EP1859439A1 - Multichannel audio compression and decompression method using virtual source location information - Google Patents

Multichannel audio compression and decompression method using virtual source location information

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Publication number
EP1859439A1
EP1859439A1 EP06716366A EP06716366A EP1859439A1 EP 1859439 A1 EP1859439 A1 EP 1859439A1 EP 06716366 A EP06716366 A EP 06716366A EP 06716366 A EP06716366 A EP 06716366A EP 1859439 A1 EP1859439 A1 EP 1859439A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
channel
vector
angle
location information
audio signal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP06716366A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1859439B1 (en
EP1859439A4 (en
Inventor
Jeong Il Seo
Seung Kwon Dormitory of Info. & Com. Uni. BEACK
In Seon Jang
Kyeong Ok Kang
Jin Woo Hong
Min Soo Hahn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute ETRI
Original Assignee
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute ETRI
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Priority claimed from KR1020060023545A external-priority patent/KR100714980B1/en
Publication of EP1859439A1 publication Critical patent/EP1859439A1/en
Publication of EP1859439A4 publication Critical patent/EP1859439A4/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1859439B1 publication Critical patent/EP1859439B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/008—Multichannel audio signal coding or decoding using interchannel correlation to reduce redundancy, e.g. joint-stereo, intensity-coding or matrixing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/02—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders
    • G10L19/0204—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders using subband decomposition

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compression and decompression of a
  • multi-channel audio signal and more particularly, to a method for
  • VSLI source location information
  • ICLD ICLD
  • the ICLD is
  • quantization process assigns a limited number of bits, resolution is limited.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for representing,
  • VSLI source location information
  • the present invention is also directed to a method for compressing a
  • One aspect of the present invention provides a method for estimating
  • VSLI virtual source location information
  • angle of the global vector is greater than zero and in a second set when the
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for
  • VSLI VSI information
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a method for
  • VSLI source location information
  • the method comprising the steps of: (i) predicting inverse panning angle information from the VSLI using a constant
  • spatial cue information is represented using virtual sound location
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the configuration of a multi-channel
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a process of estimating virtual sound
  • VSLI location information
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an example in which respective channels of a multi ⁇
  • channel audio signal are virtually assigned on a semicircular plane structure according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example of local vectors estimated in respective
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process of decoding a multi-channel
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the configuration of a multi-channel
  • multi-channel audio encoder includes a down mixer 110 for down-mixing an
  • AAC advanced audio coding
  • VSLI virtual source location information
  • a quantizing unit 140 for quantizing the VSLI
  • a multiplexing unit 150 for multiplexing the down-mixed audio signal encoded
  • the virtual source location information (VSLI)
  • ICLD inter-channel level difference
  • sound location vectors include a global vector Gv b , left and right half-plane
  • Ga b LHa b , RHa b , LSa b and RSa b , respectively.
  • the channels of the multi-channel audio signal are identical to the channels of the multi-channel audio signal
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a process of estimating VSLI of a
  • step 210 respective channels of an input multi-channel audio signal
  • FIG. 3 shows
  • step 220 the multi-channel audio signal is converted into a signal in
  • step 230 the signal in the frequency domain is
  • S Ch,n denotes a frequency coefficient of the ch-th channel.
  • eh denotes one of a center channel (C)
  • B b and B b+ i-1 denote frequency indexes corresponding to upper and lower boundaries of the sub-band B b , respectively.
  • step 240 a global vector represented on the semicircular plane
  • assigned the channels is estimated from the signal magnitude of each channel
  • a global vector Gv b is estimated using
  • Aj denotes virtual location information of each channel signal assigned
  • the virtual location information may be defined as
  • step 250 it is determined whether the angle Ga b of the global vector
  • step 260 if the angle of the global global
  • step 1 a first set of local vectors are estimated.
  • the first set of local vectors are estimated.
  • the first set of local vectors are estimated.
  • the second set of local vectors includes LHv b , LSv b , and RSv b , and the second set of local vectors includes
  • Equations 3 An embodiment thereof is shown in FIG. 4.
  • step 280 the angle of the global vector and the angles of the local
  • vectors estimated in step 260 or 270 are transmitted as the VSLI to the decoder.
  • RSa b , LSa b ⁇ is transmitted, and otherwise, ⁇ Ga b , LHa b , LSa b , RSa b ⁇ is
  • the spatial cue information for N multi-channel audio signals can be
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process of decoding a multi-channel
  • decoder estimates vector information of original sound from virtual source
  • the sound vector is represented by its magnitude and angle.
  • the vector angle can be obtained from the received VSLI, and the vector
  • an inverse panning angle is predicted
  • the inverse panning angle is predicted using
  • step 520 an estimated power component for each channel in the
  • sub-band is obtained from the predicted inverse panning angle.
  • estimated power component for each channel is obtained using the following
  • each channel signal in each sub-band can be finally
  • S k ' denotes a frequency component coefficient of the received down- mixed signal
  • U c i 1;k denotes the decompressed audio signal
  • the present invention described above may be provided as one or more
  • the mediums may include a floppy disc, a hard disc, a CD-ROM,
  • a flash memory card a programmable read only memory (PROM), a random access memory (RAM).
  • PROM programmable read only memory
  • RAM random access memory
  • ROM read only memory
  • magnetic tape a magnetic tape

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Computational Linguistics (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Audiology, Speech & Language Pathology (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Stereophonic System (AREA)

Abstract

A method for compressing and decompressing a multi-channel signal using virtual source location information (VSLI) on a semicircular plane is provided. VSLI, rather than inter channel level difference (ICLD), is used as spatial cue information, thereby minimizing loss caused by quantization of spatial cue information, improving sound quality of a decompressed audio signal, and reproducing an excellent audio signal by reducing distortion upon decompression of an original signal at a decoder spectrum.

Description

[DESCRIPTION]
[Invention Title]
MULTICHANNEL AUDIO COMPRESSION AND DECOMPRESSION METHOD USING VIRTUAL SOURCE LOCATION INFORMATION
[Technical Field]
The present invention relates to compression and decompression of a
multi-channel audio signal, and more particularly, to a method for
compressing and decompressing a multi-channel audio signal based on virtual
source location information (VSLI) on a semicircular plane.
[Background Art]
In a conventional binaural cue coding method, an inter-channel level
difference (ICLD) is generally used as spatial cue information in compressing
spectral information of a multi-channel audio signal. However, the ICLD is
subject to a quantization process before being transmitted. Since the
quantization process assigns a limited number of bits, resolution is limited.
Accordingly, such information loss in the ICLD deteriorates a decompressed
audio signal.
[Disclosure]
[Technical Problem] The present invention is directed to a method for representing,
compressing and decompressing a multi-channel audio signal using virtual
source location information (VSLI) represented on a limited semicircular
plane rather than an ICLD, as a spatial cue parameter, thereby minimizing loss
caused by quantization of spatial cue information and improving the sound
quality of a decompressed audio signal.
The present invention is also directed to a method for compressing a
multi-channel audio signal in which only N- 1 pieces of virtual source location
information are estimated and transmitted according to a location of a global
vector in representing and compressing N multi-channel audio signals using a
down-mixed audio signal and virtual source location information and
transmitting them to a decoder, thereby reducing an amount of transmitted
information.
[Technical Solution]
One aspect of the present invention provides a method for estimating
virtual source location information (VSLI) which is used as spatial cue
information in compressing a multi-channel audio signal, the method
comprising the steps of: (i) virtually assigning channels of the multi-channel
audio signal on a semicircular plane; (ii) converting the multi-channel audio
signal into a signal in a frequency domain; (iii) dividing the signal in the
frequency domain into a plurality of sub-bands and calculating a signal size of each channel in each sub-band; (iv) estimating a global vector represented on
the semicircular plane from the calculated signal size of each channel in each
sub-band and virtual location information of each virtually assigned channel
signal; and (v) determining whether an angle of the global vector in each sub-
band is greater than zero, and estimating local vectors in a first set when the
angle of the global vector is greater than zero and in a second set when the
angle of the global vector is smaller than zero.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for
compressing a multi-channel audio signal based on virtual source location
information (VSLI), the method comprising the steps of: obtaining angle
information of the global vector and the plurality of local vectors which
indicate the virtual source location information estimated by performing the
above-described method; quantizing the angle information of the global vector
and the local vectors; down-mixing and encoding the input multi-channel
audio signal; and multiplexing the encoded, down-mixed audio signal with the
quantized angle infoπnation of the vectors to finally generate a compressed
multi-channel audio signal.
Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a method for
decompressing a compressed multi-channel audio signal represented by virtual
source location information (VSLI) and an encoded down-mixed audio signal
based on spatial cue information, the method comprising the steps of: (i) predicting inverse panning angle information from the VSLI using a constant
power panning rule; (ii) obtaining an estimated power component of each
channel in each sub-band using the predicted inverse panning angle
information; and (iii) finally decompressing a signal of each channel in each
sub-band using the estimated power component of each channel and the down-
mixed audio signal.
[Advantageous Effects]
In the method for compressing a multi-channel signal using virtual
source location information on a semicircular plane according to the present
invention, spatial cue information is represented using virtual sound location
information (VSLI), thereby minimizing loss caused by quantization of spatial
cue information and improving the sound quality of a decompressed audio
signal.
[Description of Drawings]
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the configuration of a multi-channel
audio encoder that the present invention may be employed;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a process of estimating virtual sound
location information (VSLI) of a multi-channel audio signal according to an
exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates an example in which respective channels of a multi¬
channel audio signal are virtually assigned on a semicircular plane structure according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of local vectors estimated in respective
sections of a semicircular plane structure shown in FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process of decoding a multi-channel
audio signal that has been compressed and represented based on VSLI
according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
I M ode for Invention]
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be
described in detail. However, the present invention is not limited to the
exemplary embodiments disclosed below, but can be implemented in various
forms. Therefore, the present exemplary embodiments are provided for
complete disclosure of the present invention and to fully convey the scope of
the present invention to those of ordinary skill in the art.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the configuration of a multi-channel
audio encoder according to the present invention. Referring to FIG. 1, the
multi-channel audio encoder includes a down mixer 110 for down-mixing an
input multi-channel audio signal to generate a down-mixed audio signal, an
advanced audio coding (AAC) encoding unit 120 for encoding the down-
mixed audio signal, a virtual source location information (VSLI) estimating
unit 130 for estimating virtual source location information from the multi¬
channel audio signal, a quantizing unit 140 for quantizing the VSLI, and a multiplexing unit 150 for multiplexing the down-mixed audio signal encoded
by the AAC encoding unit 120 with the VSLI quantized by the quantizing unit
140 to finally generate a compressed multi-channel audio signal.
In the present invention, the virtual source location information (VSLI)
is represented by an azimuth angle between virtual source location vectors on
a semicircular plane, which are estimated from signal magnitude of respective
channels in a multi-channel audio signal, and a center channel. Since (N-I)
pieces of virtual source location information are used for N multi-channel
audio signals, an amount of the virtual source location information is the same
as an inter-channel level difference (ICLD).
In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the virtual
sound location vectors include a global vector Gvb, left and right half-plane
vectors LHvb and RHvb, and left and right subsequent vectors LSvb and RSvb.
Angles between the respective vectors and the center channel are represented
by Gab, LHab, RHab, LSab and RSab, respectively.
In the present invention, the channels of the multi-channel audio signal
are virtually assigned on the semicircular plane, and the virtual source location
vectors represented on the semicircular plane are estimated from signal
magnitude of the respective channels. A set of the estimated virtual source
location vectors varies with the location of the global vector. Information
about an angle between each estimated virtual source location vector and the center channel will be transmitted as the virtual source location information
together with the down-mixed audio signal to the decoder.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a process of estimating VSLI of a
multi-channel audio signal according to an exemplary embodiment of the
present invention.
In step 210, respective channels of an input multi-channel audio signal
are virtually assigned to a two-dimensional semicircular plane. FIG. 3 shows
an example of five channels of C, L, R, Ls and Rs of a multi-channel audio
signal assigned on the semicircular plane at 45° intervals, and a global vector
which is estimated from the channels, according to an exemplary embodiment
of the present invention.
In step 220, the multi-channel audio signal is converted into a signal in
a frequency domain. In step 230, the signal in the frequency domain is
divided into a plurality of sub-bands and the signal magnitude of each channel
in each sub-band is calculated using the following Equation 1 :
Equation 1
where SCh,n denotes a frequency coefficient of the ch-th channel. In an
embodiment of the present invention, eh denotes one of a center channel (C),
left channel (L), right channel (R), left surround channel (Ls), and right
surround channel (Rs). Bb and Bb+i-1 denote frequency indexes corresponding to upper and lower boundaries of the sub-band Bb, respectively.
In step 240, a global vector represented on the semicircular plane
assigned the channels is estimated from the signal magnitude of each channel
in each sub-band. In the sub-band b, a global vector Gvb is estimated using
the following Equation 2:
Equation 2
where Aj denotes virtual location information of each channel signal assigned
on the semicircular plane. It may be mapping information of each channel
that is assigned on the semicircular plane in step 210. In the embodiment
shown in FIG. 3, the virtual location information may be defined as
, and A5-cos90o+jsin90° in order of the center, left, right, left surround, and
right surround channel signals.
In step 250, it is determined whether the angle Gab of the global vector
in each sub-band is greater than zero. In step 260, if the angle of the global
vector is greater than zero, a first set of local vectors are estimated. In step
270, if the angle of the global vector is smaller than zero, a second set of local
vectors are estimated. In an embodiment, the first set of local vectors
includes LHvb, LSvb, and RSvb, and the second set of local vectors includes
RHab, RSab, and LSab. Local vectors for sections of the semicircular plane are estimated using
the following Equations 3. An embodiment thereof is shown in FIG. 4.
Equations 3
In step 280, the angle of the global vector and the angles of the local
vectors estimated in step 260 or 270 are transmitted as the VSLI to the decoder.
That is, if the angle Ga^ of the global vector is smaller than zero, {Gab, RHab,
RSab, LSab} is transmitted, and otherwise, {Gab, LHab, LSab, RSab} is
transmitted.
In this manner, according to the present invention, it can be seen that
the spatial cue information for N multi-channel audio signals can be
represented by N-I pieces of virtual source location information.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process of decoding a multi-channel
audio signal that has been compressed and represented based on VSLI
according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The
decoder estimates vector information of original sound from virtual source
location information received together with the encoded down-mixed audio
signal. The sound vector is represented by its magnitude and angle. The vector angle can be obtained from the received VSLI, and the vector
magnitude can be obtained from the received down-mixed audio signal.
Specifically, as shown in FIG. 5, an inverse panning angle is predicted
from the VSLI using a constant power panning (CPP) rule (S510). In this
case, a method for predicting the other inverse panning angles depends on the
angle Gab of the global vector. The inverse panning angle is predicted using
the following Equations 4:
Equations 4
In step 520, an estimated power component for each channel in the
sub-band is obtained from the predicted inverse panning angle. The
estimated power component for each channel is obtained using the following
Equations 5: Equations 5
In step 530, each channel signal in each sub-band can be finally
decompressed based on the down-mixed audio signal and the estimated power
component for each channel according to the following equation:
Equation 6
where Sk ' denotes a frequency component coefficient of the received down- mixed signal, and Uci1;k denotes the decompressed audio signal.
The present invention described above may be provided as one or more
computer programs which are implemented on one or more computer-readable
mediums. The mediums may include a floppy disc, a hard disc, a CD-ROM,
a flash memory card, a programmable read only memory (PROM), a random
access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), and a magnetic tape. In
general, the computer program may be written in any programming language,
such as C, C++, and JAVA.
While the invention has been shown and described with reference to
certain exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled
in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the
appended claims.

Claims

[CLAIMS]
[Claim 1 ]
A method for estimating virtual source location information (VSLI)
that is used as spatial cue information in compressing a multi-channel audio
signal, the method comprising the steps of:
(i) virtually assigning each channel of the multi-channel audio signal to
a semicircular plane;
(ii) converting the multi-channel audio signal into a frequency domain
signal;
(iii) dividing the frequency domain signal into a plurality of sub-bands
and calculating signal magnitude of each channel in each sub-band;
(iv) for each sub-band, estimating a global vector represented on the
semicircular plane from the calculated signal magnitude of each channel in
each sub-band and virtual location information of each virtually assigned
channel signal; and
(v) for each sub-band, determining whether an angle of the global
vector in the sub-band is greater than zero and estimating a first set of local
vectors when the angle of the global vector is greater than zero and estimating
a second set of local vectors when the angle of the global vector is smaller
than zero.
[Claim 2]
The method of claim 1, wherein step (iii) comprises calculating the
signal magnitude of each channel in each sub-band using the following
equation:
where SCh,n denotes a frequency coefficient of the ch-th channel, ch denotes
one of a center channel (C), left channel (L), right channel (R), left surround
channel (Ls), and right surround channel (Rs), and Bb and Bb+1-1 denote
frequency indexes corresponding to upper and lower boundaries of the sub-
band Bb, respectively.
[Claim 3]
The method of claim 2, wherein step (iv) comprises estimating the
global vector for each sub-band using the following equation:
where Ai denotes virtual location information of the center channel, A2
denotes virtual location information of the left channel, A3 denotes virtual
location information of the right channel, A4 denotes virtual location
information of the left surround channel, and A5 denotes virtual location
information of the right surround channel.
[Claim 4] The method of claim 3, wherein
[Claim 5]
The method of claim 1, wherein in step (v), the first set of local vectors
includes a right half-plane vector RHvb, a right subsequent vector RSvb and a
left subsequent vector LSvb, and the second set of local vectors includes a left
half-plane vector LHvb, a left subsequent vector LSvb and a right subsequent
vector RSVb.
[Claim 6]
The method of claim 5, wherein in step (v), the right half-plane vector
RHvb is estimated using the signal magnitude of center, right, and right
surround channels calculated in step (iii); the right subsequent vector RS vb is
estimated using signal magnitude of right and right surround channels
calculated in step (iii); the left half-plane vector LHvb is estimated using signal
magnitude of the center, left and left surround channels calculated in step (iii);
and the left subsequent vector LSvb is estimated using signal magnitude of left
and left surround channels calculated in step (iii).
[Claim 7]
The method of claim 6, wherein the right half-plane vector RHvb, the right subsequent vector RSvb, the left half-plane vector LHvb and the left
subsequent vector LSVb are estimated using the following equations:
[Claim 8]
The method of claim 5, wherein when the angle of the global vector
Gab is greater than zero, angle information of the global vector and the first set
of local vectors is transmitted to a decoder, and otherwise, angle information
of the global vector and the second set of local vectors is transmitted to the
decoder.
[Claim 9]
A method for compressing a multi-channel audio signal based on
virtual source location information (VSLI), the method comprising the steps
of:
obtaining angle information of a global vector and a plurality of local
vectors which represent the virtual source location information estimated by
performing the method of any one of claims 1 to 7;
quantizing the angle information of the global vector and the local vectors;
down-mixing and encoding the input multi-channel audio signal; and
multiplexing the encoded, down-mixed audio signal with the quantized
angle information of the vectors to finally generate a compressed multi-
channel audio signal.
[Claim 10]
A method for decompressing a compressed multi-channel audio signal
represented by virtual source location information (VSLI) and an encoded
down-mixed audio signal based on spatial cue information, the method
comprising the steps of:
(i) predicting inverse panning angle information from the VSLI using a
constant power panning rule;
(ii) obtaining an estimated power component of each channel in each
sub-band using the predicted inverse panning angle information; and
(iii) finally decompressing a signal of each channel in each sub-band
using the estimated power component of each channel and the down-mixed
audio signal.
[Claim 11 ]
The method of claim 10, wherein, in step (i), the prediction scheme of
the inverse panning angle information differ according to the angle
information of the global vector in the virtual source location information.
[Claim 12]
The method of claim 10, wherein step (i) includes predicting inverse
panning angles G1 , θ2, θ3 and θ4 from the global vector angle Gab, the left half-
plane vector angle LHab, the left subsequent vector angle LSab and right
subsequent vector angle RSab in the virtual source location information when
the global vector angle Gab in the virtual source location information is greater
than zero, and from the global vector angle Gab, right half-plane vector angle
RHab, right subsequent vector angle RSab and left subsequent vector angle
LSab in the virtual source location information when the global vector angle
Gab is smaller than zero.
[Claim 13]
The method of claim 11, wherein in step (i), the inverse panning angles
θ), θ2, O3, and θ4 are estimated using the following equations:
[Claim 14]
The method of claim 13, wherein step (ii) comprises obtaining the
estimated power component of each channel in each sub-band using the
following equations:
[Claim 15] The method of claim 14, wherein step (iii) includes decompressing a
signal of each channel in each sub-band using the following equation:
where Sk ' denotes a frequency component coefficient of a received down-
mixed signal, and UCh,k denotes a decompressed audio signal.
[Claim 16]
A computer-readable medium having a computer program recorded
thereon for performing the method of claim 9.
[Claim 17]
A computer-readable medium having a computer program recorded
thereon for performing the method of any one of claims 10 to 15.
EP06716366.7A 2005-03-14 2006-03-14 Multichannel audio compression and decompression method using virtual source location information Expired - Lifetime EP1859439B1 (en)

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Title
Han-gil Moon: "Multi-channel audio compression method with virtual source location information for MPEG-4 SAC"[Online] February 2005 (2005-02), XP002605438 Seoul National University Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://library.snu.ac.kr/Eng/DetailView.jsp?uid=1&cid=1198524&ResultType=Multi> [retrieved on 2010-08-16] *
James R. West: "Five-Channel Panning Laws: An Analytical and Experimental Comparison - Chapter 3: IID-based Panning Methods"[Online] 1 May 1998 (1998-05-01), page 24PP, XP002605439 University of Miami Music Engineering Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://mue.music.miami.edu/thesis/jwest/Chap_3/Chap_3_IID_Based_Panning_Methods.html> [retrieved on 2010-08-18] *
PULKII V: "VIRTUAL SOUND SOURCE POSITIONING USING VECTOR BASE AMPLITUDE PANNING" JOURNAL OF THE AUDIO ENGINEERING SOCIETY, vol. 45, no. 6, 1 June 1996 (1996-06-01), pages 456-466, XP000695381 AUDIO ENGINEERING SOCIETY, NEW YORK, NY, US ISSN: 1549-4950 *
See also references of WO2006098583A1 *

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