Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B08—CLEANING
  • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
  • B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B08—CLEANING
  • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
  • B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto
  • B08B9/08—Cleaning containers, e.g. tanks
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F3/28—Anaerobic digestion processes
  • C02F3/2806—Anaerobic processes using solid supports for microorganisms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
  • C12M21/04—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses for producing gas, e.g. biogas
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
  • C12M23/36—Means for collection or storage of gas; Gas holders
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
  • C12M23/58—Reaction vessels connected in series or in parallel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M29/00—Means for introduction, extraction or recirculation of materials, e.g. pumps
  • C12M29/02—Percolation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M33/00—Means for introduction, transport, positioning, extraction, harvesting, peeling or sampling of biological material in or from the apparatus
  • C12M33/22—Settling tanks; Sedimentation by gravity
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
  • C02F2301/04—Flow arrangements
  • C02F2301/046—Recirculation with an external loop
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
  • C02F2301/08—Multistage treatments, e.g. repetition of the same process step under different conditions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
  • C02F2303/16—Regeneration of sorbents, filters
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an apparatus for the treatment of an effluent, and in particular relates to a washable anaerobic digester with fixed biofilm.
• the invention also relates to a method of washing an apparatus for the treatment of an effluent.
• the present invention also relates to a method of treating an effluent using an apparatus according to the invention.
• Anaerobic digestion is a known process for several years, and the use of a support (fixed or mobile) for the attachment of bacteria is used in several types of digesters.
• Digesters with fluid recirculation, upflow or downflow can homogenize the liquid in the reactor.
• the important parameters to control this type of process are the temperature, the hydraulic residence time of the liquid to be treated, the recirculation speed and the pH.
• the temperature is close to 37 ° C for mesophilic bacteria and 55 ° C for thermophilic bacteria.
• the hydraulic residence time varies between 1h and 5Oh.
• the pH is between 6 and 8.
• the recirculation speed is between 1 and 20 mm / s. This low speed does not make it possible to accentuate the biofilm recoil phenomenon.
• Supporting processes utilize the property of bacteria to agglomerate in the form of a biofilm and offer the advantage of being more robust than unsupported processes that utilize the property of bacteria to agglomerate together to form flakes.
• the unsupported processes are more unstable and react to the slightest change in the environment: temperature, pH, recirculation rate. These methods require very powerful control systems to obtain good results. Supported processes accept variations more easily but offer less load capacity.
• the processes without support can accept loads up to 100kg COD (chemical oxygen demand: it is the quantity of oxygen necessary to oxidize all the organic matter, this represents the total quantity of decomposable organic matter) per day and per m 3 of digester whereas the processes with support are limited to 40kg COD per day and per m 3 of digester.
• COD chemical oxygen demand: it is the quantity of oxygen necessary to oxidize all the organic matter, this represents the total quantity of decomposable organic matter
• Supported processes use materials with a large surface area available for attachment by m 3 .
• This ratio varies according to the devices from 100 to 800m 2 / m 3 .
• the correspondence between the number of m 2 / m 3 and the production of biogas or the digestion of substances by the bacteria is not proportional.
• the invention relates to an apparatus for transforming certain substances by putting them in contact with bacteria. Bacteria digest these substances to reject other substances. These bacteria are attached to a support in the form of a biofilm. More specifically, this invention has been developed to transform organic waste in liquid form into biogas.
• the present invention relates to a washable anaerobic digester with fixed biofilm, also called FAD system ("Flushed Anaerobic Digester with Fixed Biofilm”) or apparatus for the treatment of an effluent.
• FAD system Felushed Anaerobic Digester with Fixed Biofilm
• Biogas refers to a gas produced by the fermentation of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
• the biogas is composed mainly of methane (CH 4 ), for example between 50 and 80%, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), for example between 20 and 50%.
• biofilm indicates a community of microorganisms - in this case bacteria - adhering to each other and to a surface.
• the present invention relates to an apparatus for the treatment of an effluent (or washable anaerobic digester with fixed biofilm, or FAD system) comprising at least two tanks connected between them from above and / or from below by one or more connections (connection lines) in which at least one of said tanks comprises: a gas storage zone, an effluent treatment zone containing a fixed or mobile support for the attachment of the bacteria, a zone of effluent storage (wash water), and a settling zone.
• the apparatus according to the invention is characterized in that said gas storage zone is situated above said effluent treatment zone.
• the apparatus according to the invention is characterized in that said effluent storage zone is situated above the effluent treatment zone.
• the apparatus according to the invention is characterized in that said settling zone is situated below the treatment zone.
• the apparatus according to the invention is characterized in that a connection is provided between the gas storage zones of said tanks.
• the apparatus according to the invention is also characterized in that a connection is provided between the settling zones of said tanks.
• the apparatus is characterized in that it comprises an isolation valve located in the connection provided between the settling zones of said tanks.
• the apparatus according to the invention is characterized in that it may comprise a control valve, which is preferably located in the connection provided between the settling zones of said tanks.
• the apparatus for the treatment of an effluent also comprises a pipe or link for supplying effluent to the apparatus and a pipe or link for discharging effluent, after purification, of the apparatus, said pipes being functionally connected. to said tanks.
• the apparatus comprises a pipe or connection for the evacuation (settling) of sludge (s), said pipe being functionally connected to the bottom of said tanks.
• the apparatus for the treatment of an effluent also comprises a pipe or connection for evacuation of the gas, preferably biogas, from the apparatus, said pipe being functionally connected to at least one of said tanks, and preferably said pipe being functionally connected to the top of said tanks.
• the apparatus according to the invention is characterized in that it can comprise a recirculation pump.
• the apparatus according to the invention is characterized in that it may comprise an evacuation pump.
• the apparatus according to the invention is characterized in that it can comprise at least one heat exchanger.
• the recirculation pump and the exchanger are provided on a pipe which functionally connects said tanks.
• said discharge pump is provided on the pipe for the evacuation of sludge.
• the particularity of the FAD system is to create and maintain an optimal environment for the development and activity of anaerobic bacteria.
• the FAD system is usable for all methods of treatment using anaerobic bacteria whatever their functions.
• the FAD system has been developed for biogas production.
• the FAD system consists of at least two tanks that may be similar or not.
• tanks are composed of several zones: a storage area for the gas produced by the bacteria, an effluent storage area (wash water), a zone containing the support for the bacteria, a settling zone.
• the apparatus and method according to the invention utilize pumps, valves and exchangers if maintaining it at a given temperature is necessary.
• the invention in another aspect, relates to a method of washing an apparatus for treating an effluent according to the invention comprising the periodic creation of hydrodynamic stresses in the apparatus.
• the method comprises the following steps: isolating the tanks from the bottom thus making it possible to obtain a volume of effluent in the storage area of the effluent of said apparatus, to create a difference in the level of effluent in said tanks, and - to release in a few seconds said volume of effluent.
• hydrodynamic stresses refers to the consideration of internal forces that arise in a fluid when a certain velocity or pressure is applied to it.
• the term "effluent” is used to refer to the liquid (eg water) loaded with biodegradable organic material that can be processed in a digester.
• the effluent is mainly loaded with volatile fatty acid. It is these volatile fatty acids that are digested by bacteria to form biogas.
• the effluent is purified.
• the method is characterized in that the periodic creation of hydrodynamic stresses is adjusted by adjusting the operation of said tank isolation valve, and / or said control valve, and / or the recirculation pump.
• hydrodynamic stresses are created, preferably periodically: by operating a tank isolation valve, said valve being preferably provided on the link connecting the tanks by the bottom, and / or operating a control valve, said valve being preferably provided on the connection connecting the tanks by the bottom, and / or - by operating a recirculation pump, said pump being preferably provided on a link connecting the tanks by the top.
• the present invention thus relates to a method of washing an apparatus for treating an effluent according to the invention comprising the steps of: obtaining a volume of effluent in the storage zone of the effluent of said apparatus, closing a tank isolation valve, said valve being provided on the link connecting the tanks by the bottom to close the connection between said tanks from below, to obtain a difference in the level of effluent in said tanks, preferably by activating a recirculation pump,
• the process is characterized in that the recirculation direction of the effluent can be reversed.
• the term “recirculate” or “circulate” means that the effluent circulates in a loop between the two tanks, its direction of rotation being reversed.
• the method is further characterized in that said washing process is repeated periodically.
• periodicically in this context refers to a repetition of the process for example a number of times, for example going from once to a few dozen times, for a few minutes, and this once a day or a week or by month.
• the level of the effluent in the effluent storage area may vary between a maximum level (Hmax) and a minimum level (Hmin) and ⁇ H, corresponding to the difference between the Hmax and Hmin, is the difference in effluent level maximum that can be achieved in the present process.
• the velocity of the effluent in the tanks is determined by the difference in level between Hmax and Hmin as well as the passage section in the isolation valve and the opening speed of this valve.
• the present mode of operation of the apparatus makes it possible to periodically create high hydrodynamic stresses and during the wash period a high fluid (effluent) velocity, for example up to 0.25 m / s, 1 m / s, 5 m / s or even 10 m / s. Therefore, in another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method in which the recirculation rate of the effluent during the wash period is between 0.1 m / s and 10 m / s, and for example between 0.25 m / s and 10m / s, and for example between 0.5m / s and 7m / s, or between 2.5m / s and 5m / s.
• high hydrodynamic stresses are obtained when the method makes it possible to obtain a variation (difference) in the level of the maximum effluent ( ⁇ H) in the storage zone.
• the speed outside the wash period is usually a few millimeters per second.
• the method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a recirculation flow, outside the washing period, of the effluent which is between one half and two times the volume of the two tanks per hour.
• the washing method can be used to increase the activity of the biofilm.
• the variation ( ⁇ H) of the level of the effluent is preferably not maximum.
• Level variations, which are smaller than the maximum difference ( ⁇ H), in this context indicate changes in level resulting for example from the opening of the isolation valve, such openings causing hydrodynamic constraints sufficient to accentuate the accessibility of the substrate (effluent) to the bacteria of the lower layers of the biofilm, but insufficient to unhook the biofilm.
• This mode of operation can also be applied periodically.
• the term "periodically” in this context refers to a repetition of the process for example every x minutes, x being between 0.1 and 60 minutes and for example between 1 and 30 minutes or between 5 and 45 minutes.
• the present invention also relates to the use of the effluent storage area as a reservoir for biofilm washing provided on the support of the apparatus according to the present invention.
• the invention relates to a method of treating an effluent, preferably to a treatment method using anaerobic bacteria, and for example to a process for converting organic waste in liquid form into gas, preferably biogas (and therefore to a process for the production of biogas), using an apparatus according to the invention.
• the general principle is an energy-saving means of washing a biofilm, that is to say, unhooking the unwanted part of a biofilm, by the use of two or more interconnected tanks 1, 2 in which progressively level differences that will cause strong hydrodynamic stresses when opening the isolation valve 5 which allows the equalization of levels.
• Figure 4 is a representation of a concrete case used for the biomethanation.
• the subject of this invention is an apparatus using supports for hooking bacteria.
• This device maintains an optimal environment for the growth and controlled growth of bacteria.
• This device is a closed environment for treating effluents (liquids) containing substances that will be digested by bacteria.
• effluents liquids
• the use of this device in the case of biomethanation makes it possible to treat effluents loaded with putrescible organic matter in order to purify the effluent and produce biogas.
• biogas At the exit of this apparatus biogas, a purified effluent and bacterial sludge are obtained.
• This digester consists of at least two tanks, similar or not, pumps, valves, heat exchanger if necessary and various measurement system.
• the vats are connected between them by the top and the bottom.
• a valve allows opening or closing the connection of the bottom of the tanks.
• At least one of the tanks consists of the four zones shown in the figures.
• the principle of operation, out of the starting phase, is to periodically isolate the tanks 1, 2, from below via the isolation valve 5, to create a difference in level by the recirculation pump 7, then open this valve 5 until the equilibrium of the liquid levels.
• This principle makes it possible to create periodically high hydrodynamic stresses and a high effluent velocity, for example up to 0.25 m / s, 1 m / s, 5 m / s or even up to 10 m / s during washing.
• This system is different from other multi-tank processes or a compartmentalized vessel uses the wash effluent storage area (b) as a reservoir for washing the biofilm.
• the tanks are divided into four zones on the height of the tank 1, 2.
• All the known processes require at least two of these zones: the gas storage zone and the effluent treatment zone. Most of the processes also have a sludge settling zone.
• the particularity of this invention lies in the use of the storage area of the effluent above the treatment zone.
• This zone is used to store the product gas before it is sent via a pipe 12 to a gas purification system if necessary and then to a larger storage or directly used to supply an engine or a boiler or other operating device gas. This is valid for the case of the biomethanation.
• the storage areas (a) of the various tanks 1, 2 are interconnected by a connecting pipe 4 to ensure the pressure balance.
• This zone is used to gradually store the effluent to be treated in one or more of the tanks, and this by gradually emptying one or more other tanks.
• the isolation valve 5 of the bottom of the tanks is in the closed position. Therefore a level difference is created between the different tanks 1, 2. It is this difference in level that when opening the isolation valve 5 from the bottom will cause strong hydrodynamic stresses tending towards equalization the levels between tanks 1, 2.
• the device can modulate the recirculation speed between 0.1 m / s and 10m / s, and for example between 1 m / s and 7m / s, or between 2.5m / s s and 5m / s, as well as the frequency of the recirculation which is not only continuous but can also be done by batch, or a combined of the two modes: for example continuous for x minutes then by batch then of again continuously, and preferably every one to five minutes in the case of the biomethanation.
• the flow rate of the recirculation pump 7, the opening frequency of the isolation valve 5 and the flow control valve 6 make it possible to adapt to all types of bacteria and hence to all micro-digestion processes. -organisms.
• the recirculation flow rate is preferably between one half and two times the volume of the two tanks per hour. For example for two identical tanks having a volume of 5m 3 each, the recirculation speed will be between 5m 3 / h and 20m 3 / h.
• Valves make it possible to reverse the cycle between the different tanks, which has the effect of reversing the direction of the recirculation of the effluent. This inversion favors the phenomenon of biofilm unhooking and thus facilitates the control of the thickness of the biofilm.
• This zone contains the support 10 for the attachment of bacteria, so it is mainly in this area that the effluent will be treated by digestion.
• the support can be either fixed or mobile.
• the main feature of the support is to offer the maximum of the attachment surface available per m 3 .
• the mobile supports can be either plastic (PVC or other) or mineral, ranging in size from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. In general they are in the form of hollow balls with a maximum of fins offering large area available.
• Fixed supports are either undirected or oriented. They can be plastic (PVC or other) or mineral or wood. The system preferably uses vertically oriented supports made of plastic material. d) Settling area:
• This zone allows the non-hooked bacteria, which are in the form of sludge, to decant before being evacuated through an evacuation pipe 11 to a pond where they will be treated.
• This zone is emptied periodically by a pump 9.
• the present apparatus and method can increase the digester processing capacity with more than 20%, and preferably more than 30%, more than 40%, up to more than 50%. %, compared to a digester of the prior art.
• the thickness of a biofilm varies between 0.5 and 2 mm in the case of the biogas -
• these constraints favor degassing.
• Figure 4 shows a basic installation, other configurations are possible keeping the same principle of isolation from the bottom and unbalance tank levels via a recirculation pump and washing by the opening of one or several isolation valves.
• the first tank 1 contains the four zones specific to ADF. It is thermally insulated if the temperature is to be maintained at a certain value. Its total volume is a function of the quantity of effluent to be treated and the desired percentage of purification.
• the second tank 2 may be similar to the first or not, other tanks can be connected to the first and / or second.
• connection line of the bottom tanks 3 has a diameter sufficient to allow an optimum recirculation speed when opening the isolation valve.
• the recirculation rate is between 100 mm / s and 1 m / sec, for example for the biogas.
• the connecting pipe of the top tanks 4 has a sufficient diameter to allow the balance of the gas pressures during the variations of the levels of the tanks 1, 2, it serves if the overflow from one tank to the other.
• the isolation valve 5 makes it possible to isolate the tanks to allow them to be unbalanced. It is the isolation valve 5 which, when opened, will create the hydrodynamic constraints. It is an ON / OFF or proportional valve.
• the flow control valve 6 makes it possible to adjust the flow rate and thereby the recirculation speed.
• the recirculation pump 7 allows the recirculation of the liquid passing from one tank to another, it also allows to create an imbalance of levels between the tanks 1, 2.
• the exchangers 8 make it possible to maintain the liquid at a given temperature.
• the sludge evacuation pump 9 allows the tanks 1, 2 to be emptied periodically and to discharge the sludge from the sludge through an evacuation pipe 11.
• the support 10 for the attachment of the bacteria may be fixed or mobile. If it is fixed it can be oriented or not, made of plastics or wood. If it is mobile, either bioball or ball type or micro-ball made of plastic or sand or other particles.
• the support must have the maximum gripping surface in m 2 / m 3 . Fixed type PVC-oriented fixtures with ratios of 200m 2 / m 3 or more are particularly well suited to the FAD system for biomethanation.
• the level of effluent in the effluent storage area may vary between a maximum level (Hmax) and a minimum level (Hmin).
• the average level (Hmoyen) is located between the maximum level (Hmax) and the minimum level (Hmin).
• the average level (Hmoyen) is the level of the liquid when the isolation valve 5 is open and the system has reached the equilibrium of the levels.
• the maximum level (Hmax) is the maximum level at which the effluent can arrive when the isolation valve 5 is closed and the recirculation pump 7 creates the hydraulic imbalance between the tanks 1, 2.
• the minimum level (Hmin) is the minimum level at which the effluent can arrive when the isolation valve 5 is closed and the recirculation pump 7 creates the hydraulic imbalance between the tanks 1, 2.
• the tanks 1, 2 are identical the difference in level between Hmax and Hmoyen is identical to the level difference between Hmoyen and Hmin.

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• Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Purification Treatments By Anaerobic Or Anaerobic And Aerobic Bacteria Or Animals (AREA)
• Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
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• 2008
  • 2008-10-08 MX MX2010003716A patent/MX2010003716A/es active IP Right Grant
  • 2008-10-08 WO PCT/EP2008/063440 patent/WO2009047259A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2008-10-08 EP EP08838553A patent/EP2207873A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2008-10-08 US US12/682,119 patent/US8440084B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2008-10-08 JP JP2010528383A patent/JP5356393B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2008-10-08 BR BRPI0818502 patent/BRPI0818502A2/pt active Search and Examination
  • 2008-10-08 AU AU2008309672A patent/AU2008309672B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2008-10-08 RU RU2010118516/10A patent/RU2480521C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2008-10-08 CA CA 2704793 patent/CA2704793A1/fr not_active Abandoned
• 2010
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