EP2137782A1 - Device and method for converting light energy into electrical energy - Google Patents
Device and method for converting light energy into electrical energyInfo
- Publication number
- EP2137782A1 EP2137782A1 EP08741640A EP08741640A EP2137782A1 EP 2137782 A1 EP2137782 A1 EP 2137782A1 EP 08741640 A EP08741640 A EP 08741640A EP 08741640 A EP08741640 A EP 08741640A EP 2137782 A1 EP2137782 A1 EP 2137782A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- plant
- anode compartment
- compartment
- electron donor
- anode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 210000000416 exudates and transudate Anatomy 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006166 lysate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000021073 macronutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 abstract 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 50
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 42
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 27
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 241000559641 Glyceria maxima Species 0.000 description 9
- 235000003799 Glyceria maxima Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000007836 KH2PO4 Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- -1 hydrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910019626 (NH4)6Mo7O24 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021580 Cobalt(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910003562 H2MoO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021577 Iron(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910003424 Na2SeO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe]Cl NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910000357 manganese(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- VLAPMBHFAWRUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-L molybdic acid Chemical compound O[Mo](O)(=O)=O VLAPMBHFAWRUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011781 sodium selenite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011686 zinc sulphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000195597 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000195628 Chlorophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001006 Constantan Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000047703 Nonion Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000935974 Paralichthys dentatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000191043 Rhodobacter sphaeroides Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 241001464837 Viridiplantae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940009098 aspartate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010840 domestic wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940093915 gynecological organic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940049920 malate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-L malate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C(O)CC([O-])=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011785 micronutrient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013369 micronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KHPXUQMNIQBQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L oxaloacetate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(=O)C([O-])=O KHPXUQMNIQBQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000258 photobiological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000243 photosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035479 physiological effects, processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037039 plant physiology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002901 radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device and a method for converting light energy into electrical energy and/or hydrogen by using a living plant for converting light energy into a feedstock for a microbial fuel cell.
- WO 2007/006107 discloses a microbial fuel cell that comprises a reactor, and each reactor comprises an anode compartment, a cathode compartment and a membrane, where the membrane separates the anode compartment and the cathode compartment from each other.
- the anode compartment contains micro-organisms capable of oxidizing organic electron donor compounds, the electrons being supplied to the anode in the anode compartment.
- the organic electron donor compound in question can be glucose, sucrose, an acetate or a reducing compound of the type occurring for example in domestic sewage and the effluent of bio -refineries.
- Other microbial fuel cells are described for example in: Logan et al., 2006,
- the oxidation of the electron donor compounds can be catalysed for example by anodophilic and/or cathodophilic micro-organisms and redox enzymes.
- hydrogen is produced in the cathode compartment as an energy carrier, instead of electricity (Liu et al., 2005; Rozendal et al., 2006).
- US 3,477,879 discloses a device for converting light energy into electrical energy, where the device consists of an anode compartment containing an aqueous medium, where this aqueous medium contains live and dead algae and minerals, including sulphide, that occur in sea water, and a cathode compartment containing an aqueous medium, where this aqueous medium contains bacteria and minerals, including sulphate, that occur in sea water.
- the anode compartment and the cathode compartment are connected by an ion bridge or "salt bridge".
- the live algae are capable of producing oxygen.
- dead algae When the device is in operation, dead algae are pumped from the anode compartment into the cathode compartment, where they serve as a nutrient for the bacteria that are capable of converting sulphate into sulphide.
- sulphate When sulphate is converted into sulphide, electrons are taken up. Sulphide is converted into sulphate and hydrogen ions (H + ) at the cathode, as a result of which electrons are released at the cathode which are taken up again by oxygen via the anode, and the oxygen is then converted into hydroxide ions (OH " ).
- the hydrogen ions and the hydroxide ions diffuse across the salt bridge and combine to form water, which completes the electrical circuit.
- US 4,117,202 and CA 1,099,332 disclose a biological electrical cell, where use is made of isolated mesophilic cells derived from what are called C4 plants, i.e. plants capable of converting CO 2 into organic compounds containing four carbon atoms, for example oxalacetate, aspartate and malate. Such cells are also described in Rosenbaum et al., 2005a and Rosenbaum et al., 2005b. Isolated C 4 photosynthesizing plant cells, green algae or (hydrogen producing) bacteria are used in these devices.
- a disadvantage of the microbial fuel cells according to WO 2007/006107 is that an effluent stream such as domestic waste water is used. Effluent streams are not sustainable or renewable, and cannot be sustainably obtained, due to transport, for example. A great deal of energy is invested before effluent streams are obtained, and this involves a large CO 2 emission from fuels, for example fossil fuels or radioactive waste released in the generation of nuclear energy. It is true that by increasing the production of effluent streams, more energy can be produced by fuel cells, but such a method does not offer a sustainable or renewable solution for the increasing world consumption of electrical energy. It is therefore better to generate or regenerate energy in a sustainable or renewable way.
- the present invention provides a solution for the problem of reducing non-sustainable and non-renewable energy.
- the present invention relates to a device that comprises a reactor, where the reactor comprises an anode compartment and a cathode compartment and where the anode compartment comprises a) an anodophilic micro-organism capable of oxidizing an electron donor compound, and b) a living plant or part thereof.
- the present invention also relates to a method for converting light energy into electrical energy and/or hydrogen, where a feedstock comprising an electron donor compound is introduced into a device that comprises a reactor, where the reactor comprises an anode compartment and a cathode compartment and where the anode compartment comprises a) an anodophilic micro-organism capable of oxidizing an electron donor compound, and b) a living plant or part thereof.
- living plant or part thereof is used in this document in the sense of a plant (or any part thereof) belonging to the Plant Kingdom (Plantae) and comprising at least one eucaryotic cell with a cell membrane, capable of converting light energy into an electron donor compound by means of photosynthesis.
- the electron donor compound is converted into electrical energy and/or chemical energy, preferably in the form of hydrogen, with the aid of an anodophilic micro-organism.
- the electron donor compound is preferably an organic compound.
- a membrane that can transport ions selectively can be used to separate the anode compartment from the cathode compartment. It is also possible to employ electrically non-conducting, non-ion-selective porous materials. Examples of these materials are glass and plastic. However, a membrane that can transport ions selectively is preferred.
- the membrane is preferably a cation-selective membrane and more preferably a proton-selective membrane.
- the plant or its part is preferably derived from what is called an energy plant.
- An energy plant is a living plant that contributes to sustainable energy: solar energy is present during the daytime and can be stored by living plants or their parts for example in the form of an electron donor compound, while CO 2 is absorbed from the atmosphere.
- an energy plant is to be understood as a living plant capable of converting light energy into chemical energy.
- Various parts of a plant for example fallen leaves or roots that have not been harvested, can be used as an energy plant. These parts are lost from renewable energy supply.
- a large part of the solar energy stored by the plant leaves the plant under the ground, due to the roots dying and respiring and by the release of an exudate. This process stimulates the growth of soil micro-organisms.
- Rhizodeposition It has been established that nearly all types of chemical components of a plant can be lost by root losses. These components are for example carbohydrates such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, hormones and vitamins. These components are classified into 4 groups, depending on their origin: exudates, secretions, lysates and gases. Exudates seep out of the root without the involvement of metabolic energy, while in the case of secretions, proper metabolic processes take place in the plant. Lysates are due to the root dying off. Gases also come from the roots of the plant (Lynch, 1990). Rhizodeposition depends for example on the type of the plant, its age and circumstances of life. Cast-off plant parts such as fruits, branches and leaves can contribute to the increase of organic matter in the soil.
- the plant or part thereof is an energy plant or a part thereof, in which case the living plant or part thereof converts light energy into at least an electron donor compound, which is subsequently converted into electrical energy and/or hydrogen, preferably by the root system of a living plant, in cooperation with a micro-organism.
- the electron donor compound can be present in exudates, secretions, lysates, vegetable matter from dead plant parts, gases and/or a gum of plant origin, derived from the root system of a plant or a part thereof.
- the electrons produced by micro-organisms are transported from the anode first to a resistance or a device that consumes electrical energy, and then to the cathode. Oxygen, especially oxygen from the atmosphere, is used as the terminal electron acceptor.
- the anode preferably comprises an anodic material, said anodic material preferably being selected from the group consisting of graphite granules, graphite felt, graphite rods, other graphite- containing electron conductors and combinations of one or more of such materials, the root zone of a living plant essentially being present in the anodic material.
- the added advantage of this is that the plant has a grip.
- the micro-organism that converts the electron donor compound of the plant or part thereof preferably lives around the root zone of the living plant (called the rhizosphere), so the micro-organism can release electrons to the anode more easily.
- the reactor comprises a number of anode compartments, which are closed off from the surroundings (the atmosphere).
- the reactor comprises an anode compartment that can be opened, so that it can be in contact with the surroundings thereof.
- the living conditions of the living plant such as temperature, light and/or moisture
- the feedstock for the anode compartment can be one or more micro- and/or macronutrients and/or water for the living plant or part thereof or for the micro-organism.
- the feedstock is preferably a balanced amount of micro- and/or macronutrients and water.
- the anode compartment prefferably comprises a redox mediator (also called an electron shuttle), so that the electron transport in the anode compartment is made easier.
- a redox mediator also called an electron shuttle
- the device comprises a number of components that reduce or prevent the production of methane in the anode compartment.
- Fig. 1 shows a reactor 1 that is provided with an anode compartment 2 and a cathode compartment 3.
- the anode compartment 2 contains an anode 4
- the cathode compartment 3 contains a cathode 5.
- the anode compartment 2 and the cathode compartment 3 are separated from each other by a membrane 6.
- the anode compartment 2 accommodates a living plant 7, placed in it in such a way that the roots 8 of the living plant are surrounded by the anodic material in granular form. Both the anode compartment and the cathode compartment are in contact with the surroundings - see the arrows 9 and 10.
- Light energy for example sunlight, can reach the living plant directly.
- Oxygen (coming from the atmosphere) can diffuse into the cathode compartment.
- the anode and the cathode are connected electrically with each other by a resistance or a device that consumes electrical energy (12), with the aid of electrical connections 13.
- tubular microbial fuel cells were made from Schott Duran glass. The height of each tube was 30 cm and its diameter was 3.5 cm. At a height of 2 cm and 28 cm, there was a glass side-arm, the lower of which was closed off with a rubber bung and the upper kept open to ensure an overflow function. The top end of the tube was left open, so that the above-ground part of the plant protruded there.
- a cation exchange membrane FKL type, FuMA-tech GmbH, St. Ingbert, Germany
- a 3-mm-thick graphite felt (FMI Composites Ltd., Galashiels, Scotland) was placed on the inside of the glass tube.
- a graphite rod (measurements: 26 x 14 x 6 mm; Muller & Rossner GmbH & Co., Sieburg, Germany) was introduced into the graphite felt.
- the tube was then filled with graphite granules (diameter between 1.5 and 5 mm; Le Carbone, Belgium).
- a 3-mm-thick graphite felt (measurements: 8 x 8 cm; FMI Composites Ltd., Galashiels, Scotland) was then placed at the bottom of a large glass beaker. On this graphite felt were then placed the glass tube and, parallel to it, a second graphite rod.
- the anodic electrode and the cathodic electrode were formed by the graphite components inside and outside the glass tube, respectively.
- the (electrical) circuit of the anode and cathode was completed by plastic-coated copper wires running from the graphite rods to the external resistance R of 1000 Ohms.
- the electrode potentials and the cell voltage [E (cell) in mV] were measured offline with a Multimeter (True RMS Multimeter, Fluke 189).
- Ag/ AgCl reference electrodes ProSense Qis, Oosterhout, Netherlands) were used for measuring the electrode potentials.
- the cell voltage was determined continuously with the aid of FieldPoint FP-AI-110 modules (National Instruments, Netherlands), a personal computer (Pentium III) and a self-programmed Labview 7.0 program (National Instruments, Netherlands).
- the light was provided by a 250 W metal halogen lamp (Spacesaver
- the anode compartments of the microbial fuel cell were primed with a modified Hoagland nutrient solution (Taiz and Zeiger, 2006), with extra micronutrients for e.g. the micro-organism.
- the solution had the following composition, with the concentrations in mg per litre given in brackets: KNO 3 (606.60), Ca(NO 3 ) 2 . 4H 2 O (944.64), NH 4 H 2 PO 4 (230.16), MgSO 4 . 7H 2 O (246.49), KCl (3.73), H 3 BO 3 (1.55), MnSO 4 . H 2 O (0.34), ZnSO 4 . 7H 2 O (0.58), CuSO 4 .
- Potassium acetate was introduced as the feedstock in batches, so that the anodophilic micro-organisms, amongst others, would proceed to multiply in the fuel cell.
- the cathode compartment was filled with 50 mM K 3 Fe(CN) 6 and 100 mM KH2PO4, which were neutralized to a pH of about 7. This solution was later replaced by demineralised water with 2 ml of phosphate buffer per litre (K 2 HPO 4 132.7 g/1 "1 ; KH 2 PO 4 : 168.5 g/1 " l ).
- the volume of the anode liquid and the volume of the cathode liquid amounted to about 250 and 200 ml, respectively.
- the acetate was consumed in the microbial fuel cells, and the cell voltage over the anode and cathode was measured. When this cell voltage had dropped, all the graphite granules were removed from the assembly and saved. The residual KAc was removed as far as possible by rinsing the graphite granules with the nutrient medium. Extra graphite granules were then introduced, and the KAc concentration was determined. After this, the granules were distributed over the eight microbial fuel cells.
- the level of the cathode liquid also dropped during the experiment. It was replenished regularly by the addition of demineralised water. On day 14, the cathode liquid was replaced with a new cathode liquid, which contained demineralised water with a phosphate buffer (K 2 HPO 4 132.7 g/1 "1 ; KH 2 PO 4 : 168.5 g/1 "1 ; 2 ml/1). The graphite cloth in the cathode was replaced here with a new piece of cloth. It was noticed that some previous cathode liquid remained in the cathode compartment, possibly coming from the membrane.
- Fig. 2 shows the power output of three microbial fuel cells with reed sweet grass (numbers 3, 4 and 8) and the two reference fuel cells (numbers 1 and 2) for days 1 to 78.
- the reference assemblies did not produce any electric energy, but the assemblies with reed sweet grass did.
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NL2000598A NL2000598C2 (en) | 2007-04-17 | 2007-04-17 | Device and method for converting light energy into electrical energy. |
PCT/NL2008/050219 WO2008127109A1 (en) | 2007-04-17 | 2008-04-17 | Device and method for converting light energy into electrical energy |
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US (1) | US8637171B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2137782B1 (en) |
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WO2022258144A1 (en) * | 2021-06-08 | 2022-12-15 | Voltaplant Srl | A device and a method for generating electrical energy from soil degradation |
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CN102263279A (en) * | 2011-07-06 | 2011-11-30 | 武汉理工大学 | Microbial fuel cell device with artificial wetland aquatic plant electrodes |
CN103811790B (en) * | 2012-11-07 | 2016-07-06 | 江苏常环环境科技有限公司 | The microbial fuel cell unit of packing type plant electrode |
ES2729868T3 (en) | 2014-05-26 | 2019-11-06 | Plant E Knowledge B V | Tubular electrode assembly, use of said assembly, microbial fuel cell comprising said assembly and process for the conversion of light energy into electricity |
CN104211180B (en) * | 2014-08-20 | 2015-11-18 | 浙江工商大学 | A kind of microbiological fuel cell for river course oil pollution in-situ immobilization floats basin |
WO2016092578A1 (en) * | 2014-12-09 | 2016-06-16 | Vito Lavanga | Device for producing hydrogen |
WO2017065512A1 (en) * | 2015-10-13 | 2017-04-20 | 동국대학교산학협력단 | Plant-soil battery |
KR20170043467A (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2017-04-21 | 동국대학교 산학협력단 | Plant soil fuel cell |
CN105541046B (en) * | 2016-01-31 | 2017-11-24 | 中国科学院水生生物研究所 | It is a kind of using slag as the synchronous electrogenesis of anode and the device of sewage purification |
CN105502673B (en) * | 2016-01-31 | 2017-11-24 | 中国科学院水生生物研究所 | It is a kind of using slag as the synchronous electrogenesis of anode and the device of sewage purification |
ES2595527B1 (en) * | 2016-04-01 | 2017-10-09 | Pablo Manuel VIDARTE GORDILLO | Device and procedure for generating electricity |
CN105993905A (en) * | 2016-07-25 | 2016-10-12 | 中国计量大学 | Modularized roof-greening generating device |
CN106927577A (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2017-07-07 | 福州大学 | A kind of ecological water purifying device and its method for administering black and odorous water |
CN108178320B (en) * | 2018-01-12 | 2020-06-19 | 南京工业大学 | Microbial fuel cell artificial wetland device and sewage purification method |
TWI677655B (en) * | 2018-10-19 | 2019-11-21 | 國立清華大學 | Self-power air refresher system |
IT201900024643A1 (en) | 2019-12-19 | 2021-06-19 | Voltaplant S R L | A DEVICE AND A METHOD FOR THE GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY FROM SOIL DEGRADATION |
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US3477879A (en) * | 1966-12-28 | 1969-11-11 | Frederick D Sisler | Biochemical fuel cell |
US4117202A (en) * | 1976-11-12 | 1978-09-26 | Beck Timothy A | Solar powered biological fuel cell |
CA1099332A (en) | 1978-09-21 | 1981-04-14 | Timothy A. Beck | Solar powered biological electric cell using mesophyll cells |
CA2448512A1 (en) * | 2001-05-31 | 2003-01-23 | Michigan Biotechnology Institute | Electrode compositions and configurations for electrochemical bioreactor systems |
EP1742288A1 (en) | 2005-07-08 | 2007-01-10 | Universiteit Gent | Microbial fuel cells for oxidation of electron donors |
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