EP1520766A1 - Device for a railway vehicle for lubrication between wheel and rail and for current feedback - Google Patents

Device for a railway vehicle for lubrication between wheel and rail and for current feedback Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1520766A1
EP1520766A1 EP04356159A EP04356159A EP1520766A1 EP 1520766 A1 EP1520766 A1 EP 1520766A1 EP 04356159 A EP04356159 A EP 04356159A EP 04356159 A EP04356159 A EP 04356159A EP 1520766 A1 EP1520766 A1 EP 1520766A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pad
vehicle
wheel
whose
lever
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EP04356159A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Henri Guillemaut
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Individual
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Individual
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61K—AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR RAILWAYS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B61K3/00—Wetting or lubricating rails or wheel flanges
    • B61K3/02—Apparatus therefor combined with vehicles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for a railway vehicle ensuring the lubrication between wheel and rail and the return of the current.
  • Every railway vehicle whether it is a locomotive, a car, wagon or other gear towed or drawn, is equipped with wheels metal rotated at the ends of a freely mounted cross axle rotating in bearings of the frame.
  • Each wheel has a general shape slightly frustoconical and is bordered by a boudin fit to come in the meantime between the rails of the track and whose outward facing part is referred to as leave.
  • This leave is intended to apply from time to time against the mushroom rail to reposition the vehicle transversely. This contact is generator friction and wear.
  • vehicles can be equipped with grease nipples of different models ensuring lubrication by oil or graphite.
  • US 2 589 582, US 4 811 818 and US 5 054 582 describe wheel flange lubricators using a graphite pad of which the free end is shaped to the shape of the surface to be lubricated and whose body is disposed in a support cooperating with means plating it elastically against the surface to be lubricated.
  • the same railway vehicles are equipped with electricity and whose supply is provided by circuits from vehicle to vehicle, while the return is ensured by rubbers specific devices bearing on the wheels or rails, and requiring maintenance distinct from that of the nipples.
  • the present invention aims to reduce, on the one hand, the number equipment installed on a railway vehicle and, on the other hand, the time allocated maintenance of this equipment at each revision, using the conductivity of the graphite long known in the power supply of electric motors but not applied for the constitution of the circuits of return of current, and this without affecting the lubrication conditions.
  • each vehicle the graphite pad of at least one of the lubrication devices is provided with electrical connection means with a return cable of the current supplying the vehicle.
  • the graphite pad which is permanently applied against the surface to be lubricated to ensure the improvement of the friction conditions of surfaces in the presence, that is to say of the wheel flange and the fungus of the rail, also ensures the transmission of the return current to the rail, without there being needs other equipment.
  • This advantage is particularly important because, by filling two functions, lubrication and electrical connection, the device allows to delete the current return rubbers generally arranged at the end of the axle axis or on a disk stalled on the axle.
  • the pad is applied either on the fillet of the wheel flange is on the rounding of the head of the rail.
  • connection means equipping the pad include a threaded metal portion protruding from the rear portion of said pad and adapted to cooperate with a pod or equivalent attached to the free end of the cable for the return current.
  • each pad on either side of each pad are arranged two brushes bearing against the same surface as the pad for rid it of any particles that may affect the contact of the pad with she.
  • reference numeral 2 designates a vehicle whose chassis 3 supports bearings 4 in which an axle 5 is mounted freely in rotation.
  • a wheel 6 is wedged at each end of the axle and rolls on one of the two rails 7 of a track.
  • each wheel includes a slightly frustoconical bearing 6a of which projects a flange, commonly referred to as 6B, and connecting to the scope by a part rounded concave called leave 6c.
  • the device according to the invention comprises a support 11 which, in the illustrated embodiment, is constituted by a lever 12 of which one of the ends 12a is hinged to the pin 13 of a cross 14, itself articulated by its tenons 15, perpendicular to that 13, in a bearing 16 of the chassis 3.
  • the other end 12b of the lever is shaped like a fork whose branches 17 are tightened by a bolt 18 on the parallelepiped body of a skate 19 in graphite or equivalent.
  • FIG. 2 shows that the free end 19a of the shoe 19 is shaped to the shape of the surface to be lubricated, which surface in the embodiment represented is the 6c fillet of the wheel, but could also be the rounding of the rail mushroom.
  • This pad is secured to a threaded metal portion 20 which, salient of its rear part opposite its shaped part 19a, constitutes means of connection for a lug 21 formed at the end of a cable 22, return of the current feeding the vehicle.
  • lever 12 is subjected to a recall effort, the pad 19 against the surface to be lubricated, by a traction spring 23 one end of which is hooked on the lever and the other on a frame element 3.
  • the device When the vehicle is traveling on a track the device provides the functions of lubrication and transmission of the return current to the rail.
  • FIG. 4 differs from the previous by the position of the lever 112 which does not extend tranversalement but longitudinally. Moreover, this lever comprises at its free end a plate 30 for fixing two brushes 32a, 32b. These are arranged on both sides else of the pad 119 and are intended to come against the surface on which this pad is in support, that is to say against the wheel fillet 6c, in this form of production.
  • these brushes are arranged on either side of a pad resting on the rounding of the rail head, to perform the same functions, that is to say to rid its surface of any particles that may affect the contact of the pad with it.

Abstract

The device has a graphite gliding piece (19) whose one end forms the surface to be lubricated and whose body is maintained in a support (11). The piece has electrical connection units (20, 21) with a cable (22) for returning the current supplying a vehicle. The support has a lever (12) whose end (12a) is connected to a chassis of the vehicle and another end is arranged in fork form to grip the body of the piece. The electrical connection units include a metallic threaded part (20) projecting from rear part of the gliding piece and cooperating with a thimble (21) or fixed to free end of the cable.

Description

L'invention concerne un dispositif pour véhicule ferroviaire assurant la lubrification entre roue et rail et le retour du courant.The invention relates to a device for a railway vehicle ensuring the lubrication between wheel and rail and the return of the current.

Chaque véhicule ferroviaire, qu'il s'agisse d'une locomotive, d'une voiture, d'un wagon ou de tout autre engin remorqué ou tiré, est équipé de roues métalliques calées en rotation aux extrémités d'un essieu transversal monté libre en rotation dans des paliers du châssis. Chaque roue a une forme générale légèrement tronconique et est bordée par un boudin apte à venir dans l'intervalle entre les rails de la voie et dont la partie tournée vers l'extérieur est dénommée congé. Ce congé est destiné à s'appliquer de temps à autre contre le champignon du rail pour repositionner transversalement le véhicule. Ce contact est générateur de frottements et d'usures. Aussi pour réduire ces deux derniers, des véhicules peuvent être équipés de graisseurs de différents modèles assurant la lubrification par de l'huile ou par du graphite.Every railway vehicle, whether it is a locomotive, a car, wagon or other gear towed or drawn, is equipped with wheels metal rotated at the ends of a freely mounted cross axle rotating in bearings of the frame. Each wheel has a general shape slightly frustoconical and is bordered by a boudin fit to come in the meantime between the rails of the track and whose outward facing part is referred to as leave. This leave is intended to apply from time to time against the mushroom rail to reposition the vehicle transversely. This contact is generator friction and wear. Also to reduce these last two, vehicles can be equipped with grease nipples of different models ensuring lubrication by oil or graphite.

Les documents US 2 589 582, US 4 811 818 et US 5 054 582 décrivent des graisseurs de boudins de roues utilisant un patin en graphite dont l'extrémité libre est conformée à la forme de la surface à lubrifier et dont le corps est disposé dans un support coopérant avec des moyens le plaquant élastiquement contre la surface à lubrifier.US 2 589 582, US 4 811 818 and US 5 054 582 describe wheel flange lubricators using a graphite pad of which the free end is shaped to the shape of the surface to be lubricated and whose body is disposed in a support cooperating with means plating it elastically against the surface to be lubricated.

Les mêmes véhicules ferroviaires sont munis d'équipements fonctionnant à l'électricité et dont l'alimentation est assurée par des circuits allant de véhicule en véhicule, tandis que le retour est assuré par des frotteurs spécifiques venant en appui sur les roues ou les rails, et exigeant un entretien distinct de celui des graisseurs.The same railway vehicles are equipped with electricity and whose supply is provided by circuits from vehicle to vehicle, while the return is ensured by rubbers specific devices bearing on the wheels or rails, and requiring maintenance distinct from that of the nipples.

La présente invention à pour objet de réduire, d'une part, le nombre d'équipements installés sur un véhicule ferroviaire et, d'autre part, le temps affecté à l'entretien de ces équipements à chaque révision, en utilisant la conductibilité du graphite connue depuis longtemps dans l'alimentation des moteurs électriques mais non appliquée pour la constitution des circuits de retour de courant, et cela sans affecter les conditions de lubrification.The present invention aims to reduce, on the one hand, the number equipment installed on a railway vehicle and, on the other hand, the time allocated maintenance of this equipment at each revision, using the conductivity of the graphite long known in the power supply of electric motors but not applied for the constitution of the circuits of return of current, and this without affecting the lubrication conditions.

Selon l'invention, dans chaque véhicule le patin en graphite d'au moins l'un des dispositifs de lubrification est muni de moyens de connexion électrique avec un câble de retour du courant alimentant le véhicule.According to the invention, in each vehicle the graphite pad of at least one of the lubrication devices is provided with electrical connection means with a return cable of the current supplying the vehicle.

Ainsi, le patin en graphite qui est appliqué en permanence contre la surface à lubrifier pour assurer l'amélioration des conditions de frottement des surfaces en présence, c'est-à-dire du congé du boudin de roue et du champignon du rail, assure également la transmission du courant de retour au rail, sans qu'il y ait besoin d'un autre équipement.Thus, the graphite pad which is permanently applied against the surface to be lubricated to ensure the improvement of the friction conditions of surfaces in the presence, that is to say of the wheel flange and the fungus of the rail, also ensures the transmission of the return current to the rail, without there being needs other equipment.

Cet avantage est particulièrement important car, en remplissant les deux fonctions, lubrification et liaison électrique, le dispositif permet de supprimer les frotteurs de retour de courant disposés en général en bout de l'axe d'essieu ou sur un disque calé sur l'essieu.This advantage is particularly important because, by filling two functions, lubrication and electrical connection, the device allows to delete the current return rubbers generally arranged at the end of the axle axis or on a disk stalled on the axle.

Selon les applications et de façon connue, le patin est appliqué soit sur le congé du boudin de roue soit sur l'arrondi du champignon du rail.According to the applications and in known manner, the pad is applied either on the fillet of the wheel flange is on the rounding of the head of the rail.

Dans une forme d'exécution, les moyens de connexion équipant le patin comprennent une partie métallique filetée saillant de la partie arrière du dit patin et apte à coopérer avec un cosse ou équivalent fixée à l'extrémité libre du câble pour le courant de retour.In one embodiment, the connection means equipping the pad include a threaded metal portion protruding from the rear portion of said pad and adapted to cooperate with a pod or equivalent attached to the free end of the cable for the return current.

Dans une forme d'exécution, de part et d'autre de chaque patin sont disposés deux balais venant en appui contre la même surface que le patin pour débarrasser celle-ci de toutes particules pouvant affecter le contact du patin avec elle.In one embodiment, on either side of each pad are arranged two brushes bearing against the same surface as the pad for rid it of any particles that may affect the contact of the pad with she.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages ressortiront de la description qui suit, en référence au dessin schématique annexé représentant une forme d'exécution du dispositif dans le cas où il assure les deux fonctions lubrification et retour du courant.

  • Figure 1 est une vue partielle d'un véhicule ferroviaire montrant la position du dispositif.
  • Figure 2 est une vue de coté en élévation et en coupe partielle, montrant à échelle agrandie une forme d'exécution du dispositif,
  • Figure 3 est une vue partielle en coupe suivant III-III de figure 2.
  • Figure 4 est une vue partielle de coté d'une autre forme de réalisation.
    • Other features and advantages will become apparent from the description which follows, with reference to the appended schematic drawing showing an embodiment of the device in the case where it provides the two functions lubrication and return of the current.
  • Figure 1 is a partial view of a railway vehicle showing the position of the device.
  • FIG. 2 is a side view in elevation and in partial section, showing on an enlarged scale an embodiment of the device,
  • Figure 3 is a partial sectional view along III-III of Figure 2.
  • Figure 4 is a partial side view of another embodiment.

    • Dans ce dessin la référence numérique 2 désigne un véhicule ferroviaire dont le châssis 3 supporte des paliers 4 dans lesquels un essieu 5 est monté libre en rotation. Une roue 6 est calée à chacune des extrémités de l'essieu et roule sur l'un des deux rails 7 d'une voie.In this drawing reference numeral 2 designates a vehicle whose chassis 3 supports bearings 4 in which an axle 5 is mounted freely in rotation. A wheel 6 is wedged at each end of the axle and rolls on one of the two rails 7 of a track.

    Comme montré plus en détail à la figure 2, chaque roue comprend une portée légèrement tronconique 6a de laquelle fait saillie une collerette, couramment dénommée boudin 6b, et se raccordant à la portée par une partie arrondie concave dénommée congé 6c. As shown in more detail in Figure 2, each wheel includes a slightly frustoconical bearing 6a of which projects a flange, commonly referred to as 6B, and connecting to the scope by a part rounded concave called leave 6c.

    Comme montré à la figure 2, le dispositif selon l'invention comprend un support 11 qui, dans la forme d'exécution représentée, est constitué par un levier 12 dont l'une des extrémités 12a est articulée sur le tenon 13 d'un croisillon 14, lui-même articulé par ses tenons 15, perpendiculaires à celui 13, dans un palier 16 du châssis 3. L'autre extrémité 12b du levier est conformée en fourche dont les branches 17 sont serrées par un boulon 18 sur le corps parallélépipédique d'un patin 19 en graphite ou équivalent.As shown in FIG. 2, the device according to the invention comprises a support 11 which, in the illustrated embodiment, is constituted by a lever 12 of which one of the ends 12a is hinged to the pin 13 of a cross 14, itself articulated by its tenons 15, perpendicular to that 13, in a bearing 16 of the chassis 3. The other end 12b of the lever is shaped like a fork whose branches 17 are tightened by a bolt 18 on the parallelepiped body of a skate 19 in graphite or equivalent.

    La figure 2 montre que l'extrémité libre 19a du patin 19 est conformée à la forme de la surface à lubrifier, surface qui dans la forme d'exécution représentée est le congé 6c de la roue, mais pourrait aussi être l'arrondi du champignon de rail.FIG. 2 shows that the free end 19a of the shoe 19 is shaped to the shape of the surface to be lubricated, which surface in the embodiment represented is the 6c fillet of the wheel, but could also be the rounding of the rail mushroom.

    Ce patin est solidaire d'une partie métallique filetée 20 qui, saillant de sa partie arrière opposée à sa partie en forme 19a, constitue moyen de connexion pour une cosse 21 ménagée à l'extrémité d'un câble 22, de retour du courant alimentant le véhicule.This pad is secured to a threaded metal portion 20 which, salient of its rear part opposite its shaped part 19a, constitutes means of connection for a lug 21 formed at the end of a cable 22, return of the current feeding the vehicle.

    Enfin, le levier 12 est soumis à un effort de rappel, plaquant en permanence le patin 19 contre la surface à lubrifier, par un ressort de traction 23 dont une extrémité est accrochée sur le levier et l'autre sur un élément du châssis 3.Finally, the lever 12 is subjected to a recall effort, the pad 19 against the surface to be lubricated, by a traction spring 23 one end of which is hooked on the lever and the other on a frame element 3.

    Lorsque le véhicule est en déplacement sur une voie le dispositif assure les fonctions de lubrification et de transmission du courant de retour au rail.When the vehicle is traveling on a track the device provides the functions of lubrication and transmission of the return current to the rail.

    Dans sa fonction de lubrification il dépose sur la roue ou l'arrondi du rail une légère couche de graphite qui réduit considérablement les bruits, les frottements, en particulier dans les courbes, et les usures, des roues et du rail, et permet même d'augmenter les charges remorquées.In its lubrication function it deposits on the wheel or the rounding of the a light graphite layer which considerably reduces noise, friction, especially in curves, and wear, wheel and rail, and even makes it possible to increase the towed loads.

    Dans sa fonction retour de courant, il simplifie la construction et la rend moins onéreuse. Pour les courants de forte intensité, il peut être complété par des frotteurs supplémentaires venant, selon la structure et position du dispositif, contre le boudin, contre les faces verticales de la roue, contre son congé ou contre l'arrondi du champignon du rail.In its current feedback function, it simplifies the construction and makes it less expensive. For high intensity currents, it may be supplemented by additional rubbers, depending on the structure and position of the device, against the pudding, against the vertical faces of the wheel, against his leave or against the roundness of the rail head.

    La forme d'exécution représentée à la figure 4 se différencie de la précédente par la position du levier 112 qui ne s'étend pas tranversalement mais longitudinalement. Par ailleurs, ce levier comporte à son extrémité libre une platine 30 servant à la fixation de deux balais 32a, 32b. Ceux ci sont disposés de part et d'autre du patin 119 et sont destinés à venir contre la surface sur laquelle ce patin est en appui, c'est-à-dire contre le congé de roue 6c, dans cette forme de réalisation.The embodiment shown in FIG. 4 differs from the previous by the position of the lever 112 which does not extend tranversalement but longitudinally. Moreover, this lever comprises at its free end a plate 30 for fixing two brushes 32a, 32b. These are arranged on both sides else of the pad 119 and are intended to come against the surface on which this pad is in support, that is to say against the wheel fillet 6c, in this form of production.

    Ainsi, lorsque la roue tourne dans le sens de la flèche 31, le balai qui est en avant du patin dans le sens de rotation de la roue, celui 32b pour le sens 31, débarrasse son congé 6c des particules qui, adhérant à lui, ont tendance à l'user rapidement. Il en résulte que le patin en graphite 119 s'use moins et a un meilleur contact avec la roue, ce qui est favorable à la transmission du courant électrique de retour.Thus, when the wheel rotates in the direction of the arrow 31, the broom which is in front of the pad in the direction of rotation of the wheel, that 32b for the sense 31, rids its leave 6c particles which, adhering to it, tend to use it quickly. As a result, the graphite shoe 119 wears less and has a better contact with the wheel, which is favorable to the transmission of the current electric return.

    Dans une autre forme d'exécution, non représentée, ces balais sont disposés de part et d'autre d'un patin en appui sur l'arrondi du champignon de rail, pour assurer les mêmes fonctions, c'est-à-dire pour débarrasser sa surface de toutes particules pouvant affecter le contact du patin avec elle.In another embodiment, not shown, these brushes are arranged on either side of a pad resting on the rounding of the rail head, to perform the same functions, that is to say to rid its surface of any particles that may affect the contact of the pad with it.

    Claims (5)

    Dispositif pour véhicule ferroviaire assurant la lubrification entre roue et rail et le retour du courant, comprenant, pour une roue, un patin (19, 119) en graphite dont une extrémité (19a) est conformée à la forme de la surface à lubrifier (6c) et dont le corps est maintenu dans un support (11) coopérant avec des moyens (23) le plaquant contre la surface à lubrifier, caractérisé en ce que, dans chaque véhicule le patin en graphite (19, 119) d'au moins l'un des dispositifs est muni de moyens de connexion électrique (20-21) avec un câble (22) de retour du courant alimentant le véhicule.Railroad vehicle device providing lubrication between wheel and rail and current return, comprising, for a wheel, a graphite pad (19, 119) having one end (19a) shaped to the surface to be lubricated (6c ) and whose body is held in a support (11) cooperating with means (23) pressing it against the surface to be lubricated, characterized in that in each vehicle the graphite pad (19, 119) of at least l one of the devices is provided with electrical connection means (20-21) with a cable (22) for returning current to the vehicle. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le support (11) est constitué par un levier (12) dont une extrémité (12a) est reliée au châssis (3) du véhicule par une articulation à croisillon (14) et dont l'autre extrémité (12b) est aménagée en forme de fourche (17) de pincement du corps du patin (19).Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the support (11) is constituted by a lever (12) whose one end (12a) is connected to the frame (3) of the vehicle by a cross-link (14) and whose another end (12b) is arranged in the form of fork (17) pinching the body of the pad (19). Dispositif selon la revendication 2, caractérisé les moyens de rappel du levier (12) sont constitués par un ressort de traction (23) dont une extrémité est accrochée au levier et dont l'autre extrémité est accrochée au châssis (3).Device according to Claim 2, characterized by the return means lever (12) are constituted by a tension spring (23), one end of which is attached to the lever and whose other end is attached to the frame (3). Dispositif selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que les moyens de connexion équipant chaque patin comprennent une partie métallique filetée (20) saillant de la partie arrière du dit patin (19) et apte à coopérer avec une cosse (21) ou équivalent fixée à l'extrémité libre du câble (22) pour le courant de retour.Device according to claim 1 characterized in that the connecting means equipping each pad comprises a threaded metal portion (20) projecting from the rear portion of said pad (19) and adapted to cooperate with a lug (21) or equivalent attached to the free end of the cable (22) for the return current. Dispositif de lubrification selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4 caractérisé en ce que de part et d'autre de chaque patin (119) sont disposés deux balais (32a, 32b) venant en appui contre la même surface que le patin pour débarrasser celle-ci de toutes particules pouvant affecter le contact du patin avec elle.Lubricating device according to any one of claims 1 to 4 characterized in that on each side of each pad (119) are arranged two brushes (32a, 32b) bearing against the same surface as the pad to rid this one of any particles that can affect the contact of the pad with it.
    EP04356159A 2003-10-01 2004-09-28 Device for a railway vehicle for lubrication between wheel and rail and for current feedback Withdrawn EP1520766A1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (2)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    FR0311521 2003-10-01
    FR0311521A FR2860477B1 (en) 2003-10-01 2003-10-01 DEVICE FOR LUBRICATION BETWEEN WHEEL AND RAIL IN A RAILWAY VEHICLE

    Publications (1)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP1520766A1 true EP1520766A1 (en) 2005-04-06

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    FR (1) FR2860477B1 (en)

    Cited By (2)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    WO2010096016A1 (en) * 2009-02-23 2010-08-26 Auto Invent Lubricant applicator for a wheel of a railbound vehicle
    RU2479455C2 (en) * 2011-04-13 2013-04-20 Владимир Владимирович Шаповалов Method of rail lubrication

    Citations (4)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    US2589582A (en) 1949-08-12 1952-03-18 Strughold Peter Lubricant stick
    US3300667A (en) * 1963-11-04 1967-01-24 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrically conductive solid lubricant members and process and apparatus employing them
    US4811818A (en) 1987-08-19 1989-03-14 Durafilm Corporation Transit rail lubricant applicator
    US5054582A (en) 1988-08-10 1991-10-08 Claude Aracil Stick coating applicator holder

    Patent Citations (4)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    US2589582A (en) 1949-08-12 1952-03-18 Strughold Peter Lubricant stick
    US3300667A (en) * 1963-11-04 1967-01-24 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrically conductive solid lubricant members and process and apparatus employing them
    US4811818A (en) 1987-08-19 1989-03-14 Durafilm Corporation Transit rail lubricant applicator
    US5054582A (en) 1988-08-10 1991-10-08 Claude Aracil Stick coating applicator holder

    Cited By (4)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    WO2010096016A1 (en) * 2009-02-23 2010-08-26 Auto Invent Lubricant applicator for a wheel of a railbound vehicle
    CN102395502A (en) * 2009-02-23 2012-03-28 奥托因温特公司 Lubricant applicator for a wheel of a railbound vehicle
    CN102395502B (en) * 2009-02-23 2014-08-06 奥托因温特公司 Lubricant applicator for a wheel of a railbound vehicle
    RU2479455C2 (en) * 2011-04-13 2013-04-20 Владимир Владимирович Шаповалов Method of rail lubrication

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    FR2860477B1 (en) 2007-05-04
    FR2860477A1 (en) 2005-04-08

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