EP2044649A2 - A microwave circuit with improved quadrature balance. - Google Patents
A microwave circuit with improved quadrature balance.Info
- Publication number
- EP2044649A2 EP2044649A2 EP07825898A EP07825898A EP2044649A2 EP 2044649 A2 EP2044649 A2 EP 2044649A2 EP 07825898 A EP07825898 A EP 07825898A EP 07825898 A EP07825898 A EP 07825898A EP 2044649 A2 EP2044649 A2 EP 2044649A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- circuit
- impedance
- phase difference
- quadrature
- input port
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
- H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
- H01P5/19—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port of the junction type
- H01P5/22—Hybrid ring junctions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
- H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
- H01P5/19—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port of the junction type
- H01P5/22—Hybrid ring junctions
- H01P5/227—90° branch line couplers
Definitions
- a microwave circuit with improved quadrature balance is provided.
- the present invention discloses a microwave circuit in which there is a so called quadrature circuit which has first and second inputs, and first and second outputs.
- the quadrature circuit is designed so that when a signal is input to its first input port, there will be a certain desired phase difference and amplitude between the signals at the output ports, and the second input port of the quadrature circuit will at the same time be connected to a specified impedance.
- quadrature balance refers to the fact that two channels are often used, the so called I- and Q-channels, between which there must be a phase difference of exactly 90 degrees, and which must also have equal amplitudes.
- the balance which it is sought to obtain and maintain is thus the phase difference and the equal amplitudes. Even slight deviations from this balance can cause rather grave errors in a system which uses the two signals.
- a microwave circuit comprising a quadrature circuit with a first and a second input, and a first and a second output.
- the quadrature circuit is designed to give a certain desired phase difference and a desired amplitude ratio between the output signals of said output ports when a first input signal is applied to the first input port, and the second input port of the quadrature circuit is connected to specified impedance.
- said impedance is chosen so that the desired phase difference between the output signals is obtained and maintained, and also so that the desired ratio between the amplitudes of the output signals is obtained and maintained.
- the impedance which is connected to the second input port is used to connect the second input port to ground.
- other connections are also possible.
- the impedance is of course chosen so that the quadrature balance is maintained as near to perfect as possible, but the phase difference is at least obtained and maintained at the desired value with a variation of +/- 1 degree, and the ratio between the output amplitudes obtains and maintains a value in the range of [-0.25,0.25] dB.
- the impedance connected to the second input port is optimized depending on the loads at the output ports of the quadrature circuit.
- the impedance is tuneable.
- the invention also discloses a method for choosing the impedance so that the desired phase difference between the output signals is obtained and maintained, so that the equality between the amplitudes of the output signals is obtained and maintained.
- the desired phase difference is ninety degrees, and the desired amplitude ratio is equality between the amplitudes, but the invention can be used for other phase differences and amplitude ratios as well.
- Fig 1 shows an example of a larger circuit in which the invention can be applied
- Fig 2 shows a circuit according to the invention
- Fig 3 shows the quadrature circuit
- Fig 4 shows a rough flowchart of a method of the invention
- Fig 5 shows a circuit according to the invention, including terminations on the output ports
- Fig 1 shows an example of an application 100 in which a circuit of the invention can be used.
- the application 100 is an MMIC-modulator, which in this case comprises four quadrature circuits, one of which has been given the reference number 110.
- the quadrature circuit 110 comprises two input ports, shows as 1 and 2, and also two output ports, shown as 3 and 4.
- the invention can be applied to all of the quadrature circuits shown in the MMIC-modulator of fig 1 , but will be described in more detail with reference to the quadrature circuit 110, which is shown separately in fig 2.
- fig 2 shows only the quadrature circuit 110, with the first and second input ports 1 and 2, and the first and second output ports 3 and 4.
- one of the input ports 2 of the quadrature circuit 110 is connected to an impedance shown as 220.
- the input port 2 is shown here as connected to ground via the impedance 220, which is a common application of the impedance 220.
- the invention will in the following be described throughout with the impedance 220 connecting the second input 2 port to ground, but those skilled in the field will realize that other applications are equally possible, such as applications with quadrature circuits used in phase shifter networks.
- the impedance which connects to the input port 2 of the quadrature circuit may be connected to a matching network, which will have as one of its tasks to achieve an impedance which gives the desired quadrature properties.
- the quadrature circuit 300 shown in fig 3 can basically be seen as a lossless four-port with a high degree of symmetry. All reflection coefficients of the quadrature circuit are in the following assumed to be equal.
- the full S-matrix of the quadrature circuit 300 can be written as shown in equation (1 ) below, with the indexed matrix elements having been replaced by unique letters, for clarity in the continued description.
- Requiring unitahty for the matrix implies the four equations 2-5 shown below, in which ⁇ is used to denote the phase rotation (also sometimes referred to as "phase shift") for signals propagating from input port 1 to output port 3, (or from input port 2 to output port 4, due to the symmetry of the circuit) r is used to denote the amplitude of the mismatch reflection on all the ports, and k is used to distinguish the four theoretical solutions, which differ in the phase of the mismatch reflections.
- phase rotation ⁇ depends on where the ports of the quadrature circuit are located. If a transmission line is included at each port of the quadrature circuit, the phase rotation will change.
- the output signals at the four ports 1 -4 will be referred to, consecutively, as a, b, c and d, which leads to the following:
- This expression can be used for obtaining the phase and amplitude ratio between signals d/c at output ports 4 and 3 respectively, when the quadrature circuits 110 and 300 of figs 2 and 3 respectively are excited by an input signal at port 1.
- M and N can be precisely determined, we find that it will almost always be possible to define a value for U that in theory will provide perfect quadrature balance, and in practice will give at least very much improved results as compared to present solutions. Naturally, M and N can also be known a priori from the design process or from a manufacturer's data sheets.
- the refection coefficients of the quadrature circuit 110 should be established.
- the reflection coefficients at all four ports 1 , 2, 3, 4, of the quadrature circuit will be equal, but if this is not the case, all coefficients should be established. This can be done by, for example, measurements, simulations, or possibly from a manufacturer's data sheet.
- Equation (9) The integer k used in equation (9) is then selected to best suit the set of S- parameters found for the quadrature circuit.
- the reflection coefficients M and N of the output loads should be found from available sources.
- the quadrature circuit 110 is then attached to the phase corrected loads M and N, as shown in block 430 of fig 4, and U, the termination load is connected to the port 2 of the quadrature circuit 110.
- This operative bandwidth can be established at any interval over a wide frequency band by tuning the termination impedance to the desired frequency interval. In the case illustrated in fig 6, this can be obtained over the whole frequency range 5-7 GHz
- the termination impedance can be tuned by means of, for example, a semiconductor circuit, suitably but not necessarily a FET (Field Effect Transistor) with variable input current at one of its inputs, or as an alternative, it can be a diode with variable bias voltage.
- a semiconductor circuit suitably but not necessarily a FET (Field Effect Transistor) with variable input current at one of its inputs, or as an alternative, it can be a diode with variable bias voltage.
- the invention can be used to obtain and maintain phase differences and amplitude ratios between the output signals in a range about the optimum quadrature value. This is achieved by finding a correct value of the termination of the quadrature circuit.
- circuit of the invention has been described with the aid of an example in which the invention is applied in a modulator.
- Other applications in which the invention can be applied include:
- Quadrature modulators in which it is desired to use the quadrature circuits both to achieve the desired quadrature properties and to suppress a carrier wave signal.
- Phase shifters in which the quadrature circuit is used both to define signal components with orthogonal phase, and to amplitude modulate the signal components with reflections which vary over a dynamic range, starting from 0 and extending up to maxima with a high reflection.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE0601491A SE532094C2 (en) | 2006-07-07 | 2006-07-07 | A microwave circuit with improved quadrature balance |
PCT/IB2007/052643 WO2008007317A2 (en) | 2006-07-07 | 2007-07-05 | A microwave circuit with improved quadrature balance. |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2044649A2 true EP2044649A2 (en) | 2009-04-08 |
EP2044649A4 EP2044649A4 (en) | 2011-10-26 |
Family
ID=38923646
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07825898A Withdrawn EP2044649A4 (en) | 2006-07-07 | 2007-07-05 | A microwave circuit with improved quadrature balance. |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2044649A4 (en) |
SE (1) | SE532094C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008007317A2 (en) |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5481231A (en) * | 1994-06-21 | 1996-01-02 | Motorola, Inc. | Lumped element four port coupler |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5975701A (en) * | 1982-10-22 | 1984-04-28 | Nec Corp | Impedance hybrid |
JPH0730463A (en) * | 1993-07-08 | 1995-01-31 | Anritsu Corp | Quadrature modulator |
US6297696B1 (en) * | 2000-06-15 | 2001-10-02 | International Business Machines Corporation | Optimized power amplifier |
JP4373954B2 (en) * | 2005-04-11 | 2009-11-25 | 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ | 90 degree hybrid circuit |
-
2006
- 2006-07-07 SE SE0601491A patent/SE532094C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2007
- 2007-07-05 WO PCT/IB2007/052643 patent/WO2008007317A2/en active Application Filing
- 2007-07-05 EP EP07825898A patent/EP2044649A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5481231A (en) * | 1994-06-21 | 1996-01-02 | Motorola, Inc. | Lumped element four port coupler |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
FARDIN E A ET AL: "Electronically tunable lumped element 90 DEG hybrid coupler", ELECTRONICS LETTERS, IEE STEVENAGE, GB, vol. 42, no. 6, 16 March 2006 (2006-03-16) , pages 353-355, XP006026339, ISSN: 0013-5194, DOI: 10.1049/EL:20060129 * |
HEE-RAN AHN ET AL: "Arbitrary Termination Impedances, Arbitrary Power Division, and Small-Sized Ring Hybrids", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, IEEE SERVICE CENTER, PISCATAWAY, NJ, US, vol. 45, no. 12, 1 December 1997 (1997-12-01), XP011037013, ISSN: 0018-9480 * |
HEE-RAN AHN ET AL: "MINIATURIZED 3-DB RING HYBRID TERMINATED BY ARBITRARY IMPEDANCES", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, IEEE SERVICE CENTER, PISCATAWAY, NJ, US, vol. 42, no. 12, PART 01, 1 December 1994 (1994-12-01), pages 2216-2221, XP000485464, ISSN: 0018-9480, DOI: 10.1109/22.339745 * |
See also references of WO2008007317A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2044649A4 (en) | 2011-10-26 |
SE532094C2 (en) | 2009-10-20 |
WO2008007317A3 (en) | 2008-04-24 |
WO2008007317A2 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
SE0601491L (en) | 2008-01-08 |
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