EP1409440A4 - A method to inhibit ethylene responses in plants - Google Patents
A method to inhibit ethylene responses in plantsInfo
- Publication number
- EP1409440A4 EP1409440A4 EP02707944A EP02707944A EP1409440A4 EP 1409440 A4 EP1409440 A4 EP 1409440A4 EP 02707944 A EP02707944 A EP 02707944A EP 02707944 A EP02707944 A EP 02707944A EP 1409440 A4 EP1409440 A4 EP 1409440A4
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mmol
- added
- cyclopropene
- water
- dried over
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D207/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D207/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D207/325—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N27/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing hydrocarbons
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N29/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing halogenated hydrocarbons
- A01N29/04—Halogen directly attached to a carbocyclic ring system
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- C07C17/263—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions
- C07C17/2632—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions involving an organo-magnesium compound, e.g. Grignard synthesis
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- C07C51/416—Henkel reaction and related reactions, i.e. rearrangement of carboxylate salt groups linked to six-membered aromatic rings, in the absence or in the presence of CO or CO2, (e.g. preparation of terepholates from benzoates); no additional classification for the subsequent hydrolysis of the salt groups has to be given
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- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D307/68—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
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- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D307/78—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans
- C07D307/82—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
- C07D307/84—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
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- C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
- C07D317/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
- C07D333/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
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- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic System
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Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to methods of inhibiting ethylene responses in plants and plant materials, and particularly relates to methods of inhibiting various ethylene responses including plant maturation and degradation, by exposing plants to cyclopropene derivatives and compositions thereof wherein at least one substituent on the cyclopropene ring contains a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.
- ethylene can cause the premature death of plants or plant parts including, for example, flowers, leaves, fruits, and vegetables. Ethylene also promotes leaf yellowing and stunted growth as well as premature fruit, flower, and leaf drop. Such activities are understood to be achieved through interaction with a specific ethylene receptor in the plant. Many compounds other than ethylene interact with this receptor: some mimic the action of ethylene; others prevent ethylene from binding and thereby counteract its action. To address these ethylene-induced effects, very active and intense research presently concerns the investigation of ways to prevent or reduce the deleterious effects of ethylene on plants.
- the new compounds will avoid the explosive hazards of 1 -methylcyclopropene and, in addition, provide alternative means of delivery, such as through liquid or solid formulations.
- n is an integer from 1 to 12; ii) each L is independently selected from a member of the group Dl , D2, E, or J wherein: Dl is of the formula:
- D2 is of the formula:
- each X and Y is independently a group of the formula: -(L) m -Z;
- each Z is independently selected from:
- G is an unsubstituted or substituted; unsaturated, partially saturated, or saturated; monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or fused; 4 to 14 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system wherein;
- each heteroatom is independently selected from N, O, and S; 4) the number of substituents is from 0 to 5 and each substituent is independently selected from X; b) the total number of non-hydrogen atoms in each compound is 50 or less; and c) the total number of heteroatoms in -(L) n -Z is from 0 to 4; and d) either; i) R' or R contains at least one group G; or ii) at least one L group is an E group; or iii) at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains one to four non-hydrogen atoms and at least one of R 1 , R , R , and R 4 contains more than four non-hydrogen atoms; and its enantiomers, stereoisomers, salts, and mixtures thereof; or a composition thereof.
- each open bond indicates a bond to another L group, a Z group, or the cyclopropene moiety.
- the structural representation - ⁇ — indicates an oxygen atom with bonds to two other atoms; it does not represent a dimethyl ether moiety.
- Typical R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 groups include, for example: alkenyl, alkyl, alkynyl, acetylaminoalkenyl, acetylaminoalkyl, acetylaminoalkynyl, alkenoxy, alkoxy, alkynoxy, alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkynyl, alkoxycarbonylalkenyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkynyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, alkyl(alkoxyimino)alkyl, carboxyalkenyl, carboxyalkyl, carboxyalkynyl, dialkylamino, haloalkoxyalkenyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkynyl, haloalkenyl
- G groups include, for example: saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, bicyclic, tricyclic, polycyclic, saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl ring systems such as, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopent-3-en-l-yl, 3-methoxycyclohexan-l-yl, phenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4- bromophenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 2-mefhoxyphenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methyphenyl, 4- methylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 2-methyl-3-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dibromophenyl, 3,5- difluorophenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, naphth
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are hydrogen. More preferably, R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen or R and R are hydrogen. Even more preferably, R , R , and R are hydrogen or R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are hydrogen. Most preferably, R , R , and R 4 are hydrogen.
- n is from 0 to 8. Most preferably, n is from 1 to 7.
- m is 0 to 4. Most preferably, m is from 0 to 2.
- Dl is -CXY-, -CO-, or -CS-. More preferably Dl is -CXY-.
- D2 is -O- or -NX-.
- E is -S-, -SiXY-,, or -S0 2 -.
- X and Y are independently H, halo, OH, SH, -C(0)(C ⁇ -C 4 )alkyl -, -C(0)0(C ⁇ -C 4 )alkyl -, -O- (C ⁇ -C 4 )alkyl, -S-(C ⁇ -C 4 )alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted (C ⁇ -C 4 )alkyl.
- Z is H, halo, or G. More preferably, Z is H or G.
- each G is independently a substituted or unsubstituted; five, six, or seven membered; aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, or cycloalkyl ring. More preferably, each G is independently a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, pyridyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, pyrolyl, furyl, thiophenyl, triazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, or mo ⁇ holinyl.
- G is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclohexyl. Most preferably, G is cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, or substituted phenyl wherein the substituents are independently selected from 1 to 3 of methyl, methoxy, and halo.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a method of blocking ethylene receptors in plants by applying to the plants an effective ethylene receptor-blocking amount of the cyclopropene derivative or a composition thereof.
- the methods described herein may be carried out in a variety of ways, such as by contacting the plant with a cyclopropene derivative or a composition thereof, whether in solid, liquid, or gaseous form, or by exposing the plant, cut flower, picked fruit or picked vegetable in an atmosphere infused with the cyclopropene derivative or a composition thereof.
- contacting means to bring the cyclopropene and a plant into intimate association with each other such that a sufficient number of ethylene receptors are effected by the cyclopropene.
- Agricultural compositions comprising the compounds of this invention are also encompassed by the invention.
- compositions comprise 0.005% to 99%, by weight; preferably 1% to 95%, by weight; more preferably 2% to 90%, by weight; even more preferably 3% to 80%, by weight; or most preferably 4% to 70%, by weight, of the active compounds of the present invention.
- These compositions may comprise one or more adjuvants, such as, for example, carriers, extenders, binders, lubricants, surfactants and/or dispersants, wetting agents, spreading agents, dispersing agents, stickers, adhesives, defoamers, thickeners, and emulsifying agents.
- adjuvants commonly used in the art can be found in the John W. McCutcheon, Inc.
- organic solvents may be used as carriers for the active compounds of the present invention such as, for example, hydrocarbons such as hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil and petroleum naphtha, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, esters such as ethyl acetate, amyl acetate and butyl acetate, ethers, e.g., ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, alcohols, e.g., ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butyl carbitol acetate and glycerine.
- hydrocarbons such as hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, kerosene,
- Solid, liquid, and gaseous formulations can be prepared by various conventional procedures.
- the active ingredient, in finely divided form if a solid may be tumbled together with finely divided solid carrier.
- the active ingredient in liquid form including mixtures, solutions, dispersions, emulsions and suspensions thereof, may be admixed with a solid carrier in finely divided form.
- the active ingredient in solid form may be admixed with a liquid carrier to form a mixture, solution, dispersion, emulsion, suspension or the like.
- the active compounds of the present invention can be applied to plants by various suitable means.
- an active compound may be applied alone in gaseous, liquid, or solid form by contacting the compound with the plant to be treated. Additionally the active compound may be converted to the salt form, and then applied to the plants.
- compositions containing one or more active compounds of the present invention may be formed. The compositions may be applied in gaseous, liquid, or solid form by contacting the composition with the plant to be treated. Such compositions may include an inert carrier. Similarly, when in gaseous form, the compound may be dispersed in an inert gaseous carrier to provide a gaseous solution.
- the active compound may also be suspended in a liquid solution such as an organic solvent or an aqueous solution that may serve as the inert carrier.
- Solutions containing the active compound may be heterogeneous or homogeneous and may be of various forms including mixtures, dispersions, emulsions, suspensions and the like.
- the cyclopropenes may also be encapsulated into a molecular encapsulation agent.
- Preferred encapsulating agents include cyclodextrins, crown ethers, polysiloxanes, and zeolites. More preferred encapsulating agents include ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, and ⁇ -cyclodextrin. The most preferred encapsulating agent will vary depending upon the size of the R substituents. However, as one skilled in the art will appreciate, any cyclodextrin or mixture of cyclodextrins, cyclodextrin polymers as well as modified cyclodextrins can also be utilized pursuant to the present invention.
- Cyclodextrins are available from Wacker Biochem Inc., Adrian, MI or Cerestar USA, Hammond, IN, as well as other vendors. When encapsulated, the preferred concentrations of the cyclopropenes will typically be less than in other compositions due to the capacity limitations of molecular encapsulation agents.
- the active compounds and compositions thereof can also be applied as aerosols, e.g., by dispersing them in air using a compressed gas such as, for example, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromefhane, or other halocarbons.
- a compressed gas such as, for example, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromefhane, or other halocarbons.
- the amount of the cyclopropene needed to inhibit ethylene effects will vary depending upon the particular cyclopropene, the type and amount of plant material present, the cyclopropene composition used, and the volume to be treated. Generally, a gas treatment (measured volume/volume) concentration of the cyclopropene in the treated chamber of from about 0.1 part per billion ("ppb") to 1000 parts per million (“ppm”) provides adequate ethylene inhibition. Likewise, an applied spray treatment (measured weight/weight) concentration of the cyclopropene of from about 0.01 part per billion (“ppb") to 1000 parts per million (“ppm”) provides adequate ethylene inhibition.
- plant is used in a generic sense herein, and includes, for example, woody- stemmed plants such as trees and shrubs; herbs; vegetables, fruits, and agricultural crop;, and ornamental plants. Plants to be treated by the methods described herein include whole plants and any portions thereof, such as field crops, potted plants, seeds, cut flowers (stems and flowers), and harvested fruits and vegetables.
- Plants treated with the compounds and by the methods of the present invention are preferably treated with a non-phytotoxic amount of the active compound.
- the present invention can be employed to modify a variety of different ethylene responses such as, for example, the ripening and/or senescence of flowers, fruits, and vegetables; abscission of foliage, flowers, and fruit; the shortening of life of ornamentals such as potted plants, cut flowers, shrubbery, seeds, and dormant seedlings; in some plants (e.g., pea) the inhibition of growth, the stimulation of growth (e.g., rice), auxin activity, inhibition of terminal growth, control of apical dominance, increase in branching, increase in tillering, changing the mo ⁇ hology of plants, modifying the susceptibility to plant pathogens such as fungi, changing bio-chemical compositions of plants (such as increasing leaf area relative to stem area), abortion or inhibition of flowering and seed development, lodging effects, stimulation of seed germination and breaking of dormancy, and hormone or epinasty effects.
- plants e.g., pea
- the inhibition of growth e.g., the
- Active compounds of the present invention have proven to be unexpectedly potent inhibitors of ethylene action on plants, fruits and vegetables, even when applied at low concentrations.
- compounds of the present invention may result in a longer period of insensitivity to ethylene than compounds found in the prior art. This longer period of insensitivity may occur even when compounds of the present invention are applied at a lower concentration than previous compounds.
- Another embodiment of this invention relates to members of the class of cyclopropenes which are newly discovered compounds. These compounds include compounds of the formula:
- R 1 and R 3 are H and R 2 , R 4 , and the other of R 1 and R 3 are independently selected from H and a group of the formula:
- n is an integer from 1 to 12; ii) each L is independently selected from a member of the group Dl, D2, E, or J wherein:
- Dl is of the formula:
- D2 is of the formula:
- each X and Y is independently a group of the formula: -(L) m -Z;
- each Z is independently selected from:
- G is an unsubstituted or substituted; unsaturated, partially saturated, or saturated; monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or fused; 4 to 14 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system wherein;
- each heteroatom is independently selected from N, O, and S; 4) the number of substituents is from 0 to 5 and each substituent is independently selected from X; b) the total number of non-hydrogen atoms in each compound is 50 or less; and c) the total number of heteroatoms in -(L) ⁇ -Z is from 0 to 4; and d) either; i) R 1 or R 3 contains at least one group G; or ii) at least one L group is an E group; or iii) at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains one to four non-hydrogen atoms and at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains more than four non-hydrogen atoms; andits enantiomers, stereoisomers, salts, and mixtures thereof; or a composition thereof; provided that: a) -(L) n -Z is other than trimethylsilyl, trimethylsilylsulf
- the compounds of this invention can be prepared by a number of methods.
- the cyclopropenyllithium can be reacted with electrophiles to give derivatived cyclopropenes. Examples of such electrophiles include alkylating agents, trisubstituted chlorosilanes, borates, dialkyl or diaryl disulfides, ketones, aldehydes, esters, amides and nitriles.
- the bromo-olefins can be prepared by standard methods. Chloro-olefins can be used in place of bromo-olefins.
- the tribrominated cyclopropanes can also be converted to mono-brominated cyclopropanes with reducing agents such as diethylphosphite. Other reducing agents could be used.
- a 1 , 1 -disubstituted olefin can also react with dibromocarbene to give a dibrominated intermediate. This can be reduced with zinc to the mono-brominated cyclopropane. Elimination of the bromide with base gives the cyclopropene (reference Binger, P. Synthesis 1974, 190).
- Cyclopropene can be deprotonated with a strong base such as sodium amide in liquid ammonia and reacted with an alkyl halide or other electrophiles to give a substituted cyclopropene (reference: Schipperijn, A. J.; Smael, P.; Reel Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 1973, 92, 1159).
- Substituted cyclopropenes can be deprotonated with alkyllithium reagents and reacted with electrophiles.
- Tribromocyclopropanes or cyclopropenes containing an alcohol can be converted to a good leaving group such as a sulfonate derivative.
- the leaving group can be displaced with nucleophiles to give other substituted cyclopropenes.
- a l-trialkylsilyl-2-hydroxycyclopropane, generated from vinyltrialkylsilane, can serve as a precursor to a cyclopropene (Mizojiri, R.; Urabe, H.; Sato, F. J. Org Chem. 2000, 65, 6217).
- l-Trialkylsilyl-2-halocyclopropanes also undergo a fluoride catalyzed elimination to give cyclopropenes (Billups, W. E.; Lee, G-A; Arney, B. E.; Whitmire, K. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1991, 775, 7980. and Banwell, M. G.; Corbett, M.; Gulbis, J.; Mackay, M.F.; Reum, M. E. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1993, 945).
- the esters can be hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid.
- dihalocarbenes can be added to acetylenes to give l-alkyl-3,3- dihalocyclopropenes (Bessard, Y.; Schlosser, M.; Tetrahedron, 1991, 47, 7323).
- a solution of 8 ml (0.0622 mol) of 2,3-dibromopropene in 50 ml diethyl ether was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere by use of a Firestone valve. While cooling in an ice water bath, a solution of 62 ml (0.062 mol) of IM 4-chlorophenylmagnesium bromide in diethyl ether was added slowly via addition funnel. After stirring for 2 hours while warming to room temperature, the reaction was recooled in an ice bath and 50 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid was then added via syringe. The resulting mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and the phases were separated. The organic layer was dried over MgS0 4 and filtered.
- the Grignard reagent of 2-bromothiophene was prepared, and converted to 1 -( 2- thienyl)methyl-cyclopropene by the same reaction sequence as was used for the preparation of compound 1.
- EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of 2-(3-Cvcloprop-l-enyl-propyl)- l ,31dioxane (Compound 3) The Grignard reagent of 2-(2-bromoethyl)-l,3-dioxane was prepared, and converted to 2-(3-cycloprop-l-enyl-propyl)-[l,3]dioxane by the same reaction sequence as was used for the preparation of compound 1.
- EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of l-(6-(Phenyldimethylsilyl)-hexyl)-cvclopropene (Compound 3)
- N,N'-dibenzyl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediammonium dibromide and N,N'- dibenzyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediammonium dibromide Phase transfer catalysts
- N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine one obtains N,N'- dibenzyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediammonium dibromide, a white solid mp 190-193°C, decomposes.
- EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of l-( ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl)-cvclopropene (Compound 5) a. ⁇ , ⁇ -dimefhylbenzylcyanide Into a 1000 ml 3 necked flask with mechanical stirring, an external water bath, an internal thermometer, a condenser and an addition funnel was added 250 g of dimethyl sulfoxide, 59 g (504 mmol) of benzyl cyanide, and 160 g (1127 mmol) of methyl iodide. The internal temperature was raised to +45 °C and then 83 g of 50% aqueous NaOH was added at 0.7 drops per second. After two hours the addition was complete.
- the thick slurry was cooled, diluted with 1000 ml of water and 500 ml of diethyl ether and 500 ml of hexane.
- the organic layer was separated and concentrated. It contained mono and dimethylated compounds.
- To this concentrate was further added 250 g of dimethyl sulfoxide, 60 g of methyl iodide, and 37 g of 50% aqueous NaOH for two hours as above.
- Extractive workup with diethyl ether gave a mixture of l-( ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl)-l-chloroethylene and l-( ⁇ , ⁇ - dimethylbenzyl)-l,l-dichloroethane.
- Vacuum distillation gave purified l-( ⁇ , ⁇ - dimethylbenzyl)-l-chloroethylene bp (23 torr) 110-120 °C. d.
- reaction was quenched with 0.5 ml of methanol, rapidly evaporated in vacuo with a bath temperature of +25 °C, partitioned between diethyl ether and dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and re- evaporated in vacuo yielding 1.3 g of l-methyl-2- benzylcyclopropene.
- EXAMPLE 10 2-(2-Benzenesulfonyloxyethyl)-cvclopropene (Compound 10) A solution of 0.745 g (0.00150 mol) of l,l,2-tribromo-2-(2- benzenesulfonyloxyethyl)-cyclopropane in 4 ml of diethyl ether was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere by use of a Firestone valve.
- EXAMPLE 12 Preparation of 7-(l -Imidazole)- 1-heptylcvclopropene (Compound 12) a. 1 -( 1 -Ethoxyethoxy)-6-bromohexane
- N,N'-dibenzyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediammonium dibromide 42 g of 45% potassium hydroxide (337 mmol), 93 g of bromoform (368 mmol) and 280 g of methylene chloride were rapidly stirred at room temperature for two days.
- the reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with water.
- the methylene chloride phase was transferred to a flask and treated with the same amount of the phase transfer catalyst and 45% potassium hydroxide as above, then stirred at room temperature for an additional 3 days.
- the reaction mixture was washed with water, the methylene chloride phase was dried with magnesium sulfate, and then stripped.
- the product was treated with 320 ml of methanol and 40 ml of IN HCI for 1 hour at room temperature. The methanol was stripped, ethyl acetate was added. The organic phase was washed with water and brine, then treated with 200 ml of silica gel. Filtration followed by a strip gave 38 g of black product. This was chromatographed on silica gel to give 19.0 g of l,l,2-tribromo-2-(7- hydroxyheptyl)cyclopropane as a pale yellow liquid. d.
- EXAMPLE 14 Preparation of 1 -Cyclohexylcyclopropene (Compound 14) l-Cyclohexyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropanol was prepared from methyl cyclohexylcarboxylate and vinyltrimethylsilane as described in Mizojiri, R.; Urabe, H.; Sato, F. J. Org Chem. 2000, 65, 6217. This material was converted to the cyclopropene in an analogous manner to that described in the same reference.
- EXAMPLE 15 Preparation of l-((2-Carboxy-N-mo ⁇ holino)ethyl)-cyclopropene a. 2-(2-Bromo-allyl)-malonic acid diethyl ester
- EXAMPLE 17 Preparation of l-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxymethyl)-2- ethylcvclopropene (Compound 37) a. 1,1 ,2-Tribromo-2-efhylcyclopropane l,l,2-Tribromo-2-ethylcyclopropane was prepared from 2-bromo-l-butene by the same method used in example 4 c. b. 1 -(Hydroxymethyl)-2-ethylcyclopropene
- Example 2Q l-PhenyI-2,3.3-trichlorocvclopropene (Compound 41) l-Phenyl-2,3,3-trichlorocyclopropene was prepared by the method described in Eicher, theophil; Huch, VolkerJ Schneider, VolkerJ Veith, Michael.
- Example 21 l-(4-Methylphenylcarbonyloxybutyl)-cvclopropene (Compound 44) a. 5,6-Dibromo-hexan-l-ol To an ice bath cooled solution of 5-hexen-l-ol (ll.23g, 112.3mmol) in about
- the reaction was heated to 60 °C for about 2 hours then cooled to room temperature. After about 15 hours, 50% aqueous potassium carbonate (30 g, 107 mmol) and 30 g water were added and the reaction was heated to 60 °C for about 2 hours then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, then the resulting residue was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic layer was washed with basified water (pHlO.) The phases were separated and the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate then dried in vacuo.
- Example 23 l-Benzyl-2-chlorocyclopropene (Compound 46) a. l-(2-Bromo-allyl)-benzene l-(2-Bromo-ally ⁇ )-benzene was prepared from 2,3-dibromopropene and phenylmagnesium bromide by the method shown in Example la. b. l-Benzyl-l-bromo-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane
- the methylene chloride phase was transferred to a flask and treated with the same amount of the phase transfer catalyst and 45% potassium hydroxide as before, then stirred at room temperature for an additional 3 days.
- the reaction mixture was washed with water, the methylene chloride phase was dried with magnesium sulfate, and then stripped.
- the product was treated with 320 ml of methanol and 40 ml of IN HCI for 1 hour at room temperature. The methanol was stripped, ethyl acetate was added.
- the organic phase was washed with water and brine, then treated with 200 ml of silica gel. Filtration followed by a strip gave 38 g of black product.
- Ethyl 4-bromopent-4-enoate was prepared by the method described in Mori, M.; et al. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1983, 48, 4058-4067. b. 3-(l,2,2-Tribromo-cyclopropyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester
- Example 27 l-(8-Benzenesulfonyloxyoctyl)-cvclopropene (Compound 56) a. 9,10-Dibromo-decan-l-ol
- Example 28 l-(4-Methylphenylthiooctyl)-cvclopropene (Compound 57) a.
- l-(Benzenesulfonyloxyoctyl)-cyclopropene l-(Benzenesulfonyloxyoctyl)-cyclopropene is prepared from 1- (benzenesulfonyloxyoctyl)- 1,2,2-tribromo-cyclopropane by the method shown in Example 27. b. l-(4-Methylphenylthiooctyl)-cyclopropene
- Example 29 l-(lH-1.2.4-triazol-2-ylthiooctyl)-cvclopropene (Compound 58) a. l-(Benzenesulfonyloxyoctyl)-cyclopropene l-(Benzenesulfonyloxyoctyl)-cyclopropene is prepared from 1-
- 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-pyridaz-6-one can be prepared as described in Example 3 of DE Pat. No. 2435244 (1976.)
- b. l-(Methanesulfonyloxymethyl)-2-ethylcyclopropene
- l-(Methanesulfonyloxymethyl)-2-ethylcyclopropene is prepared from by the method shown in Example 17c.
- N,N'-dibenzyl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediammonium dibromide and N,N'- dibenzyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediammonium dibromide Phase transfer catalysts.
- N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine one obtains N,N'- dibenzyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediammonium dibromide, a white solid mp 190-193°C, decomposes.
- the methylene chloride phase was placed in a reaction flask and treated with an additional 0.47 g of 45% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (3.8 mmol) and 75 mg N,N'-dibenzyl- N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediammonium dibromide.
- the reaction mixture was stirred overnight, then water and additional methylene chloride were added and the phases were separated.
- the methylene chloride phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, and stripped. A small amount of heptane was added during the strip to help remove remaining bromoform.
- Column chromatography gave 390 mg of 2-triethylsilylmethyl- 1 , 1 ,2-tribromocyclopropane as a colorless liquid, e) 1 -Triethylsilylmethylcyclopropene
- EXAMPLE 33 Preparation of l-Trimethylsilylmethylcyclopropene (Compound 64) Commercially available 3-trimethylsilyl-2-bromopropene was converted to 1- trimethylsilylmethylcyclopropene in a similar manner as described for Example 1.
- EXAMPLE 34 Preparation of 6-(Trimethylsilyl)-hexylcycloprop-2-ene (Compound 65) a. 2-Bromo-8-(trimethylsilyl)-oct-l-ene
- 2-Bromodec-l-ene Into a 500 ml 3 necked flask equipped with magnetic stirring, an addition funnel, and a reflux condenser was added 17 g (700 mmol) of magnesium turnings. The atmosphere was exchanged for dry nitrogen and the turnings were covered with 20 ml of diethyl ether. 2 g of 1 ,2-dibromoethane was added whereon a reaction occurred as evidenced by some bubbling and cloudiness. After 5 minutes, 200 ml of diethyl ether was added and the mixture brought to reflux. Slow addition of 90 g (503 mmol) of 1-bromoheptane in 100 ml of diethyl ether at a rate sufficient to maintain reflux took 50 minutes. The reaction was further refluxed for 30 minutes yielding a solution of heptyl magnesium bromide.
- the methylene chloride phase was transferred to a flask and treated with the same amount of the phase transfer catalyst and 45% potassium hydroxide as before, then stirred at room temperature for an additional 3 days.
- the reaction mixture was washed with water, the methylene chloride phase was dried with magnesium sulfate, and then stripped.
- the product was treated with 320 ml of methanol and 40 ml of IN HCI for 1 hour at room temperature. The methanol was stripped, ethyl acetate was added.
- the organic phase was washed with water and brine, then treated with 200 ml of silica gel. Filtration followed by a strip gave 38 g of black product.
- 2-Octyl- 1 , 1 ,2-tribromocyclopropane Into a 125 ml single necked flask with magnetic stirring was added 20 g (91 mmol) of 2-bromodec-l-ene, 75 g (297 mmol) of bromoform, 200 g of methylene chloride, 2.2 g of N,N'-dibenzyl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediammonium dibromide, and 20 g (161 mmol) of 45% aqueous potassium hydroxide.
- This compound was prepared in a similar manner to compound 2. It was obtained as a mixture of 40% 3-methyl-3-nonyl-cyclopropene, 30% 1 -methyl- 1-nonyl- cyclopropane and 20% l-methyl-l-nonyl-2-bromocyclopropane.
- EXAMPLE 43 Preparation of 1 -Heptyl-2-methyl-cyclopropene (Compound 74) A solution of 1 mg of 1,10-phenanthroline, 1.74 ml of tetramethylethylenediamine, and 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere via use of a Firestone valve.
- 1,1 ,2-Tribromo-2-(2-(carbo(acetoxylmethyl))ethyl-cyclopropene To a solution of 0.800 g (0.00228 mol) of 3-1,1, 2-tribromo -2-(2-(carboxy))ethyl- cyclopropene in about 2 ml anhydrous N,N-dimefhylformamide was added 0.224 ml (0.00228 mol) of bromomethyl acetate then 0.396 ml (0.00228 mol) of diisopropylethylamine. After heating to 60 °C for 2 hours, water and diethyl ether were added.
- EXAMPLE 45 Preparation of l-Bromo-2-(2-(carboethoxy)-ethyl-cvclopropene (Compound 76) l-Bromo-2-(2-(carboethoxy)-ethyl-cyclopropene was prepared from 1,1,2- tribromo-2-(2-(carboethoxy)-ethyl-cyclopropene in a manner similar to the preparation 1- bromo-2-(2-(carbo(acetoxylmethyl))-ethyl-cyclopropene from 1 , 1 ,2-tribromo-2-(2- (carbo(acetoxylmethyl))-efhyl-cyclopropene (Example 5).
- EXAMPLE 46 Preparation of l-Bromo-2-(2-(carboxy)-ethyl-cvclopropene (Compound 77) To a solution of 200 mg (0.913 mmol) of l-bromo-2-(2-(carboethoxy)-ethyl- cyclopropene in 2 ml of absolute ethanol was added 0.0768 g (1.37 mmol) of potassium hydroxide. After stirring for 1 hour, diethyl ether and water were added. The resulting mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and the phases were separated. After the isolated aqueous layer was acidified by addition of 1 N hydrochloric acid, diethyl ether was added.
- EXAMPLE 47 Preparation of l-Octyl-3-carboxy-cvclopropene (Compound 78): a. 1 -Octyl-3-(carboxyethoxy)-cyclopropene l-Octyl-3-(carboxyethoxy)-cyclopropene was prepared from 1-decyne and ethyl diazoacetate by the method of Mueller, P.; Pautex, N. Helv. Chim Acta 1990, 73, 1233. b.
- l-Octyl-3-carboxy-cyclopropene l-Octyl-3-(carboxyethoxy)-cyclopropene (1.12g, 5 mmol) and 100 ml of 0.2 N potassium hydroxide were stirred at room temperature for one week. Ether was added and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was acidified and extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate and stripped to give 0.8 g of l-octyl-3-carboxy-cyclopropene.
- EXAMPLE 48 Preparation of l-Trimethylsilyl-2,3,3-trimethylcyclopropene (Compound 79) Compound 79 was prepared as a 36% solution in ether from 2-bromo-3-mefhyl-2-butene by the same method used to prepare Compound 5 from 2-bromodec-l-ene.
- EXAMPLE 49 Preparation of l-(Butyldimethylsilyl)-2-methylcvclopropene (Compound 80)
- Compound 80 was prepared from 2-bromopropene by the same method used to prepare Compound 5 from 2-bromodec-l-ene.
- EXAMPLE 50 Preparation of l-Triethylsilyl-2 -methylcyclopropene (Compound 81)
- Compound 81 was prepared from 2-bromopropene by the same method used to prepare Compound 5 from 2-bromodec-l-ene.
- EXAMPLE 51 Preparation of 1 -(7-T-butyldimethylsilyloxyheptyl)-cyclopropene (Compound 82) a. 1 -(7-Hydroxyheptyl)-cyclopropene l-(7-Hydroxyheptyl)-cyclopropene was prepared by the same method already described in example 7. b. 1 -(7-T-butyldimethylsilyloxyheptyl)-cyclopropene
- EXAMPLE 52 Preparation of 1 -(Methanesulfonyloxymethyl)-2-ethylcvclopropene (Compound 83) a. 1,1 ,2-Tribromo-2-efhylcyclopropane l,l,2-Tribromo-2-ethylcyclopropane was prepared from 2-bromo-l-butene by the same method used in example 5. b. l-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-ethylcyclopropene
- EXAMPLE 53 Preparation of l-(Diethoxy-thiophosphorylthiomethyl)-2- ethylcvclopropene (Compound 84) a. l-(Methanesulfonyloxymethyl)-2-ethylcyclopropene l-(Methanesulfonyloxymethyl)-2-ethylcyclopropene was prepared from 1- (hydroxymethyl)-2-ethyl cyclopropene by the same method used in example 13. b.
- Tomato Epinasty Test Objective The test procedure is designed to determine the ability of an experimental compound to block the epinastic growth response induced by ethylene in tomato plants when the experimental compound is administered either as a volatile gas or as a component of a spray solution.
- Treatment chambers are of an appropriate size for the test plants and are airtight. Each is fitted with a reusable septum to be used for injection of ethylene.
- Test plants are Patio variety tomato seedlings planted two plants per three inch square plastic pot.
- Volatile gas treatment entails placing two pots of Patio var. tomatoes into a polystyrene 4.8L volume treatment chamber along with one-half (upper or lower section) of a 50 X 9 mm plastic Petri dish containing a Gelman filter pad.
- the appropriate amount of experimental compound, dissolved in 1.0 ml acetone, is pipetted onto the filter pad and the chamber immediately sealed. Four hours later ethylene gas equal to 10 ppm v/v final concentration is injected into the sealed chamber.
- Spray application treatment entails using a DeVilbiss atomizer to completely cover all foliage and stems of two pots of Patio var. tomato plants with the appropriate amount of experimental compound dissolved in 10% acetone / 90% water with 0.05%> Silwett L-77 surfactant. Plants are air-dried in a drying hood for four hours then transferred to a 4.8L polystyrene chamber which is sealed.
- Ethylene gas equal to 10 ppm v/v final concentration is injected into the sealed chamber. Sixteen hours later the chambers are opened in an exhaust hood, allowed to air and the plants scored visually for the degree of protection against ethylene-induced epinasty conferred by the experimental compound when compared to ethylene treated and untreated controls on a scale of 0 to 10. A rating of 10 means complete protection. A rating of 0 means no protection from the effects of ethylene.
Abstract
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US27159001P | 2001-02-26 | 2001-02-26 | |
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US271590P | 2001-02-26 | ||
US271588P | 2001-02-26 | ||
US271591P | 2001-02-26 | ||
PCT/US2002/006339 WO2002068367A1 (en) | 2001-02-26 | 2002-02-25 | A method to inhibit ethylene responses in plants |
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ES2275859T3 (en) * | 2001-02-26 | 2007-06-16 | Rohm And Haas Company | A PROCEDURE TO INHIBIT THE ETHYLENE RESPONSES IN PLANTS. |
US7041625B2 (en) | 2003-08-21 | 2006-05-09 | Rohm And Haas Company | Method to inhibit ethylene responses in plants |
UA85690C2 (en) * | 2003-11-07 | 2009-02-25 | Басф Акциенгезелльшафт | Mixture for use in agriculture, comprising strobilurin and ethylene modulator, method for treatment and controlling infections in legume crops |
EP1609359A3 (en) * | 2004-06-24 | 2011-10-05 | Rohm and Haas Company | A method for treating plants or plant parts |
AU2005242218A1 (en) * | 2005-01-14 | 2006-08-03 | Rohm And Haas Company | Plant growth regulation |
US20070117720A1 (en) * | 2005-11-18 | 2007-05-24 | Jacobson Richard M | Compositions with cyclopropenes |
EP2173691B1 (en) * | 2007-06-22 | 2013-11-13 | North Carolina State University | Methods of inhibiting ethylene responses in plants using cyclopropene amine compounds |
IL184729A0 (en) * | 2007-07-19 | 2008-01-20 | Yissum Res Dev Co | Compositions and methods for blocking ethylene response in plants using 3-cyclopropyl-1-enyl-propanoic acid salt |
KR101429554B1 (en) | 2010-04-22 | 2014-08-14 | (주)이룸바이오테크놀러지 | Cyclopropenes and Method for Applying Cyclopropenes to Agricultural Products or Crops |
CN103524434B (en) * | 2013-09-29 | 2015-08-12 | 北京大学 | The micromolecular inhibitor pyrazinoic acid amide of Plant Ethylene route of synthesis and application thereof |
BR112018008910A8 (en) * | 2015-11-03 | 2019-02-26 | Univ Curtin Tech | method for retarding an ethylene response in a plant or plant part |
CN106478507A (en) * | 2016-09-28 | 2017-03-08 | 重庆大学 | A kind of 2(1,3,5 triaryl, 1 H pyrazoles 4 base)The preparation method of Cyanoacetyl-Cyacetazid |
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US5123951A (en) * | 1986-03-31 | 1992-06-23 | Rhone-Poulenc Nederland B.V. | Synergistic plant growth regulator compositions |
US5100462A (en) | 1991-04-01 | 1992-03-31 | North Carolina State University | Method of counteracting ethylene response by treating plants with diazocyclopentadiene and derivatives thereof |
US5395958A (en) * | 1992-09-30 | 1995-03-07 | Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation | Cyclopropene derivatives |
US5518988A (en) * | 1994-06-03 | 1996-05-21 | North Carolina State University | Method of counteracting an ethylene response in plants |
US6017849A (en) * | 1998-08-20 | 2000-01-25 | Biotechnologies For Horticulture, Inc. | Synthesis methods, complexes and delivery methods for the safe and convenient storage, transport and application of compounds for inhibiting the ethylene response in plants |
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US6194350B1 (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2001-02-27 | North Carolina State University | Methods of blocking ethylene response in plants using cyclopropene derivatives |
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KR20030076561A (en) | 2003-09-26 |
JP2004532191A (en) | 2004-10-21 |
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