EP2149450B1 - Powder press - Google Patents

Powder press Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2149450B1
EP2149450B1 EP09007922.9A EP09007922A EP2149450B1 EP 2149450 B1 EP2149450 B1 EP 2149450B1 EP 09007922 A EP09007922 A EP 09007922A EP 2149450 B1 EP2149450 B1 EP 2149450B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
press
punch
die
powder
clamping system
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP09007922.9A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2149450A2 (en
EP2149450A3 (en
Inventor
Udo Baltruschat
Stephan Mallon
Harald Römer
Jan Naeve
Ingo Schmidt
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Fette GmbH
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Fette GmbH
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Publication date
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Publication of EP2149450A2 publication Critical patent/EP2149450A2/en
Publication of EP2149450A3 publication Critical patent/EP2149450A3/en
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Publication of EP2149450B1 publication Critical patent/EP2149450B1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B11/00—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses
    • B30B11/02—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses using a ram exerting pressure on the material in a moulding space
    • B30B11/04—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses using a ram exerting pressure on the material in a moulding space co-operating with a fixed mould
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B11/00—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses
    • B30B11/005—Control arrangements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
    • B30B15/0094—Press load monitoring means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
    • B30B15/04—Frames; Guides
    • B30B15/041—Guides

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a powder press according to claim 1.
  • Powder presses are u.a. for making green compacts, pressed parts, used before a sintering process.
  • the typical powder press includes upper and lower punches which cooperate with a die in a die table to compress the powder material filled into the die.
  • Upper and lower punches are driven by a suitable drive, for example a hydraulic cylinder.
  • the drives are usually located at transversely extending portions of a press frame, with a clutch usually a punch plate is interposed, to which a clamping system for upper and lower punch is attached.
  • the stamp plate is connected to a carriage or part of a carriage, which is guided vertically in the frame (adapterless pressing).
  • the upper and lower punch plate is guided by guide elements which are connected to the die table.
  • the die table is in turn connected to the transverse section of a press frame. The forces occurring during the pressing of the powder are transmitted by the pressing tools on the clamping systems in the tool guide system.
  • Out JP 62-250101 A is a powder press has become known in which a plurality of upper and lower punches are telescoped into each other for the production of a molding in the die.
  • the respective punches are connected to stamp plates, the stamp plate of a first upper punch abutting against a punch on the outside of the first punch.
  • a pressure sensor is arranged in each case.
  • the innermost upper punch is firmly connected to a stamp plate, which is actuated by a linear drive. With the inner upper punch a stamp plate is connected, which acts on the middle upper punch. With the middle upper punch a stamp plate is connected, which acts via a pressure sensor on the outer upper punch.
  • a similar arrangement is found with respect to the lower punches.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a powder press, in which transverse forces can be measured.
  • At least one force measuring device is arranged between a stamp plate and the associated clamping system.
  • the machine control When entering a limit value for this lateral force, the machine control automatically terminates the press cycle when it is reached (transverse press force shutdown).
  • the limit value can be determined by tests or calculated in advance.
  • the maximum allowable limit can be approximately determined, in which there is a touch of the press tool components.
  • the pressing tool can be protected from premature wear or even destruction.
  • a force-measuring device is arranged between the die or the matrix clamping system and the die table.
  • the invention is applicable to both an adapterless and adapter-affected powder press.
  • a guide of the stamp plates on guide carriage is provided directly on the press frame, while in the latter case, the tool guide is decoupled from the press frame.
  • the invention is equally applicable to a press operating according to the ejection method and a press operating according to the stripping method.
  • the single FIGURE shows a working according to the ejection process powder press according to the invention.
  • the powder press shown in the drawing comprises a frame 10 with vertical columns 12 and an upper transverse frame portion 14 and a lower transverse frame portion 16).
  • an upper hydraulic cylinder 18 and a lower hydraulic cylinder 20 is mounted on the frame portions 14, 16.
  • the hydraulic cylinders 18, 20 act via an upper coupling 22 and lower coupling 23 on an upper punch plate 24 and a lower punch plate 25 on the die plates 24, 25 is a clamping system 26 for a punch 28 and a lower clamping system 30 for a Lower punch 32 attached.
  • a die table 36 with a die 38 is supported by supports 40 on the lower frame portion 16.
  • guide columns 42 are mounted, which are guided in non-designated guide bushes of the stamp plates 24, 25.
  • An upper and lower measuring system 44 is also arranged on the die table 36.
  • a force sensor 46 is arranged between the clamping system 26 and the associated stamp plate 24. Between the clamping system 30 and the lower punch plate 25, a force sensor 48 is arranged. Between the die 38 and the die table 36, a further force sensor 50 is arranged.
  • the same measuring principle can be applied to a press after the withdrawal process.
  • the lower punch is stationary or frame-fixed and the die table is driven. At the measurement of the pressing force this does not change anything.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Presses And Accessory Devices Thereof (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Press Drives And Press Lines (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Pulverpresse nach Patentanspruch 1.The invention relates to a powder press according to claim 1.

Pulverpressen werden u.a. zum Herstellen von Grünlingen, gepressten Teilen, vor einem Sinterprozess verwendet. Die typische Pulverpresse enthält einen Ober- und einen Unterstempel, die mit einer Matrize in einem Matrizentisch zusammenwirken, um das in die Matrize eingefüllte Pulvermaterial zu komprimieren. Ober- und Unterstempel werden von einem geeigneten Antrieb, beispielsweise einem Hydraulikzylinder angetrieben. Die Antriebe sitzen üblicherweise an quer verlaufenden Abschnitten eines Pressenrahmens, wobei über eine Kupplung zumeist eine Stempelplatte zwischengeschaltet ist, an der ein Spannsystem für Ober- und Unterstempel angebracht ist.Powder presses are u.a. for making green compacts, pressed parts, used before a sintering process. The typical powder press includes upper and lower punches which cooperate with a die in a die table to compress the powder material filled into the die. Upper and lower punches are driven by a suitable drive, for example a hydraulic cylinder. The drives are usually located at transversely extending portions of a press frame, with a clutch usually a punch plate is interposed, to which a clamping system for upper and lower punch is attached.

Es besteht die Notwendigkeit, Ober- und Unterstempel zu führen, damit ein einwandfreies Pressergebnis erzielt wird. Ferner wird dadurch der Verschleiß an den Werkzeugen reduziert. Bei einer bekannten Ausführung ist die Stempelplatte mit einem Führungswagen verbunden oder Bestandteil eines Führungswagens, der im Rahmen vertikal geführt ist (adapterloses Pressen). Bei einer anderen Ausführung bekannter Bauweise ist die obere und die untere Stempelplatte von Führungselementen geführt, die mit dem Matrizentisch verbunden sind. Der Matrizentisch ist seinerseits mit dem quer verlaufenden Abschnitt eines Pressenrahmens verbunden. Die beim Verpressen des Pulvers auftretenden Kräfte werden durch die Presswerkzeuge über die Spannsysteme in das Werkzeugführungssystem übertragen.There is a need to run top and bottom punches for a perfect press result. Furthermore, this reduces the wear on the tools. In a known embodiment, the stamp plate is connected to a carriage or part of a carriage, which is guided vertically in the frame (adapterless pressing). In another embodiment of known construction, the upper and lower punch plate is guided by guide elements which are connected to the die table. The die table is in turn connected to the transverse section of a press frame. The forces occurring during the pressing of the powder are transmitted by the pressing tools on the clamping systems in the tool guide system.

Bei Pressen der genannten Art wird nach dem Ausstoßverfahren und nach dem Abzugsverfahren unterschieden. Im ersteren Fall ist das Matrizentischgestell rahmenfest und Ober- und Unterstempel werden vom Antrieb betätigt. Im zweiten Fall ist der Unterstempel rahmenfest und der Matrizentisch und die obere Stempelplatte werden vom Antrieb betätigt.In presses of the type mentioned, a distinction is made according to the ejection method and the withdrawal method. In the former case, the Matrizentischgestell is frame-fixed and upper and lower punches are actuated by the drive. In the second Case, the lower punch is frame-fixed and the die table and the upper punch plate are actuated by the drive.

Es ist bekannt, die Presskraft, mit der die Stempel auf das zu verpressende Pulver einwirken, zu messen. Entsprechende auf Zug und Druck ansprechende Kraftsensoren werden hierfür zwischen dem Antrieb und einer Kupplung bzw. der Stempelplatte angeordnet.It is known to measure the pressing force with which the punches act on the powder to be pressed. Corresponding to train and pressure responsive force sensors are arranged for this purpose between the drive and a clutch or the stamp plate.

Aus JP 62-250101 A ist eine Pulverpresse bekannt geworden, bei der mehrere Ober- und Unterstempel teleskopisch ineinander geschachtelt sind zur Herstellung eines Formlings in der Matrize. Die jeweiligen Stempel sind mit Stempelplatten verbunden, wobei die Stempelplatte eines ersten Oberstempels gegen einen Stempel an der Außenseite des ersten Stempels anliegt. Zwischen der Stempelplatte und diesem Oberstempel ist jeweils ein Drucksensor angeordnet. Der innerste Oberstempel ist fest mit einer Stempelplatte verbunden, die von einem Linearantrieb betätigt wird. Mit dem inneren Oberstempel ist eine Stempelplatte verbunden, die auf den mittleren Oberstempel wirkt. Mit dem mittleren Oberstempel ist eine Stempelplatte verbunden, die über einen Drucksensor auf den äußeren Oberstempel einwirkt. Eine ähnliche Anordnung findet sich bezüglich der Unterstempel.Out JP 62-250101 A is a powder press has become known in which a plurality of upper and lower punches are telescoped into each other for the production of a molding in the die. The respective punches are connected to stamp plates, the stamp plate of a first upper punch abutting against a punch on the outside of the first punch. Between the stamp plate and this upper punch a pressure sensor is arranged in each case. The innermost upper punch is firmly connected to a stamp plate, which is actuated by a linear drive. With the inner upper punch a stamp plate is connected, which acts on the middle upper punch. With the middle upper punch a stamp plate is connected, which acts via a pressure sensor on the outer upper punch. A similar arrangement is found with respect to the lower punches.

Aus US 3,389,432 A ist eine Pulverpresse bekannt geworden, bei der Drucksensoren am Kolben eines Linearantriebs angeordnet sind, der mit einem Adapter für einen Stempel verbunden ist, an dem seinerseits der Stempel angebracht ist. Der Kolben ist in einem Zylinder des Linearantriebs geführt.Out US 3,389,432 A is known a powder press, are arranged in the pressure sensors on the piston of a linear drive, which is connected to an adapter for a stamp on which in turn the stamp is attached. The piston is guided in a cylinder of the linear drive.

Aus JP 57-206597 A ist eine Pulverpresse bekannt geworden, bei der Drucksensoren zwischen einem Linearantrieb und einer Stempelplatte angeordnet sind.Out JP 57-206597 A a powder press has become known in which pressure sensors are arranged between a linear drive and a stamp plate.

Aus dem älteren Dokument EP 2 123 435 A1 ist bekannt geworden, zwischen einem Spindeltrieb und einer Stempelplatte einer Pulverpresse Drucksensoren anzuordnen.From the older document EP 2 123 435 A1 It has become known to arrange pressure sensors between a spindle drive and a stamp plate of a powder press.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Pulverpresse zu schaffen, bei der auch Querkräfte gemessen werden können.The invention has for its object to provide a powder press, in which transverse forces can be measured.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is solved by the features of patent claim 1.

Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Pulverpresse ist mindestens eine Kraftmessvorrichtung zwischen einer Stempelplatte und dem zugehörigen Spannsystem angeordnet.In the powder press according to the invention, at least one force measuring device is arranged between a stamp plate and the associated clamping system.

Bei der herkömmlichen Presskraftmessung wird zwischen Antrieb und Werkzeugebene außerhalb des erwähnten Kraftflusses gemessen. Dies bedeutet, dass im Wesentlichen nur die vertikalen Kräfte auf das zu verpressende Pulver erfasst werden, nicht jedoch die Querkräfte. Bei der Erfindung hingegen erfolgt die Kraftmessung innerhalb des Werkzeugführungssystems, so dass auch die Querkraftkomponente, falls eine vorhanden ist, ermittelt wird.In the conventional press force measurement is measured between the drive and tool level outside the mentioned power flow. This means that essentially only the vertical forces are detected on the powder to be pressed, but not the transverse forces. In contrast, in the case of the invention, the force measurement takes place within the tool guiding system, so that the transverse force component, if one is present, is also determined.

Durch die Bestimmung der Querkraft und die Zerlegung dieser Kraft in Betrag und Kraftkomponentenrichtung ist es nun möglich, die tatsächlichen Belastungen, die auf Presswerkzeug, Nullpunktspannsystem und Führungssystem einwirken, zu bestimmen.By determining the lateral force and decomposing this force in magnitude and force component direction, it is now possible to determine the actual loads acting on the press tool, zero point clamping system and guide system.

Bei Eingabe eines Grenzwertes für diese Querkraft beendet die Maschinensteuerung bei dessen Erreichung automatisch den Presszyklus (Querpresskraftabschaltung). Der Grenzwert kann durch Versuche ermittelt oder im Vorwege berechnet werden.When entering a limit value for this lateral force, the machine control automatically terminates the press cycle when it is reached (transverse press force shutdown). The limit value can be determined by tests or calculated in advance.

Alternativ kann z. B. mit Hilfe der bekannten Pressspaltweite (umlaufender Spalt zwischen gepaartem Pressstempel und zugehörender Matrize) und des bekannten Verformungsverhaltens der Werkzeugführung der maximal zulässige Grenzwert annähernd bestimmt werden, bei der es zu einer Berührung der Presswerkzeugbauteile kommt. Das Presswerkzeug kann dadurch vor vorzeitigem Verschleiß oder gar Zerstörung geschützt werden.Alternatively, z. B. with the help of the known press gap width (circumferential gap between the paired punch and associated die) and the known deformation behavior of the tool guide the maximum allowable limit can be approximately determined, in which there is a touch of the press tool components. The pressing tool can be protected from premature wear or even destruction.

Bei unsachgemäßem Einbau des Presswerkzeugs in das Werkzeugführungssystem (Stempelkippen; Stempel nicht achsfluchtend zueinander) würden beim Paaren von Stempel und Matrize/Stempel ebenfalls Querkräfte sichtbar werden, die dem Werkzeugschutz dienen können.In case of improper installation of the pressing tool in the tool guiding system (stamp tipping, punch not aligned with each other), transverse forces, which can serve for tool protection, would also be visible when mating the punch and die / punch.

In einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass zwischen der Matrize bzw. dem Matrizenspannsystem und dem Matrizentisch eine Kraftmessvorrichtung angeordnet ist.In one embodiment of the invention, it is provided that a force-measuring device is arranged between the die or the matrix clamping system and the die table.

Die Erfindung ist sowohl auf eine adapterlose als auch adapterbehaftete Pulverpresse anwendbar. Bei ersterer ist eine Führung der Stempelplatten über Führungswagen unmittelbar am Pressenrahmen vorgesehen, während im letzteren Fall die Werkzeugführung vom Pressenrahmen entkoppelt ist.The invention is applicable to both an adapterless and adapter-affected powder press. In the former, a guide of the stamp plates on guide carriage is provided directly on the press frame, while in the latter case, the tool guide is decoupled from the press frame.

Die Erfindung ist in gleicher Weise anwendbar auf eine nach dem Ausstoßverfahren arbeitende Presse und eine nach dem Abzugverfahren arbeitende Presse.The invention is equally applicable to a press operating according to the ejection method and a press operating according to the stripping method.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand einer Zeichnung näher erläutert.An embodiment of the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to a drawing.

Die einzige Figur zeigt eine nach dem Ausstoßverfahren arbeitende Pulverpresse in erfindungsgemäßer Ausführung.The single FIGURE shows a working according to the ejection process powder press according to the invention.

Die in der Zeichnung dargestellte Pulverpresse weist einen Rahmen 10 auf mit vertikalen Säulen 12 und einem oberen quer verlaufenden Rahmenabschnitt 14 und einem unteren quer verlaufenden Rahmenabschnitt 16). An den Rahmenabschnitten 14, 16 ist ein oberer Hydraulikzylinder 18 bzw. ein unterer Hydraulikzylinder 20 angebracht. Die Hydraulikzylinder 18, 20 wirken über eine obere Kupplung 22 bzw. untere Kupplung 23 auf eine obere Stempelplatte 24 bzw. eine untere Stempelplatte 25. An den Stempelplatten 24, 25 ist ein Spannsystem 26 für einen Oberstempel 28 bzw. ein unteres Spannsystem 30 für einen Unterstempel 32 angebracht. Ein Matrizentisch 36 mit einer Matrize 38 stützt sich über Stützen 40 an dem unteren Rahmenabschnitt 16 ab. An dem Matrizentisch 36 sind Führungssäulen 42 angebracht, die in nicht bezeichneten Führungsbuchsen der Stempelplatten 24, 25 geführt sind. An dem Matrizentisch 36 ist außerdem ein oberes und unteres Messsystem 44 angeordnet.The powder press shown in the drawing comprises a frame 10 with vertical columns 12 and an upper transverse frame portion 14 and a lower transverse frame portion 16). On the frame portions 14, 16, an upper hydraulic cylinder 18 and a lower hydraulic cylinder 20 is mounted. The hydraulic cylinders 18, 20 act via an upper coupling 22 and lower coupling 23 on an upper punch plate 24 and a lower punch plate 25 on the die plates 24, 25 is a clamping system 26 for a punch 28 and a lower clamping system 30 for a Lower punch 32 attached. A die table 36 with a die 38 is supported by supports 40 on the lower frame portion 16. On the die table 36 guide columns 42 are mounted, which are guided in non-designated guide bushes of the stamp plates 24, 25. An upper and lower measuring system 44 is also arranged on the die table 36.

Zwischen dem Spannsystem 26 und der zugehörigen Stempelplatte 24 ist ein Kraftsensor 46 angeordnet. Zwischen dem Spannsystem 30 und der unteren Stempelplatte 25 ist ein Kraftsensor 48 angeordnet. Zwischen der Matrize 38 und dem Matrizentisch 36 ist ein weiterer Kraftsensor 50 angeordnet.Between the clamping system 26 and the associated stamp plate 24, a force sensor 46 is arranged. Between the clamping system 30 and the lower punch plate 25, a force sensor 48 is arranged. Between the die 38 and the die table 36, a further force sensor 50 is arranged.

Nach dem Befüllen der Matrize 38 werden Ober- und Unterstempel 28, 32 in die Matrize hineinbewegt, angetrieben durch die Hydraulikzylinder 18, 20. Nach dem Herstellen des Presslings wird der Oberstempel 28 herausgezogen, und der Unterstempel 32 wirft den Pressling aus der Matrize 36 aus. Die Bewegung der Stempelplatten bzw. der Stempel ist durch die beiden Doppelpfeile angedeutet.After filling the die 38 upper and lower punches 28, 32 are moved into the die, driven by the hydraulic cylinders 18, 20. After the Making the compact, the upper punch 28 is pulled out, and the lower punch 32 ejects the compact from the die 36. The movement of the stamp plates or the stamp is indicated by the two double arrows.

Dadurch, dass die Presskraftmessung zwischen den Stempelplatten und den Werkzeugen stattfindet, ist es möglich, auch Querkräfte zu messen, die beim Pressen auftreten. Dies im Gegensatz zum Stand der Technik, bei dem nur eine Presskraftmessung in Arbeitsrichtung möglich ist.The fact that the pressing force measurement takes place between the stamp plates and the tools, it is possible to measure even lateral forces that occur during pressing. This in contrast to the prior art, in which only a press force measurement in the working direction is possible.

Es sei noch erwähnt, dass das gleiche Messprinzip auf eine Presse nach dem Abzugverfahren angewendet werden kann. Bei letzterem ist der Unterstempel stationär bzw. rahmenfest und der Matrizentisch wird angetrieben. An der Messung der Presskraft ändert dies nichts.It should be noted that the same measuring principle can be applied to a press after the withdrawal process. In the latter, the lower punch is stationary or frame-fixed and the die table is driven. At the measurement of the pressing force this does not change anything.

Claims (5)

  1. A powder press, with a press frame (10) which comprises an upper and a lower frame section, an upper linear drive attached on the upper frame section and a lower linear drive attached on the lower frame section, wherein the drives are connected to an upper and a lower punch plate (24, 25) and to a die table (36) respectively, with a die clamping system on the die table (36) with a die (38) and at least one force measurement device for measurement of the pressing force on at least one punch, characterised in that the punch plates (24, 25) have a clamping system (26, 30) for an upper and a lower punch (28, 32), respectively, and the at least one force measurement device (46, 48) is arranged between a punch plate (24, 25) and the associated clamping system (26, 30), and the force measurement device is constructed such that besides to vertical forces, it measures also the shear forces occurring during the pressing process.
  2. The powder press according to claim 1, characterised in that a force measurement device (50) is arranged between the die (38) or the die clamping system, respectively, and the die table (36).
  3. A powder press according to claim 1 or 2, characterised by the application to a press wherein the punch plate (24, 25) is arranged on guides (42) which are attached on the die table (36).
  4. A powder press according to claim 1 or 2, characterised by the application to a press wherein the punch plates are each at a time attached to a trolley, which is vertically guided in guides of the press frame (10).
  5. A powder press according to claim 1 or 2, characterised by the application to a press working with the pull-off process.
EP09007922.9A 2008-07-29 2009-06-17 Powder press Not-in-force EP2149450B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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DE102008035301A DE102008035301B3 (en) 2008-07-29 2008-07-29 powder Press

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EP2149450A2 EP2149450A2 (en) 2010-02-03
EP2149450A3 EP2149450A3 (en) 2010-12-22
EP2149450B1 true EP2149450B1 (en) 2016-07-20

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JP3247319B2 (en) * 1997-08-26 2002-01-15 株式会社名機製作所 Method and device for controlling clamping pressure in direct pressure type clamping device
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JP4142620B2 (en) * 2003-09-10 2008-09-03 ミネベア株式会社 Device that pushes the shaft into the stator housing
DE10342645A1 (en) * 2003-09-16 2005-04-07 Komage-Gellner Maschinenfabrik Kg Press for the production of molded articles from powdery mass
DE102004008322B4 (en) * 2004-02-20 2008-11-27 Fette Gmbh powder Press
CN200939706Y (en) * 2006-08-28 2007-08-29 南京东部精密机械有限公司 Pressure monitor of dry powder hydraulic press
EP2123435B1 (en) * 2007-03-20 2016-03-09 Tungaloy Corporation Compression molding method for a cutting insert

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2149450A2 (en) 2010-02-03
US20100028478A1 (en) 2010-02-04
DE102008035301B3 (en) 2010-03-25
EP2149450A3 (en) 2010-12-22
US8186988B2 (en) 2012-05-29

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