EP1891677A2 - Detecteur optique ultrasensible a grande resolution temporelle utilisant un guide d'onde, et procedes de fabrication de ce detecteur - Google Patents
Detecteur optique ultrasensible a grande resolution temporelle utilisant un guide d'onde, et procedes de fabrication de ce detecteurInfo
- Publication number
- EP1891677A2 EP1891677A2 EP06778916A EP06778916A EP1891677A2 EP 1891677 A2 EP1891677 A2 EP 1891677A2 EP 06778916 A EP06778916 A EP 06778916A EP 06778916 A EP06778916 A EP 06778916A EP 1891677 A2 EP1891677 A2 EP 1891677A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- detector
- layer
- light
- substrate
- detection element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 93
- CFJRGWXELQQLSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidyneniobium Chemical group [Nb]#N CFJRGWXELQQLSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 16
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002367 SrTiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 2
- WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N alstonine Natural products C1=CC2=C3C=CC=CC3=NC2=C2N1C[C@H]1[C@H](C)OC=C(C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C2 WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002784 hot electron Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002887 superconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000238366 Cephalopoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910013641 LiNbO 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020012 Nb—Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002059 diagnostic imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010365 information processing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005305 interferometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 or BaTiO 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004038 photonic crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000623 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003376 silicon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/02—Details
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/02—Details
- G01J1/0204—Compact construction
- G01J1/0209—Monolithic
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/1223—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths high refractive index type, i.e. high-contrast waveguides
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/30—Optical coupling means for use between fibre and thin-film device
- G02B6/305—Optical coupling means for use between fibre and thin-film device and having an integrated mode-size expanding section, e.g. tapered waveguide
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
- G02B6/4206—Optical features
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an ultrasensitive optical detector, with a high temporal resolution, and in particular a superconducting single photon detector, more simply called SSPD, this detector using a waveguide, as well as of manufacturing such a detector.
- SSPD superconducting single photon detector
- the invention also applies to coding and detecting the key of the quantum code in a cryptographic system. It also applies to the manufacture of detector arrays for very high sensitivity imaging, as well as to photon or correlated photon tomography. STATE OF THE PRIOR ART
- Emerging techniques such as quantum computation and cryptography, astronomy, microelectronics integrated circuit failure testing, photonic detection medical imaging (SPEC, PET, TEMP) or the detection of biological objects require radiation detectors, particularly in the visible range or the infra-red near-field, which are very fast, have very low jitter, have very little noise and are extremely sensitive: they must be able to to detect very weak flows, even a single photon.
- SPEC photonic detection medical imaging
- PET photonic detection medical imaging
- TEMP photonic detection medical imaging
- SSPDs have potentially all the qualities mentioned above and are good candidates to replace current avalanche photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes, whose performance is limited, particularly in the infrared domain.
- SSPDs exist in the form of STJs, ie superconducting tunnel junctions, and in the form of bolometers, among which are the ultrafast bolometers called HEBs, namely electron bolometers. hot (in English, hot electron bolometers).
- HEBs use ultra-thin superconducting films whose thickness is less than 10 nm to obtain very short characteristic times of the order of 10 ps (see [FR 2 812 455]).
- the preferred material is niobium nitride (NbN) in cubic phase B1.
- the NbN film is epitaxially grown on a substrate which is typically sapphire and whose orientation is 1102 (R plane); and after structuring, this film forms meanders whose width goes from 100 nm to 200 nm, the film thus forming a coil in the active part of the detector (see [Villler 04]).
- Detection efficiency or the conversion efficiency of the photon into an electrical signal, is a key parameter that must be optimized and that would be worth 100% for an ideal detector. It depends on the filling rate (coverage rate of the incident beam and the active area of the detector), the optical absorption in the NbN layer and the hot spot capacity, which is formed as a result of the absorption of the photon, to create a transient resistive barrier across the width of the superconducting track.
- the serpentine structure was designed to increase the filling ratio with respect to a simple NbN straight track, deposited on a sapphire substrate and illuminated under normal incidence.
- the interval between two Parallel and adjacent portions of the superconducting track is as small as the width of this superconducting track, and the fill rate is about 50%. It can hardly exceed this value because of the current technological limitations associated with the electronic lithography that is used to form the serpentine structure.
- the optical absorption by NbN is of the order of 30% for a thickness of 4 nm.
- the only way to increase it would be to increase the thickness of the NbN layer, but the ratio between the hot spot section and the superconducting belt section would decrease, since the width of this track is limited to higher values. at about 100 nm by the electron beam that is used to form the track. This condition would cause a collapse in overall efficiency (see [Korneev 03]).
- the detection efficiency can not exceed about 15% with this architecture. It reaches 5% to 7% at the wavelengths used for telecommunications in the latest generation of detectors (see [Korneev 04]).
- the light which has passed through the NbN without having been absorbed is then returned to the NbN by a concave mirror (see [FR 2 812 455]) or by a plane mirror (see [Le Coupanec 03]).
- the NbN film is optionally covered with an anti-reflection layer to eliminate the reflection losses of the incident wave.
- the expected detection efficiency is
- the length of NbN needed to absorb the light is typically a few tens of microns (the calculations being made in one dimension, for planar guides).
- the present invention aims to solve the problem of the design of an ultrasensitive optical detector, with high temporal resolution, in particular of an SSPD type detector having a very good efficiency and, more specifically, of the design. such detectors operating with a waveguide.
- the structure proposed in the present invention makes it possible to considerably improve the detection efficiency compared with the best performance achieved so far.
- this structure uses, for this purpose, a highly confined waveguide, which is superimposed on a superconducting track of reduced length, this track absorbing almost all the injected light.
- the longitudinal coupling geometry makes it possible to improve the detection efficiency, compared with known devices, and to absorb the energy without specifically using a hot spot, by generating a PSC, that is, ie a phase slip center, or by generating a Josephson vortex, according to the detection structure considered, which allows a greater width for the superconducting track and therefore allows to relax manufacturing constraints.
- a reduced length superconducting track provides a more uniform temperature and critical current which, on the one hand, also improves efficiency and on the other hand reduces noise and jitter by reducing electronic fluctuations. classical and quantum.
- the manufacture of the structure is compatible with integrated optics technology sectors that are well controlled today, which opens the way to new applications of such ultra-sensitive and ultra-fast detectors, for example in spectrometry, in interferometry or imaging.
- the subject of the present invention is an optical detector, intended to detect at least one photon, this detector comprising a dielectric substrate and, on this substrate, at least one detection element, which is designed to generate an electrical signal at from the energy of the photon or photons received, and a guide element, intended to guide the photon or these photons whose energy is then absorbed by the detection element at an absorption zone, this detector being characterized in that the sensing element is substantially rectilinear on the dielectric substrate and has a reduced length, in that the guide element comprises a high confinement light guide disposed on the sensing element, the light waveguide is monomode and the absorption zone is thin and has a thickness of less than 100 nm.
- monomode monomode vertically and horizontally. It should be noted that the waveguide referred to in [Jackson 03] is monomode only vertically: it is multimode horizontally, which implies the use, for the detection zone, of a coil of great length, forming meanders.
- the detection element comprises a monolayer of a material which is chosen from bolometric materials and superconducting materials.
- the detection element comprises a superconducting multilayer forming a tunnel junction and / or a Josephson junction.
- the difference between the optical index of the light waveguide and the optical index of the substrate is preferably at least equal to 1.
- the length of the detection element is preferably less than or equal to 100 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the detection element at the level of the photon absorption zone is less than 10 nm.
- the detector further comprises a tapered optical guide (in English, optical taper) which is optically coupled to the light waveguide, and a monomode optical fiber, intended to inject the one or more photons in the light waveguide via the tapered optical guide.
- the detection element comprises a superconducting nitride phase.
- This phase is preferably niobium nitride.
- the present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing the detector according to the invention, in which the detection element is formed on a first substrate, the light waveguide is formed in a light waveguiding layer, and the hybridization layer is light waveguiding on the first substrate, carrying the sensing element, the steps of forming the light waveguide and hybridization reporting being performed so that the sensing element is between the substrate and the guide light wave.
- the step of forming the light waveguide is carried out before the hybridization transfer step.
- the step of forming the light waveguide is performed after the hybridization transfer step.
- the present invention furthermore relates to another method of manufacturing the detector according to the invention, in which a layer of detector material is formed on a first substrate, a light waveguiding layer having a high refractive index is formed. on the layer of detector material and the light waveguiding layer and the detector material layer are etched by means of the same lithography mask, respectively to form the light waveguide and the light source element. detection.
- the present invention also relates to another method of manufacturing the detector according to the invention, in which a layer of detector material is formed on a first substrate, forming a light waveguiding layer having a high refractive index, on the layer of detector material, the waveguiding layer is etched light to form the light waveguide and etching the layer of detector material, using as mask the light waveguide layer which has been etched, to form the detection element.
- the light waveguiding layer is deposited on the layer of detector material.
- the light waveguiding layer is transferred to the layer of detector material.
- the light waveguiding layer is formed on a second substrate, this light waveguiding layer is hybridized on the layer of detector material, the second substrate and then etching the light waveguiding layer.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a particular embodiment of the SSPD type detector, object of the invention
- FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates a method of manufacturing the detector of FIG. 1
- FIG. 3 diagrammatically illustrates another method of manufacturing this detector before etching the superconducting layer
- FIGS. 4 and 5 are respectively section AA and section BB of FIG. 3 after etching of the superconducting layer.
- the detector of FIG. 1 comprises a dielectric substrate 2, a superconducting track 4, which is for example made of NbN and which is formed on this substrate, and a highly confined light waveguide 6, which is formed on this track 4 .
- cryostat in which the substrate is placed, neither the control means of the detector nor the means for processing the electrical signals provided by the latter are shown.
- this guide 6 Under this guide 6 is a thin superconducting layer which has been etched in a straight line to form the track 4.
- the thickness of this layer is typically 4 nm.
- the injection of light that propagates in the fiber 8 can be done with a very good coupling rate (greater than 90%) if a lenticular fiber is used, associated with a tapered guide (in English, typing) lateral inverted 10 (see documents [Shani 89], and [Mcnab 03]).
- this tapered guide 10 can be optimized to operate with a given rectilinear polarization of the light, or independently of the polarization but with more constraints on the technology.
- the waveguide 6 is not only highly confining, but also monomode vertically and horizontally, to increase the light energy density and therefore the probability of absorption over a short distance from the superconducting track 4.
- the materials and the geometry are chosen so that the length of the track 4 is much smaller than that of the unrolled coil, which is 150 to 200 ⁇ m: a track length of less than or equal to 100 ⁇ m is chosen.
- the longitudinal coupling between the guided light wave and the superconducting fluid, close to the transition, generates a PSC or phase-slip center, in the case of a bridge, or a vortex Josephson ", in the case of a Josephson junction.
- the generation of a PSC does not necessarily assume the existence of an initial hot spot, which allows a greater width (300 nm to 1 ⁇ m or more) for the superconducting track 4.
- the absorption of the photon energy is done over a short and definite longitudinal distance of the superconducting track, and the realization of the structure, which is less narrow, is facilitated.
- the voltage pulse generated by a PSC (or by a "Josephson vortex" in the case of a Josephson junction) is quite independent of the position of the PSC on the track 4 and reproducible with respect to its amplitude and its temporal width, because it depends little on the local irregularities of the superconducting track 4.
- the detection of the light energy, which is brought by the waveguide 6 into the superconducting track 4, can be done: according to the principle of hot threshold electron bolometers, which use a subcritical current bias (see
- the range of wavelengths that can be envisaged for the detector corresponds to the intersection of the absorption spectrum of the superconducting material, of which the track 4 is made, and of the monomode operating zone of the waveguide 6 This range is therefore very wide and can be modulated according to the intended application (in the visible range or the ultraviolet range or the infrared range).
- a first method of manufacturing the detector is described below with reference to FIG. 2 which corresponds to section AA of FIG. 1, except that the scales are not respected.
- an SOI substrate comprising guiding structures
- a sapphire or MgO substrate which is covered by structures etched in a superconducting layer.
- This report consists of a collective hybridization and takes place by molecular bonding.
- the SOI substrate comprises N guiding structures, each comprising a light waveguide coupled to a tapered guide whereas the sapphire or MgO substrate comprises N corresponding etched structures (tracks).
- silicon waveguide arrays 6 are formed, which are organized into chips in an SOI substrate 16, or silicon on insulator substrate (silicon on insulator) and which are encapsulated in a silica layer 18, with the necessary optical connections and a good surface condition: the guides are flush or an additional silica layer having a thickness of 5 nm to 10 nm is deposited for better bonding adhesion.
- the thickness of the silicon guides 6 is less than 300 nm and their width is less than
- positioning patterns 20 are formed in the same silicon layer as the guides 6.
- deep windows 22 are buried by deep etching in the SOI substrate 16, up to silica 24 of this SOI substrate, in particular at the contacts 7 and positioning patterns 20, leaving thick "beams" 26 of silicon on the rear face of the substrate
- the silicon layer forms a frame constituted by the set of beams, this frame being in one piece and rigid enough to ensure a homogeneous alignment on the surface of the substrate 2.
- the bonding is then carried out at a suitable temperature (which is for example between ambient temperature - typically 20 ° C. - and 50 ° C.), of the layer 14 to the layer 18, thereby forming an interface 28 between these layers, then possibly a rapid annealing at a few hundred degrees Celsius above this adapted temperature, this bonding and this possible annealing being performed after aligning the SOI substrate 16 and the sapphire substrate 7 according to the positioning patterns, in the visible range, through the silica.
- the lateral alignment accuracy is then about ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m, which is sufficient for structures having widths of this order of magnitude.
- the rear face of the silicon is uniformly planed so that the stresses after gluing, during the thermal excursion towards the operating temperature of the detectors (4K), are imposed by the sapphire which is thicker (typical thickness: 400 ⁇ m).
- an individual hybridization of pre-cut SOI chips is carried out on a solid sapphire or MgO plate substrate, bearing the structures engraved in NbN. This results in the advantage of having less differential expansion stresses after bonding.
- the refractive index of the silicon guide (3,5) is greater than the refractive index of the substrate, which is 1.75 or 1.8 to 1, 55 ⁇ m.
- the light injected into the guide is absorbed at 99% after 30 ⁇ m of propagation, for a SOI guide of 300 nm ⁇ 300 nm and a NbN track of 4 nm ⁇ 300 nm, separated from the guide by a thickness of
- SiO 2 of 20 nm Another variant of this first method consists in sticking on the substrate, comprising the structures of etched detectors (obtained in step 1.), no longer networks (in English, arrays) of waveguides already etched but a layer unstructured of a material having a high refractive index: for example, a very thin sheet of silicon, which is pre-bonded to a support, or the thin layer of an SOI substrate, is used. Then the support is peeled off or the SOI substrate is etched or planed to the thin layer of silicon.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic top view of the fabricated structure, prior to etching of the superconducting layer 32.
- a high-index layer for example amorphous silicon, whose refractive index is for example 3 to 1.55 ⁇ m, is physically or chemically deposited (this index can vary between 3 and 3 , Depending on the deposition parameters used), on a superconducting layer 32 which is for example made of NbN and which has previously been deposited on a dielectric substrate 34.
- a superconducting layer 32 which is for example made of NbN and which has previously been deposited on a dielectric substrate 34.
- the layer of high refractive index not be filed but transferred to the layer of detector material by gluing and thinning.
- the amorphous silicon layer and the NbN layer are etched, using the same lithography mask, to form an amorphous silicon guide and a NbN track which are superimposed, in the zone provided for the detection ( typical section with single mode operation: 400 nm x 400 nm).
- This engraving with the same mask lithography makes it possible to avoid the difficulties of alignment of the very narrow structures that one forms.
- the materials allow it, to etch the layer forming the waveguides and to use the etched layer obtained as a mask for etching the layer of detector material (NbN for example).
- the NbN track is formed to widen and is covered by a dielectric material 36, for example MgO, which forms a barrier layer during simultaneous etching.
- the larger NbN areas are connected to the gold contacts (not shown).
- FIG. 4 corresponds to section AA (respectively BB) of FIG. 3, after etching, except that the scales are not respected.
- the refractive index of the amorphous silicon is greater than the refractive index of the substrate, which is 1.75 to 1.8 to 1.55 ⁇ m.
- the mode is less confined than in the case of the SOI, which relaxes the constraints at the level of the injection.
- the absorption distance is of the order of 25 ⁇ m for a 99% absorption for an amorphous silicon guide of 400 nm ⁇ 400 nm section.
- the injection of light can still be done by means of a lenticular fiber and an inverted tapered guide.
- Other materials can be used to form the waveguide. They are prepared in the form of layers, by deposition on NbN of cubic structure, with the possibility of using a buffer layer, for example MgO, CeO 2 or SrTiO 3 , to improve the texture of the deposited layers which are example polycrystalline silicon or epitaxial, or LiNbO 3 , or BaTiO 3 , or SiC.
- a detector according to the invention is not limited to the detection of a single photon: such a detector makes it possible to simultaneously detect several tens, or even several hundreds of photons, according to the reading electronics used.
- NbN thicknesses than those given in the examples can be used.
- other superconductors than NbN are usable, for example other superconducting nitride phases or high temperature superconducting cuprate phases.
- MoN, TaN, TiN, VN, MgB 2 can be mentioned.
- any material capable of detecting a low light energy and of restoring an electrical signal corresponding to this energy for example a bolometric material or a semiconductor material.
- This material may be in the form of a monolayer or be used in a stack constituting a tunnel junction and / or Josephson, this stack being for example of the NbN / MgO / NbN or manganite / barrier layer / manganite type, or alternatively ferromagnetic metal / barrier layer / ferromagnetic metal or metal (ferromagnetic or non-ferromagnetic) / barrier layer / superconducting layer (see [Fratila 05]).
- the absorption zone, at which the energy of the photon or photons is absorbed by the detection element that comprises a detector according to the invention is thin: its thickness is less than 100 nm.
- the thickness of this absorption zone is less than 50 nm; it can even be less than 10 nm, or even 5 nm.
- the guide element which comprises a detector according to the invention, guides the light wave in the same mode at least along the length of the detection zone.
- the luminous spatial profile is preserved during the propagation as in any waveguide.
- LeCoupanec 03 LeCoupanec, W. K. Lo, K. R.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Superconductor Devices And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0551525A FR2886762B1 (fr) | 2005-06-07 | 2005-06-07 | Detecteur optique ultrasensible, a grande resolution temporelle, utilisant un guide d'onde, et procedes de fabrication de ce detecteur |
| PCT/FR2006/050525 WO2006134290A2 (fr) | 2005-06-07 | 2006-06-06 | Detecteur optique ultrasensible, a grande resolution temporelle, utilisant un guide d'onde, et procedes de fabrication de ce detecteur |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1891677A2 true EP1891677A2 (fr) | 2008-02-27 |
Family
ID=35695977
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP06778916A Withdrawn EP1891677A2 (fr) | 2005-06-07 | 2006-06-06 | Detecteur optique ultrasensible a grande resolution temporelle utilisant un guide d'onde, et procedes de fabrication de ce detecteur |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7791065B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1891677A2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2886762B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2006134290A2 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9835251B2 (en) | 2014-07-25 | 2017-12-05 | Cqlt Saargummi Technologies S.À.R.L. | Sealing strand and method for producing same |
Families Citing this family (48)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8207509B2 (en) * | 2006-09-01 | 2012-06-26 | Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. | Substrates, systems and methods for analyzing materials |
| GB2441790A (en) | 2006-09-12 | 2008-03-19 | Qinetiq Ltd | Electro-optic waveguide polarisation modulator |
| US7615385B2 (en) | 2006-09-20 | 2009-11-10 | Hypres, Inc | Double-masking technique for increasing fabrication yield in superconducting electronics |
| US8855316B2 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2014-10-07 | Qinetiq Limited | Quantum cryptography apparatus |
| GB0801408D0 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2008-03-05 | Qinetiq Ltd | Multi-community network with quantum key distribution |
| GB0801395D0 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2008-03-05 | Qinetiq Ltd | Network having quantum key distribution |
| GB0801492D0 (en) | 2008-01-28 | 2008-03-05 | Qinetiq Ltd | Optical transmitters and receivers for quantum key distribution |
| GB0809045D0 (en) | 2008-05-19 | 2008-06-25 | Qinetiq Ltd | Quantum key distribution involving moveable key device |
| GB0809038D0 (en) | 2008-05-19 | 2008-06-25 | Qinetiq Ltd | Quantum key device |
| GB0809044D0 (en) | 2008-05-19 | 2008-06-25 | Qinetiq Ltd | Multiplexed QKD |
| EP2331934B1 (fr) | 2008-09-16 | 2020-01-01 | Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. | Appareil d'analyse comprenant substrat de guides d'ondes en mode zéro |
| GB0819665D0 (en) | 2008-10-27 | 2008-12-03 | Qinetiq Ltd | Quantum key dsitribution |
| GB0822253D0 (en) | 2008-12-05 | 2009-01-14 | Qinetiq Ltd | Method of establishing a quantum key for use between network nodes |
| GB0822254D0 (en) | 2008-12-05 | 2009-01-14 | Qinetiq Ltd | Method of performing authentication between network nodes |
| GB0822356D0 (en) | 2008-12-08 | 2009-01-14 | Qinetiq Ltd | Non-linear optical device |
| KR20110008398A (ko) * | 2009-07-20 | 2011-01-27 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 막 구조물, 이를 포함하는 커패시터 및 그 제조 방법 |
| GB0917060D0 (en) | 2009-09-29 | 2009-11-11 | Qinetiq Ltd | Methods and apparatus for use in quantum key distribution |
| JP5317126B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-05 | 2013-10-16 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | イオン価数弁別高速粒子検出器 |
| FI122887B (fi) * | 2010-09-20 | 2012-08-31 | Aalto Korkeakoulusaeaetioe | Menetelmä ja laite yksittäisten mikroaaltofotonien ilmaisemiseksi metallisessa aaltojohteessa |
| FR2966643A1 (fr) | 2010-10-20 | 2012-04-27 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Dispositif de detection de photon assiste par plasmons de surface et procede de fabrication du dispositif |
| GB201020424D0 (en) | 2010-12-02 | 2011-01-19 | Qinetiq Ltd | Quantum key distribution |
| US20120201268A1 (en) * | 2011-01-28 | 2012-08-09 | Stc.Unm | Optical absorption meter |
| RU2476373C1 (ru) * | 2011-06-16 | 2013-02-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "Национальный исследовательский центр "Курчатовский институт" (НИЦ "Курчатовский институт") | Способ изготовления сверхпроводниковых однофотонных детекторов |
| US9726536B2 (en) * | 2011-12-23 | 2017-08-08 | Technion Research And Development Foundation Limited | Fiber optical superconducting nanowire single photon detector |
| RU2510056C1 (ru) * | 2012-10-02 | 2014-03-20 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Сверхпроводниковые нанотехнологии" | Способ фильтрации фонового излучения инфракрасного диапазона |
| US9721854B2 (en) * | 2012-12-05 | 2017-08-01 | International Business Machines Corporation | Structure and method for in-line defect non-contact tests |
| US9068882B2 (en) * | 2013-06-11 | 2015-06-30 | International Business Machines Corporation | Low power thermal imager |
| DE102015016100B4 (de) * | 2014-12-15 | 2016-10-27 | Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg | Vorrichtung zur bolometrischen Messung |
| NL2016543A (en) | 2015-04-16 | 2016-10-19 | Asml Holding Nv | Method and apparatus for optical fiber connection. |
| JP6666802B2 (ja) * | 2016-07-01 | 2020-03-18 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 超伝導単一光子検出器モジュール |
| CN106768317B (zh) * | 2016-11-14 | 2018-10-12 | 中国电子科技集团公司第四十一研究所 | 一种单光子探测器探测效率的标定装置及方法 |
| WO2019160573A2 (fr) | 2017-05-16 | 2019-08-22 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Amplificateur de signal supraconducteur |
| US10586910B2 (en) | 2017-07-28 | 2020-03-10 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Superconductor-based transistor |
| US10374611B2 (en) | 2017-10-05 | 2019-08-06 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Superconducting logic components |
| US10461445B2 (en) | 2017-11-13 | 2019-10-29 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Methods and devices for impedance multiplication |
| WO2019157077A1 (fr) * | 2018-02-06 | 2019-08-15 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Détecteur de photons supraconducteur |
| WO2019160869A1 (fr) | 2018-02-14 | 2019-08-22 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Composants logiques supraconducteurs |
| US11313719B2 (en) | 2018-05-01 | 2022-04-26 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Photon number resolving superconducting detector |
| US10984857B2 (en) | 2018-08-16 | 2021-04-20 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Superconductive memory cells and devices |
| US10573800B1 (en) | 2018-08-21 | 2020-02-25 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Superconductor-to-insulator devices |
| US11719653B1 (en) | 2018-09-21 | 2023-08-08 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Methods and systems for manufacturing superconductor devices |
| US10944403B2 (en) | 2018-10-27 | 2021-03-09 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Superconducting field-programmable gate array |
| US11569816B1 (en) | 2019-04-10 | 2023-01-31 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Superconducting switch |
| US11009387B2 (en) | 2019-04-16 | 2021-05-18 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Superconducting nanowire single photon detector and method of fabrication thereof |
| US11380731B1 (en) | 2019-09-26 | 2022-07-05 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Superconducting device with asymmetric impedance |
| US11585695B1 (en) | 2019-10-21 | 2023-02-21 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Self-triaging photon detector |
| US11994426B1 (en) | 2019-11-13 | 2024-05-28 | PsiQuantum Corp. | Scalable photon number resolving photon detector |
| EP4127801A4 (fr) * | 2020-03-23 | 2024-04-24 | CommScope Technologies LLC | Connectivité de fibres multiples basée sur des extrémités de fibres effilées à 2 photons, imprimées en 3d |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5285067A (en) * | 1992-03-05 | 1994-02-08 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Microwave detection of a superconducting infrared sensor |
| JP2919329B2 (ja) * | 1995-12-30 | 1999-07-12 | 日本電気株式会社 | 光送受信モジュール |
| US6330378B1 (en) * | 2000-05-12 | 2001-12-11 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Photonic integrated detector having a plurality of asymmetric waveguides |
| US6812464B1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2004-11-02 | Credence Systems Corporation | Superconducting single photon detector |
| US6819839B2 (en) * | 2002-07-23 | 2004-11-16 | Intel Corporation | Tapered waveguide photodetector apparatus and methods |
| WO2004100200A2 (fr) * | 2003-05-01 | 2004-11-18 | Yale University | Photodetecteur de galette de microcanaux a semi-conducteurs |
-
2005
- 2005-06-07 FR FR0551525A patent/FR2886762B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-06-06 WO PCT/FR2006/050525 patent/WO2006134290A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2006-06-06 EP EP06778916A patent/EP1891677A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-06-06 US US11/915,946 patent/US7791065B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2006134290A2 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9835251B2 (en) | 2014-07-25 | 2017-12-05 | Cqlt Saargummi Technologies S.À.R.L. | Sealing strand and method for producing same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2886762B1 (fr) | 2007-08-10 |
| WO2006134290A3 (fr) | 2007-03-08 |
| US7791065B2 (en) | 2010-09-07 |
| US20080197285A1 (en) | 2008-08-21 |
| FR2886762A1 (fr) | 2006-12-08 |
| WO2006134290A2 (fr) | 2006-12-21 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP1891677A2 (fr) | Detecteur optique ultrasensible a grande resolution temporelle utilisant un guide d'onde, et procedes de fabrication de ce detecteur | |
| EP1909080B1 (fr) | Détecteur optique ultrasensible à grande résolution temporelle, utilisant un couplage à réseau | |
| EP1875179A2 (fr) | Detecteur optique ultrasensible a grande resolution temporelle, utilisant un plasmon de surface | |
| Chen et al. | High‐speed photodetectors on silicon photonics platform for optical interconnect | |
| EP1929539B1 (fr) | Detecteur optique ultrasensible, a grande resolution temporelle, utilisant un mode a fuites d'un guide d'onde plan, et procedes de fabrication de ce detecteur | |
| CN107532967B (zh) | 用于测试光学器件性能的系统和测试光学装置的方法 | |
| FR3072834A1 (fr) | Dispositifs a semi-conducteur contraint en tension de detection et d'emission photonique et systeme photonique integre | |
| EP3190672B1 (fr) | Source laser à semi-conducteur | |
| FR2734083A1 (fr) | Module optique integre comportant un guide d'ondes et un dispositif de photoreception, et son procede de fabrication | |
| EP0703473A1 (fr) | Dispositif optoélectronique intégrant un récepteur multilongeur d'onde perfectionné | |
| EP1752803B1 (fr) | Dispositif optoélectronique integré | |
| FR3057398A1 (fr) | Photodiode a double heterojonction | |
| EP0562925B1 (fr) | Photorécepteur en onde guidée à base de puits quantiques de matériaux semiconducteurs, notamment pour système de communication cohérent en diversité de polarisation | |
| EP0310184A1 (fr) | Elément de commutation optique incluant deux guides de lumière parallèles et matrice de commutation constituée de tels éléments | |
| EP0923142B1 (fr) | Cellule de détection supraconductrice à effet tunnel | |
| EP3968066A1 (fr) | Guide d'onde comportant une fibre optique multimode et adapte a concentrer spatialement les modes guides | |
| FR2867898A1 (fr) | Fabrication d'une couche d'interconnection optique sur un circuit electronique | |
| EP4237907B1 (fr) | Dispositif de génération de photons uniques et de paires de photons intriqués | |
| Ohira et al. | High responsivity and low dark current operation of ultra-small InGaAs MSM photodetector integrated on Si waveguide | |
| FR3166228A1 (fr) | Circuit intégré photonique | |
| FR3166229A1 (fr) | Circuit intégré photonique | |
| FR3166243A1 (fr) | Circuit intégré photonique | |
| FR2813450A1 (fr) | Amplificateur optique en semi-conducteur | |
| CN121038576A (zh) | 基于非手性微纳结构的圆偏振光探测方法及光电探测器 | |
| Casalino et al. | Microcavity silicon photodetectors at 1.55 μm |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20080107 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| RIC1 | Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant |
Ipc: H01L 39/14 20060101ALI20080317BHEP Ipc: G02B 6/122 20060101ALI20080317BHEP Ipc: G01J 5/10 20060101ALI20080317BHEP Ipc: G02B 6/30 20060101AFI20080317BHEP |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20080502 |
|
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| RAP1 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20160105 |