EP2222924A1

EP2222924A1 - Modular building and method for the production thereof

Info

Publication number: EP2222924A1
Application number: EP07856162A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Bernd Heidenreich
Original assignee: Bernd Heidenreich
Priority date: 2007-12-28
Filing date: 2007-12-28
Publication date: 2010-09-01
Anticipated expiration: 2027-12-28
Also published as: US8584404B2; PL2222924T3; DK2222924T3; WO2009082991A1; US20110000147A1; EP2222924B1; LT2222924T; MX2010005749A; DE112007003760A5

Abstract

The invention relates to a modular building (1), which is produced from base elements, said base elements comprising skeleton structural elements, from which a skeleton structure is formed, and planar elements comprising at least wall, floor, and ceiling elements (8, 6, 7) and being attached to the skeleton structure, wherein the skeleton structure elements are detachably connected to each other to form the skeleton structure and the planar elements are detachably connected to the skeleton structure and to each other. Furthermore, a method for producing a modular building (1) is created, which is produced from base elements, wherein skeleton structure and planar elements, which comprise at least wall, floor, and ceiling elements (8, 6, 7) being produced and/or provided as the base elements, characterized in that the skeleton structure elements are detachably connected to each other to form the skeleton structure and the planar elements are detachably connected to the skeleton structure and/or to each other.

Description

Modular building and method for its production

The invention relates to a modular building made of basic elements. In particular, the invention relates to residential, administrative and commercial buildings.

From the prior art, it is known to create buildings, especially single and multi-family houses and small and medium-sized office or commercial buildings, in so-called solid construction, where the buildings are made of building materials at the place of their establishment. A floor, walls and ceilings are essentially created on site. Here are a variety of steps to coordinate and execute. A high proportion of manual work done on site is associated with a higher probability of error and limited possibilities for monitoring and quality assurance compared to industrially organized processes. Newly constructed buildings often have a large number of defects, the removal of which is cost-intensive or partly impossible, at least with economically justifiable expense. Some shortcomings thus often persist permanently. Furthermore, the construction process is heavily dependent on difficult to control weather conditions.

From the prior art, an alternative construction is known in which the buildings are made of prefabricated elements usually mounted on traditionally manufactured cellars or foundation slabs. Some of the elements are manufactured with ready-to-use surfaces in industrial processes and delivered to the construction site of the building. There, the prefabricated, delivered elements are non-detachably connected. As a cost advantage of this design is low and flexibility in terms of conversion measures is difficult, this "prefab" construction has a stagnant market share in small and medium-sized residential buildings.

Both known from the prior art constructions and buildings also have as a disadvantage a low flexibility in terms of a transformation during a period of use. The development of the last decades has shown that the requirements for use of buildings change very often and sometimes very seriously within the possible service life, which is increasing due to technical progress. For example, this already starts with a natural change in a number and age of the users in residential buildings and is subject to fundamental changes the usage habits. The adaptation of buildings to changing uses and external influences regularly requires a disproportionate effort in the known buildings.

The invention is therefore based on the technical problem of providing a building and a method for its manufacture, which eliminate the mentioned disadvantages of the prior art, in particular to create a building that offers a high flexibility during the service life.

The technical problem is solved by a building with the features of claim 1 and a method having the features of claim 19. Advantageous embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims.

It is a modular building, which is made of basic elements, proposed, wherein the basic elements skeleton structural elements of which a skeleton structure is formed, and surface elements comprising at least wall, floor and ceiling elements and are attached to the skeletal structure, wherein skeleton structural elements solvable to each other to form the skeleton structure and the surface elements to the skeleton structure and are releasably connected to each other. In a production of a modular building, which is manufactured from basic elements, it is thus provided that skeleton structural elements and surface elements which comprise at least wall, floor and ceiling elements are manufactured and / or provided as basic elements, and the skeleton structural elements detachable from one another to the skeleton structure and the surface elements are releasably connected to the skeleton structure and / or to each other. This ensures that individual basic elements can be easily combined with each other and after a construction of the building and again easily removed or replaced by others and can be supplemented. This provides the ability to flexibly adapt the building to changing needs during its useful life. As a detachable connection is considered, which can be solved without damaging the basic elements, and these are available after the release of the compound for reuse. Preferred releasable connection types are wedging, bracing, screwing, latching, in particular positive locking, nesting. As a non-detachable connection welding, concreting and classical walls are exemplified. In a preferred embodiment, the skeleton structure comprises vertically oriented support members spaced from each other at node and / or corner points of a pattern resulting in an adjacent array of floor elements to form at least one lower floor surface, the floor elements at the vertical support elements are stored. This creates a simple skeleton structure.

Particularly preferably, the skeleton structure does not comprise cross braces between the individual vertically oriented support elements. This means that the vertically oriented support members are not interconnected in such an embodiment in the skeletal structure. Thus, a skeleton structure is provided which is spaced apart from ordered and non-interconnected skeleton structural elements comprising vertically aligned support members. This makes it easy to add or remove new vertically oriented support members from the skeleton structure when the building is to be adapted. By adding or removing vertical support elements, a lower floor area can be easily changed by adding or removing corresponding floor elements. A floor space of the building can thus easily be varied.

In order to increase the flexibility and ease of assembly, the support elements are or are preferably composed of skeleton structural elements which are detachably connected to one another, in particular by screw connections. The individual skeletal structure elements are preferably basic elements which can be carried and moved by a human person. The fact that the support elements are composed of several skeleton structural elements, a transport to the erection site and at the installation site is facilitated.

For the surface elements, it is desirable that these be provided or manufactured in coordinated dimensions. The production takes place in an industrial manufacturing process locally separate from the construction of the building. As a result, productivity gains and improved quality control and quality assurance can be achieved. The production of the surface elements, which include the ceiling, floor, and wall elements, takes place in such a way that they are or are formed ready for the surface. Surface finish means that the surfaces have the intended and required properties for their intended use. Floor elements have on a top, for example, a floor covering, such as floorboards, parquet or the like. Wall elements, which are provided as outer wall and are referred to as outer wall elements, have on the outside of a weather-resistant surface and on the inside, for example, a flat plastered and optionally colored surface configured. The inside can also have a wood paneling, a woodchip wallpaper, textured or textile wallpaper or a rough plaster. Ceiling elements, when provided as floor slabs in a multi-storey building, are provided on an underside with, for example, a smooth surface or paneling and on a top surface with a floor covering. Roofing elements, for example, have a weather-resistant upper side.

In addition, at least the outer wall elements are preferably provided with doors and windows.

The surface elements are or are further formed so that they already include installation elements. Installation elements may include electrical leads for power and / or data transmission, fiber optic cables, water, gas and sewer pipes, and other utility lines. Further, switches, exits and inlets shut-off devices, branching devices, etc. may be provided.

Preferably, the surface elements are formed so that the installation elements comprise connections that allow connecting the installation elements of adjacent surface elements.

Alternatively or additionally, the wall elements may include channel-like recesses along or adjacent one or more edges for receiving installations. These channel-like recesses are preferably covered with end strips.

Connecting and / or distributing and / or merging the supply lines is preferably carried out via a below the floor elements preferably at least crawl-high installation floor. Therefore, the floor elements are preferably raised.

A foundation takes place via foundation elements. These are or are preferably spaced from each other and separated on the ground, which is rough pre-leveled and compacted, arranged or embedded in the ground. An admission into the subsoil is usually necessary for the external foundation elements to ensure frost protection. If the subsoil has sufficient bearing capacity, steel plates can serve as foundation elements on which the support elements, in particular the installation floor supports, are arranged. Only when geological conditions require it can the foundation elements be or will be designed as deep foundations.

In a preferred embodiment, the support members include adjustable installation loft posts for spacing the floor elements away from the foundation elements or ground, and for equalizing uneven heights of the foundation elements or ground. In one embodiment, the installation floor supports comprise two threaded sleeves with opposing threads and a corresponding two-piece threaded rod disposed between the threaded sleeves. Over a length adjustability settlements occurring in the course of the service life can be easily compensated at individual foundation points. In another embodiment, an installation floor support comprises a hollow tube on which rotatably mounted a nut with an internal thread rests, in which a so-called GEWI rod 13 is guided, which has a matching to the internal thread external thread. A rotation of the nut in this other embodiment, a retraction and extension of the GEWI rod, that is, a length adjustment of the installation floor support, can be effected.

In one embodiment of the invention, the foundation elements are arranged on circles. On these steel beams or rail profiles are arranged, which form full circles. At a lower end of the vertically oriented support members wheels are mounted, which are mounted on the steel beams or rail profiles to turn the building can. The building is preferably one inside the building, preferably rotatable by a center of a base, extending vertical axis. Preferably, stops are provided which restrict rotation of the building to an angular range, for example 270 °. Thus, a supply and discharge of the supply lines via flexible lines can be realized in a simple manner. Such a building, on which solar thermal or photovoltaic elements can also be arranged, can be tracked to a position of the sun. In such an embodiment, the installation bullet is preferably above the surrounding terrain level.

In order to be able to make a flexible transformation even after an erection of the building and to be able to reuse the built-up basic elements, it is advantageous if the surface elements can only be produced in a limited number of outline shapes and dimensions, i. standardized, manufactured. Preferably, the floor elements all have the same basic geometric shape.

As a preferred basic form for the floor elements, the shape of an isosceles, right-angled triangle has been found. The maximum dimensions are preferably chosen so that the triangular base elements can be transported by truck. Thus, hypotenuse lengths of 5 m to 6 m can be realized without difficulty.

Preferably, the wall elements are projectile high and their lengths adapted to edge lengths of the floor elements. A production of such wall elements takes place when using isosceles right-angled triangular floor elements in two lengths, which are adapted to a Hypotenusenlänge and to a Kathedenlänge the bottom elements.

If a base area or lower building surface is to be more variable, it is also possible to use different shaped and / or different dimensions surface elements. If isosceles right-angled triangular-shaped bottom elements are used, they can be produced or used in two sizes, wherein preferably a hypotenuse length of the smaller bottom elements corresponds to a length of the cathodes of the larger bottom elements. As a result, a large number of basic surface sizes, in particular of rectangular base surfaces, can be realized. Since the skeleton structure comprises vertically oriented pillar members, it is preferable that the ceiling members have the same shape as the floor members. Moreover, it is advantageous that the ceiling elements have the same dimensions as the floor elements.

The support members have in a preferred embodiment projectile-high projectile supports, which are each attached to a below arranged installation floor support or another floor support or are. The support elements are thus preferably formed of an installation loft support and one or more storey-high projectile pillars. A number of floors can be varied.

In one embodiment, to allow the floor props to be secured to the installation posts, the installation floor posts include head plates that include attachment receivers and / or fasteners for securing floor props and / or wall and / or floor and / or ceiling panels.

The projectile supports preferably have end plates on which the floor elements and ceiling elements are mounted and fixed accordingly.

The projectile pillars themselves advantageously each comprise one or more interconnected angle profiles whose opening angles correspond in each case to the corner angles of the floor and / or ceiling elements which are mounted on the corresponding floor support. The fact that the projectile props are composed of individual angle profiles, handling is increased. The use of angle profiles whose opening angles are adapted to the corner shapes and dimensions of the floor and ceiling elements increase the stability of the building. This applies in particular to embodiments in which the vertically oriented support elements are not connected to each other via other skeleton structural elements. In particular, in such an embodiment, there is a stiffening of the building on the surface elements, which are usually beyond self-supporting in the sense that they carry their own weight and not directly offload to other surface elements are designed or are. At least the surface elements which are used for stiffening are thus designed to be load-bearing. They carry their own weight, traffic and stiffening loads. Accordingly, the corners of the floor and ceiling elements preferably have recesses corresponding to a profile thickness of the angle profiles from which the projectile supports are formed. So an arrangement of the individual floor and ceiling elements on impact next to each other is possible.

In order to achieve a good sealing of the individual surface elements against each other, the edge surfaces on which they abut surface with other surface elements preferably have elastically formed seals.

While the floor and ceiling elements on or in the vertically oriented support members, preferably engaging in the angled profiles of the floor supports, are mounted on or attached to the support members, or the outer wall elements are inserted horizontally between the floor and ceiling elements between the floor supports and attached to the projectile columns. The wall elements are also used in embodiments in which the support elements are not connected via skeleton structural elements, a further stiffening of the building.

The outer wall elements are or are made so that they have flush with an outer side projections that laterally overlap the angle profiles of the floor supports, in which engages the adjacent floor and / or ceiling element, and engages below the adjacent floor element or ceiling element.

The inner wall elements are preferably attached to the floor and ceiling elements. Preferably, these are wedged releasably between the floor and the ceiling elements or attached via angles.

In order to save individual projectile props in a projectile, the skeleton structure may comprise a hanging work in an overlying projectile. Thus, larger column-free spaces can be created in the lower floor.

As a roof, a flat roof construction is preferred. Alternatively, other roof structures can be realized in which, for example, a roof truss is attached to the skeleton structure. In a preferred embodiment with a flat roof the roofing elements preferably have peripheral upstands. A laterally delimited by the peripheral Aufkantungen and by a base down space is or is preferably sealed liquid-tight and sealed at the top by a film as a liquid storage. The film preferably comprises a centrally disposed fluid-permeable opening, wherein a floating body is arranged around or adjacent to the fluid-permeable opening. The film is designed so that it hangs funnel-shaped when the liquid storage is empty. If the water reservoir is filled, the float floats on, so that the film forms a sloping from the center to the sides of the roof over the water tank, so that the water drains to the sides.

In order to prevent the penetration of leaves and other solid constituents into the water reservoir, the fluid-permeable opening is or is sealed in one embodiment with a filter, preferably a non-woven filter, against ingress of solids. This is preferably arranged interchangeably in a holder.

The prefabricated wall elements, in particular outer wall elements, are or are at least partially provided with doors and / or windows.

A free space existing between the ground and the floor elements is or will be sealed to the sides and used as an installation floor for supplying and discharging and / or distributing and / or combining gas, water, waste water and / or electricity.

The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is a schematic overview of an embodiment of a modular building;

Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of an installation floor support;

Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of an angle profile;

Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a bottom element;

Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of another angle profile; Fig. 6 is a schematic view of an outer wall member;

Fig. 7 is a schematic representation of a building corner;

8 shows a schematic representation of a further outer wall element;

9 shows a schematic representation of a further building corner of a single-storey building;

10 shows a schematic representation of a building corner of a two-storey building; and

Fig. 11 is a schematic view of a building, is replaced in the projectile columns by a suspended structure.

In Fig. 1, an embodiment of a modular building 1 is shown schematically. It comprises foundation elements 2 on which support elements 3 are arranged, which form a skeleton structure. The support elements 3 comprise installation floor supports 4 and floor supports 5.

On the support elements 3, preferably on the floor supports 5, a triangular basic shape having bottom elements 6 are mounted and fixed. Likewise, ceiling elements 7 are mounted and fastened to the support elements 3, preferably to the floor supports 5. The ceiling elements 7 have the same basic shape (base) as the bottom elements 6. In the embodiment described, this basic shape has an isosceles right-angled triangular base surface. The floor and ceiling elements can also have a different geometric base, for example rectangular, square, trapezoidal, etc., be formed. However, all floor elements and all ceiling elements preferably have the same shape. Furthermore, the dimensions are chosen so that sufficiently large column-free interiors can be realized and on the other hand, the individual floor and ceiling elements can be transported on normal truck to a construction site. Laterally or between the floor elements 6 and ceiling elements 7 and between the support elements 3 at least outer wall elements 8 are inserted laterally. These are fastened at least to the support elements 3, optionally also to the ceiling elements 7 or floor elements 6. The floor elements 6, the ceiling elements 7 and the outer wall elements 8 belong to the so-called surface elements. In Fig. 1, a bottom member 6, a ceiling member 7 and an outer wall member 8 are highlighted by a hatching and only this is provided with a reference numeral.

Between the floor elements 6, which are stilted or raised above the installation floor supports 4, and a ground 9, an installation floor is formed, which preferably has a creeping height and is sealed to the sides. For this purpose, special installation floors (not shown), which are formed for example as vertical aprons of insulating material on a support layer of sheet metal or plastic, may be provided. Likewise, a seal on a bed of soil around the building 1 done, since usually the upper soil layers, as explained below, are already removed. Thus, this installation floor is usually completely or partially below a surrounding terrain level. The installation floor is, however, held invisible or accessible. Accessibility for repairs or modifications should be guaranteed.

At least the bottom elements 6 and the ceiling elements 7 are each formed supporting. Preferably, the outer wall elements 8 are self-supporting in the sense that they carry their own weight designed. Together, they serve to stiffen the building. Thus, the outer wall elements 8 are not only self-supporting in the narrower sense of the word but supporting, since they are also designed to accommodate stiffening loads and / or wind loads.

The construction of a building will be described in more detail below.

Preferably, after a deportation of the topsoil a ground 9 is usually post-compacted and leveled. If necessary, a leveling layer of gravel is applied. The foundation of the building takes place only by individual supports in the knot and corner points 10 of a pattern, which results from filling or forming the lowest floor area with the aid of the floor elements 6, which with their edges together adjoin. For a solid ground, even with greater subsidence sensitivity and long-term settlement processes appear braced steel plates with appropriate corrosion protection, the standard area is the lower limit of the carrying capacity of the most common ground types, as founding elements 2 expedient. Depending on the frost variability and condition of the ground 9, the foundation elements 2 are dig in frost-proof depth. Basically, this only applies to the foundation elements at the outer corners and junctions 10, since the installation floor must be kept frost-free anyhow. The foundation elements 2 of the inner pillar elements 3, which are preferably designed as steel plates, can be laid down on the surface of the load-bearing ground 9. The formed as steel plates foundation elements 2 can accordingly be used or relocated several times.

On the formed as steel plates foundation elements 2, the installation floor supports 4 are arranged. The installation floor supports 4 are designed to be adjustable in length and serve to realize a frost-proof burial depth and installation level height and to compensate for inaccuracies in the height of the foundation level and subsidence. The installation floor supports may for example comprise a lower and an upper threaded sleeve with right- or left-hand thread (or vice versa) and a corresponding two-part threaded rod. A rotation of the threaded rod changes a length of the corresponding installation floor support.

Another exemplary embodiment of a skeleton structural element is shown schematically in FIG. 2, in which an installation floor support 4 is formed integrally with the foundation element 2 designed as a steel plate. The installation floor support 4 comprises a hollow tube 11, on which rotatably mounted a nut 12 rests with an internal thread. In the internal thread a so-called GEWI rod 13 is guided, it has a matching to the internal thread external thread. About a rotation of the nut 12, a retraction and extension of the GEWI rod 13 can be effected.

At an end opposite the foundation element 2, a top plate 14 is attached. The head plate 14 is preferably designed octagonal and has fasteners and / or openings on which the projectile supports and or Surface elements of the building can be attached. In the illustrated embodiment, the top plate 14 through openings 15.

In the case of unfavorable subsoil conditions, for example, composite piles with BSt 500 S-GEWI structural members in accordance with DIN 4128 can be deep-set at the corner and intersection points. Other bored piles and steel or reinforced concrete piles can also be used. Even with deep foundation a device for subsequent height adjustment is preferably installed.

When installing or fabricating the foundation elements, distance gauges (such as squeezed-end pipes and well-spaced holes) must be used to ensure fit during installation of the other elements.

With suitable floor plans or corresponding reinforcements of the skeleton structure, in one embodiment (not shown) the foundation elements may also be arranged in one or more circles on which steel beams are fastened with rail profiles. On these steel beams or rail profiles run steel wheels with railway or Kranradprofil, which are attached to the provided at the corner and node points support elements or the reinforcements of the skeleton structure, thus creating the possibility of rotation of the entire building (with the exception of the foundation elements) ( eg following the position of the sun). The rotation is preferably about a vertical axis passing through an interior of the building. The axis preferably passes through a center of a base of the building. With a limited rotation about about 270 ° and nocturnal return to the starting position and the problem of connections to the supply and disposal systems is easily solvable. A height adjustment of the support elements is not required, but the rail profiles or steel beams must be aligned horizontally. In such a case, preferably height-adjustable elements between the foundation elements and the steel beams or rail profiles are arranged.

On the top plates 14 of the installation floor supports 4, the projectile supports 5 are attached. A projectile support 5 preferably comprises one or more angle profiles 16, which are fastened to each other and to the top plate 14, preferably screwed. An exemplary angle profile 16 is shown in FIG. The angle section 16 is projected high or composed of several angle profile elements. The individual angle profile elements can be connected to each other here via connectors or glands. An included by the angle section 16 angle α corresponds to an angle of a corner of a floor element and a ceiling element, which are mounted on the angle bracket. For this purpose, a lower end plate 17 and an upper end plate 18 are fixed to the angle section 16, preferably welded. Other joining techniques can be used. The lower end plate 17 has a mandrel 19. This is provided for penetration into a corresponding receiving opening 20 in a corner 21 of the bottom element 6, which is mounted on the lower end plate 17. Such a bottom element 6 is shown schematically as an example in FIG. 4. To recognize the receiving openings 20 in the corners 21st

The lower end plate 17 of the angle section 16 further has a through hole 22 which is provided for screwing the angle section 16 with the top plate 14 of the installation floor support 4 for creating the support member 3.

The upper end plate 18 comprises two juxtaposed through holes 23, 24, which are arranged relative to legs 25, 26 of the angle profile 16 identical to the mandrel 19 and the through hole 22 on the lower end plate 17. The apex 27 of the angle section 16 facing through hole 23 thus corresponds to the mandrel 19 and is intended to receive a fastener (not shown) for securing a ceiling element. The through hole 23 may be provided with an internal thread. Alternatively it can be provided that a ceiling element analogous to the bottom element of FIG. 4 comprises receiving openings which have an internal thread for receiving a screw. The screw can then be guided from below through the through hole 23, which is configured in such a case without an internal thread in the receiving opening of the ceiling element and screwed.

The further outward through hole 24 is provided for screwing the angle section 16 with a further angle profile of a next floor support. In this case, it may be provided to provide an intermediate plate (not shown) which is designed corresponding to the top plate 14.

While the angle section 16 shown in FIG. 3 includes an angle α of 45 ° between its legs 25, 26, in Fig. 5, another angle section 16 'is shown, the one Angle α 'of 90 ° between its legs 25', 26 'includes. Corresponding technical features are provided in Figs. 3 and 5 with the same reference numeral, wherein the reference numerals, which refer to Fig. 5, an apostrophe is added. In addition to the included angle, the angle sections 16 and 16 'differ in that the further angle section 16' has two through holes 22 'in the lower end plate 17 and correspondingly two through holes 24' in the upper end plate 18 '. The angle profiles 16, 16 'and the top plate 14 and their corresponding through holes 22, 22' and through holes 15 correspond to each other. They have the same distance from a center 28 of the top plate 14 or the tip 27, 27 'of the angle section 16, 16' and are arranged at the same angle grid with respect to the center 28 and the tip 27 '.

As already mentioned above, the floor elements 6 are inserted into the floor supports 5 or their angle sections 16, 16 "and correspondingly laid on ceiling elements 7. The corners preferably have recesses (not shown) whose dimensions and depths correspond to the dimensions and thicknesses of the elements Thus, the individual floor elements 6 and ceiling elements 7 can be joined to one another without gaps between them The floor elements 6 and ceiling elements 7 rest on the end plates 17 at their corners 21, 25, 26, 25 ', 26'. 18. By means of the through holes 22 engaging in mandrels 19 ensures that the support members 3 keep their defined distances from each other.

The surface elements comprise the base elements 5, ceiling elements 7 and outer wall elements 8. For the floor elements 6 and ceiling elements 7, an isosceles, right-angled triangle is preferred as the base surface form. The outer wall elements 8, one of which is shown by way of example in FIG. 6, have a rectangular base surface shape.

The outer wall member 8 comprises a central portion 29 and a projection 30 extending over the lower side 33 and lateral sides 34 of the central portion 29. On an outer side, the projection 30 is flush with an outer surface of the central region 29 of the outer wall element 8.

One side length of a lower edge 35 and an upper edge 36 of the outer wall element 8 (including the projection 30) is adapted to the length of a Hypotenusenseite 31 or the length of a Kathedenseite 32 of the bottom elements 6 (see Fig. 3). A length of the lower side 33 of the central region 29 is dimensioned such that it corresponds to a free distance between two adjacent floor supports 5. A length of the lateral sides 34 of the central region 29 corresponds to the floor height. The projection 30 is configured such that it spans below a bottom element 6 or ceiling element 7 (a floor slab) and laterally each of the angle section 16, 16 ', in or on which the adjacent floor element 6 and / or adjacent ceiling element 7 is mounted.

The individual basic elements are largely prefabricated in an industrial manufacturing process. In particular, the surface elements are largely prefabricated to the. Construction site delivered.

The floor elements 6 and ceiling elements 7 are preferably geometrical and equal in terms of their base areas. So they can be produced economically in large quantities in the factory. Particularly suitable as floor or ceiling elements

Wooden frame panels, where appropriate, with statically participating skins and built-in insulation,

Reinforced concrete cassette plates, or

Reinforced lightweight or aerated concrete panels of constant thickness.

On or under the inner structural elements, the insulating and wear layers and possibly cladding are also applied ready for use in the factory. Required thermal insulation is applied to the top of the reinforced concrete cassette panels and placed on the wooden frame panels.

Basically, the previously described also applies to the ceiling elements that form a roof, at least when the ceiling elements form a flat roof.

A base area of the roof elements usually corresponds to that of the floor elements. However, upstands are preferably attached or formed at the edges of the roof cover elements. The Auflagerung takes place depending on the rigidity of the selected inner structure of the roof element either preferably punctiform at the corners or linear along the circumference.

The outer wall elements 7 are also made completely and ready for use in the factory. As materials are offered:

Wooden frame panels with built-in insulation

Lightweight or aerated concrete panels

Multi-layer panels made of different layers of support, insulation and weather protection

as well as combinations of the listed building materials and components.

The outer wall elements 7 are used in the preferred embodiments for building restraint.

Heating, ventilation, plumbing and electrical installation are preferably also prefabricated and installed and only connected and connected at the installation site. However, installations can also be laid in channels, which are preferably formed on or near the undersides of the central region as parallel to this running recesses in all wall elements, and changed if necessary. After laying the ceiling, only joint profiles are installed on site.

Both in the window and door openings in the elements as well as in the finished electrical or other installation preferably (cheaper) standard variants are manufactured. However, it can also be made any special order. A special feature is the full glazing of the entire grid area between two adjacent support elements 3. The glazing elements consist of a stable base frame as narrow as possible cross-sections and therein possibly partially openable or movable sub-elements, which should be displaceable by hand, to easy change eg between winter and summer so between use as a winter garden and terrace or loggia to allow.

The outer wall elements are mounted horizontally from the outside and connected to the supports releasably (eg screwed or wedged). Fig. 7 shows schematically a rectangular angle profile 16 'comprehensive projectile support 5, attached to the two outer wall elements 8 are or will be. The outer wall members 8 include inner structural members 37 to which an outer weatherproofing layer 38 and inner layers 39 are attached. The projections 30 engage over the angle section 16 '. Between the angle section 16 'and the projections 30 an elastic sealing layer 51 is arranged in each case. Between the outer weather protection layer 38 and the inner layers 39 further layers, such as insulation layers, installations, etc. may be arranged. In the illustrated embodiment, the outer wall elements 8 are keyed and fixed to the angle section 16 by pins 40. The pins 40 are pivotally connected at one end to a locking sleeve 41. By locking openings 42, the pins 40 can be actuated with the locking sleeves 41 in the respective outer wall elements 8. The pins 40 are guided in a guide 43 in the skeleton structure element 37. In the locking sleeve 41, a lever rod 44 can be inserted. The locking sleeve 41 can be supported on edges 45 of the locking opening 42, so that via a pivoting movement of the lever rod 44, an attachment of the pin 40 (pivoting along the direction of arrow 45) or a release (pivoting along the direction of the arrow 46) can be effected. The defective areas caused by the protruding wall element thickness on outer corners 47 are likewise closed by a prefabricated element 48. In case of possibly occurring inner corners, eg in atriums, special elements with at least one lateral robe and adjoining shortened wall plate must be produced to ensure the horizontal assembly. A free space 49 remaining in the angle profile 16 'can be used for receiving installation lines.

With less flexibility, the interior walls can be manufactured as conventional plasterboard stud walls. However, more flexible are preferably manually displaceable inner wall elements that are clamped between floor element and ceiling element, releasably bonded or with two-sided angles or rubbing strips, which are screwed to the ceiling element and the bottom element, are attached. The sound-insulating connection of the elements takes place by incorporation of permanently elastic material in grooves on the element edges. In addition to the necessary elements, a "normal element", at least two corner elements and the door element, a wide variety of special elements can be made. An element width of preferably approximately 1.25 m appears most appropriate.

The installations can also be installed at the factory and over Connectors interconnected or connected or retrofitted by prefabricated channels on the undersides of the elements.

As materials for interior wall elements wood or metal frames with planking of plasterboard or wood materials (plywood, chipboard, OSB boards, etc.) are most suitable.

The most economical roof form is a flat roof made of prefabricated elements. In a preferred embodiment, the roof ceiling elements, which basically correspond to other ceiling elements, receive circumferential uprights 52, which can be seen by way of example in FIGS. 9 and 10, each of which schematically shows a building corner. In Fig. 10, a two-storey building 1 ^{1 is} shown. The thermal insulation and sealing in flat roofs are also already built in the factory. Adjacent Aufkantungen 52 are clamped by U-profiles. The drainage then takes place element by element with downpipes in the column linings or by shorting the roof cover elements and introducing them into a few downpipes. The roof cover elements with upstands 52 also offer the possibility of collecting rainwater as process water and storing it on the roof. For this purpose, for example, the troughs formed by the upstands 52 are used and lined with a film. Just below the upper edge of the troughs, a second film plane is attached to the upstands 52 all around. This second film has in its center an opening with a sieve filter, which is preferably designed as a nonwoven filter, and a circulating float at the opening edge. When the storage tank is empty, the rainwater runs through the opening due to the sag of the upper film, where it is stored between the film levels, protected from contamination. When the tank is full, the float rises and the rainwater runs to the roof tile edges, where it is drained away as with the "normal" roofing elements described above.When using dark foils, the hot water can also be heated.The tanks have drains in a roof tile corner, The water can be supplied to the points of use inside the column cladding, where the water can be supplied to the points of consumption, or if there is a risk of frost, the storage tanks could be additionally heated or the water drained away from the installation level without storage.

Likewise, solar or photovoltaic elements can already be applied to flat roof elements at the factory. This is also possible with the rainwater described above storing roofing elements.

Suitable building materials for the roof elements correspond to those of the floor slabs.

But it can also be realized other roof shapes such as saddle, Waim, tent or pitched roofs. For this purpose, an auxiliary structure of steel or wood is built on which e.g. Traditional wooden roof chairs are discontinued. However, this reduces the overall flexibility of the building. Even in this case, however, the construction of unified solar or photovoltaic systems seems reasonable, especially if the building is rotatably mounted.

To insert stairs, quarter-turn staircases of any kind are preferred in the favored triangular floor and ceiling elements. However, the stairs should consist of several components in order to obtain a certain, but less frequently required flexibility. When producing special ceiling elements with special staircase recesses, a wide variety of staircase shapes and types can be used. It depends on the size and shape of the basic elements whether special elements with stair openings are expedient or for the passage of the whole passages are released.

A multi-storey construction is of course possible, as is apparent from Fig. 10.

To increase the column-free space single or multiple floor supports can also be omitted and replaced by a spatial suspension 50, as shown in Fig. 11, which can also be used as a support for traditional or special roof structures.

In general, it may be advantageous or necessary during assembly to make an intermediate stiffening of the building under construction and / or the already complained basic elements, for example by formwork supports with pegs, which are screwed for example to the steel angle supports the floor supports.

Also possible is the production of all edges of the skeleton structure of self-supporting steel profiles, which possibly facilitates assembly. With the method described or the construction described a very large variety of buildings can be produced, although only a very limited number of different, but completely prefabricated basic elements is necessary. The skeletal structure preferably consists of individually formed steel columns, which are supplemented with surface elements made of different materials and with different surfaces to form a building. Likewise, the roof shape may vary. The buildings can be brought to an outstanding level with excellent cost-effectiveness as a result of mass production in terms of energy, in addition to passive heat protection, for example

Solar energy is used directly in large numbers economically produced solar and photovoltaic systems or flexible glazing, with which simply functioning "heat traps" can be realized.

From home-cultural point of view, the system-immanent possibility of building houses with atria (also "real" atria with eg pyramidal upper glazing with push rods for opening and closing) and any encircling pergolas, depending on the season completely or partially vertically inside or horizontally above flexible glazing, particularly interesting The possibility of solar tracking of the building, which is useful in terms of improving the value of living and energy efficiency, is an important approach.

All components of the houses are manufactured continuously under conditions of industrial serial production with all its possibilities of rationalization and automation as well as ideal possibilities of quality control and assurance. Even the only remaining, location-based imponderability, namely the ground is manageable by the possible height adjustment of individual supports the support elements in many cases at any time.

As a result of the extremely simple, with very little possibility of failure also executable by layman assembly and the extremely low installation time, human weaknesses and weather conditions as a cause of damage almost practically eliminated. But the biggest advantage lies in the sheer unlimited flexibility of the buildings. This begins with the possible at any time with little effort possible change in the size of the building Add or remove basic elements in case of possible reuse eg of existing exterior wall elements and thus adapt to the space requirements or the financial situation of the users. Exterior wall and ceiling elements can be moved with hand-operated and hand-operated assembly aids. The flexibility continues in the possibilities of adaptation to the seasons, for example, in the summer as loggias or terraces used areas in the cold season with minimal effort in the possible manual assembly or with the aforementioned assembly aids to winter gardens or closed rooms are converted. Even in the summer open atria can be covered or reduced in winter. Likewise, the complete disassembly of the entire building and the undamaged reconstruction at another location is easily possible.

Also in terms of energy, buildings of the construction described offer a number of advantages. Thus, e.g. the production costs for photovoltaic and solar systems as a result of the potential mass production with standardized installation significantly reduced and possibly the efficiency of these systems can be significantly increased by the possible Sonnennachführung the building. The area below the building can be used for ground coupling (possibly with the additional use of foundation piles) of heat pumps.

With all the mentioned advantages, the enumeration of which is by no means complete or can be, this construction does not give any impression of low solidity, instability or even a provisional. The stability and durability of the buildings is very high, with the additional possibility of very simple to carry out repair or remedial measures - even in some areas - up to the factory overhaul of individual components.

The possible architectural diversity is enormous, although all buildings consist of interchangeable identical or similar components and elements. In addition to an efficient, semi-automated CAD-based design and planning process, this also offers the possibility of exchanging parts or trading in new or used parts. However, the listed benefits of the new design almost inevitably lead to a new way of living and living. The possibility of year-round use of protected but generous natural soil atria, for example, certainly contributes in many cases to the formation of a new attitude to life. reference numeral

1 modular building

2 foundation element

3 support element

Installation floor support

5 floor support

6 floor element

7 ceiling element

8 outer wall element

9 subsoil

10 knots and vertices

11 hollow tube

12 mother

13 GEWI staff

14 head plate

15 passages

16 angle profile

17 lower end plate

18 upper end plate

19 Mandrel 0 Receiving hole 1 Corner 2 Through hole 3,24 Through holes 5, 26 Leg 7 Tip 8 Center

29 Cental area 0 Tab 1 Hypotenuse side

32 Kathedenseite

33 lower side

34 lateral side lower edge

top edge

Skeleton structure element outer weather protection inner wall layer

pen

locking sleeve

locking hole

guide

Lever rod arrow directions

outside corner

prefabricated element

free space

truss

sealing layer

upstands

Claims

claims

A modular building (1) made of basic elements, the basic elements comprising skeleton structural elements constituting a skeleton structure and surface elements comprising at least wall, floor and ceiling elements (8, 6, 7) and fixed to the skeleton structure characterized in that the skeleton structural elements are detachably connected to one another to form the skeleton structure and the surface elements are detachably connected to the skeleton structure and to each other.

2. A building (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the skeleton structure comprises vertically oriented support elements (3) spaced from each other at nodes and / or corner points (10) of a pattern, which in an adjacent arrangement of floor elements ( 6) for forming at least one lower floor surface results, wherein the bottom elements (6) are mounted on the vertical support members (3).

3. Building (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the vertically oriented support elements (3) are not connected to each other via other substantially horizontally extending skeleton structure elements, but only via surface elements.

4. Building (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the support elements (3) are preferably composed of skeleton structural elements which are releasably connected to each other, in particular by screw connections.

5. Building (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface elements are manufactured in an industrial manufacturing process locally separate from the construction site of the building (1).

6. building (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the production of the surface elements, which include the ceiling, floor, and wall elements (7, 6, 8), takes place so that they are formed surface-ready.

7. Building (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one outer wall element (8) is prefabricated with a door and / or a window.

8. Building (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a foundation is made via individual separately formed foundation elements (2).

9. Building (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the support elements (3) adjustable length installation floors supports (4) to the floor elements (6) spaced from foundation elements (2) or a ground (9) aufzuständern and unequal heights the foundation elements (2) or the ground (9).

10. building (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the skeleton structure is rotatably mounted.

11. Building (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the bottom elements (6) all have the same basic geometric shape.

12. building (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the bottom elements (6) have a base of an isosceles, right triangle.

13. Building (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wall elements comprise outer wall elements (8) which are projectile high and whose lengths are adapted to edge lengths of the floor elements (6).

14. Building (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the support elements (3) projectile-high projectile supports (5), which are each mounted on a below arranged installation floor support (4) or another floor support (5). 15. Building (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the projectile supports (5) each comprise one or more interconnected angle profiles (16, 16 '), whose opening angle in each case to the corner angles of the floor and / or ceiling elements (6, 7), which are stored on the corresponding floor support (5).

16. Building (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface elements are designed to carry.

17. building (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a roof is designed as a flat roof construction, in the roof ceiling elements preferably circumferential Aufkantungen (52) had.

18. Building (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a by the peripheral Aufkantungen (52) laterally and by a bottom surface limited space is sealed liquid-tight and is sealed at the top by a film as a liquid storage, preferably one comprises centrally disposed fluid-permeable opening, wherein a float is arranged around or adjacent to the fluid-permeable opening.

19. A method for producing a modular building (1), which is manufactured from basic elements, wherein as basic elements skeleton structural elements and surface elements, which comprise at least wall, floor and ceiling elements (8, 6, 7) are manufactured and / or provided, characterized in that the skeleton structural elements are detachably connected to one another in a detachable manner to the skeleton structure and the surface elements are detachably connected to the skeleton structure and / or to one another.

20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that when creating the skeleton structure vertically oriented support members (3) spaced from each other at nodes and / or vertices of a pattern are arranged, which in an adjacent arrangement of bottom elements (6) for forming at least one lower Floor area results, wherein the bottom elements (6) are mounted on the vertical support elements (3).

21. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 20, characterized in that the vertically oriented support elements (3) are not connected to each other via other substantially horizontally extending skeleton structure elements, but only via surface elements.

22. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 21, characterized in that the support elements (3) are composed of skeleton structural elements, which are releasably connected to each other, in particular by screw connections.

23. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 22, characterized in that the surface elements are produced in an industrial manufacturing process locally separate from the erection of the building.

24. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 23, characterized in that the manufacture of the surface elements comprising the ceiling, floor, and wall elements (7, 6, 8), takes place so that they are formed surface-ready.

25. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 24, characterized in that the surface elements are prefabricated with installation elements.

A method according to any one of claims 19 to 25, characterized in that the wall elements are formed with channel-like recesses for receiving installations along or adjacent to one or more edges parallel to the corresponding edge.

27. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 26, characterized in that the supply lines are connected via a below the bottom elements (6) located preferably at least crawl-high installation floor to supply systems and / or distributed and / or merged.

28. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 27, characterized in that a foundation via individual separately formed foundation elements (2) is made.

29. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 28, characterized in that the support elements (3) comprise adjustable installation floor supports, and the floor elements (6) spaced from foundation elements (2) or a ground (9) are elevated and unequal heights of the foundation elements ( 2) or the ground (9) will compensate.

30. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 29, characterized in that the skeleton structure is rotatably mounted.

31. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 30, characterized in that the bottom elements (6) are all manufactured or provided with the same basic geometric shape.

32. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 31, characterized in that the bottom elements (6) are made or provided with a footprint of an isosceles, right-angled triangle.

33. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 32, characterized in that the wall elements comprise outer wall elements (8), which are made geschosshoch or provided, the lengths of which are adapted to edge lengths of the floor elements (6).

34. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 33, characterized in that when creating the skeletal structure support elements (3) are generated having projectile height projectile supports (5), each on a below arranged installation floor support (4) or another floor support (5 ) are attached.

35. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 34, characterized in that the projectile supports (5) in each case from one or more interconnected angle profiles (16, 16 ') are created, the opening angle in each case to the corner angles of the bottom and / or ceiling elements (7 ) correspond, which are stored on the corresponding floor support (5).

36. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 35, characterized in that the Bodenund ceiling elements (7) on or in the vertically oriented support elements (3), preferably engaging in the angle profiles of the projectile supports (5), are placed on and Support elements (3) are fastened and the outer wall elements (8) are inserted horizontally between the floor and ceiling elements (7) and between the floor supports (5) and attached to the floor supports (5).

37. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 36, characterized in that the outer wall elements (8) are made so that they have flush with an outer side terminating projections (30) laterally the angle profiles (16, 16 ') of the projectile supports ( 5) engage, in which engages the adjacent floor and / or ceiling element, and below the adjacent floor element (6) or ceiling element (7) overlap.

38. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 37, characterized in that a roof is formed as a flat roof construction, in the roof ceiling elements preferably circumferential curbs (52) had.

39. Method according to claim 38, characterized in that a space delimited laterally and peripherally by the peripheral upstands (52) is sealed in a liquid-tight manner and is sealed off at the top by a film as liquid reservoir, which comprises a preferably fluid-permeable opening arranged centrally , wherein a float is arranged around or adjacent to the fluid-permeable opening.

40. The method according to claim 39, characterized in that the fluid-permeable opening is sealed by a filter against ingress of solids.