EP2212516A2 - System, method and apparatus for creating an electric glow discharge - Google Patents
System, method and apparatus for creating an electric glow dischargeInfo
- Publication number
- EP2212516A2 EP2212516A2 EP08840081A EP08840081A EP2212516A2 EP 2212516 A2 EP2212516 A2 EP 2212516A2 EP 08840081 A EP08840081 A EP 08840081A EP 08840081 A EP08840081 A EP 08840081A EP 2212516 A2 EP2212516 A2 EP 2212516A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrically conductive
- screen
- conductive screen
- recited
- glow discharge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000004058 oil shale Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 33
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003027 oil sand Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010448 nahcolite Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 40
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 12
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 7
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010795 Steam Flooding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010796 Steam-assisted gravity drainage Methods 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000615 nonconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019809 paraffin wax Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019271 petrolatum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003079 shale oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009291 froth flotation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane clathrate Chemical compound C.C.C.C.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002358 oil sand bitumen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010880 spent shale Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001149 thermolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
- E21B43/08—Screens or liners
- E21B43/082—Screens comprising porous materials, e.g. prepacked screens
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/2607—Surface equipment specially adapted for fracturing operations
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of processing oil shale and more specifically to carbonizing oil shale with electrochemical plasma.
- the present invention can be applied to both surface methods and equipment as well as applied within an oil shale formation for in situ plasma electrolysis.
- the present invention also includes a novel plasma electrolysis well screen.
- the present invention relates to a plasma electrolysis method for fracturing wells.
- 60/199,213 (April 24, 2000), 60/199,214 (April 24, 2000) and 60/199,215 (April 24, 2000) provide detailed descriptions of the various prior art aboveground and in situ methods of retorting oil shale, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- Nahcolite is commonly referred to as baking soda which is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ).
- ExxonMobil Another active player in oil shale development, ExxonMobil, has developed an in situ conversion process for oil shale that is rich in Nahcolite. The process incorporates recovering kerogen while converting sodium bicarbonate or Nahcolite to sodium carbonate. ExxonMobil claims that the pyrolysis of the oil shale should enhance leaching and removal of sodium carbonate during solution mining.
- the present invention provides a device for: (a) carbonizing oil shale that is superior to prior methods; (b) carbonizing oil shale in situ; and/or (c) enhanced oil recovery utilizing plasma electrolysis.
- the present invention also provides a method for: (a) in situ carbonizing oil shale utilizing plasma electrolysis; (b) heating a formation utilizing plasma electrolysis; and/or (d) fracturing wells utilizing plasma electrolysis.
- the present invention provides an apparatus for creating an electric glow discharge that includes a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, one or more insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen.
- the insulator(s) maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen.
- the non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge.
- the electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
- the present invention provides a method for creating an electric glow discharge by providing an electric glow apparatus, introducing an electrically conductive fluid into the gap, and connecting the electrical terminals to an electrical power supply such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode and the second electrically conductive screen is an anode.
- the electric glow discharge apparatus includes a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, one or more insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen.
- the insulator(s) maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen.
- the non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge.
- the electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
- the present invention provides a method for creating an electric glow discharge by providing an electric glow apparatus, introducing an electrically conductive fluid into the gap, connecting the electrical terminals to an electrical power supply such that the both electrically conductive screens are the cathode and the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and connecting an external anode to the electrical power supply.
- the electric glow discharge apparatus includes a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, one or more insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non- conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen.
- the insulator(s) maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen.
- the non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge.
- the electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
- the present invention also provides a system for creating an electric glow discharge that includes a power supply, a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, one or more insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen.
- the insulator(s) maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen.
- the non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge.
- the electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the Arc WhirlTM Melter Crucible in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the Arc WhirlTM Melter Crucible carbonizing oil shale with plasma electrolysis in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the invention showing a plasma electrolysis well screen in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is cross-sectional view of a Hi-TemperTM Filter with non-conductive media in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the invention showing a toe to heal Oil Shale Carbonizing with Plasma Electrolysis in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the invention showing horizontal wells for In Situ Oil Shale Carbonizing with Plasma Electrolysis in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a Insitu PAGDTM with ArcWhirlTM in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a Hi-TemperTM Well Screen Heater Treater in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a Plasma Electrolysis Inline Flange ScreenTM in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a Plasma Electrolysis Stripper ColumnTM in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a Surface and Subsea Plasma Electrolysis Methane Hydrate BusterTM in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a Plasma Electrolysis Well ScreenTM or Filter Screen in accordance with on embodiment of the present invention.
- plasma electrolysis glow discharge, glow discharge plasma and electrochemical plasma will be used interchangeably throughout this disclosure.
- plasma electrolysis is substantially different and clearly differentiated within the art from traditional electrolysis or simple electrochemical reactions commonly referred to as REDOX (reduction oxidation) reactions.
- REDOX reduction oxidation
- a "plasma” is formed and maintained around the cathode which is surrounded by an electrolyte thus allowing for high temperature reactions such as gasification, cracking, thermolysis and pyrolysis to occur at or near the plasma interface.
- the circuit is thus completed from the cathode through the plasma and into the bulk liquid.
- the inventor of the present invention melted a virgin sample of oil shale utilizing a carbon crucible operated in a plasma arc melting mode. Later and being very familiar with plasma electrolysis or glow discharge plasma, specifically using baking soda as the electrolyte, the inventor of the present invention, filled the same crucible with oil shale then mixed baking soda into water then filled the crucible with water as shown in FIG. 2.
- the DC power supply was operated at 300 volts DC in order to get the electrically conductive water and baking soda solution(an ionic liquid or electrolyte) to arc over and form a glow discharge irradiating from the negative (-) graphite electrode.
- the glow discharge also commonly referred to as electrochemical plasma or plasma electrolysis was formed around the negative (-) cathode graphite electrode.
- the plasma electrolysis cell was operated for one minute.
- the cathode was extracted from the cell and the carbon was glowing orange hot.
- the estimated surface temperature on the carbon cathode ranged from l,000°C to over 2,000°C.
- the color of the glow discharge plasma was orange. This is very typical of the emission spectra of a high pressure sodium lamp commonly found in street lights. Hence the use of baking soda, sodium hydrogen carbonate, which caused the orange plasma glow discharge.
- the plasma electrolysis method can be applied to the froth flotation step commonly employed within the oil sands industry.
- the remainder of this disclosure will provide a detailed explanation of the invention as applied to the carbonization of oil shale with plasma electrolysis.
- the present invention provides an apparatus for creating an electric glow discharge that includes a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, one or more insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non- conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen.
- the insulator(s) maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen.
- the non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge.
- the electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
- the non-conductive granular material may include marbles, ceramic beads, molecular sieve media, sand, limestone, activated carbon, zeolite, zirconium, alumina, rock salt, nut shell or wood chips.
- the electrically conductive screens can be flat, tubular, elliptical, conical or curved.
- the apparatus can be installed within a conduit, pipeline, flow line, stripper column, reactor, a well or a well screen. In addition, the apparatus can be protected by a non-conductive rotating sleeve or a non-conductive screen.
- the electrical power supply can operate in a range from (a) 50 to 500 volts DC, or (b) 200 to 400 volts DC.
- the cathode can reach a temperature of (a) at least 500 0 C, (b) at least 1000°C, or (c) at least 2000 0 C during the electric glow discharge. Note that once the electric glow discharge is created, the electric glow discharge is maintained without the electrically conductive fluid.
- the electrically conductive fluid can be water, produced water, wastewater or tailings pond water.
- An electrolyte such as baking soda, Nahcolite, lime, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate or carbonic acid, can be added to the electrically conductive fluid.
- the apparatus can be used as to heat or fracture a subterranean formation containing bitumen, kerogen or petroleum.
- the subterranean formation may contain oil shale or oil sand.
- the present invention provides a method for creating an electric glow discharge by providing an electric glow apparatus, introducing an electrically conductive fluid into the gap, and connecting the electrical terminals to an electrical power supply such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode and the second electrically conductive screen is an anode.
- the electric glow discharge apparatus includes a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, one or more insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen.
- the insulator(s) maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen.
- the non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge.
- the electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
- the present invention provides a method for creating an electric glow discharge by providing an electric glow apparatus, introducing an electrically conductive fluid into the gap, connecting the electrical terminals to an electrical power supply such that the both electrically conductive screens are the cathode and the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and connecting an external anode to the electrical power supply.
- the electric glow discharge apparatus includes a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, one or more insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non- conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen.
- the insulator(s) maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen.
- the non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge.
- the electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
- the present invention also provides a system for creating an electric glow discharge that includes a power supply, a first electrically conductive screen, a second electrically conductive screen, one or more insulators attached to the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap, a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first electrically conductive screen, and a second electrical terminal electrically connected to the second electrically conductive screen.
- the insulator(s) maintain a substantially equidistant gap between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen.
- the non-conductive granular material (a) does not pass through either electrically conductive screen, (b) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the first electrically conductive screen and the second electrically conductive screen, and (c) prevents electrical arcing between the electrically conductive screens during the electric glow discharge.
- the electric glow discharge is created whenever: (a) the first electrical terminal is connected to an electrical power source such that the first electrically conductive screen is a cathode, the second electrical terminal is connected to the electrical power supply such that the second electrically conductive screen is an anode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced into the gap, or (b) the first electrical terminal and the second electrical terminal are both connected to the electrical power supply such that both electrically conductive screens are the cathode, and the electrically conductive fluid is introduced between both electrically conductive screens and an external anode connected to the electrical power supply.
- FIG. 3 Toe to Heal Oil Shale Plasma Electrolysis, the conventional Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) method can be dramatically improved and is virtually a step-change from traditional CO 2 flooding.
- the vertical injection well may be utilized as the cathode (-) while the horizontal production well may be utilized as the anode (+).
- a water source for example, produced water, wastewater or tailings pond water is tested for conductivity in order to operate in a plasma electrolysis mode at a DC voltage ranging from 50 to 500 volts DC and more specifically between 200 and 400 volts DC.
- the conductivity may be increased by adding an electrolyte selected from Nahcolite (baking soda commonly found within oil shale formations), lime, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate or carbonic acid formed from dissolving CO 2 into water.
- an electrolyte selected from Nahcolite (baking soda commonly found within oil shale formations), lime, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate or carbonic acid formed from dissolving CO 2 into water.
- This disclosure is unique and unobvious in that it allows every oil and gas well, worldwide, to be converted into an in situ upgrader or heater treater.
- a 1st well screen is separated from a 2nd well screen via an electrical insulator.
- the electrical insulator may be selected from a high temperature non-electrical conductive material such alumina or zirconia or any ceramic or composite material capable of withstanding temperatures greater than 500°C.
- Either the 1st or 2nd screen can be the cathode. Of course the other screen would be operated as the anode.
- EOR enhanced oil recovery
- the only requirement is that the oil or gas must have a sufficient amount of conductivity.
- Plasma Electrolysis Well Screen can be utilized to fracture wells. For example, since electrolysis generates gases and plasma dramatically increases the temperature of the fluid, the production string simply needs to be filled with an electrolyte. Next, the well head can be shut in. When the DC power supply is energized, a glow discharge will be formed on the cathode. This will increase the pressure and temperature of the fluid while generating gases. The pressure will be released as the formation is fractured, thus more electrolyte may be added to the production string. This process maybe very applicable to fracturing horizontal wells as shown in FIG. 5.
- the aforementioned well fracturing method can be utilized by installing the Plasma Electrolysis or Glow Discharge Well Screens in both the upper and lower horizontal legs.
- both wells are operated in independent plasma electrolysis modes in order to fracture the formation.
- an electrical circuit can be completed with an electrolyte between the upper and lower leg, then one well can be operated as the cathode while the other leg can be operated as the anode.
- the oil shale will be carbonized in situ, thus allowing only light hydrocarbons and hydrogen to be produced with the electrolyte.
- the electrolyte may be recirculated to minimize water usage.
- the produced water and shale oil may be further treated and separated with an invention of the present inventor's referred to as the Arc WhirlTM.
- this process enables carbon sequestration to become a true reality by carbonizing the oil shale, thus minimizing the production of hydrocarbons while maximizing the production of hydrogen.
- this process enables the hydrogen economy to become a reality utilizing the largest known fossil fuel reserves in the world - oil shale - while allowing the United States to become independent from foreign oil imports.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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US98044307P | 2007-10-16 | 2007-10-16 | |
US2838608P | 2008-02-13 | 2008-02-13 | |
PCT/US2008/011926 WO2009051834A2 (en) | 2007-10-16 | 2008-10-16 | System, method and apparatus for creating an electric glow discharge |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2212516A2 true EP2212516A2 (en) | 2010-08-04 |
EP2212516A4 EP2212516A4 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
EP2212516B1 EP2212516B1 (en) | 2016-12-07 |
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EP08840081.7A Active EP2212516B1 (en) | 2007-10-16 | 2008-10-16 | System, method and apparatus for creating an electric glow discharge |
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EP (1) | EP2212516B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2706598C (en) |
RU (1) | RU2481463C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009051834A2 (en) |
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US10060240B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2018-08-28 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University | System and method for facilitating subterranean hydrocarbon extraction with electrochemical processes |
US10443365B2 (en) | 2015-02-23 | 2019-10-15 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Systems and methods to monitor the characteristics of stimulated subterranean hydrocarbon resources utilizing electrochemical reactions with metals |
US10458220B2 (en) | 2014-09-05 | 2019-10-29 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State Univeristy | System and method for facilitating subterranean hydrocarbon extraction utilizing electrochemical reactions with metals |
US10457853B2 (en) | 2014-01-10 | 2019-10-29 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University | System and method for facilitating subterranean hydrocarbon extraction utilizing electrochemical reactions with metals |
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RU2452056C1 (en) * | 2010-12-13 | 2012-05-27 | Учреждение Российской академии наук Институт физики полупроводников им. А.В. Ржанова Сибирского отделения РАН (ИФП СО РАН) | Method for production of beam of atoms or molecules in glow discharge and device for method implementation |
CN109550517A (en) * | 2018-10-12 | 2019-04-02 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | The purposes of the catalysis oxidation composition, method and composition that are handled for fracturing outlet liquid |
CN111559791B (en) * | 2020-05-22 | 2023-02-03 | 重庆工商大学 | Spraying type dielectric barrier discharge plasma pollutant treatment device |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2481463C2 (en) | 2013-05-10 |
EP2212516B1 (en) | 2016-12-07 |
CA2706598C (en) | 2014-03-25 |
CA2706598A1 (en) | 2009-04-23 |
EP2212516A4 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
WO2009051834A3 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
WO2009051834A2 (en) | 2009-04-23 |
RU2010119361A (en) | 2011-11-27 |
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