制御装置の設計ツールおよび音像制御装置 |
| US7949141B2 (en) * | 2003-11-12 | 2011-05-24 | Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation | Processing audio signals with head related transfer function filters and a reverberator |
| FR2880755A1 (fr) * | 2005-01-10 | 2006-07-14 | France Telecom | Procede et dispositif d'individualisation de hrtfs par modelisation |
-
2009
- 2009-02-17 US US12/919,321 patent/US8489371B2/en active Active
- 2009-02-17 EP EP09714694A patent/EP2258119B1/fr active Active
- 2009-02-17 WO PCT/FR2009/050246 patent/WO2009106783A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| See references of WO2009106783A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US8489371B2 (en) | 2013-07-16 |
| EP2258119B1 (fr) | 2012-08-29 |
| WO2009106783A1 (fr) | 2009-09-03 |
| US20110009771A1 (en) | 2011-01-13 |
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