EP1233647B1 - Capsule électroacoustique - Google Patents

Capsule électroacoustique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1233647B1
EP1233647B1 EP01890335A EP01890335A EP1233647B1 EP 1233647 B1 EP1233647 B1 EP 1233647B1 EP 01890335 A EP01890335 A EP 01890335A EP 01890335 A EP01890335 A EP 01890335A EP 1233647 B1 EP1233647 B1 EP 1233647B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electroacoustic
electrostrictive
capsule
microphone
sound
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01890335A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1233647A3 (fr
EP1233647A2 (fr
Inventor
Kurt Dipl.-Ing. Nell
Gino Dipl.-Ing. Pavlovic
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AKG Acoustics GmbH
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AKG Acoustics GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by AKG Acoustics GmbH filed Critical AKG Acoustics GmbH
Publication of EP1233647A2 publication Critical patent/EP1233647A2/fr
Publication of EP1233647A3 publication Critical patent/EP1233647A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1233647B1 publication Critical patent/EP1233647B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R19/00—Electrostatic transducers
    • H04R19/01—Electrostatic transducers characterised by the use of electrets
    • H04R19/016—Electrostatic transducers characterised by the use of electrets for microphones

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electro-acoustic device with a microphone capsule having an electrode and a membrane, and a microphone amplifier, wherein the electrode and the membrane are connected via an electrical contact with the microphone amplifier.
  • the transducer can operate either by the electromagnetic, electrodynamic, electrostatic or piezoelectric principle.
  • Such devices consist essentially of the actual electro-acoustic transducer, which is used in a so-called capsule, which in turn is used in a device housing in which all the necessary electronic components are located.
  • the non-generic JP 57-111200 A discloses a digital speaker in which an equal number of piezo valves, such as the number of bits transmitted, is used to generate the acoustic signal.
  • the piezo valves are connected to the respective bit control and modulate the air flow with the digital signal.
  • the valves are controlled so that they are either completely open or fully closed. An intermediate position is not provided.
  • the controlled piezo valves are used directly to generate the acoustic signal.
  • the piezo valves are exclusively "fed" by the incoming audio data stream, ie the signal to be converted itself.
  • the DE 4 342 169 A1 discloses an electromechanical transducer having a rigid electrode and an elastically compliant membrane.
  • the electrode has an electrically conductive tip facing a conductor surface of the opposite membrane. With a control voltage, the electrostatic attraction between the electrode and membrane is adjusted so that in the region of the conductor tip, a tunnel current flows between the conductor surfaces of the electrode and the membrane. This tunneling current is amplified by means of an electronic amplifier and utilized as an output signal.
  • Electroacoustic devices include at least one so-called electroacoustic capsule which, in turn, can be implemented either as a sound generator or a sound receiver.
  • the at least one designed as a sound receiver Capsule include, spoken by a microphone. Representing electroacoustic devices with at least one electroacoustic capsule, which is designed as a sound generator, is spoken here by a headphone.
  • the acoustic properties of the devices are determined by the device manufacturer in the course of the production process and are therefore invariable to the end user. Put simply, one can speak of an unchangeable "sound character" of the device.
  • the acoustic properties of a microphone with an electrostatic capsule depend essentially on the distance between the membrane and the electrode and on the design of the acoustic tuning elements of the capsule.
  • the geometrical parameters between the movable sound-field-exposed electrode, the membrane and the fixed electrode are fixed, and even though the acoustic tuning elements inside the capsule (narrow channels, closed volumes and only partially air-permeable regions) are calculated and mechanically realized, then the directional characteristic, the sensitivity and the frequency response are also fixed and unchangeable.
  • the capsule is always designed in view of the intended use, and it is generally not possible to use an existing capsule in another case or device without a great loss of quality. This applies to both sound-absorbing and sound-emitting capsules.
  • This feature makes a number of capsule developments necessary, not to speak of warehousing and the creation of different tools for the production, which can be very quickly expensive especially in today's rapid replacement model.
  • the acoustic tuning of electroacoustic capsules now does not have to be determined at random by testing, but can be calculated in a wide range. This calculation is based on the agreement of the mathematical models for acoustics and electricity and is based on the electroacoustic analogy principle. It is carried out with the help of so-called equivalence circuits.
  • narrow and long channels in the acoustic range of a coil in the electrical range closed volumes in the acoustic range correspond to a capacitor in the electrical area and covered with porous and only partially air-permeable material holes in the acoustic range ohmic resistance in the electrical field.
  • the acoustic side can be transferred into a circuit diagram, this is dimensioned and tuned with the general rules of electrical engineering in the desired sense and the result is transferred back into the acoustics.
  • Another known way to change the impedance is not to twist the plates against each other, but to change the distance between the plates by means of the central screw.
  • the impedance change of the resulting so-called friction pill mainly affects the sound of the microphone or the headphones. This means that not only the frequency response but also the directional characteristic of the microphone or the headphone is changed at the same time.
  • the acoustic tuning is currently made only once, before the assembly of the capsule, and remains unchanged throughout the life of the acoustic device. This is the circumstance which is disliked by the users of the microphones or headphones.
  • the sound character of the electroacoustic device is crucial for its proper use. Also its properties in terms of transmission quality are important. They are mainly determined by the sensitivity of the electroacoustic transducer.
  • the lowest sound intensities that can still be transmitted are limited to the so-called inherent noise of the microphone down. It is about thermal noise, which occurs in all electronic devices.
  • the strongest sound intensities to be transmitted are due to the limited power supply of the microphone amplifier, since the output voltage of an amplifier can not be higher than its supply voltage.
  • Attenuator between the capsule and the amplifier, a voltage divider is switched on manually as needed, so that in loud sound events, the amplifier does not receive too much capsule signal.
  • the attenuation of the microphone capsule signal occurs in electrostatic microphone transducers in the high-impedance range, resulting in a number circuit difficulties.
  • suitable switches must be used for high-resistance circuits. This means that only special and therefore expensive switches are suitable for the application. Since this example is a working on electrostatic principle microphone capsule, which is shown as a capacitor in electrical circuit of the microphone, one must work with so-called capacitive voltage dividers.
  • an electroacoustic device of the type mentioned above in that the device comprises a controllable voltage source and the microphone capsule comprises electrostrictive or magnetostrictive elements, preferably piezoelectric components, which via a second contact with the controllable voltage source for applying an electrical voltage are related to the electrostrictive or magnetostrictive elements and that the dimensional changes the electrostrictive or magnetostrictive elements cause changes in the internal geometry of the microphone capsule.
  • electrostrictive or magnetostrictive elements are understood as meaning all components which, upon application of an electrical voltage, reversibly change a characteristic body dimension in a measure dependent on the applied voltage.
  • piezoelectric components which reversibly change their geometric dimensions by applying a voltage
  • examples are also magnetostrictive elements which reversibly change their geometric dimensions by the action of a magnetic field.
  • the Fig. 1 shows as an example working on the electrostatic principle sound-absorbing capsule for installation in a microphone.
  • the acoustic properties of the microphone depend essentially on the distance between the diaphragm 1 and the electrode 2 and the design of the acoustic tuning elements 3 (size of the rear volume, friction in the rear sound inlet, size and number of openings in the electrode 2) Capsule off.
  • the geometric parameters between the movable and sound field exposed electrodes, the diaphragm and the fixed electrode 2 are fixed, and also the acoustic tuning parameters 3 inside the capsule (narrow channels, closed volumes and only partially air permeable areas) are calculated and performed mechanically are, then the directional characteristic, the sensitivity, the frequency response is also fixed and unchangeable.
  • the "boundary conditions" for the capsule shown are determined by the (not shown) microphone housing, when they change the corresponding tuning parameters 3 inside the capsule are no longer able to ensure the desired transmission behavior.
  • the Fig. 2 shows the corresponding elements of the electroacoustic analogue, on the left side the acoustic elements, on the right the corresponding electrical: Narrow and long channels 31 in the acoustic range correspond to a coil 32 in the electrical range, closed volumes 33 in the acoustic range correspond to a capacitor 34th In the electrical field and with porous and only partially air-permeable material covered holes 35 in the acoustic range correspond to an ohmic resistance 36 in the electrical field.
  • the Fig. 3 shows a friction pill according to the above-cited AT-B: Two made of hard material and provided at the edge with small openings 39, 40 plates 36, 37 are connected by means of a screw 38 in its center. By selectively rotating the plates 36, 37 against each other, it is possible to influence the acoustic impedance of this structure in the axial direction, since the length of the paths is changed by the twisting.
  • the Fig. 4 shows an inventive embodiment of an electroacoustic friction pill. It consists of two at the edge with small openings 8 provided platelets 6, 7 of piezoelectric material. The electrical contacting of the platelets 6 and 7 via any of the previously known types of contacting 4. The platelets are on the metallized upper and lower side and electrically connected in series. By connecting to a DC voltage source they expand so that the height of the gap 5 between the plates 6, 7 is reduced.
  • the initial distance of the platelets 6, 7 is determined in the embodiment shown by a small step 9 at the edge of the plate 7. Instead of level 9, a spacer ring can be used. By reversing the polarization voltage, it is possible to reduce the distance between the plates both (at the radial distance from the step 9), as well as to increase.
  • the Fig. 5 shows the inventive application of an electrode made of piezoelectric material, which can be used in electrostatic microphone capsules.
  • the difference to Fig. 1 It has now been given a second role and is not only connected via the electrical contact as one of the two capacitor electrodes of the electroacoustic transducer to the microphone amplifier, but is also connected via a second contact 14 connected to a second electrical circuit.
  • This makes it possible to change the electrode 12 by applying a control voltage to the contact 14 in its thickness and thus also the distance between the electrode 12 and the membrane 1.
  • the piezoelectric elements in the region of the retaining ring 15 for the membrane and thus the distance between membrane and Elcktrode directly and not by way of the change in the thickness of the electrode 12 to change.
  • the invention makes it possible to build high-sensitivity and low-noise microphones, but still have a wide dynamic range, because so for the recording of loud sound events, the capsule on insensitive (large Distance between the electrode and the membrane) can be switched.
  • the capsule capacitance can be used as a measured variable for a control loop in the microphone. But this also allows manufacturing tolerances and temperature influences, which have a negative effect on the distance between electrodes, to be compensated in a simple and reliable manner.
  • the provision of appropriate electronics is not a problem for those skilled in the field of tuning microphones in the knowledge of the invention.
  • the piezoelectric plates are electrically high impedance in both application examples, no noticeable current flows through them, which has a positive effect on the total power consumption of the electroacoustic device.
  • the platelets described are to be regarded as the plates of a capacitor, which in turn means that there is only a short charge current in the electrical control circuit, and only until the capacitor has charged to the connected voltage (a few milliseconds).
  • the voltage to which the plates are connected can be referred to as the polarization voltage.
  • the size of the polarization voltage can be changed either continuously or in predetermined stages.
  • the voltage source itself is a DC voltage source and their voltage can be up to several 100V as needed. Since the voltage source does not have to provide any appreciable current intensity, it is also possible to dispense with all current protection measures (current limitation).
  • the voltage can either be obtained from the power supply of the device (phantom power for condenser microphones) or from a control voltage connected to the device.
  • each 21 is a made of piezoelectric material, and in the manner described above operated with a control voltage plate is characterized. A so excited with control voltage plate 21 opens or closes the provided for the acoustic vote of the capsule not shown in detail.
  • a dynamic adaptation of an electroacoustic transducer or capsule which is based on the electrostatic principle and operates as a microphone, is characterized in that between the main sound source and the microphone a sound level determining sound receiver is arranged, the measured value for controlling the voltage for the electrostrictive or Magnetostrictive element is used. Due to the fast data processing and the rapid adaptation of piezoelectric components, the sensitivity of the microphone can be adjusted as a function of the current sound level during recording.

Claims (9)

  1. Appareil électroacoustique comportant une capsule de microphone, qui présente une électrode (12) et une membrane (11), et un amplificateur de microphone, dans lequel l'électrode (12) et la membrane (11) sont reliés à l'amplificateur de microphone par l'intermédiaire d'un contact électrique, caractérisé en ce que l'appareil comprend une source de tension pouvant être réglée et la capsule de microphone présente des éléments électrostrictifs ou magnétostrictifs (6, 7 ; 12 ; 21), de préférence des composants piézo-électriques, qui sont reliés par l'intermédiaire d'un second contact (4, 14) à la source de tension pouvant être réglée pour l'application d'une tension électrique aux éléments électrostrictifs ou magnétostrictifs (6, 7 ; 12 ; 21) et en ce que les changements de dimension des éléments électrostrictifs ou magnétostrictifs (6, 7; 12; 21) provoquent des changements dans la géométrie interne de la capsule de microphone.
  2. Appareil électroacoustique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'électrode (12) est l'élément électrostrictif ou magnétostrictif.
  3. Appareil électroacoustique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la membrane (11) est maintenue à distance de l'électrode (12) au moyen d'un élément d'écartement annulaire (15), où l'élément d'écartement est l'élément électrostrictif ou magnétostrictif.
  4. Appareil électroacoustique selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que la capacité de la capsule est dégagée en tant que grandeur à mesurer pour une boucle de réglage en vue de la détermination de la tension pour l'élément électrostrictif ou magnétostrictif (6, 7 ; 12 ; 21), afin de compenser les tolérances de fabrication et les influences de température, qui agissent négativement sur la distance entre l'électrode (12) et la membrane (11).
  5. Appareil électroacoustique selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'entre la source de son principale et le microphone est disposé un capteur acoustique déterminant un niveau sonore, dont la valeur à mesurer est dégagée pour le réglage de la tension pour l'élément électrostrictif ou magnétostrictifs (6, 7; 12; 21).
  6. Appareil électroacoustique selon la revendication 1 comportant au moins une entrée de son, caractérisé en ce que dans la zone de l'entrée de son est disposée une pastille de frottement électrostatique, qui est constituée de deux plaquettes (6, 7) en matériau électrostrictif ou magnétostrictif, de préférence piézo-électrique, munies de petits orifices (8) à la périphérie, en ce que les plaquettes (6, 7) sont métallisées sur leurs côtés supérieur et inférieur et disposent d'un contact électrique (4), et en ce qu'elles sont montées électriquement en série.
  7. Appareil électroacoustique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les éléments électrostrictifs ou magnétostrictifs (21) libèrent ou recouvrent une ouverture de passage de son (35) en fonction de leur géométrie respective.
  8. Appareil électroacoustique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les éléments électrostrictifs ou magnétostrictifs relient une première cavité (17) à une seconde cavité (18) ou les séparent en fonction de leur géométrie respective.
  9. Appareil électroacoustique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les éléments électrostrictifs ou magnétostrictifs (21) libèrent ou recouvrent un canal (16) d'un composant (19) en fonction de leur géométrie respective.
EP01890335A 2001-02-20 2001-12-12 Capsule électroacoustique Expired - Lifetime EP1233647B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT2652001 2001-02-20
AT0026501A AT410498B (de) 2001-02-20 2001-02-20 Elektroakustische kapsel

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1233647A2 EP1233647A2 (fr) 2002-08-21
EP1233647A3 EP1233647A3 (fr) 2006-07-26
EP1233647B1 true EP1233647B1 (fr) 2008-02-13

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01890335A Expired - Lifetime EP1233647B1 (fr) 2001-02-20 2001-12-12 Capsule électroacoustique

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US7289638B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1233647B1 (fr)
JP (2) JP2002271900A (fr)
CN (1) CN100403852C (fr)
AT (2) AT410498B (fr)
DE (1) DE50113589D1 (fr)

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US7515605B2 (en) * 2003-03-24 2009-04-07 Corrigent Systems Ltd Efficient transport of TDM services over packet networks
US7889877B2 (en) * 2003-06-30 2011-02-15 Nxp B.V. Device for generating a medium stream
DE112007000845T5 (de) * 2006-04-04 2009-05-28 Knowles Electronics, LLC, Itasca Wandlermonitorsystem und Herstellverfahren für dieses
US20070237345A1 (en) * 2006-04-06 2007-10-11 Fortemedia, Inc. Method for reducing phase variation of signals generated by electret condenser microphones
ATE498978T1 (de) * 2007-11-13 2011-03-15 Akg Acoustics Gmbh Mikrofonanordnung, die zwei druckgradientenwandler aufweist
ATE540536T1 (de) * 2007-11-13 2012-01-15 Akg Acoustics Gmbh Mikrofonanordnung
EP2208358B1 (fr) * 2007-11-13 2011-02-16 AKG Acoustics GmbH Arrangement de microphone
WO2009105793A1 (fr) * 2008-02-26 2009-09-03 Akg Acoustics Gmbh Ensemble transducteur
CN102547520B (zh) * 2010-12-23 2016-04-06 北京卓锐微技术有限公司 电容式麦克风及其控制系统和控制方法
JP6308133B2 (ja) * 2012-09-24 2018-04-11 ヤマハ株式会社 音響信号変換器のための保護装置
JP6691059B2 (ja) * 2014-04-23 2020-04-28 Tdk株式会社 マイクロフォンアセンブリおよびマイクロフォンアセンブリの温度依存性を低減する方法
KR101550636B1 (ko) * 2014-09-23 2015-09-07 현대자동차 주식회사 마이크로폰 및 그 제조 방법
KR101658919B1 (ko) * 2014-12-16 2016-09-23 주식회사 아이. 피. 에스시스템 콘덴서형 스피커
DE102018126387A1 (de) * 2018-10-23 2020-04-23 Tdk Electronics Ag Schallwandler und Verfahren zum Betrieb des Schallwandlers
CN111770424B (zh) * 2020-06-24 2021-09-07 瑞声科技（南京）有限公司 换能器

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1233647A3 (fr) 2006-07-26
AT410498B (de) 2003-05-26
EP1233647A2 (fr) 2002-08-21
CN1372431A (zh) 2002-10-02
US7289638B2 (en) 2007-10-30
ATE386413T1 (de) 2008-03-15
CN100403852C (zh) 2008-07-16
JP2002271900A (ja) 2002-09-20
DE50113589D1 (de) 2008-03-27
ATA2652001A (de) 2002-09-15
JP2007243999A (ja) 2007-09-20
US20020114476A1 (en) 2002-08-22

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