EP1315988A2 - Procede d'apodisation d'un reseau de bragg - Google Patents
Procede d'apodisation d'un reseau de braggInfo
- Publication number
- EP1315988A2 EP1315988A2 EP01965372A EP01965372A EP1315988A2 EP 1315988 A2 EP1315988 A2 EP 1315988A2 EP 01965372 A EP01965372 A EP 01965372A EP 01965372 A EP01965372 A EP 01965372A EP 1315988 A2 EP1315988 A2 EP 1315988A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fiber
- mirror
- guide
- reflected
- exposure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
- G02B6/02133—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating using beam interference
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
- G02B6/02085—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the grating profile, e.g. chirped, apodised, tilted, helical
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
- G02B6/02152—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating involving moving the fibre or a manufacturing element, stretching of the fibre
Definitions
- the invention relates to photoinscription on a guide or optical fiber, for example for the production of passive optical components for wavelength division multiplex networks (Wavelength
- a Bragg grating has an optical index which varies alternately along the grating. This variation can be defined by the evolution of the index average along the network and by the envelope of the curve of variations of the index (“modulated index envelope”). It is known that the spectral response of a Bragg grating is the Fourier transform of this envelope.
- the spectral response is a cardinal sine as shown in Figure 2.
- Such a cardinal sine proves to be unusable as a filter because not very selective in wavelength because of its lateral lobes.
- the modulated network envelope is of Gaussian distribution with an average index also of Gaussian distribution, as shown in Figure 3, the spectral response is Gaussian as shown in Figure 4.
- the average Gaussian index creates a Fabry-Perot which disturbs the spectral response.
- the index distribution considered to be ideal is a distribution with a modulated envelope of the Gaussian type, with a constant average index as shown in FIG. 5. Such an index distribution gives a Gaussian spectral response as shown in FIG. 6.
- the photoinscription by Lloyd mirror, or interferometric photoinscription with wavefront separation it is done in a known manner using an assembly, as shown in FIG. 7, comprising a polarized laser source 100 which generates a beam 120 arriving obliquely on a Lloyd mirror 200 placed perpendicularly and in the direct vicinity of the fiber to be photo-registered 300.
- the laser beam 120 has a transverse distribution of substantially Gaussian intensity, maximum on a central axis X of the beam.
- the fiber 300 is mounted on a support 250, positioned with respect to the Lloyd mirror 200, so that the central axis X of the laser beam 120 arrives at the end of the mirror 200 which is adjacent to the fiber 300.
- the beam 120 therefore has a lower half 122 located under its X axis, whose light rays are reflected by the mirror 200, and an upper half 124 located above the X axis, whose rays are transmitted directly to the fiber 300 without being thought about.
- the reflected part 122 is superimposed on the transmitted part 124 so that the fiber 300 is seen illuminated by a folded beam, and therefore by a diffracted light network.
- the average intensity in this network decreases as it moves away from the central axis X of the laser beam 120.
- An average intensity is obtained in the network which evolves according to a half-Gaussian as shown in FIG. 8, the maximum of the half-Gaussian being on the central axis X of the beam 120, and the attenuated edge of the half-Gaussian being located at the edges folded over one another of the laser beam 120.
- the index distribution obtained has an average evolving on the fiber 300 according to a Gaussian and there is no Fabry Pérot in the spectral response, that is to say no oscillations, since there is index discontinuity at the center of the network.
- the modulated envelope of the index is also a semi-Gaussian whose apex corresponds to the location of the fiber 300 where the mirror 200 is flush.
- the semi-Gaussian distribution of the average index creates a variable step from the center to the edge of the network, also called "chirp".
- This chirp is found in the spectral response where it has a value corresponding substantially to a step deviation ⁇ n of such an index distribution to chirp.
- This object is achieved according to the invention thanks to a photo-inscription process of a Bragg grating on a fiber or an optical guide, in which a step of exposing a chosen area of the fiber or guide is carried out with a source beam using a mirror so as to fold back a part of the source beam reflected by the mirror onto an unreflected part of this source beam and so as to thus obtain a diffraction grating on the fiber or the guide, characterized in that an additional exposure step is carried out on this part of fiber or guide, and in that a relative displacement of elements is carried out among the beam, the fiber and the mirror between the two stages exposure, so that the same part of the beam used for photo-registration in the two exposures is reflected by the mirror in one of the two stages and not reflected by the mirror in the other stage.
- a method of photoinscribing a Bragg grating on a fiber or an optical guide in which a step of exposing a chosen area of the fiber or guide is carried out with a source beam. using a mirror so as to fold back part of the source beam reflected by the mirror onto a part of the source beam not reflected by the mirror and so as to obtain a diffraction grating on the fiber or the guide, characterized in that one proceeds to an additional exposure step on this part of fiber or guide, and in that one operates a relative displacement of elements among the bundle, the fiber or the guide and the mirror between the two exposure steps, so that the same part of the beam used for photo-registration in the two exposure steps is reflected by the mirror in one of the two steps and not reflected by the mirror in the other step.
- FIG. 2 is a plot representing the spectral response of a filter having the index distribution of Figure 1;
- FIG. 3 is a plot showing a distribution of envelope type index and Gaussian average index
- Figure 4 is a plot representing a spectral response of a filter having the index distribution of Figure 3;
- - Figure 5 is a plot showing a type index distribution with constant average index and Gaussian modulated envelope
- - Figure 6 is a plot representing the spectral response of a filter having the index distribution of Figure 5;
- FIG. 8 is a plot showing the index distribution obtained in a photoinscribed fiber with the assembly of Figure 7;
- FIG. 9 shows an interferometric arrangement according to the invention, in a first photo-registration step
- - Figure 10 shows a distribution of index obtained in the fiber after this first photoinscription step
- - Figure 11 shows an interferometric arrangement according to the invention, in a second photo-registration step
- - Figure 12 shows the distributions of the average intensities applied to the fiber in the first and second stages, and a result of these two average intensities;
- - Figure 13 shows the index distribution in the fiber after the two photoinscription steps of Figures 9 and 11;
- - Figure 14 shows the spectral responses of the two networks, one photo-registered by a method according to the invention, the other photo-registered by a method according to the prior art.
- the interferometric assembly used still has a source 100, a mirror 200, and a support 250 for the fiber 300.
- the masks 400 and 450 are preferably placed at the level of a cylindrical focusing lens (apodization lens) 470 placed immediately upstream of the Lloyd 200 mirror.
- a cylindrical focusing lens (apodization lens) 470 placed immediately upstream of the Lloyd 200 mirror.
- the upper 400 and lower 450 masks respectively are placed in a substantially symmetrical manner with respect to the central axis X of the laser beam 120. They are each spaced from the X axis by a distance 1.085 w where w is the distance to the x axis where the light intensity has, relative to the maximum intensity on the X axis, a value which is lower of a ratio 1 / e 2 .
- This distance w, and therefore the chosen length 1.085 w, depends of course on the intensity distribution in the beam 120.
- This first illumination step corresponds to a conventional photo-inscription, such as that described above in relation to the Figure 7, with this transverse limitation chosen in addition.
- the index distribution in the guide 300 after this illumination step is substantially the same as that of FIG. 8 previously described, with, in addition, a length limitation to 1.085 w.
- This index distribution obtained is shown more precisely in FIG. 10.
- the mean index being of Gaussian distribution, this again means that the network has a chirp after this step, and therefore that the peak reflected by the filter is widened by the value corresponding to the chirp.
- the Lloyd mirror 200 In a second illumination step, the Lloyd mirror 200, as shown in FIG. 11, is laterally separated from the laser beam 120 so that the lower half 122 of the beam, initially reflected, is now transmitted directly to the fiber 300 .
- the support 250 and the fiber 300 are moved so that the part of the fiber 300 which was exposed in the previous step is now seen placed in the lower half 122 of the laser beam 120, half of the beam which was previously reflected and which is now transmitted directly to fiber 300.
- this part of the fiber 300 is now exposed with an intensity distribution having a growth direction opposite to the growth direction present in the previous exposure.
- This second exposure being carried out without diffraction, it adds to the index distribution of FIG. 8 a continuous shift in intensity, here having the shape of an inverted semi-Gaussian.
- the intensity peak is no longer placed in the lower part of the exposed area, but in the upper part, and fades towards the bottom, and not towards the top.
- the relative fiber 300 / source 100 / mirror 200 offset therefore results in simple permutation of the two distributions of average index in the exposed part of the fiber.
- the lower part 122 of the beam 120 is simply turned over, and the upper part 124 disappears.
- the upper mask 400 is shifted so that it comes to obscure the upper half of the laser beam.
- the aim is therefore, by carrying out these two exposure steps, to obtain an average index in the exposed part which is as constant as possible.
- the value of D for which I ave n (r) is as constant as possible turns out, with such an intensity distribution law, to be 1.085 w.
- D optimum we search a gap the lowest kind of m oyen-
- Such a process of apodization is easy to implement, in particular if the two steps are carried out continuously one after the other, using photo-registration with the same positioning markers and visual means of control.
- Figure 13 shows the distribution of the optical index after the two exposure steps.
- the modulation envelope and the distribution of the average index after the two exposure phases are shown in a left part.
- the modulation envelope is shown in a straight section after the first step and before the second step. This modulation envelope is arranged for clarity of the figure at the place where the exposed part was before its translation, and an arrow indicates the translation undergone by the fiber 300.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
- Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0011066A FR2813398B1 (fr) | 2000-08-30 | 2000-08-30 | Procede d'apodisation d'un reseau de bragg |
| FR0011066 | 2000-08-30 | ||
| PCT/FR2001/002691 WO2002018996A2 (fr) | 2000-08-30 | 2001-08-29 | Procede d'apodisation d'un reseau de bragg |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1315988A2 true EP1315988A2 (fr) | 2003-06-04 |
Family
ID=8853815
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01965372A Withdrawn EP1315988A2 (fr) | 2000-08-30 | 2001-08-29 | Procede d'apodisation d'un reseau de bragg |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6868208B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1315988A2 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2001286021A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2813398B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2002018996A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7369292B2 (en) * | 2006-05-03 | 2008-05-06 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Electrode and interconnect materials for MEMS devices |
| KR102568788B1 (ko) | 2015-11-26 | 2023-08-21 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 브래그 격자 및 이를 포함하는 분광 소자 |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5629998A (en) * | 1996-01-29 | 1997-05-13 | Corning Incorporated | Method and apparatus for writing photosensitive grating using Lloyd's mirror |
| US5708738A (en) * | 1996-03-05 | 1998-01-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Apparatus and process for making fiber optic bragg gratings |
| US5898804A (en) * | 1997-06-09 | 1999-04-27 | Trw Inc. | Precision wavelength control for automated fiber optic Bragg grating writing |
| US6093927A (en) * | 1997-06-09 | 2000-07-25 | Trw Inc. | Automated precision wavelength control for fiber optic Bragg grating writing |
| FR2764394B1 (fr) * | 1997-06-10 | 1999-08-06 | France Telecom | Banc de photoinscription pour la realisation de reseaux de bragg |
| ITTO980305A1 (it) * | 1998-04-10 | 1999-10-10 | Cselt Centro Studi Lab Telec O | Reticolo di bragg in fibra ottica con piano equivalente spostato e pro cedimento per la sua realizzazione. |
| FR2778750B1 (fr) * | 1998-05-12 | 2003-05-09 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede d'inscription de reseaux de bragg, appareil pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede et dispositif a reseaux de bragg obtenus par ce procede |
| FR2796728B1 (fr) * | 1999-07-21 | 2003-06-27 | France Telecom | Procede d'apodisation de reseau de bragg photoinscrit |
-
2000
- 2000-08-30 FR FR0011066A patent/FR2813398B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-08-29 AU AU2001286021A patent/AU2001286021A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-08-29 WO PCT/FR2001/002691 patent/WO2002018996A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2001-08-29 EP EP01965372A patent/EP1315988A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-08-29 US US10/363,570 patent/US6868208B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO0218996A3 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2001286021A1 (en) | 2002-03-13 |
| WO2002018996A3 (fr) | 2002-07-18 |
| US20040096156A1 (en) | 2004-05-20 |
| US6868208B2 (en) | 2005-03-15 |
| FR2813398A1 (fr) | 2002-03-01 |
| WO2002018996A2 (fr) | 2002-03-07 |
| FR2813398B1 (fr) | 2003-12-05 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
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| 17P | Request for examination filed |
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| AK | Designated contracting states |
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| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
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| RBV | Designated contracting states (corrected) |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE GB IT LI |
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| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20040423 |
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| RBV | Designated contracting states (corrected) |
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| GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
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| RIC1 | Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant |
Ipc: G02B 6/02 20060101AFI20060420BHEP |
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| GRAS | Grant fee paid |
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| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
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| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20070301 |