EP2018610A1 - Determination de nombres d'appels de methode critique dans une application en langage objet - Google Patents
Determination de nombres d'appels de methode critique dans une application en langage objetInfo
- Publication number
- EP2018610A1 EP2018610A1 EP07766022A EP07766022A EP2018610A1 EP 2018610 A1 EP2018610 A1 EP 2018610A1 EP 07766022 A EP07766022 A EP 07766022A EP 07766022 A EP07766022 A EP 07766022A EP 2018610 A1 EP2018610 A1 EP 2018610A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- application
- call
- critical
- calling
- graph
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
- G06F9/44—Arrangements for executing specific programs
- G06F9/445—Program loading or initiating
- G06F9/44589—Program code verification, e.g. Java bytecode verification, proof-carrying code
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/50—Monitoring users, programs or devices to maintain the integrity of platforms, e.g. of processors, firmware or operating systems
- G06F21/55—Detecting local intrusion or implementing counter-measures
- G06F21/56—Computer malware detection or handling, e.g. anti-virus arrangements
- G06F21/562—Static detection
- G06F21/563—Static detection by source code analysis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F8/00—Arrangements for software engineering
- G06F8/20—Software design
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F8/00—Arrangements for software engineering
- G06F8/40—Transformation of program code
- G06F8/41—Compilation
- G06F8/43—Checking; Contextual analysis
- G06F8/433—Dependency analysis; Data or control flow analysis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the automatic analysis of applications written in a pseudo-typed object oriented programming language. More particularly, it relates to a determination of call numbers of a critical method of an application to be installed in a mobile terminal between two interactions between a user of the mobile terminal and the application.
- the standard security policy specifies that access to a critical functionality via a method, called the critical method of the application, must be explicitly authorized by the user; for example, a validation is requested as a question on the terminal screen.
- the network operator or the manufacturer of the mobile terminal can affix a signature on applications, thus certifying the quality of the latter.
- a signed application will eventually have access to more features of the mobile terminal and fewer validation messages will be presented to the user.
- the applications are developed by a developer and the network operator must validate and sign these applications before making them available to the operator's client users.
- a user may be confused by the number of validation messages or by the number of operations he has already initiated, and may unknowingly accept an action of the application using a critical functionality of the mobile terminal.
- the user can also inadvertently remove a protection installed in the mobile terminal, allowing the execution in loop of a dangerous feature.
- the prior validation and the application signature thus help to eliminate potentially dangerous applications because of these psychological aspects.
- the operator therefore undertakes that the application does not do any action to which the user would not have consented if he had a validation message. Since the user only protects his interests, the operator can nevertheless refuse an application that damages his network, for example an application that triggers attempts to deny service.
- tools for calculating the worst execution time WCET (initials of the words "Worst Case Execution Time"), such as the tools aiT of the company ABSINT, which are used to check properties in real time of embedded systems , can calculate the number of method calls for example by considering the execution time of other functions as null and arbitrarily giving a unit value for the call of one of the methods.
- the number of method calls is calculated for the overall execution time of the pseudo-code of an application, but not for the execution time of the pseudo-code between two interactions between the application and the user. Therefore, although several short messages can be sent during the execution of the application, it is not considered dangerous since the sending of these short messages can be part of independent transactions, each of which could be authorized by the user.
- the invention proposes a method for determining an upper bound of call numbers of a critical method of an application between two interactions between the application. and a user, the application being written in an object-oriented language executing in a runtime environment invoking callback methods of the application in response to either an internal event related to a method call d recording an action of the environment, or an external event, said method comprising a construction of a call graph whose each arc connects a calling method to a called method of the application.
- the method is characterized in that it comprises the steps of: replacing in the call graph each arc having an action recording method as a method called by a set of arcs connecting the calling method of the arc to recall methods that may be triggered in response to the call of the action recording method, identifying callback methods in the call graph called in response to events external to the environment, estimating number of calls of the critical method identified in the call graph respectively for the identified callback methods, and determining the upper bound of the estimated call numbers of the critical method.
- the invention advantageously takes into account all the callback methods that react indirectly to external events and are called by the execution environment.
- An external event is for example an action of the user on the mobile terminal, such as a validation of an operation, or a reception of data by the mobile terminal.
- a internal event is for example a delay (that is to say a delayed execution of a called method), or the launch of a "thread”.
- callback methods can be triggered both in response to action registration method calls and in response to external events. Therefore, all calls for critical methods considered to be potentially dangerous are taken into account by the method according to the invention.
- the invention it is determined, for an application to be installed in a user terminal, an upper bound of the numbers of critical method calls considered as potentially dangerous during an execution segment of the application where the user does not have control of the application.
- said application written in an object-oriented language may advantageously have been compiled into a pseudolanguage (as explained below); it may be in particular an application compiled so as to be interpreted by a Java virtual machine (registered trademark).
- the method according to the invention can be carried out during a validation phase of the application before downloading it by client users of the operator providing the application, the application being for example an application downloadable on a mobile terminal.
- the operator - or the Company Services and Engineering Computer (SSII) responsible for testing the application - is prompted (e) to validate the application by digitally signing it when the upper bound is less than or equal to a predetermined threshold.
- SSII Company Services and Engineering Computer
- Validation or invalidation of the application therefore results from a test procedure implementing a method as briefly described above.
- the invention is also aimed at a method of validation by a network operator or by an SSII of an application written in an object-oriented language.
- This method is characterized in that it comprises the following steps: testing the application by means of a method according to the invention, and validating the application if the upper limit of the estimated call numbers of the critical method is lower or equal to a predetermined threshold, and invalidate it otherwise.
- said application can be in any useful form, for example (as mentioned above) in the form of software that has been compiled into a pseudolanguage.
- validation phase carried out according to the method according to the invention can be directly introduced into programming rules established by the operator and imposed on developers providing applications to the operator.
- the invention also relates to a data processing device for determining an upper bound of call numbers of a critical method of an application between two interactions between the application and a user, the application being written in a object-oriented language executing in a runtime environment invoking callback methods of the application in response to either an event internal to the environment related to an environment action recording method call, or to an external event, said device comprising means for constructing a call graph whose each arc connects a calling method to a method called from the app.
- the device is characterized in that it comprises: means for replacing in the call graph each arc having an action recording method as a method called by a set of arcs connecting the calling method of the arc to recall methods that may be triggered in response to the call of the action registration method, a means for identifying callback methods in the call graph called in response to events external to the environment means for estimating call numbers of the critical method identified in the call graph respectively for the identified callback methods, and means for determining the upper bound of the estimated call numbers of the critical method.
- the invention relates to a computer program adapted to be implemented in a device for determining an upper bound of call numbers of a critical method of an application between two interactions between the application and a device. user, said program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed on said data processing device, perform the steps according to the method of the invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a Java platform managing calls of a critical method of an application
- FIG. 2 is a call graph connecting methods of an application
- FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a data processing device for determining an upper bound of call numbers of a critical method of an application according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 is an algorithm of a method for determining an upper bound of call numbers of a critical method of an application according to the invention.
- a programming language to an object-oriented language, such as the Java programming language, having a runtime and graphics environment, such as libraries for MIDP mobile terminal profile.
- a runtime and graphics environment such as libraries for MIDP mobile terminal profile.
- MIDP Mobile Information Device Profile
- the invention is applicable to other languages such as the programming language ".net” (registered trademark) and other execution environments and graphics based on the description of the human-machine interface by objects graphics and event handlers, such as the Java AWT package (initials English words "Abstract Window Toolkit”).
- the runtime and graphics environment may be for terminals other than mobile terminals, such as personal computers or point-of-sale terminals.
- a Java platform can be installed in a microcontroller with a runtime environment that can host applications that have been developed in the Java programming language as the source language.
- the microcontroller can be that of a mobile terminal for cellular radio network and the platform can be a platform J2ME (initials of the words "Java 2, Micro Edition").
- the microcontroller may be that of a smart card, for example a SIM or USIM card.
- a program written in Java is not compiled in native code, but in the form of an intermediate language independent of the platform, called pseudo-language.
- the pseudo-language is composed of instructions coded on a byte called pseudocodes ("bytecodes" in English).
- the runtime environment of a Java platform then comprises an interpreter constituted by a virtual machine and method libraries for these programs implemented in the memories of the microcontroller.
- the virtual machine interprets Java executable programs that have been compiled into pseudolanguage so that a microcontroller processor executes in native code the compiled programs.
- the pseudo-codes are statically typed, that is to say the virtual machine checks before the execution of the program if an execution of part of the program can become uncontrolled and if all the data manipulated respects certain rules of good training.
- the data can not be used as application code.
- a Java program includes a set of class definitions. Each class can be instantiated at runtime into objects that are dynamic structures containing object-specific local variables and class-specific methods.
- classes use an inheritance mechanism, that is, descendant classes acquire the properties of ascending classes.
- threads in English and hereinafter, composed of sequences of pseudo-code sequential instructions, are concurrently executable concurrently.
- Each thread has a class containing a callback method that is called when the thread is created.
- an object of that class is created and placed as an argument of a method that starts the execution of the thread.
- the execution environment comprises for example the specialized MIDP library for the use of the J2ME platform on mobile terminals.
- the MIDP library provides interfaces to the mobile terminal such as a cellular radio network connection manager, a human-machine interface and access permanent to a predetermined data memory space.
- the runtime environment can be any other fixed runtime environment, so that a program does not use library extension capabilities available in the runtime environment, and results delivered by runtime techniques. static analysis is exhaustive, that is, all possible executions of the application have been analyzed. In particular, the runtime environment must refuse any dynamic loading of new libraries and any access to reflexivity mechanisms on the pseudo-code of the application to dynamically build method calls.
- Running an application using the MIDP library is controlled by an event handler included in the Java platform.
- the event handler manages an event queue that is external or internal to the application.
- the event handler activates different parts of the application's pseudo-code according to the events that occur and respects priority rules between the events that occurred.
- the execution manager commands the execution of the application to stop.
- the application is encoded according to a predetermined event pattern in response to which code portions of the application are respectively executed.
- Each display on the screen of the mobile terminal is recorded in the runtime environment a callback method managing events related to the display.
- a new callback method is called and recorded, controlling a new display.
- the application controls a display on the screen of the mobile terminal by means of a display object.
- the content of the display can be associated with specialized objects by means of methods specific to the display object. Examples of specialized objects are commands that define software buttons displayed on the screen of the mobile terminal and which are selected by means of keys of the mobile terminal, thereby triggering an external event.
- event listening objects each containing a callback method that is called at each external or internal event.
- a callback method included in one of the event listening objects is called with the display object of the current display and the command representing the event generator button.
- the callback method contains portions of codes to be executed, for example relating to calls from other methods, some of which may be critical, and a method call to execute the next display.
- an interaction between the user and the application corresponds to an action of the user on the mobile terminal, triggering an external event
- the time interval between two interactions corresponds to a segment of Execution of the application where the user does not have control of the application and during which a critical method can be executed several times.
- calls of a critical method MC which commands a short message sending from a mobile terminal are started following various events occurring over the course of time represented by a vertical downward arrow.
- the Java PFJ platform that can be executed by the microcontroller in the mobile terminal includes an EE runtime environment including MIDP libraries, a GE event handler, and various lightweight processes, such as a TA helper thread and a timed thread. TT.
- an application is started by the user of the mobile terminal.
- the EE execution environment calls, at a time t1, a callback method MR that calls the critical method MC to the handler.
- instant tl '; the critical method MC is executed by the virtual machine of the PFJ platform under the control of the GE event handler.
- the callback method then calls at a time t2 a MEA action registration method of the EE execution environment which is a timer of a thread which will therefore be executed, after a predetermined time, at a time t5.
- the callback method MR furthermore calls at a time t3 a method for creating MCTA of an auxiliary thread TA which automatically executes the critical method MC.
- the event handler GE stops the execution of the callback method MR to treat for example a new external event.
- the execution environment calls, at a time t5, a timed thread TT which automatically executes the critical method MC.
- FIG. 1 illustrates not only the call of the critical method MC at time t1 'to command the sending of a short message according to the execution of the pseudocode by the event manager, but also the sending of two messages short indirectly generated by the external event at times t3 and t5.
- the sending of three short messages has been ordered.
- the callback method MR called at time tl triggers two internal events related to the auxiliary thread and the timed thread to send two other short messages.
- FIG. 2 represents a call graph of a code portion of an application such as that described previously with reference to FIG. 1.
- the call graph includes nodes corresponding respectively to the different methods relating to the application and arcs each connecting a calling method to a called method.
- Each arc can be annotated by the call statement in the code of the calling method used to call the called method.
- the MR recall method is directly related to the critical method MC since it calls the latter.
- the MR callback method is directly related to the MEA action registration method and the MCTA auxiliary thread creation method.
- the MEA action registration method will subsequently trigger a call to a timed TT thread creation method indirectly through a mechanism internal to the runtime environment. Therefore, there is no link in the call graph between the MEA action registration method and the TT timed thread creation method.
- the callback method MR can be connected to a first method called MAI which calls a second method MA2.
- the second method called MA2 can call the callback method MR, thus creating a call loop in the call graph due to recursive calls of the callback method MR.
- the DTD data processing device is a computer of the personal computer, or server, or terminal, or a combination of these.
- the FC class files include information defining classes of the application to be tested and are made available to the CPU CPU and the MGA call graph construction module in the DTD device to perform static code analysis. of the application. Static analysis is a set of operations to obtain properties on possible executions of the code without performing any actual execution.
- a static analysis can be a "devirtualization" which determines for each call of a method on an object the possible implementations of the method that could be used when calling the method.
- devirtualization determines the classes that respond to a method call during execution, that is, classes that contain a method that can respond to the method call. When actually executing the code, only one of these classes will be activated in response to the method call.
- the MGA call graph construction module constructs and stores a call graph GA relating to the application to be tested, parts of which may be similar to the simple graph shown by way of example in FIG.
- the identification module MI identifies at least one critical method MC and callback methods MR of the application and the evaluation module ME determines a terminal on the number of calls of the critical method MC .
- the method according to the invention for determining an upper bound of call numbers of a critical method of an application between two interactions between the application and a user comprises steps E1 to E7 executed under the control of the central unit UC in the DTD data processing device and implemented by instructions of a computer program recorded on a recording medium readable by the data processing device.
- the application developed by a developer is transmitted to an IT service provider to test the application, in the form of FC class files that are stored in the DTD data processing device.
- the MGA call graph building module constructed from the FC class files a GA call graph relating to the application to be validated. Each arc connects a calling method to a called method and is annotated by a call statement of the called method.
- the call graph GA is for example constructed by means of a devirtualization operation, since methods are called indirectly through objects whose class is not necessarily known before the execution.
- the call graph construction module MGA modifies the call graph by replacing each annotated arc with a call instruction connecting a calling method to an action recording method MEA as a called method. by a set of arcs annotated by the same call instruction connecting the calling method to the different MR callback methods that may be triggered in response to the call of the MEA action record method.
- the interest of this change in the call graph is to include all callback methods that respond to internal events and are indirectly invoked by the runtime environment. Indeed, as illustrated in FIG.
- a called MEA action registration method can activate an intermediate method launching a timed thread whose creation is managed by the execution environment, and the timed thread can execute a method recalling a critical method.
- the source method initially linked to the MEA action recording method is then linked to the recall method which is itself linked to the critical method.
- the identification module MI identifies in the call graph the critical method MC and callback methods MR called in response to external events, such as a solicitation of a softkey by the user. 'user.
- step E4 the evaluation module ME estimates in the call graph GA a number of calls NA of the identified critical method MC for each callback method identified MR according to an approximation on the number of calls of method described below in steps E41 to E44.
- step E41 the evaluation module ME determines call loops in the call graph GA, for example using the "Tarjan algorithm” (see the article by RE Tarjan titled “Depth First Search and Linear Graph Algorithm ", SIAM Journal on Computing 1 (2), pp. 146-160, 1972) for calculating strongly related components of a graph.
- the evaluation module ME annotates with a star "*" every call graph methods that are part of a certain loop in the call graph.
- step E42 the evaluation module ME constructs a GFC control flow graph for each calling method.
- the "control flow graph" of a calling method is a graph whose nodes represent the instructions of the calling method and the arcs represent the dummy execution of a destination instruction immediately after a source statement, during an execution of the calling method.
- the evaluation module ME determines loops in the GFC control flow graph of the calling method. Then the evaluation module ME annotates with a star "*" all the calling instructions relating to the calling method and associated as labels to the arcs of the call graph, which belong to a loop of the flow graph. control of the calling method.
- step E43 the evaluation module ME identifies all the paths without a loop in the call graph GA. For each path linking a so-called “source” callback method to the so-called “target” critical method, the path is weighted by a coefficient equal to "1" if no method or instruction belonging to the path is annotated by a star. In the opposite case, the path is weighted by a coefficient equal to "*", which is a fictitious value.
- step E44 for each pair consisting of an MR recall method and the critical method MC, the evaluation module ME estimates the sum of the coefficients of the paths connecting the callback method to the critical method.
- Each sum represents an estimate of the upper bound on the number of calls NA of a critical method MC when executing a given MR recall method.
- step E5 the evaluation module ME compares all the estimated call numbers NA respectively allocated to the identified callback methods and determines an upper bound BS as the maximum value of the estimated call numbers NA of the critical method MC .
- the data processing device DTD invalidates the application if the upper bound BS exceeds a predetermined threshold SP.
- the predetermined threshold SP can be set by the operator and is for example "3" for a critical method relating to a short message sending. In this case, the application is rejected and returned to the service company that developed the application.
- the data processing device DTD can validate the application; it can then be made available, for example in a server, so that it can be downloaded to mobile terminals of client users of the operator.
- the invention described herein relates to a method and a device for determining an upper bound of call numbers of a critical method of an application.
- the steps of the method of the invention are determined by the instructions of a computer program incorporated in a data processing device such as the DTD device.
- the program comprises program instructions which, when said program is executed in the device whose operation is then controlled by the execution of the program, carry out the steps of the method according to the invention.
- the invention also applies to a computer program, including a computer program on or in an information carrier, adapted to implement the invention.
- This program can use any programming language, and be in the form of source code, object code, or intermediate code between source code and object code such as in a partially compiled form, or in any other form desirable to implement the method according to the invention.
- the information carrier may be any entity or device capable of storing the program.
- the medium may comprise storage means or recording medium on which is recorded the computer program according to the invention, such as a ROM, for example a CD ROM or a microelectronic circuit ROM, or a USB key, or a magnetic recording means, for example a floppy disk or a hard disk.
- the information carrier can be a transmissible medium such as an electrical or optical signal, which may be conveyed via an electrical or optical cable, by radio or by other means.
- the program according to the invention can in particular be downloaded to an Internet type network.
- the information carrier may be an integrated circuit in which the program is incorporated, the circuit being adapted to execute or to be used in carrying out the method according to the invention.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0651821A FR2901378A1 (fr) | 2006-05-18 | 2006-05-18 | Determination de nombres d'appels de methode critique dans une application en langage objet |
| PCT/FR2007/051242 WO2007135316A1 (fr) | 2006-05-18 | 2007-05-10 | Determination de nombres d'appels de methode critique dans une application en langage objet |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2018610A1 true EP2018610A1 (fr) | 2009-01-28 |
Family
ID=37708265
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP07766022A Withdrawn EP2018610A1 (fr) | 2006-05-18 | 2007-05-10 | Determination de nombres d'appels de methode critique dans une application en langage objet |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2018610A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2901378A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2007135316A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112395603B (zh) * | 2019-08-15 | 2023-09-05 | 奇安信安全技术(珠海)有限公司 | 基于指令执行序列特征的漏洞攻击识别方法、装置及计算机设备 |
-
2006
- 2006-05-18 FR FR0651821A patent/FR2901378A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2007
- 2007-05-10 WO PCT/FR2007/051242 patent/WO2007135316A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2007-05-10 EP EP07766022A patent/EP2018610A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2007135316A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2007135316A1 (fr) | 2007-11-29 |
| FR2901378A1 (fr) | 2007-11-23 |
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