EP1763806A2 - Simulationssystem und simulationsverfahren für die untersuchung der bedienbarkeit eines transportmittels - Google Patents
Simulationssystem und simulationsverfahren für die untersuchung der bedienbarkeit eines transportmittelsInfo
- Publication number
- EP1763806A2 EP1763806A2 EP05782180A EP05782180A EP1763806A2 EP 1763806 A2 EP1763806 A2 EP 1763806A2 EP 05782180 A EP05782180 A EP 05782180A EP 05782180 A EP05782180 A EP 05782180A EP 1763806 A2 EP1763806 A2 EP 1763806A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- simulation
- task
- primary
- data set
- operator
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
- G06F30/15—Vehicle, aircraft or watercraft design
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
Definitions
- the invention relates to a simulation system according to the Oberbe ⁇ handle of claim 1 and a simulation method according to the preamble of claim 14th
- means of transport such as motor vehicles, aircraft or ships
- the primary requirements for operation have grown, as the handling of the traffic is becoming increasingly complex.
- the primary task in the operation of a means of transport is in particular understood to mean everything that is connected with the immediate actions of an operator in the control of the means of transport by the traffic. Applied to a motor vehicle, these are e.g. the demands made on an operator when cornering or overtaking maneuvers are required.
- Secondary tasks include e.g. the operation of devices inside the vehicle that have comfort or information tasks.
- infotainment systems or dialog systems can be referred to as infotainment systems or dialog systems. These include e.g. Navigation or audio and / or telecommunication systems in the means of transport to be served during transport.
- simulation systems have been developed in which the secondary task is performed e.g. with GOMS models, which are described in detail below.
- the primary task e.g. the requirements for a driver of a car when overtaking, was previously reflected by very detailed and elaborate models, so that the total cost of modeling was very high.
- a simple overtaking maneuver is broken up into a variety of individual actions (e.g., decisions to initiate or cancel the overtaking maneuver, hand and foot motor actions, roadway monitoring).
- This level of detail makes the modeling of the primary task so complex that the creation of models, and thus the solution of the overall task, becomes very time-consuming.
- this representation of the primary task is not suitable to ensure interference with a secondary task in a simple form.
- the present invention has for its object to provide a simulation system with which the effect of infotainment systems or dialogue systems in means of transport can be examined more easily.
- At least one secondary data record has data relating to at least one secondary task, in particular the Operability of an infotainment system and / or dialogue system during the operation of the means of transport by the operator.
- Primary and secondary data set are transmitted to a simulation means, wherein the simulation means automatically determines the influence of at least one primary task on execution of at least one secondary task depending on the primary and secondary data set and the simulation means displays and / or stores the simulation result as a data record.
- the primary data set has data on the resources still available and / or on the occupancy duration and frequencies of the resource, wherein the resources are in particular visual, cognitive and / or motor. This can be used to assess the way in which the operator is claimed by the primary task.
- the primary data set has at least one motion scenario of a means of transport, in particular at least one driving scenario of a motor vehicle as a pre-stored profile.
- a typical driving scenario is e.g. an overtaking on a country road, which will be explained in more detail.
- the primary data set has at least one resource profile for a typical journey of a motor vehicle on a highway, a country road and / or in city traffic. These scenarios differ in operator demand and allow a comprehensive audit.
- at least one secondary data record has data relating to the functionality of the infotainment system.
- a secondary data record on a blocking means which allows a simulation of the secondary task only if at least one predetermined condition, in particular a limit value for a load parameter of the primary task is met.
- At least one secondary data record has data about the interruptibility, in particular the resumption of operators and sequences.
- a time reorientation phase can be taken into account by deleting a resource of an operator for a limited time.
- the influence of different simulation scenarios in particular different driving scenarios, can be determined by the simulation means.
- the influence of time on the performance of the operator during the performance of at least one secondary task can be determined by the Sirnulationsstoff.
- a detailed simulation of the secondary task is advantageously possible if the secondary data set has at least one GOMS model.
- the simulation means has a memory for at least one conflict resolution rule, by means of which the automatic Combination of primary data set and secondary data set is controlled and automatically a result data record is generated or automatically an optimization strategy of an operator is simulated.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a known per se CPM-GOMS model
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the simulation system according to the invention
- FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the occupancy of visual, cognitive and motor resources according to FIG. 3;
- 5a to 5d are schematic representations of conflict resolution rules of the simulation means.
- the aim of the simulations described below as an embodiment is to be able to make statements about the operability of new infotainment systems or dialog systems efficiently and even in the early stages of system development.
- the operability is related to a selection of critical driving situations different demands on the attention of the driver.
- the modeling will be expanded, thus developing a simulation system.
- the method and the simulation system are then used as examples for the evaluation of prototypes of infotainment systems in motor vehicles.
- driver information systems and other comfort functions when driving requires a shift away from the driving task (primary task) to the device control (secondary task).
- secondary task During particularly demanding maneuvers or with high complexity of the service's user interface, too much (in terms of attention shift or duration) distraction could occur. Therefore, attention and other cognitive resources must be effectively distributed between primary and secondary tasks.
- the distribution involves an interruption of actions of the operator in primary and secondary task. Depending on the nature of the action, an action is interruptible or not. Another action-specific feature is the return to the original activity after an interruption: actions can either continue at the termination point, return to an earlier entry point of a sub-activity may be necessary, or even additional sub-actions may be added.
- the primary task is fixed here and determines the framework for the secondary tasks.
- the GOMS method (Card et al., 1983; The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction, Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum) is suitable for modeling the operation of interactive devices (Hamacher et al., Using formal methods for evaluating usability interactive devices, it + ti information technology and computer engineering, 44, pp, 49-55), ie also for the modeling of the infotainmaint and / or dialog systems in question here.
- the operation is based on the elements
- selection rules selection in the list above
- the selection rules describe the possibilities that an operator has in the operation in order to achieve a specific goal.
- a method then consists of a previously defined sequence of subdividings (operators) that can no longer be broken down.
- Operators describe both motor activities (eg press button etc.) and cognitive ones Processes (eg remembering a value). Depending on the modeling goal, they can also summarize unresolved more complex actions (eg speaking a sentence).
- the modeler defines the methods with their operator sequences, selection rules, and goals during modeling (Kieras 1999, A Guide to GOMS Model Usability Evaluation using GOMSL and GLEAN3, University of Michigan, available online at http://citceseer.nj.nec. com / david99guide.html (last accessed Feb 18, 2004)).
- the GOMS method is used to store a model of the secondary task execution for the user interface of a new infotainment system or dialog system in a secondary data record 20.
- resources are withdrawn from the GOMS model during the simulation.
- Such resource extraction by the primary task is represented by a temporal modeling of cognitive, motor and / or visual actions.
- a particular highway maneuver can be easily modeled as a resource profile that requires the operator's visual resource to be fully primed for 3 seconds every 2 seconds.
- the visual resource is not available for other tasks.
- a motor resource may be free for the secondary task during this time.
- CPM-GOMS (John & Kieras cit op.) Contains such a resource model. Here operators can be executed in parallel if they occupy different resources.
- CPM GOMS defines resources as shown in FIG visual perception, auditory perception, cognition, right hand, left hand, verbal utterance and eye movement,
- Each operator has an execution time during which the occupied resource is used undivided.
- Operators have logical dependencies in CPM-GOMS, which are used as constraints for optimal parallelization of the operator sequences in the resources.
- resource profiles are introduced which, depending on the load, restrict the availability of the considered resources. On the one hand, this refers to the extent of the resource still available (static case), but also to occupancy durations and frequencies (dynamic case).
- the primary tasks track following and tracking will repeat at frequent intervals the visual perception and the motor system.
- Suitable editors allow the manual creation of these extended GOMS models (eg Wandmacher, J. (2002): GOMS Analyzes with GOMSED (Technical Report) Technical University Darmstadt, Institute of Psychology, Applied Cognitive Psychology), as well as the semiautomatic transformation of formal Specifications of the user interfaces of infotainment systems under development in models (Hamacher, Zieren et al., Op. Cit.).
- a simulation means 30, determines from the primary data record 10 and the secondary data record 20 an output data record 40 which reflects the influence of the secondary task by the primary task for given driving situations.
- the output data set 40 takes into account the temporal interference between primary and secondary task.
- the syntax of the output data set 40 corresponds to that of the secondary data record 20.
- at least a part of the output data record 40 can be used as an input means for another simulation.
- infotainment systems can already be evaluated and compared in the early stages of development.
- a cognitive model based on which systems can be formatively evaluated at an early stage of development, must have "set screws" on which the information processing resources available to the driver (ie the operator) (see Wickens, CD (1991): Processing Resources and Attention: In: Diane L. Damos (Ed.), Multiple Task Performance (p.3-34), London: Taylor & Francis) can be adjusted according to the driving conditions as well as the degree of fatigue.
- the derived cognitive model can be simulated for use in different primary task conditions (highway driving, city driving, highway) and driver states (fitness, working memory, cognitive load).
- the parameters of available resources required for the simulation of the dual task in different driving situations, driver states as well as in different driving experience are recorded empirically and stored in the primary and secondary data sets 10, 20.
- Safe driving also includes the acquisition and processing of visual information required for the driving task (Wickens, C, Gordon, S., & Liu, Y. (1998): An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering, New York, Addison Wesley & Longman).
- the resource availability profile is stored in the primary data set 10 for different driving situations. Once the primary data set 10 has been determined, it can be reused so that time-consuming driving simulations of the primary task are avoided.
- the primary data set 10 contains parameters for the difficulty of the driving scenarios used (1st independent variable), the degree of tiredness of the test subjects (2nd independent variable) as well as driver types (3rd independent variable).
- the secondary task can be a speed-accuracy performance test or a Stroop abandonment. Both tests are characterized by high demands on both visual attention and resources of centralized control mechanisms (see the central executive at Baddeley, A.D. (1986): Working Memory, Oxford University Press.
- a display is expected to have a stimulus to respond to as quickly as possible. It is important to ensure that fixation of the display is required to register the stimulus.
- the performance of the participants in these tests (dependent variable) under dual-task conditions provide a central indicator of the level of central (cognitive) resources required for primary task processing:
- Using eye tracking techniques also allows the temporal characteristics of the visual attention distribution between To record primary and secondary task. This is the duration and frequency of avoiding visual attention of the meant primary driving task. This pattern allows conclusions about when and to what extent visual attention resources are available for interaction with an infotainment system in different driving situations.
- a comparison of the performance data when processing the secondary task between the conditions, as well as the comparison with the performance in a baseline condition (test performance without dual task condition) in turn provide information on how many central cognitive resources could be used in this case.
- the data obtained during the investigation are transferred to a primary data record whose structure and function are described below.
- the primary data set contains 10 information about
- Resource profiles generally include a sequence of individual requests, as exemplified by FIGS. 3 and 4. On the basis of the resources different possibilities are presented to define the resource allocation. In Fig. 3 different resources and their occupancy are defined.
- Fig. 4 the proportionate and temporal allocation of resources is graphed. It is clear that resource C (e.g., cognitive resource) is occupied for an interrupted period but then becomes free. Overall, resource C is occupied for 30% of the time.
- resource C e.g., cognitive resource
- Resource V (e.g., visual resource) has a regular interruption pattern, with a total availability of 50%.
- the resource RH (e.g., right hand motorized resource) has a more complex pattern because the breaks and draws are different in length. All in all, 50% of the time is occupied by the resource.
- This embodiment of the system according to the invention not only saves simulation time, but first enables efficient linking to a secondary data record 20. In the following it is shown how indicators for the interruptibility of the secondary task can be obtained,
- the primary task now is to signal a stimulus presented acoustically at any time within a defined interval by pressing a button (position of the button: approximately steering wheel height, position of the system approximately as in the vehicle).
- the secondary task here consists of calling certain functions of the infotainment system. The subjects are instructed; to respond to the target stimulus as soon as it appears and to interrupt the secondary task.
- the timing of the interruption is varied (according to the performance of the acoustic stimulus).
- the time at which a stimulus is presented is systematically varied depending on the interaction with the prototype (independent variable: e.g., signal immediately before an input, during an input, after an input).
- Interruptibility indicators are the system state after interruption (which inputs have not yet been made) (dependent variable 1) and the duration between presentation of the sound and response behavior (keystroke). Based on the state of the system, it is possible to see what operations the subject performed after the performance of the sound (this can be interpreted as an indication of which operations were still to be performed), as well as the latency period between sound performance and response (dependent variable 2). Occur when performing a target stimulus during the execution of an operation has longer latencies than when presenting a target stimulus prior to performing an operation, this is an indication that this operation could not be interrupted.
- the reentry point in the interaction after the interruption with the system provides an indication of which operators are interruptible.
- the extension of the GOMS method for analyzing the distraction of a primary task with resource profiles that meet the requirement characteristic of the primary task promises the efficient use of simulation technology in the design of infotainment systems for the vehicle already in the early stages of development.
- INTERRUPTIBLE (YES
- operator / method can be aborted, i. if requested externally, the action will not be completed.
- Method can not be resumed at break point.
- - t method can be resumed at breakpoint if interruption does not last longer than t.
- Method can be resumed on this operator when it is interrupted.
- this interference is independent of the primary task, ie the same modeling of the Secondary task can be examined with very different modeling of the primary task (highway, country road, city traffic).
- a transfer requires the recording of effective resource profiles of the primary task (possibly in different forms as in different driving situations) - this can be done with the design design described here.
- a set of GOMS operators must be developed for the selected domain. These are either to be collected empirically or derived from known measures and validated.
- Fig. 2 is shown schematically how the primary data set 10 and the secondary data set 20 cooperate.
- the fixed primary data set 10 contains a typical resource profile, e.g. on a highway trip, a city trip and a trip on a highway incurred.
- These driving scenarios incorporate typical activities (e.g., overtaking, turning, braking, starting, etc.) that together provide a realistic image of the attention an operator needs to perform the primary task. Conversely, it can be deduced from which resources are free to perform the secondary task.
- the secondary task is modeled using a GOMS model, which can map the functionality of, for example, an infotainment system to a high degree of detail. This determines how long and at what intervals certain actions on the infotainment system occupy the operator's visual, cognitive and / or motor resources.
- the primary data record 10 and the secondary data record 20 are evaluated together, wherein it is determined whether the fixed predetermined primary task (mapped by the primary data record 10) allows efficient use of the infotainment system.
- the simulation means 30 automatically calculates a temporal occupancy model from the secondary data record 20.
- This occupancy model is automatically combined with the prestored resource profile in the primary data set 10.
- a new combined occupancy model is calculated according to the formulated assumptions about interruptibility, resumption, checkpoints in the secondary data set 20.
- the output data set 40 thus contains information on when and where which resources conflict with each other and to what extent, i. A measure of usability is automatically generated.
- the result is stored in the form of an output data record 40, which may consist of different sub-data sets.
- such a simulation determines whether the primary and secondary tasks are compatible with each other without any further action by the operator.
- conflict resolution rules are implemented in the simulation means, which map different adaptation strategies of an operator.
- operators realize that a particular subtask of the secondary task is not solvable in the possible time, it uses various approaches to manage it.
- One approach is to change the timing of the steps in the secondary task to accommodate the fixed primary task.
- Another approach is to adapt the primary task, at least within certain limits, to the secondary task. Since in the present embodiment, the resource profile of the primary task is fixed, the conflict resolution rules ensure that moving certain subtasks within certain bounds (eg +/- 10% duration) is considered admissible.
- the primary data record 10 and the secondary data record 20 are evaluated together, wherein it is determined whether the fixed predetermined primary task (mapped by the primary data record 10) permits efficient use of the infotainment system.
- the simulation means 30 automatically calculates a temporal occupancy model from the secondary data record 20.
- This occupancy model is automatically combined with the prestored resource profile in the primary data set 10. Controlled by conflict resolution rules, a new combined occupancy model is calculated in accordance with the assumptions about interruptibility and resumption formulated in the secondary data set 20.
- the output data set 40 thus contains information on when and where which resources conflict with each other and to what extent, i. A measure of the serviceability of the information system described with the secondary data record 20 is automatically generated in the context of the primary task.
- FIG. 5 shows the exemplary structure of a primary data record 10 and a secondary data record 20 used for the following FIGS. 5a-5d.
- such a simulation determines whether the primary and secondary tasks are compatible with each other without any further action by the operator.
- An example of a detected incompatibility is shown in Fig. 5a.
- One approach is to adapt the primary task, at least within certain limits, to the secondary task.
- a set of conflict resolution rules ensures that moving certain resource requests defined in the primary data set 10 within certain bounds (e.g., + 10% duration) is still considered admissible.
- Fig. 5b is the application of a rule R100
- rule R300 in addition to the rule sets described for automatically obtaining the temporal occupancy model, rule R300 is used, with the aid of which requirement-free intervals can be shortened.
- the invention is not limited in its execution to the above-mentioned preferred embodiments. Rather, a number of variants are conceivable that of the simulation system according to the invention and the inventive Simulation method even with fundamentally different versions make use of.
- the invention is not limited in its execution to the above-mentioned preferred embodiments. Rather, a number of variants are conceivable which make use of the simulation system according to the invention and the simulation method according to the invention also in fundamentally different embodiments.
- simulation means 30 with conflict resolution rulesets for adapting the primary task (R1xx), minimizing the distraction (R2xx) and optimizing unused time periods (R3xx)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004031980 | 2004-06-25 | ||
| PCT/DE2005/001153 WO2006000210A2 (de) | 2004-06-25 | 2005-06-27 | Simulationssystem und simulationsverfahren für die untersuchung der bedienbarkeit eines transportmittels |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1763806A2 true EP1763806A2 (de) | 2007-03-21 |
Family
ID=35431574
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP05782180A Withdrawn EP1763806A2 (de) | 2004-06-25 | 2005-06-27 | Simulationssystem und simulationsverfahren für die untersuchung der bedienbarkeit eines transportmittels |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1763806A2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE112005002113A5 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2006000210A2 (de) |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6405159B2 (en) * | 1998-06-03 | 2002-06-11 | Sbc Technology Resources, Inc. | Method for categorizing, describing and modeling types of system users |
-
2005
- 2005-06-27 WO PCT/DE2005/001153 patent/WO2006000210A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2005-06-27 EP EP05782180A patent/EP1763806A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-06-27 DE DE112005002113T patent/DE112005002113A5/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| KOVACEVIC S: "UML and User Interface Modeling", THE UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE. UML '98: BEYOND THE NOTATION LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, 3 June 1998 (1998-06-03), SPRINGER VERLAG, BERLIN, DE, pages 253 - 266 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2006000210A3 (de) | 2006-07-20 |
| WO2006000210A2 (de) | 2006-01-05 |
| DE112005002113A5 (de) | 2007-07-12 |
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