EP1189662A1 - Combination for treating weight gain associated with antipsychotic use comprising an atypical antipsychotic and an h2 antagonist - Google Patents

Combination for treating weight gain associated with antipsychotic use comprising an atypical antipsychotic and an h2 antagonist

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Publication number
EP1189662A1
EP1189662A1 EP00931932A EP00931932A EP1189662A1 EP 1189662 A1 EP1189662 A1 EP 1189662A1 EP 00931932 A EP00931932 A EP 00931932A EP 00931932 A EP00931932 A EP 00931932A EP 1189662 A1 EP1189662 A1 EP 1189662A1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
olanzapine
component
composition
antipsychotic
compound
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00931932A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jane Rogers Todd
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Eli Lilly and Co
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Eli Lilly and Co
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Publication of EP1189662A1 publication Critical patent/EP1189662A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents

Definitions

  • the present invention belongs to the fields of pharmacology, medicine and medicinal chemistry, and provides methods and compositions for treating weight gain associated with the use of antipsychotics .
  • Psychoses are serious mental illnesses characterized by defective or lost contact with reality. Psychotic patients may also suffer hallucinations and delusions as part of their disease. Psychoses exact a tremendous emotional and economic toll on the patients, their families, and society as a whole. While the mechanisms underlying these diverse disease states are poorly understood, recently discovered therapies are offering new hope for the treatment of psychotic patients. Progress in the treatment of psychotic conditions has been achieved through the introduction of new, atypical antipsychotic agents.
  • Antipsychotic use has been shown to be effective in treating schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders and other related conditions. While the side effect profile of these atypical antipsychotics is far superior to that of traditional agents, weight gain is a side effect that has been observed in patients treated with these agents. Clinical experience and published studies indicate that atypical antipsychotic use may be associated with marked weight gain; significant weight gain is seen in approximately 50% of adolescent patients. Patients who gain weight when prescribed an antipsychotic are more likely to discontinue the drug because of weight gain. Therefore excessive weight gain associated with antipsychotic use is a significant issue given its impact on compliance, general health and psychological issues.
  • Histamine-2 (H-2) antagonists reversibly bind to the histamine receptors on the basolateral membrane of parietal cells, blocking stimulation by the histamine that is released form tissue mast cells and enterochromaffinlike cells.
  • basal and food stimlulated gastric acid secretion are inhibited and intragastric pH is raised (Gilbert G., Chan CH, and Thomas E: Peptic ulcer disease: How to treat it. Postgrad Med 1991; 89:91-98.)
  • the invention provides a method for treating a patient suffering from or susceptible to weight gain associated with the use of antipsychotics, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a first component which is an atypical antipsychotic, in combination with an effective amount of a second component which is an H2-antagonist .
  • the invention further provides the use of an effective amount of an a first component which is an atypical antipsychotic, in combination with an effective amount of a second component which is an H 2 antagonist for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a patient suffering from or susceptible to weight gain associated with the use of anti-psychotics .
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a first component which is an atypical anti-psychotic, and a second component which is a H2 antagonist.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition adapted for the treatment of a patient suffering from or susceptible to weight gain associated with the use of an antipsychotic, comprising as the active ingredients a combination of an atypical antipsychotic and an H 2 -antagonist .
  • the first component is a compound which acts as an atypical antipsychotic.
  • the essential feature of an atypical antipsychotic is less acute extrapyramidal symptoms, especially dystonias, associated with therapy as compared to a typical antipsychotic such as haloperidol .
  • Clozapine the prototypical atypical antipsychotic, differs from the typical antipsychotics with the following characteristics: (1) greater efficacy in the treatment of overall psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia nonresponsive to typical antipsychotics; (2) greater efficacy in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia; and (3) less frequent and quantitatively smaller increases in serum prolactin concentrations associated with therapy (Beasley, et al . , Neuropsychopharmacoloqy , 14(2), 111-123 , (1996)).
  • Atypical antipsychotics include, but are not limited to:
  • Olanzapine 2-methyl-4- (4-methyl-l-piperazinyl) - lOH-thieno [2 , 3-b] [ 1 , 5 Jbenzodiazepine, is a known compound and is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,229,382 as being useful for the treatment of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, acute mania, mild anxiety states, and psychosis.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,229,382 is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety;
  • Clozapine 8-chloro-ll- (4-methyl-l-piperazinyl) - 5H-dibenzo [b, e] [ 1 , 4] diazepine, is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,539,573, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Clinical efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia is described (Hanes, et al . , Psvchopharmacol . Bull., 24, 62 (1988));
  • Sertindole, 1- [2- [4- [5-chloro-l- (4- fluorophenyl) -lH-indol-3-yl] -1- piperidinyl] ethyl] imidazolidin-2-one, is described in U.S.
  • Patent No. 4,710,500 Its use in the treatment of schizophrenia is described in U.S. Patent Nos . 5,112,838 and 5,238,945. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,710,500; 5,112,838; and
  • Quetiapine 5- [2- (4-dibenzo [b, f ] [1 , 4] thiazepin- 11-yl-l-piperazinyl) ethoxy] ethanol , and its activity in assays which demonstrate utility in the treatment of schizophrenia are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,879,288, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Quetiapine is typically administered as its (E)-2- butenedioate (2:1) salt; and
  • the second component compound is an H2 antagonist.
  • H2 antagonists include, but are not limited to: Cimetidine, N"-cyano-N-methyl-N' - [2- [ [ (5-methyl- l-H-imidazol-4-yl) methyl] thio] -ethyl] -guanidine is marketed as the hydrochloride salt. The compound is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,950,333.
  • Famotidine N' - (aminosulfonyl) -3- [ [ [2- [ (diaminomethylene) amino] -4- thiazolyl] methyl] thio] propanimidamide is marketed as the free base.
  • the compound is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,283,408.
  • Nizatidine N- [2- [ [ [ [2- [ (dimethylamino) methyl] -4- thizaolyl] methyl] thio] ethyl] -N' -methyl-2-nitro-l , 1- ethenediamine is marketed as the free base.
  • the compound is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,375,547.
  • Niperotidine N-(l,3- benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl) -N' - [2- [ [ [5- [ (dimethylamino) methyl ⁇ -2-furanyl] methyl] thio] ethyl] -2- nitro-1 , 1-ethenediamine is described in U.S. patent No. 5,030,738.
  • Etintidine N-cyano-N' - [2- [ [ ( 5-methyl-1H- imidazol-4-yl) methyl] thio] ethyl] -N' ' -2-propynyl-guanidine is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,339,439.
  • the combination of etintidine and pepstatin lowers the amount of etintidine needed and therefore reduces side effects.
  • first and second component compounds While all combinations of first and second component compounds are useful and valuable, certain combinations are particularly valued and are preferred, as follows :
  • olanzapine/nizatadine olanzapine/cimetidine olanzapine/ranitidine olanzapine/famotidine olanzapine/roxatidine olanzapine/ebrotidine olanzapine/niperotidine olanzapine/lafutidine clozapine/ nizatadine risperidone/ nizatadine sertindole/ nizatadine quetiapine/ nizatadine ziprasidone/ nizatadine
  • combinations and methods of treatment using olanzapine as the first component are preferred.
  • combinations and methods of treatment using nizatadine as the second component are preferred.
  • Especially preferred are combinations and methods of treatment using olanzapine as the first component and nizatadine as the second component.
  • the first component is olanzapine
  • it will be the Form II olanzapine polymorph having a typical x-ray powder diffraction pattern as represented by the following interplanar spacings :
  • a typical example of an x-ray diffraction pattern for Form II is as follows wherein d represents the interplanar spacing and 1/I ⁇ represents the typical relative intensities:
  • Form II olanzapine polymorph will be administered as the substantially pure Form II olanzapine polymorph.
  • substantially pure refers to Form II associated with less than about 5% Form I, preferably less than about 2% Form I, and more preferably less than about 1% Form I. Further, “substantially pure” Form II will contain less than about 0.5% related substances, wherein “related substances” refers to undesired chemical impurities or residual solvent or water. In particular, “substantially pure” Form II should contain less than about 0.05% content of acetonitrile, more preferably, less than about 0.005% content of acetonitrile . Additionally, the polymorph of the invention should contain less than 0.5% of associated water .
  • the polymorph obtainable by the process taught in the '382 patent will be designated as Form I and has a typical x-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially as follows, obtained using a Siemens D5000 x-ray powder diffractometer , wherein d represents the interplanar spacing:
  • a typical example of an x-ray diffraction pattern for Form I is as follows wherein d represents the interplanar spacing and 1/I ⁇ represents the typical relative intensities:
  • the interplanar spacings in the column marked “d” are in Angstroms.
  • the typical relative intensities are in the column marked "I/Ii”.
  • olanzapine embraces all solvate and polymorphic forms unless specifically indicated.
  • a sub-surface nitrogen sparge line was added to remove the ammonia formed during the reaction.
  • the reaction was heated to 120°C and maintained at that temperature throughout the duration of the reaction.
  • the mixture was allowed to cool slowly to 20°C (about 2 hours) .
  • the reaction mixture was then transferred to an appropriate three neck round bottom flask and water bath.
  • To this solution with agitation was added 10 volumes reagent grade methanol and the reaction was stirred at 20°C for 30 minutes. Three volumes of water was added slowly over about 30 minutes.
  • the reaction slurry was cooled to zero to 5°C and stirred for 30 minutes.
  • the product was filtered and the wet cake was washed with chilled methanol.
  • the wet cake was dried in vacuo at 45°C overnight.
  • the product was identified as technical olanzapine.
  • Many of the compounds used in this invention are amines, and accordingly react with any of a number of inorganic and organic acids to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Since some of the free amines of the compounds of this invention are typically oils at room temperature, it is preferable to convert the free amines to their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts for ease of handling and administration, since the latter are routinely solid at room temperature.
  • Acids commonly employed to form such salts are inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and organic acids, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, p-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid and the like.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like
  • organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, p-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid and the like.
  • salts thus are the sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caproate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-1 , 4-dioate, hexyne-1 , 6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, pheny
  • the dosages of the drugs used in the present invention must, in the final analysis, be set by the physician in charge of the case, using knowledge of the drugs, the properties of the drugs in combination as determined in clinical trials, and the characteristics of the patient, including diseases other than that for which the physician is treating the patient.
  • General outlines of the dosages, and some preferred dosages, can and will be provided here. Dosage guidelines for some of the drugs will first be given separately; in order to create a guideline for any desired combination, one would choose the guidelines for each of the component drugs.
  • Olanzapine from about 0.25 to 100 mg, once/day; preferred, from 1 to 30 mg, once/day; and most preferably 1 to 25 mg once/day;
  • Clozapine from about 12.5 to 900 mg daily; preferred, from about 150 to 450 mg daily;
  • Risperidone from about 0.25 to 16 mg daily; preferred from about 2-8 mg daily;
  • Sertindole from about .0001 to 1.0 g/kg daily;
  • Quetiapine from about 1.0 to 40 mg/kg given once daily or in divided doses;
  • Ziprasidone from about 5 to 500 mg daily; preferred from about 50 to 100 mg daily; Cimetidine: from about 150 mg to 1600mg,once- four/day most preferably from about 300 mg to about 800 mg, once to four/day.
  • Ranitidine from 40 mg to 1.2 g, once-four/day per day .
  • Famotidine from 50 to 800 mg given once per day and or in divided doses.
  • Nizatidine from 50-80 mg, three-four/day .
  • the compounds of this invention are administered to humans orally in a daily dosage range of 140-800 mg. Smaller doses at more frequent intervals may also be employed.
  • the preferred oral dosage range is about 2-5 mg/kg/day of mammalian body weight, although a dosage range of from 1-10 mg/kg/day can be used.
  • Roxatidine from 75 to 500mg, once-four/daily, preferably once-twice/day .
  • Ebrotidine from 400 to 800 mg once nightly.
  • Niperotidine from 100 to 300 mg twice a day, preferably 230 mg twice a day.
  • Lafutidine from 0.1 to 5 mg/kg, preferably 0.3 to 3 mg/kg per day.
  • 2- (N-pentyl-N-guanidino) -4- (2-methylimidazol-4- yl)thiazole from 0.1 to 20 mg/kg/body weight/day, preferably 0.2 to 2.5 mg/kg/day, in single or divided doses. If parental administration is desired, then these compounds can be given between about 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg/day body weight/day.
  • Osutidine from 0.05 to lOOOmg given once or in divided doses .
  • Etinidine and pepstatin In man, the preferred dosage of etinidine, is from about 50-150 mg, three- four/day (and most preferably from about 75 mg to 100 mg, three-four/day) (and most preferably four times) .
  • the preferred dosage of pepstatin in man is from about lOOmg, seven/day to about 175 mg, four/day. Combination of etintidine and pepstatin lowers the amount of etintidine needed and therefore reduces side effects.
  • 6-methyl-4-oxo-2-pyrimidinyl] ethyl] thio]methyl-2- thiazolyl] guanidine trihydrochloride from: 100 to 800 mg, given once daily, or in divided doses.
  • Tiotidine from 15 mg and 1500 mg, and preferably between 20 mg and 200 mg (for example 50 mg) or an intravenous subcutaneous or intramuscular dose of between 1.5 mg and 150 mg and preferably between 5mg and 20 mg being administered 2 to 4 times a day.
  • amitidine from 1 to 6 doses to the total of some 5 mg to 2 g per day, preferably 5 to 500 mg per day.
  • Zaltidine from 0.1 and 20 mg/kg body weight of the subject to be treated per day, preferably from about 0.2 to 2.5 mg/kg per day.
  • Preferred ratios of olanzapine/nizatadine by weight include:
  • the adjunctive therapy of the present invention is carried out by administering a first component together with the second component in any manner which provides effective levels of the compounds in the body at the same time.
  • All of the compounds concerned are orally available and are normally administered orally, and so oral administration of the adjunctive combination is preferred. They may be administered together, in a single dosage form, or may be administered separately. However, oral administration is not the only route or even the only preferred route.
  • transdermal administration may be very desirable for patients who are forgetful or petulant about taking oral medicine.
  • One of the drugs may be administered by one route, such as oral, and the others may be administered by the transdermal, percutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal or intrarectal route, in particular circumstances.
  • the route of administration may be varied in any way, limited by the physical properties of the drugs and the convenience of the patient and the caregiver .
  • adjunctive combination may be administered as a single pharmaceutical composition, and so pharmaceutical compositions incorporating both compounds are important embodiments of the present invention.
  • Such compositions may take any physical form which is pharmaceutically acceptable, but orally usable pharmaceutical compositions are particularly preferred.
  • Such adjunctive pharmaceutical compositions contain an effective amount of each of the compounds, which effective amount is related to the daily dose of the compounds to be administered.
  • Each adjunctive dosage unit may contain the daily doses of all compounds, or may contain a fraction of the daily doses, such as one-third of. the doses.
  • each dosage unit may contain the entire dose of one of the compounds, and a fraction of the dose of the other compounds. In such case, the patient would daily take one of the combination dosage units, and one or more units containing only the other compounds.
  • each drug to be contained in each dosage unit depends on the identity of the drugs chosen for the therapy, and other factors such as the indication for which the adjunctive therapy is being given.
  • the inert ingredients and manner of formulation of the adjunctive pharmaceutical compositions are conventional, except for the presence of the combination of the present invention.
  • the usual methods of formulation used in pharmaceutical science may be used here. All of the usual types of compositions may be used, including tablets, chewable tablets, capsules, solutions, parenteral solutions, intranasal sprays or powders, troches, suppositories, transdermal patches and suspensions.
  • compositions contain from about 0.5% to about 50% of the compounds in total, depending on the desired doses and the type of composition to be used.
  • the amount of the compounds is best defined as the effective amount, that is, the amount of each compound which provides the desired dose to the patient in need of such treatment.
  • the activity of the adjunctive combinations do not depend on the nature of the composition, so the compositions are chosen and formulated solely for convenience and economy. Any of the combinations may be formulated in any desired form of composition.
  • Capsules are prepared by mixing the compound with a suitable diluent and filling the proper amount of the mixture in capsules.
  • suitable diluents include inert powdered substances such as starch of many different kinds, powdered cellulose, especially crystalline and microcrystalline cellulose, sugars such as fructose, mannitol and sucrose, grain flours and similar edible powders .
  • Tablets are prepared by direct compression, by wet granulation, or by dry granulation. Their formulations usually incorporate diluents, binders, lubricants and disintegrators as well as the compound. Typical diluents include, for example, various types of starch, lactose, mannitol, kaolin, calcium phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives are also useful . Typical tablet binders are substances such as starch, gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, glucose and the like. Natural and synthetic gums are also convenient, including acacia, alginates, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine and the like. Polyethylene glycol, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders.
  • a lubricant is necessary in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet and punches from sticking in the die.
  • the lubricant is chosen from such slippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils.
  • Tablet disintegrators are substances which swell when wetted to break up the tablet and release the compound. They include starches, clays, celluloses, algins and gums. More particularly, corn and potato starches, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, wood cellulose, powdered natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp and carboxymethylcellulose, for example, may be used, as well as sodium lauryl sulfate.
  • Enteric formulations are often used to protect an active ingredient from the strongly acid contents of the stomach. Such formulations are created by coating a solid dosage form with a film of a polymer which is insoluble in acid environments, and soluble in basic environments. Exemplary films are cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate. It is preferred to formulate duloxetine and duloxetine-containing combinations as enteric compositions, and even more preferred to formulate them as enteric pellets.
  • a preferred duloxetine enteric formulation is a pellet formulation comprising a) a core consisting of duloxetine and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; b) an optional separating layer; c) an enteric layer comprising hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; d) an optional finishing layer.
  • HPMCAS hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate
  • Tablets are often coated with sugar as a flavor and sealant.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as chewable tablets, by using large amounts of pleasant- tasting substances such as mannitol in the formulation, as is now well-established practice.
  • Instantly dissolving tablet-like formulations are also now frequently used to assure that the patient consumes the dosage form, and to avoid the difficulty in swallowing solid objects that bothers some patients.
  • Cocoa butter is a traditional suppository base, which may be modified by addition of waxes to raise its melting point slightly.
  • Water- iscible suppository bases comprising, particularly, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights are in wide use, also.
  • Transdermal patches have become popular recently. Typically they comprise a resinous composition in which the drugs will dissolve, or partially dissolve, which is held in contact with the skin by a film which protects the composition. Many patents have appeared in the field recently. Other, more complicated patch compositions are also in use, particularly those having a membrane pierced with innumerable pores through which the drugs are pumped by osmotic action.
  • Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following ingredients:
  • a tablet is prepared using the ingredients below:
  • An aerosol solution is prepared containing the following components:
  • the active compound is mixed with ethanol and the mixture added to a portion of the propellant 22, cooled to -30°C and transferred to a filling device. The required amount is then fed to a stainless steel container and diluted with the remainder of the propellant. The valve units are then fitted to the container.
  • Tablets each containing 80 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows:
  • the active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly.
  • the aqueous solution containing polyvinyl- pyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powder, and the mixture then is passed through a No. 14 mesh U.S. sieve.
  • the granules so produced are dried at 50°C and passed through a No . 18 mesh U.S. Sieve.
  • the sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate and talc, previously passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which, after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets each weighing 170 mg.
  • Capsules each containing 130 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows:
  • Suppositories each containing 45 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows:
  • the active ingredient is passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve and suspended in the saturated fatty acid glycerides previously melted using the minimum heat necessary. The mixture is then poured into a suppository mold of nominal 2 g capacity and allowed to cool.
  • Suspensions each containing 70 mg of active ingredient per 5 ml dose, are made as follows:
  • the active ingredient is passed through a No . 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and syrup to form a smooth paste.
  • the benzoic acid solution, flavor and color are diluted with a portion of the water and added, with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.
  • An intravenous formulation may be prepared as follows :
  • the present invention provides the advantage of treatment of schizophrenia with the atypical antipsychotics without the concomitant weight gain typically observed with such treatment, conferring a marked and unexpected benefit on the patient.
  • Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan or Charles River) weighing 270-300 grams are surgically implanted with microdialysis probes under chloral hydrate/pentobarbital anesthesia (170 and 36 mg/kg i.p. in 30% propylene glycol, 14% ethanol) (Perry and Fuller, Effect of fluoxetine on serotonin and dopamine concentration in rat hypothalamus after administration of fluoxetine plus -5- hydroxytryptophan, Life Sci. , 50, 1683-90 (1992)).
  • a David Kopf stereotaxic instrument is used to implant the probe unilaterally in the hypothalamus at coordinates rostral -1.5 mm, lateral -1.3 mm, and ventral -9.0 mm (Paxinos and Watson, 1986) .
  • rats are placed in a large plastic bowl with a mounted liquid swivel system (CMA/120 system for freely moving animals, Bioanalytical Systems, West Lafayette, IN) .
  • Filtered artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 150 mM NaCl, 3.0 mM KCl, 1.7 mM CaCl2, and 0.9 mM MgC12) is perfused through the probe at a rate of 1.0 ml/min.
  • the output dialysate line is fitted to a tenport HPLC valve with a 20 ml loop. At the end of each 30 minute sampling period, dialysate collected in the loop is injected on an analytical column (Spherisorb 3 m ODS2 , 2X150 mm, Keystone Scientific) .
  • the method used to measure monoamines is as described by Perry and Fuller (1992) . Briefly, dialysate collected in the 20 ml loop is assayed for 5-HT, NE and DA. The 20 ml injection goes onto the column with a mobile phase which resolves NE, DA, and 5-HT: 75 mM potassium acetate, 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1.4 mM sodium octanesulfonic acid and 8% methanol, pH 4.9.
  • the mobile phase for the amine column is delivered with a flow programmable pump at an initial flow rate of 0.2 ml/min increasing to 0.3 ml/min at 5 min then decreasing back to 0.2 ml/min at 26 min with a total run time of 30 min.
  • Flow programming is used to elute the 5-HT within a 25 min time period.
  • the electrochemical detector (EG&G, Model 400) for the amine column is set at a potential of 400 mV and a sensitivity of 0.2 nA/V. Basal levels are measured for at least 90 minutes prior to drug administration.
  • the drugs are prepared in filtered deionized water (volume 0.25-0.3 ml) for administration at the desired doses.
  • the efficacy of the method of the present invention in treating or preventing weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotic use is shown in clinical trials. Patients diagnosed with weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotoc use are randomized to one of two treatment arms: (12) olanzapine (5-20 mg/day) and placebo; or (2) nizatidine plus olanzapine (150-320 mg/day and 5-20 mg/day, respectively) . The efficacy of the treatment is monitored by comparing the weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat by impedance and waist circumference at baseline and montly thereafter for 12 weeks to assess changes in body composition.
  • BMI body mass index
  • a method for treating a patient suffering from or susceptible to weight gain associated with antipsychotic use comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a first component which is an atypical antipsychotic, in combination with an effective amount of a second component which is an H2 antagonist .

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Abstract

The invention provides methods and compositions for the prevention and treatment of weight gain associated with antipsychotic use. These methods and compositions employ a compound having activity as an atypical antipsychotic and an H2 antagonist.

Description

COMBINATION FOR TREATING WEIGHT GAIN ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIPSYCHOTIC USE COMPRISING AN ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AND AN H2 AJN
The present invention belongs to the fields of pharmacology, medicine and medicinal chemistry, and provides methods and compositions for treating weight gain associated with the use of antipsychotics .
Psychoses are serious mental illnesses characterized by defective or lost contact with reality. Psychotic patients may also suffer hallucinations and delusions as part of their disease. Psychoses exact a tremendous emotional and economic toll on the patients, their families, and society as a whole. While the mechanisms underlying these diverse disease states are poorly understood, recently discovered therapies are offering new hope for the treatment of psychotic patients. Progress in the treatment of psychotic conditions has been achieved through the introduction of new, atypical antipsychotic agents.
Antipsychotic use has been shown to be effective in treating schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders and other related conditions. While the side effect profile of these atypical antipsychotics is far superior to that of traditional agents, weight gain is a side effect that has been observed in patients treated with these agents. Clinical experience and published studies indicate that atypical antipsychotic use may be associated with marked weight gain; significant weight gain is seen in approximately 50% of adolescent patients. Patients who gain weight when prescribed an antipsychotic are more likely to discontinue the drug because of weight gain. Therefore excessive weight gain associated with antipsychotic use is a significant issue given its impact on compliance, general health and psychological issues.
Histamine-2 (H-2) antagonists reversibly bind to the histamine receptors on the basolateral membrane of parietal cells, blocking stimulation by the histamine that is released form tissue mast cells and enterochromaffinlike cells. As a result, basal and food stimlulated gastric acid secretion are inhibited and intragastric pH is raised (Gilbert G., Chan CH, and Thomas E: Peptic ulcer disease: How to treat it. Postgrad Med 1991; 89:91-98.)
The invention provides a method for treating a patient suffering from or susceptible to weight gain associated with the use of antipsychotics, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a first component which is an atypical antipsychotic, in combination with an effective amount of a second component which is an H2-antagonist .
The invention further provides the use of an effective amount of an a first component which is an atypical antipsychotic, in combination with an effective amount of a second component which is an H2 antagonist for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a patient suffering from or susceptible to weight gain associated with the use of anti-psychotics .
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a first component which is an atypical anti-psychotic, and a second component which is a H2 antagonist.
In another embodiment the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition adapted for the treatment of a patient suffering from or susceptible to weight gain associated with the use of an antipsychotic, comprising as the active ingredients a combination of an atypical antipsychotic and an H2-antagonist .
In this document, all temperatures are described in degrees Celsius, and all amounts, ratios of amounts and concentrations are described in weight units unless otherwise stated.
The Compounds
In the general expressions of the present invention, the first component is a compound which acts as an atypical antipsychotic. The essential feature of an atypical antipsychotic is less acute extrapyramidal symptoms, especially dystonias, associated with therapy as compared to a typical antipsychotic such as haloperidol . Clozapine, the prototypical atypical antipsychotic, differs from the typical antipsychotics with the following characteristics: (1) greater efficacy in the treatment of overall psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia nonresponsive to typical antipsychotics; (2) greater efficacy in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia; and (3) less frequent and quantitatively smaller increases in serum prolactin concentrations associated with therapy (Beasley, et al . , Neuropsychopharmacoloqy , 14(2), 111-123 , (1996)). Atypical antipsychotics include, but are not limited to:
Olanzapine, 2-methyl-4- (4-methyl-l-piperazinyl) - lOH-thieno [2 , 3-b] [ 1 , 5 Jbenzodiazepine, is a known compound and is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,229,382 as being useful for the treatment of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, acute mania, mild anxiety states, and psychosis. U.S. Patent No. 5,229,382 is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety;
Clozapine, 8-chloro-ll- (4-methyl-l-piperazinyl) - 5H-dibenzo [b, e] [ 1 , 4] diazepine, is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,539,573, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Clinical efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia is described (Hanes, et al . , Psvchopharmacol . Bull., 24, 62 (1988));
Risperidone, 3- [2- [4- ( 6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol- 3-yl) piperidino] ethyl] -2-methyl-6 ,7,8, 9-tetrahydro-4H-pyr- ido [ 1 , 2-a] pyrimidin-4-one, and its use in the treatment of psychotic diseases are described in U.S. Patent No.
4,804,663, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety;
Sertindole, 1- [2- [4- [5-chloro-l- (4- fluorophenyl) -lH-indol-3-yl] -1- piperidinyl] ethyl] imidazolidin-2-one, is described in U.S.
Patent No. 4,710,500. Its use in the treatment of schizophrenia is described in U.S. Patent Nos . 5,112,838 and 5,238,945. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,710,500; 5,112,838; and
5,238,945 are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety;
Quetiapine, 5- [2- (4-dibenzo [b, f ] [1 , 4] thiazepin- 11-yl-l-piperazinyl) ethoxy] ethanol , and its activity in assays which demonstrate utility in the treatment of schizophrenia are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,879,288, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Quetiapine is typically administered as its (E)-2- butenedioate (2:1) salt; and
Ziprasidone, 5- [2- [4- (1, 2-benzoisothiazol-3-yl) - 1-piperazinyl] ethyl] -6-chloro-l , 3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, is typically administered as the hydrochloride monohydrate. The compound is described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,831,031 and 5,312,925. Its activity in assays which demonstrate utility in the treatment of schizophrenia are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,831,031. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,831,031 and 5,312,925 are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Similarly, when the invention is regarded in its broadest sense, the second component compound is an H2 antagonist. H2 antagonists include, but are not limited to: Cimetidine, N"-cyano-N-methyl-N' - [2- [ [ (5-methyl- l-H-imidazol-4-yl) methyl] thio] -ethyl] -guanidine is marketed as the hydrochloride salt. The compound is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,950,333.
Ranitidine, N [2- [ [ [5- {dimethylamino) methyl] -2- furanyl] methyl] thio] ethyl] -N' -methyl-2 -nitro-1 , 1- ethenediamine is marketed as the hydrochloride salt. The compound is described U.S. Patent No. 4,521,431.
Famotidine, N' - (aminosulfonyl) -3- [ [ [2- [ (diaminomethylene) amino] -4- thiazolyl] methyl] thio] propanimidamide is marketed as the free base. The compound is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,283,408.
Nizatidine, N- [2- [ [ [2- [ (dimethylamino) methyl] -4- thizaolyl] methyl] thio] ethyl] -N' -methyl-2-nitro-l , 1- ethenediamine is marketed as the free base. The compound is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,375,547.
Roxatidine, 2-hydroxy-N- [3- [3- ( 1- piperidinylmethyl ) phenoxy] propyl] acetamide acetate is investigational in the U.S. NDA discontinued for roxatidine. The compound is described in U.S. Patent 5,221, 688.
Ebrotidine, 4-bromo-N- [ [ [2- [ [ [2- [ (diaminomethylene) amino] -4- thiazolyl] methyl] thio] ethyl] amino] methylene]benzenesulfona mide is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,728,655.
Niperotidine, N-(l,3- benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl) -N' - [2- [ [ [5- [ (dimethylamino) methyl} -2-furanyl] methyl] thio] ethyl] -2- nitro-1 , 1-ethenediamine is described in U.S. patent No. 5,030,738.
afutidine, (Z) -2- [ (2-furanylmethyl) sulfinyl] -N- [4- [ [4- ( 1-piperidinylmethy1 ) -2-pyridinyl] oxy] -2-butenyl] - acetamide is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,912,101. 2- (N-pentyl-N-guanidino) -4- (2-methylimidazol-4- yl)thiazole is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,560,690.
2- (4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid with 2-[(2- hydroxyethyl ) thio] -N- [ 3- [ 3 -9 ] - piperidinylmethy1 ) phenoxy] propyl] acetamide (1:1) is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,192,774.
Osutidine, (E) -N- [ [ [2-hydroxy-2- (4- hydroxyphenyl ) ethyl] amino] [ [2- [ [ [5- [ (methylamino) methyl] - 2-furanyl] methyl] thio] ethyl] amino]methylene methanesulphonamide is described in JP 09221422, JP 03251527.
Pibutidine, (Z) -3-amino-4- [ [4- [ [4- (1- piperidinylmethy1) -2-pyridinyl] oxy] -2-butenyl] amino] -3- cyclobutene-1 , 2-dione monohydrochloride is described in JP 05065226, JP 03251571 and JP 2858941.
Etintidine, N-cyano-N' - [2- [ [ ( 5-methyl-1H- imidazol-4-yl) methyl] thio] ethyl] -N' ' -2-propynyl-guanidine is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,339,439. The combination of etintidine and pepstatin lowers the amount of etintidine needed and therefore reduces side effects.
4- [3- (benzo-1, 3-dioxol-5-yl ) thioureido] -N- [3- [3-
(piperidinomethyl ) phenoxy] propyl ] butyra ide is described in EP 531228.
[4- [ [ [2- [5- [3- (diethylamino) propyl] -1 , 4-dihydro- 6-methyl-4-oxo-2-pyrimidinyl] ethyl] thio]methyl-2- thiazolyl] guanidine trihydrochloride is described in EP 86647.
Tiotidine, N- [2- [ [ [2- [ ( aminoiminomethy1 ) amino-4- thiazolyl] methyl] thio] ethyl] -N' -cyano-N' ' -methyl-guandine is described in U.S. Patent 4,165,377. Lamitidine, l-methyl-N5- [3- [3- [ (1- piperidinylmethyl ) phenoxy] propyl ] -1H-1 , 2 , 4-triazole-3 , 5- diamine is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,318,913.
Zaltidine, [4- ( -methyl-lH-imidazol-4-yl ) -2- thiazolyl] -guanidine is described in U.S. Patent 4,374, 843.
All of the U.S. patents which have been mentioned above in connection with compounds used in the present invention are incorporated herein by reference. It will be understood that while the use of a single atypical antipsychotic as a first component compound is preferred, combinations of two or more atypical antipsychotics may be used as a first component if necessary or desired. Similarly, while the use of a single H2 antahonist as a second component compound is preferred, combinations of two or more H2-antagonists may be used as a second component if necessary or desired.
While all combinations of first and second component compounds are useful and valuable, certain combinations are particularly valued and are preferred, as follows :
olanzapine/nizatadine olanzapine/cimetidine olanzapine/ranitidine olanzapine/famotidine olanzapine/roxatidine olanzapine/ebrotidine olanzapine/niperotidine olanzapine/lafutidine clozapine/ nizatadine risperidone/ nizatadine sertindole/ nizatadine quetiapine/ nizatadine ziprasidone/ nizatadine
In general, combinations and methods of treatment using olanzapine as the first component are preferred. Furthermore, combinations and methods of treatment using nizatadine as the second component are preferred. Especially preferred are combinations and methods of treatment using olanzapine as the first component and nizatadine as the second component.
It is especially preferred that when the first component is olanzapine, it will be the Form II olanzapine polymorph having a typical x-ray powder diffraction pattern as represented by the following interplanar spacings :
d
10.2689
8.577 7.4721
7.125 6.1459
6.071 5.4849 5.2181 5.1251 4.9874 4.7665 4.7158 4.4787 4.3307 4.2294
4.141 3.9873 3.7206 3.5645 3.5366 3.3828 3.2516 3.134 3.0848 3.0638 3.0111 d
2.8739 2.8102 2.7217 2.6432 2.6007
A typical example of an x-ray diffraction pattern for Form II is as follows wherein d represents the interplanar spacing and 1/Iχ represents the typical relative intensities:
d i/ii
10.2689 100.00
8.577 7.96
7.4721 1.41
7.125 6.50
6.1459 3.12
6.071 5.12
5.4849 0.52
5.2181 6.86
5.1251 2.47
4.9874 7.41
4.7665 4.03
4.7158 6.80
4.4787 14.72
4.3307 1.48
4.2294 23.19
4.141 11.28 3.9873 9.01
3.7206 14.04
3.5645 2.27
3.5366 4.85
3.3828 3.47
3.2516 1.25
3.134 0.81
3.0848 0.45
3.0638 1.34 d i/ii
3.0111 3.51
2.8739 0.79
2.8102 1.47
2.7217 0.20
2.6432 1.26
2.6007 0.77
The x-ray diffraction patterns set out herein were obtained using a Siemens D5000 x-ray powder diffractometer having a copper Ka radiation source of wavelength, 1 =1-541A.
It is further preferred that the Form II olanzapine polymorph will be administered as the substantially pure Form II olanzapine polymorph.
As used herein "substantially pure" refers to Form II associated with less than about 5% Form I, preferably less than about 2% Form I, and more preferably less than about 1% Form I. Further, "substantially pure" Form II will contain less than about 0.5% related substances, wherein "related substances" refers to undesired chemical impurities or residual solvent or water. In particular, "substantially pure" Form II should contain less than about 0.05% content of acetonitrile, more preferably, less than about 0.005% content of acetonitrile . Additionally, the polymorph of the invention should contain less than 0.5% of associated water .
The polymorph obtainable by the process taught in the '382 patent will be designated as Form I and has a typical x-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially as follows, obtained using a Siemens D5000 x-ray powder diffractometer , wherein d represents the interplanar spacing:
d
9.9463 8.5579 8.2445 6.8862 6.3787 6.2439
5.5895
5.3055
4.9815 d
4.8333
4.7255
4.6286
4.533 4.4624 4.2915 4.2346 4.0855 3.8254 3.7489 3.6983 3.5817 3.5064 3.3392 3.2806 3.2138 3.1118 3.0507
2.948 2.8172 2.7589 2.6597 2.6336 2.5956
A typical example of an x-ray diffraction pattern for Form I is as follows wherein d represents the interplanar spacing and 1/Iχ represents the typical relative intensities:
I/Il 9,.9463 100,.00
8. .5579 15 .18
8, .2445 1. .96
6, .8862 14 .73
6. .3787 4 .25 d i/ii
6. .2439 5. .21
5. .5895 1 .10
5, .3055 0 .95
4, .9815 6. .14
4, .8333 68 .37
4. .7255 21, .88
4. .6286 3 , .82
4.533 17, .83
4. .4624 5, .02
4. .2915 9, .19
4. .2346 18, .88
4. .0855 17, .29
3. .8254 6. .49
3. .7489 10. .64
3. .6983 14, .65
3. .5817 3, .04
3. .5064 9, .23
3. .3392 4, .67
3. .2806 1, .96
3. .2138 2. .52
3. .1118 4. .81
3. .0507 1. .96
2.948 2. .40 2,.8172 2,.89
2, .7589 2 , .27
2, .6597 1, .86
2, .6336 1, .10
2, .5956 1, .73
The x-ray powder diffraction patterns herein were obtained with a copper Ka of wavelength 1 = 1.541A. The interplanar spacings in the column marked "d" are in Angstroms. The typical relative intensities are in the column marked "I/Ii".
Though Form II olanzapine is preferred it will be understood that as used herein, the term "olanzapine" embraces all solvate and polymorphic forms unless specifically indicated.
Preparation 1
Technical Grade olanzapine
Intermediate 1 In a suitable three neck flask the following was added:
Dimethylsulfoxide (analytical): 6 volumes
Intermediate 1 :
75 g N-Methylpiperazine (reagent) : 6 equivalents Intermediate 1 can be prepared using methods known to the skilled artisan. For example, the preparation of the Intermediate 1 is taught in the above-referenced "382 patent .
A sub-surface nitrogen sparge line was added to remove the ammonia formed during the reaction. The reaction was heated to 120°C and maintained at that temperature throughout the duration of the reaction. The reactions were followed by HPLC until = 5% of the intermediate 1 was left unreacted. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was allowed to cool slowly to 20°C (about 2 hours) . The reaction mixture was then transferred to an appropriate three neck round bottom flask and water bath. To this solution with agitation was added 10 volumes reagent grade methanol and the reaction was stirred at 20°C for 30 minutes. Three volumes of water was added slowly over about 30 minutes. The reaction slurry was cooled to zero to 5°C and stirred for 30 minutes. The product was filtered and the wet cake was washed with chilled methanol. The wet cake was dried in vacuo at 45°C overnight. The product was identified as technical olanzapine.
Yield: 76.7%; Potency: 98.1% Preparation 2
Form II olanzapine polymorph
A 270 g sample of technical grade 2-methyl-4- ( 4- methyl-1-piperazinyl ) -lOH-thieno [2 , 3-b] [1 , 5]benzodiazepine was suspended in anhydrous ethyl acetate (2.7 L) . The mixture was heated to 76°C and maintained at 76°C for 30 minutes. The mixture was allowed to cool to 25°C. The resulting product was isolated using vacuum filtration. The product was identified as Form II using x-ray powder analysis . Yield: 197 g.
The process described above for preparing Form
II provides a pharmaceutically elegant product having potency > 97%, total related substances < 0.5% and an isolated yield of > 73%.
It will be understood by the skilled reader that most or all of the compounds used in the present invention are capable of forming salts, and that the salt forms of pharmaceuticals are commonly used, often because they are more readily crystallized and purified than are the free bases. In all cases, the use of the pharmaceuticals described above as salts is contemplated in the description herein, and often is preferred, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of all of the compounds are included in the names of them.
Many of the compounds used in this invention are amines, and accordingly react with any of a number of inorganic and organic acids to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Since some of the free amines of the compounds of this invention are typically oils at room temperature, it is preferable to convert the free amines to their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts for ease of handling and administration, since the latter are routinely solid at room temperature. Acids commonly employed to form such salts are inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and organic acids, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, p-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid and the like. Examples of such pharmaceutically acceptable salts thus are the sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caproate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-1 , 4-dioate, hexyne-1 , 6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate, citrate, lactate, b-hydroxybutyrate, glycollate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, mandelate and the like. Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those formed with hydrochloric acid, oxalic acid or fumaric acid.
Administration
The dosages of the drugs used in the present invention must, in the final analysis, be set by the physician in charge of the case, using knowledge of the drugs, the properties of the drugs in combination as determined in clinical trials, and the characteristics of the patient, including diseases other than that for which the physician is treating the patient. General outlines of the dosages, and some preferred dosages, can and will be provided here. Dosage guidelines for some of the drugs will first be given separately; in order to create a guideline for any desired combination, one would choose the guidelines for each of the component drugs.
Olanzapine: from about 0.25 to 100 mg, once/day; preferred, from 1 to 30 mg, once/day; and most preferably 1 to 25 mg once/day;
Clozapine: from about 12.5 to 900 mg daily; preferred, from about 150 to 450 mg daily;
Risperidone: from about 0.25 to 16 mg daily; preferred from about 2-8 mg daily;
Sertindole: from about .0001 to 1.0 g/kg daily;
Quetiapine: from about 1.0 to 40 mg/kg given once daily or in divided doses;
Ziprasidone: from about 5 to 500 mg daily; preferred from about 50 to 100 mg daily; Cimetidine: from about 150 mg to 1600mg,once- four/day most preferably from about 300 mg to about 800 mg, once to four/day.
Ranitidine: from 40 mg to 1.2 g, once-four/day per day .
Famotidine: from 50 to 800 mg given once per day and or in divided doses.
Nizatidine: from 50-80 mg, three-four/day . Generally, however, the compounds of this invention are administered to humans orally in a daily dosage range of 140-800 mg. Smaller doses at more frequent intervals may also be employed. The preferred oral dosage range is about 2-5 mg/kg/day of mammalian body weight, although a dosage range of from 1-10 mg/kg/day can be used.
Roxatidine: from 75 to 500mg, once-four/daily, preferably once-twice/day .
Ebrotidine: from 400 to 800 mg once nightly.
Niperotidine : from 100 to 300 mg twice a day, preferably 230 mg twice a day.
Lafutidine: from 0.1 to 5 mg/kg, preferably 0.3 to 3 mg/kg per day.
2- (N-pentyl-N-guanidino) -4- (2-methylimidazol-4- yl)thiazole: from 0.1 to 20 mg/kg/body weight/day, preferably 0.2 to 2.5 mg/kg/day, in single or divided doses. If parental administration is desired, then these compounds can be given between about 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg/day body weight/day. 2- (4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid with 2-[(2- hydroxyethyl) thio] -N- [3- [3-9]- piperidinylmethyl) phenoxy] propyl] acetamide (1:1): from 1 to 500 mg/kg, once-thrice/day .
Osutidine: from 0.05 to lOOOmg given once or in divided doses .
Piputidine: from 3 to 40 mg. Etinidine: from 150 to 200mg given q.i.d
Etinidine and pepstatin: In man, the preferred dosage of etinidine, is from about 50-150 mg, three- four/day (and most preferably from about 75 mg to 100 mg, three-four/day) (and most preferably four times) . The preferred dosage of pepstatin in man is from about lOOmg, seven/day to about 175 mg, four/day. Combination of etintidine and pepstatin lowers the amount of etintidine needed and therefore reduces side effects.
4- [3- (benzo-1, 3-dioxol-5-yl) thioureido] -N- [3- [3-
(piperidinomethyl) henoxy] propyl ]butyranide from: 10- 2000mg, preferably 20-600mg per day for adults. The daily dose may be divided into 1-3 doses.
[4- [ [ [2- [5- [3- (diethylamino)propyl]-l,4-dihydro-
6-methyl-4-oxo-2-pyrimidinyl] ethyl] thio]methyl-2- thiazolyl] guanidine trihydrochloride from: 100 to 800 mg, given once daily, or in divided doses.
Tiotidine: from 15 mg and 1500 mg, and preferably between 20 mg and 200 mg (for example 50 mg) or an intravenous subcutaneous or intramuscular dose of between 1.5 mg and 150 mg and preferably between 5mg and 20 mg being administered 2 to 4 times a day. amitidine: from 1 to 6 doses to the total of some 5 mg to 2 g per day, preferably 5 to 500 mg per day.
Zaltidine: from 0.1 and 20 mg/kg body weight of the subject to be treated per day, preferably from about 0.2 to 2.5 mg/kg per day.
In more general terms, one would create a combination of the present invention by choosing a dosage of first and second component compounds according to the spirit of the above guideline.
Preferred ratios of olanzapine/nizatadine by weight include:
1/150 6/200
12.5/240 25/250 17.5/300 25/320
Patient treated for schizophrenia complained of weight gain of an effective amount of an antipsychotic and an effective amount of H2 antagonist was prescribed. In follow-up visits patient was no longer gaining weight.
The adjunctive therapy of the present invention is carried out by administering a first component together with the second component in any manner which provides effective levels of the compounds in the body at the same time. All of the compounds concerned are orally available and are normally administered orally, and so oral administration of the adjunctive combination is preferred. They may be administered together, in a single dosage form, or may be administered separately. However, oral administration is not the only route or even the only preferred route. For example, transdermal administration may be very desirable for patients who are forgetful or petulant about taking oral medicine. One of the drugs may be administered by one route, such as oral, and the others may be administered by the transdermal, percutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal or intrarectal route, in particular circumstances. The route of administration may be varied in any way, limited by the physical properties of the drugs and the convenience of the patient and the caregiver .
The adjunctive combination may be administered as a single pharmaceutical composition, and so pharmaceutical compositions incorporating both compounds are important embodiments of the present invention. Such compositions may take any physical form which is pharmaceutically acceptable, but orally usable pharmaceutical compositions are particularly preferred. Such adjunctive pharmaceutical compositions contain an effective amount of each of the compounds, which effective amount is related to the daily dose of the compounds to be administered. Each adjunctive dosage unit may contain the daily doses of all compounds, or may contain a fraction of the daily doses, such as one-third of. the doses. Alternatively, each dosage unit may contain the entire dose of one of the compounds, and a fraction of the dose of the other compounds. In such case, the patient would daily take one of the combination dosage units, and one or more units containing only the other compounds. The amounts of each drug to be contained in each dosage unit depends on the identity of the drugs chosen for the therapy, and other factors such as the indication for which the adjunctive therapy is being given. The inert ingredients and manner of formulation of the adjunctive pharmaceutical compositions are conventional, except for the presence of the combination of the present invention. The usual methods of formulation used in pharmaceutical science may be used here. All of the usual types of compositions may be used, including tablets, chewable tablets, capsules, solutions, parenteral solutions, intranasal sprays or powders, troches, suppositories, transdermal patches and suspensions. In general, compositions contain from about 0.5% to about 50% of the compounds in total, depending on the desired doses and the type of composition to be used. The amount of the compounds, however, is best defined as the effective amount, that is, the amount of each compound which provides the desired dose to the patient in need of such treatment. The activity of the adjunctive combinations do not depend on the nature of the composition, so the compositions are chosen and formulated solely for convenience and economy. Any of the combinations may be formulated in any desired form of composition. Some discussion of different compositions will be provided, followed by some typical formulations.
Capsules are prepared by mixing the compound with a suitable diluent and filling the proper amount of the mixture in capsules. The usual diluents include inert powdered substances such as starch of many different kinds, powdered cellulose, especially crystalline and microcrystalline cellulose, sugars such as fructose, mannitol and sucrose, grain flours and similar edible powders .
Tablets are prepared by direct compression, by wet granulation, or by dry granulation. Their formulations usually incorporate diluents, binders, lubricants and disintegrators as well as the compound. Typical diluents include, for example, various types of starch, lactose, mannitol, kaolin, calcium phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives are also useful . Typical tablet binders are substances such as starch, gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, glucose and the like. Natural and synthetic gums are also convenient, including acacia, alginates, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine and the like. Polyethylene glycol, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders.
A lubricant is necessary in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet and punches from sticking in the die. The lubricant is chosen from such slippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils.
Tablet disintegrators are substances which swell when wetted to break up the tablet and release the compound. They include starches, clays, celluloses, algins and gums. More particularly, corn and potato starches, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, wood cellulose, powdered natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp and carboxymethylcellulose, for example, may be used, as well as sodium lauryl sulfate.
Enteric formulations are often used to protect an active ingredient from the strongly acid contents of the stomach. Such formulations are created by coating a solid dosage form with a film of a polymer which is insoluble in acid environments, and soluble in basic environments. Exemplary films are cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate. It is preferred to formulate duloxetine and duloxetine-containing combinations as enteric compositions, and even more preferred to formulate them as enteric pellets.
A preferred duloxetine enteric formulation is a pellet formulation comprising a) a core consisting of duloxetine and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; b) an optional separating layer; c) an enteric layer comprising hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; d) an optional finishing layer. This enteric formulation is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,508,276, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Tablets are often coated with sugar as a flavor and sealant. The compounds may also be formulated as chewable tablets, by using large amounts of pleasant- tasting substances such as mannitol in the formulation, as is now well-established practice. Instantly dissolving tablet-like formulations are also now frequently used to assure that the patient consumes the dosage form, and to avoid the difficulty in swallowing solid objects that bothers some patients.
When it is desired to administer the combination as a suppository, the usual bases may be used. Cocoa butter is a traditional suppository base, which may be modified by addition of waxes to raise its melting point slightly. Water- iscible suppository bases comprising, particularly, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights are in wide use, also.
Transdermal patches have become popular recently. Typically they comprise a resinous composition in which the drugs will dissolve, or partially dissolve, which is held in contact with the skin by a film which protects the composition. Many patents have appeared in the field recently. Other, more complicated patch compositions are also in use, particularly those having a membrane pierced with innumerable pores through which the drugs are pumped by osmotic action.
The following typical formulae are provided for the interest and information of the pharmaceutical scientist .
Formulation 1
Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following ingredients:
Quantity
(mg/capsule)
Olanzapine 25 mg Nizatidine 150 Starch, dried 150 Magnesium stearate 10 Total 210 mg
Formulation 2
A tablet is prepared using the ingredients below:
Quantity (mg/capsule)
Olanzapine 10
Nizatadine 200
Cellulose, microcrystalline 275 Silicon dioxide, fumed 10
Stearic acid 5 Total 310 mg
The components are blended and compressed to form tablets each weighing 465 mg. Formulation 3
An aerosol solution is prepared containing the following components:
Weight
Risperidone 5 mg Nizatidine 300 Ethanol 25.75 Propellant (Chlorodifluoromethane) 22
60.00
Total 100.75 mg
The active compound is mixed with ethanol and the mixture added to a portion of the propellant 22, cooled to -30°C and transferred to a filling device. The required amount is then fed to a stainless steel container and diluted with the remainder of the propellant. The valve units are then fitted to the container.
Formulation 4
Tablets, each containing 80 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows:
Sertindole 60 mg
Nizatidine 320 mg Starch 30 mg
Microcrystalline cellulose 20 mg
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
(as 10% solution in water) 4 mg
Sodium carboxymethyl starch 4.5 mg Magnesium stearate 0.5 mg
Talc 1 mg
Total 140 mg The active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly. The aqueous solution containing polyvinyl- pyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powder, and the mixture then is passed through a No. 14 mesh U.S. sieve. The granules so produced are dried at 50°C and passed through a No . 18 mesh U.S. Sieve. The sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate and talc, previously passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which, after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets each weighing 170 mg.
Formulation 5
Capsules, each containing 130 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows:
Quetiapine 70 mg Nixatidine 240 mg Starch 39 mg
Microcrystalline cellulose 39 mg Magnesium stearate 2 mg
Total 180 mg
The active ingredient, cellulose, starch, and magnesium stearate are blended, passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 250 mg quantities. Formulation 6
Suppositories, each containing 45 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows:
Ziprasidone 75 mg
Nizatidinede 250 mg
Saturated fatty acid glycerides 2,000 mg Total 2, 080 mg
The active ingredient is passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve and suspended in the saturated fatty acid glycerides previously melted using the minimum heat necessary. The mixture is then poured into a suppository mold of nominal 2 g capacity and allowed to cool.
Formulation 7
Suspensions, each containing 70 mg of active ingredient per 5 ml dose, are made as follows:
Olanzapine 20 mg
Nizatidine 150 mg
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 50 mg
Syrup 1.25 ml
Benzoic acid solution 0.10 ml Flavor q.v.
Color q.v.
Purified water to total 5 ml
The active ingredient is passed through a No . 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and syrup to form a smooth paste. The benzoic acid solution, flavor and color are diluted with a portion of the water and added, with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.
Formulation 8
An intravenous formulation may be prepared as follows :
Olanzapine 20 mg
Nizatidine 150 mg
Isotonic saline 1,000 ml
Benefit of the Invention
The present invention provides the advantage of treatment of schizophrenia with the atypical antipsychotics without the concomitant weight gain typically observed with such treatment, conferring a marked and unexpected benefit on the patient.
Microdialysis assays of monoamines
Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan or Charles River) weighing 270-300 grams are surgically implanted with microdialysis probes under chloral hydrate/pentobarbital anesthesia (170 and 36 mg/kg i.p. in 30% propylene glycol, 14% ethanol) (Perry and Fuller, Effect of fluoxetine on serotonin and dopamine concentration in rat hypothalamus after administration of fluoxetine plus -5- hydroxytryptophan, Life Sci. , 50, 1683-90 (1992)). A David Kopf stereotaxic instrument is used to implant the probe unilaterally in the hypothalamus at coordinates rostral -1.5 mm, lateral -1.3 mm, and ventral -9.0 mm (Paxinos and Watson, 1986) . After a 48 hour recovery period, rats are placed in a large plastic bowl with a mounted liquid swivel system (CMA/120 system for freely moving animals, Bioanalytical Systems, West Lafayette, IN) . Filtered artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (150 mM NaCl, 3.0 mM KCl, 1.7 mM CaCl2, and 0.9 mM MgC12) is perfused through the probe at a rate of 1.0 ml/min. The output dialysate line is fitted to a tenport HPLC valve with a 20 ml loop. At the end of each 30 minute sampling period, dialysate collected in the loop is injected on an analytical column (Spherisorb 3 m ODS2 , 2X150 mm, Keystone Scientific) .
The method used to measure monoamines is as described by Perry and Fuller (1992) . Briefly, dialysate collected in the 20 ml loop is assayed for 5-HT, NE and DA. The 20 ml injection goes onto the column with a mobile phase which resolves NE, DA, and 5-HT: 75 mM potassium acetate, 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1.4 mM sodium octanesulfonic acid and 8% methanol, pH 4.9. The mobile phase for the amine column is delivered with a flow programmable pump at an initial flow rate of 0.2 ml/min increasing to 0.3 ml/min at 5 min then decreasing back to 0.2 ml/min at 26 min with a total run time of 30 min. Flow programming is used to elute the 5-HT within a 25 min time period. The electrochemical detector (EG&G, Model 400) for the amine column is set at a potential of 400 mV and a sensitivity of 0.2 nA/V. Basal levels are measured for at least 90 minutes prior to drug administration. The drugs are prepared in filtered deionized water (volume 0.25-0.3 ml) for administration at the desired doses.
Clinical Trials
The efficacy of the method of the present invention in treating or preventing weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotic use is shown in clinical trials. Patients diagnosed with weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotoc use are randomized to one of two treatment arms: (12) olanzapine (5-20 mg/day) and placebo; or (2) nizatidine plus olanzapine (150-320 mg/day and 5-20 mg/day, respectively) . The efficacy of the treatment is monitored by comparing the weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat by impedance and waist circumference at baseline and montly thereafter for 12 weeks to assess changes in body composition.
We claim:
1. A method for treating a patient suffering from or susceptible to weight gain associated with antipsychotic use, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a first component which is an atypical antipsychotic, in combination with an effective amount of a second component which is an H2 antagonist .
2. The use of an effective amount of a first component which is an atypical antipsychotic, in combination with an effective amount of a second component which is an H2 antagonist, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of weight gain associated with antipsychotic use.
3. A method of Claims 1 or 2 where the first component is chosen from the group consisting of olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone, sertindole, quetiapine, and ziprasidone; and the second component is selected from the group consisting of nizatidine, cimetidine, vanitidine and famotidine.
4. A method of any one of Claim 3 wherein the first component compound is olanzapine.
5. A method of Claim 4 wherein the second component compound is nizatdine.

Claims

6. A method of any one of Claims 1 to 5 where administration of the compounds is oral.
7. A method of any one of Claims 1 to 6 wherein the ratio of olanzapine to nizatidine by weight is selected from the group consisting of 1/150, 6/200, 12.5/240, 25/250, 17.5/300 and 25/320, 5/150, 10/300, 20/150, 20/300, 10/150 and 5/300.
8. A pharmaceutical composition adapted for the treatment of a patient suffering from or susceptible to weight gain associated with antipsychotic use comprising as the active ingredients a combination of an atypical antipsychotic and an H2 antagonist.
9. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises a first component which is an atypical antipsychotic, and a second component which is an H2 antagonist.
10. A composition of Claim 9 which comprises a first component chosen from the group consisting of olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone, sertindole, quetiapine, and ziprasidone, in combination with a second component chosen from the group consisting of of nizatidine, cimetidine, vanitidine and famotidine. 10.
11. A composition of Claim 9 which is adapted for oral administration.
12. A composition of Claim 9 wherein the first component compound is olanzapine.
13. A composition of Claim 11 wherein the first component compound is olanzapine.
14. A composition of Claim 11 wherein the first component compound is Form II olanzapine.
15. A composition of Claim 9 wherein the second component compound is nizatidine.
16. A composition of either of Claims 13 or 14 wherein the second component compound is nizatidine.
17. A composition of Claim 11 wherein the first component compound is olanzapine in the amount of about 0.25 to about 50 mg.
18. A composition of Claim 11 wherein the first component compound is olanzapine in the amount of about 1 to about 30 mg.
19. A composition of Claim 11 wherein the first component compound is olanzapine in the amount of about 1 to about 25 mg.
20. A composition of Claim 11 wherein the second component compound is nizatidinee in the amount of about 150 to about 320 mg.
21. A method of any one of Claims 1 to 7 wherein the olanzapine is Form II .
22. A composition of Claim 14 wherein the Form II olanaapine is substantially pure.
23. A method of any one of Claims 1 to 6 wherein the first component is in the amount of about 1 to 25 mg .
24. A method of any one of Claims 1 to 6 and 23 wherein the second component is nizatidine in the amount of about 150 to about 320mg.
EP00931932A 1999-06-09 2000-05-22 Combination for treating weight gain associated with antipsychotic use comprising an atypical antipsychotic and an h2 antagonist Withdrawn EP1189662A1 (en)

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CA2622696A1 (en) * 2007-11-05 2009-05-05 Diane Mcintosh Methods and compositions for retarding weight gain associated with use of atypical antipsychotic drugs
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