EP1173154A1 - Chewing gum with dental benefits including calcium in a food grade acid - Google Patents
Chewing gum with dental benefits including calcium in a food grade acidInfo
- Publication number
- EP1173154A1 EP1173154A1 EP00918175A EP00918175A EP1173154A1 EP 1173154 A1 EP1173154 A1 EP 1173154A1 EP 00918175 A EP00918175 A EP 00918175A EP 00918175 A EP00918175 A EP 00918175A EP 1173154 A1 EP1173154 A1 EP 1173154A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- chewing gum
- acid
- food grade
- sugar free
- calcium carbonate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 235000015218 chewing gum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 229940112822 chewing gum Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 18
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 title description 18
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 18
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 title description 15
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 99
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 210000003296 saliva Anatomy 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 20
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
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- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
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- 230000001055 chewing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
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- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003610 anti-gingivitis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002882 anti-plaque Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930006722 beta-pinene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229920005549 butyl rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- FNAQSUUGMSOBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-H calcium citrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O FNAQSUUGMSOBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000001354 calcium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- HUSUHZRVLBSGBO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;dihydrogen phosphate;hydroxide Chemical compound O.[Ca+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O HUSUHZRVLBSGBO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000686 essence Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UXAYDBNWIBJTRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl acetate;ethenyl dodecanoate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C.CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC=C UXAYDBNWIBJTRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004334 fluoridation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004674 formic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002238 fumaric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LCWMKIHBLJLORW-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-carene Natural products C1CC(=C)CC2C(C)(C)C21 LCWMKIHBLJLORW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YQEMORVAKMFKLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine monostearate Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(CO)CO YQEMORVAKMFKLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVUQHVRAGMNPLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerol monostearate Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO SVUQHVRAGMNPLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013773 glyceryl triacetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycyrrhetinic acid glycoside Chemical class C1CC(C2C(C3(CCC4(C)CCC(C)(CC4C3=CC2=O)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC2)(C)C2C(C)(C)C1OC1OC(C(O)=O)C(O)C(O)C1OC1OC(C(O)=O)C(O)C(O)C1O LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UYRUBYNTXSDKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycyrrhizic acid Chemical class CC1(C)C(CCC2(C)C1CCC3(C)C2C(=O)C=C4C5CC(C)(CCC5(C)CCC34C)C(=O)O)OC6OC(C(O)C(O)C6OC7OC(O)C(O)C(O)C7C(=O)O)C(=O)O UYRUBYNTXSDKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004949 glycyrrhizic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N glycyrrhizinic acid Chemical class O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1C([C@H]2[C@]([C@@H]3[C@@]([C@@]4(CC[C@@]5(C)CC[C@@](C)(C[C@H]5C4=CC3=O)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC2)(C)CC1)(C)C)C(O)=O)[C@@H]1O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003475 inorganic filler Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N linoleic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC)(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003008 liquid latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001525 mentha piperita l. herb oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001683 mentha spicata herb oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl salicylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000009240 nasopharyngitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001206 natural gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)(=O)O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N palmitic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019477 peppermint oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008447 perception Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001259 polydextrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013856 polydextrose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940035035 polydextrose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000069 prophylactic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019204 saccharin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N saccharin Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C2=C1 CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940081974 saccharin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000901 saccharin and its Na,K and Ca salt Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019721 spearmint oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003444 succinic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019408 sucralose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BAQAVOSOZGMPRM-QBMZZYIRSA-N sucralose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](Cl)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@]1(CCl)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CCl)O1 BAQAVOSOZGMPRM-QBMZZYIRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015260 sugar-free gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009747 swallowing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000892 thaumatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010436 thaumatin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002622 triacetin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013337 tricalcium citrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000391 tricalcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019731 tricalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940078499 tricalcium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960003500 triclosan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005550 wet granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000009637 wintergreen oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/36—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
- A61K8/365—Hydroxycarboxylic acids; Ketocarboxylic acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/064—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds containing inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to chewing gums. More specifically, the present invention relates to chewing gums that can provide dental benefits.
- tooth decay is the most prevalent human disorder.
- the Merck Manual Sixteenth Edition, p. 2480.
- many steps have been taken to reduce dental caries and tooth decay, such as fluoridation and improved dental care, tooth decay continues to be a significant problem. This is especially true in the adult population; 80% of the tooth decay occurs in 20% of the population. See Featherstone, An Updated Understanding of the Mechanism of Dental Decay and its Prevention, Nutrition Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990, pp. 5-11.
- a thin layer of dental enamel forms a protective coating over the tooth.
- This coating consists mainly of calcium, phosphate, and other ions in a hydroxyapatite-like structure.
- the enamel contains 2 to 5 percent carbonate; this carbonate content makes the enamel susceptible to acid dissolution. See, Featherstone, id. at 6.
- Tooth decay begins when the Streptococcus mutans, that reside principally in the plaque that adheres to a tooth surface, metabolizes the fermentable carbohydrates that are consumed by the host. During the metabolism of the fermentable carbohydrates by the bacteria, lactic acid and other organic acids are secreted as a by-product. These acids reduce the pH of the surrounding plaque/tooth environment. When the pH of the plaque/tooth environment drops below a critical level of 5.5 to 5.7, hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate hydroxide, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ), the key component of tooth enamel, begins to dissolve. This critical pH can change depending on the concentration of the key ions. Typically, the dissolution begins below the tooth's porous surface.
- the natural remineralization process involves, in part, the flow of saliva over the plaque.
- the saliva can raise the pH of the environment. Additionally, calcium and phosphate ions in the saliva precipitate out to replace the hydroxyapatite that was dissolved by the organic acids created during the metabolism of the fermentable carbohydrates.
- this remineralization process only occurs at significant levels when the pH is above the critical level (5.5 to 5.7). Therefore, if the saliva does not sufficiently raise the pH, significant remineralization will not occur. But, the remineralization process may be enhanced by fluoride in the oral cavity that speeds up new crystal growth and makes a flurorapatite-like material that is precipitated on the surface of the crystals inside the caries lesion. See, Featherstone, id. at 7.
- Calcium containing compositions are used in chewing gum. Specifically, a number of current chewing gum products use calcium carbonate as a base filler. Additionally, calcium carbonate is used in chewing gum formulas to modify chewing texture. Calcium carbonate is very water insoluble. Accordingly, even though calcium carbonate is added to a chewing gum base, it does not release in sufficient levels into the mouth of chewer in order to enhance the remineralization of tooth enamel.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,378,171 discloses a sugar chewing gum with dental health benefits that includes calcium glycerophosphate.
- the present invention provides a composition and method for the remineralization of enamel.
- sugar free chewing gum is provided that includes a therapeutically effective amount of calcium and a food grade acid. It has been found that the food grade acids when added to a calcium containing base will convert insoluble calcium carbonate to its more soluble salt. This will allow the calcium to be released into the salvia in the mouth of the chewer. This provides calcium that can be used to enhance remineralization and/or reduce demineralization of tooth enamel.
- the present invention provides a sugar free chewing gum comprising an insoluble portion, a water soluble portion, a flavor, calcium carbonate, and a food grade acid.
- the food grade acid is chosen from the group consisting of: lactic acid; phosphoric acid; citric acid; malic acid; ascorbic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; succinic acid; and tartaric acid.
- the calcium carbonate comprises approximately 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the chewing gum.
- the chewing gum includes at least one additional oral health ingredient.
- the food grade acid comprises approximately 0.4% to about 5% by weight of the chewing gum.
- a sugar free chewing gum in an embodiment of the present invention, includes a water soluble portion, a water insoluble portion, a sufficient amount of an insoluble calcium salt containing composition to produce a calcium ion concentration in the mouth of the chewer of at least 100 ppm, and a food grade acid.
- the food grade acid is chosen from the group consisting of: lactic acid; phosphoric acid; citric acid; malic acid; ascorbic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; succinic acid; and tartaric acid.
- the calcium carbonate containing composition comprises approximately 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the chewing gum.
- the food grade acid comprises approximately 0.4% to about 5% by weight of the chewing gum.
- a method for enhancing the remineralization of teeth comprises the steps of: providing a sugarless chewing gum including a water soluble portion, a water insoluble portion, calcium carbonate, and a food grade acid; and chewing the sugarless chewing gum.
- two pieces of chewing gum are chewed at a time.
- the chewing gum is chewed at least twice a day. In an embodiment, the chewing gum produces a calcium ion concentration in the saliva of the mouth of the chewer of at least 100 ppm.
- the chewing gum produces a calcium ion concentration in the saliva of the mouth of the chewer of at least 300 ppm.
- the chewing gum produces a calcium ion concentration in the saliva of the mouth of the chewer of at least 500 ppm.
- the calcium ion concentration is maintained in the saliva for at least 2 minutes.
- An advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for preventing or reducing the risk of dental caries. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for the remineralization of enamel.
- a still further advantage of the present invention is to treat dental caries.
- an advantage of the present invention is to provide a chewing gum that can be used to improve dental health. Further, an advantage of the present invention is to provide a chewing gum that does not have the sensory drawbacks of other sources of calcium. Moreover, an advantage of the present invention is to provide an easy and enjoyable way to improve dental health.
- a further advantage of the present invention is that it provides a chewing gum having dental benefits and a reduced cost. Still further, an advantage of the present invention is to provide a composition and method for delivering a therapeutic agent over a prolonged period of time to the oral region.
- FIGURE 1 illustrates graphically saliva extraction data, setting forth calcium released over time, for Examples 6-8 discussed infra.
- the present invention provides methods and compositions for the remineralization of tooth enamel.
- the present invention provides methods and compositions for preventing and/or treating dental caries.
- a chewing gum is provided that includes a therapeutically effective amount of calcium and a food grade acid; the chewing gum of the present invention can improve dental health when chewed.
- a variety of food grade acids can be used. Such acids include lactic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid and mixtures thereof.
- citric acid converts calcium carbonate to calcium citrate
- lactic acid converts calcium carbonate to calcium lactate
- phosphoric acid converts calcium carbonate to calcium phosphate.
- These acids have been found to maintain a pH level of approximately 5 to 7 in the gum as the acids are converted to their respective salts. Because the food grade acid, e.g., citric acid, when added to a sugarless chewing gum containing calcium carbonate converts the insoluble calcium carbonate to its more soluble salt, it can enhance remineralization.
- Food acids are typically much less expensive than the corresponding calcium salts.
- Calcium carbonate is very inexpensive and typically is present in chewing gum products.
- the chewing gums of the present invention are less expensive to manufacture than gums formulated with the equivalent calcium salt.
- the chewing gum will comprise approximately 0.1 % to about 20% by weight calcium carbonate preferably approximately 1% to about 15% by weight, and most preferably approximately 3% to about 12% by weight calcium carbonate.
- Sufficient calcium carbonate should be present in the chewing gum to create a calcium concentration in the saliva of at least 100 ppm, preferably at least 300 ppm, and most preferably at least 500 ppm for at least one minute, preferably more than two minutes, and most preferably for four minutes upon chewing the gum.
- the food grade acid e.g., citric acid
- the food grade acid e.g., citric acid
- the chewing gum mass but may also be pre-blended with calcium carbonate prior to mixing.
- citric acid may be utilized in the present invention including phosphoric, lactic, malic, tartaric, formic, fumaric, succinic, and ascorbic acids. It has been found that these acids are more effective than others in generating calcium ions in saliva during chewing. Although the inventors do not want to be bound to any specific theory, they believe the reason for this is due to the dissociation constants of the acids and to the solubility of the resultant calcium salt.
- the chewing gum composition may be any sugarless chewing gum formula. Such formulas typically contain a major amount of a sugar alcohol bulking agent, a substantial portion of gum base, minor amounts of syrups, softeners, flavors, color and high intensity sweeteners. Low calorie gums which contain reduced levels of sugar alcohols and increased levels of base and/or low calorie or calorie-free bulking agents are also anticipated.
- the product may be formed into tabs, sticks, chunks or coated pellets. A piece size of approximately 1 to about 5 grams is preferred.
- Chewing gum generally consists of a water insoluble gum base, a water soluble portion, and flavors.
- the water soluble portion dissipates with a portion of the flavor over a period of time during chewing.
- the gum base portion is retained in the mouth throughout the chew.
- the insoluble gum base generally comprises elastomers, resins, fats and oils, softeners, and inorganic fillers.
- the gum base may or may not include wax.
- the insoluble gum base can constitute approximately 5 to about 95 percent, by weight, of the chewing gum, more commonly, the gum base comprises 10 to about 50 percent of the gum, and in some preferred embodiments, 20 to about 35 percent, by weight, of the chewing gum.
- the chewing gum base of the present invention contains about 20 to about 60 weight percent synthetic elastomer, 0 to about 30 weight percent natural elastomer, about 5 to about 55 weight percent elastomer plasticizer, about 4 to about 35 weight percent filler, about 5 to about 35 weight percent softener, and optional minor amounts (about one percent or less) of miscellaneous ingredients such as colorants, antioxidants, etc.
- Synthetic elastomers may include, but are not limited to, polyisobutylene with GPC weight average molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 95,000, isobutylene- isoprene copolymer (butyl elastomer), styrene-butadiene copolymers having styrene- butadiene ratios of about 1:3 to about 3:1, polyvinyl acetate having GPC weight average molecular weight of about 2,000 to about 90,000, polyisoprene, polyethylene, vinyl acetate- vinyl laurate copolymer having vinyl laurate content of about 5 to about 50 percent by weight of the copolymer, and combinations thereof.
- Preferred ranges are, for polyisobutylene, 50,000 to 80,000 GPC weight average molecular weight, for styrene-butadiene, 1:1 to 1 :3 bound styrene-butadiene, for polyvinyl acetate, 10,000 to 65,000 GPC weight average molecular weight with the higher molecular weight polyvinyl acetates typically used in bubble gum base, and for vinyl acetate- vinyl laurate, vinyl laurate content of 10-45 percent.
- Natural elastomers may include natural rubber such as smoked or liquid latex and guayule as well as natural gums such as jelutong, lechi caspi, perillo, sorva, massaranduba balata, massaranduba chocolate, nispero, rosindinha, chicle, gutta hang kang, and combinations thereof.
- the preferred synthetic elastomer and natural elastomer concentrations vary depending on whether the chewing gum in which the base is used is adhesive or conventional, bubble gum or regular gum, as discussed below.
- Preferred natural elastomers include jelutong, chicle, sorva and massaranduba balata.
- Elastomer plasticizers may include, but are not limited to, natural rosin esters such as glycerol esters of partially hydrogenated rosin, glycerol esters polymerized rosin, glycerol esters of partially dimerized rosin, glycerol esters of rosin, pentaerythritol esters of partially hydrogenated rosin, methyl and partially hydrogenated methyl esters of rosin, pentaerythritol esters of rosin, synthetics such as terpene resins derived from alpha- pinene, beta-pinene, and/or d-limonene; and any suitable combinations of the foregoing.
- natural rosin esters such as glycerol esters of partially hydrogenated rosin, glycerol esters polymerized rosin, glycerol esters of partially dimerized rosin, glycerol esters of rosin, pentaerythritol
- the preferred elastomer plasticizers will also vary depending on the specific application, and on the type of elastomer which is used.
- Fillers/texturizers may include magnesium and calcium carbonate, ground limestone, silicate types such as magnesium and aluminum silicate, clay, alumina, talc, titanium oxide, mono-, di- and tri-calcium phosphate, cellulose polymers, such as wood, and combinations thereof.
- calcium carbonate is the preferred filler but other fillers may be used if calcium carbonate is added separately.
- Softeners/emulsifiers may include tallow, hydrogenated tallow, hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, cocoa butter, glycerol monostearate, glycerol triacetate, lecithin, mono-, di- and triglycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, fatty acids (e.g. stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids), and combinations thereof.
- fatty acids e.g. stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids
- Colorants and whiteners may include FD&C-type dyes and lakes, fruit and vegetable extracts, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof.
- the base may or may not include wax.
- An example of a wax-free gum base is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,286,500, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- a typical chewing gum composition includes a water soluble bulk portion and one or more flavoring agents.
- the water soluble portion can include bulk sweeteners, high intensity sweeteners, flavoring agents, softeners, emulsifiers, colors, acidulants, fillers, antioxidants, and other components that provide desired attributes.
- Softeners are added to the chewing gum in order to optimize the chewability and mouth feel of the gum.
- the softeners which are also known as plasticizers and plasticizing agents, generally constitute between approximately 0.5 to about 15% by weight of the chewing gum.
- the softeners may include glycerin, lecithin, and combinations thereof.
- Aqueous sweetener solutions such as those containing sorbitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, corn syrup and combinations thereof, may also be used as softeners and binding agents in chewing gum.
- Bulk sweeteners typically constitute 5 to about 95% by weight of the chewing gum, more typically, 20 to 80% by weight, and more commonly, 30 to 60% by weight of the gum.
- Sugarless sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, maltitol, and the like, alone or in combination.
- High intensity artificial sweeteners can also be used, alone or in combination with the above.
- Preferred sweeteners include, but are not limited to sucralose, aspartame, salts of acesulfame, alitame, saccharin and its salts, cyclamic acid and its salts, glycyrrhizin, dihydrochalcones, thaumatin, monellin, and the like, alone or in combination.
- Such techniques as wet granulation, wax granulation, spray drying, spray chilling, fluid bed coating, coacervation, and fiber extension may be used to achieve the desired release characteristics.
- Usage level of the artificial sweetener will vary greatly and will depend on such factors as potency of the sweetener, rate of release, desired sweetness of the product, level and type of flavor used and cost considerations. Thus, the active level of artificial sweetener may vary from 0.02 to about 8%. When carriers used for encapsulation are included, the usage level of the encapsulated sweetener will be proportionately higher. Combinations of sugar and/or sugarless sweeteners may be used in chewing gum.
- the softener may also provide additional sweetness such as with aqueous sugar or alditol solutions.
- a low caloric bulking agent can be used.
- low caloric bulking agents include: polydextrose; Raftilose, Raftilin;
- Fructooligosaccharides (NutraFlora); Palatinose oligosaccharide; Guar Gum Hydrolysate (Sun Fiber); or indigestible dextrin (Fibersol).
- Palatinose oligosaccharide Guar Gum Hydrolysate (Sun Fiber); or indigestible dextrin (Fibersol).
- Guar Gum Hydrolysate (Sun Fiber); or indigestible dextrin (Fibersol).
- other low calorie bulking agents can be used.
- flavoring agents can be used.
- the flavor can be used in amounts of approximately 0.1 to about 15 weight percent of the gum, and preferably, 0.2 to 5%.
- Flavoring agents may include essential oils, synthetic flavors or mixtures thereof including, but not limited to, oils derived from plants and fruits such as citrus oils, fruit essences, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, other mint oils, clove oil, oil of wintergreen, anise and the like.
- Artificial flavoring agents and components may also be used. Natural and artificial flavoring agents may be combined in any sensorially acceptable fashion.
- Additional oral health ingredients may be added including but not limited to pH control agents (such as urea and buffers), other inorganic components for tartar or caries control (phosphates, fluorides), and anti-plaque/anti-gingivitis agents (including chlorhexidene, CPC, triclosan). Any additional ingredients must be safe and effective and not react undesirably with calcium carbonate or the food grade acid of choice.
- pH control agents such as urea and buffers
- other inorganic components for tartar or caries control phosphates, fluorides
- anti-plaque/anti-gingivitis agents including chlorhexidene, CPC, triclosan. Any additional ingredients must be safe and effective and not react undesirably with calcium carbonate or the food grade acid of choice.
- examples of the present invention are as follows:
- Example 4 is a pre-blended mixture of calcium carbonate and citric acid. Any food grade acid may be substituted in any desired amount.
- Example 5 does not use additional calcium carbonate in the formula. Rather, the acid can react with the calcium carbonate that exists in the base.
- test results for inventive examples 7 and 8 are consistent with data expected based on salt solubility. Calcium carbonate becomes more soluble in an acidic solution. Results are consistent with expectations based on the strength of the acid employed and the solubility of the corresponding salt generated. Moreover, more calcium can be released during the chew to enhance beneficial dental properties with a higher solubility of calcium salts.
- Each of the experimental samples exhibited a sour, acidic character in the initial chew.
- the experimental gums started to become similar to the control after thirty seconds with the sour/tart notes disappearing. Additionally, the two experimental samples exhibited a thin, weak, bubble.
- the sample containing the 1.00% citric acid was considered to be closest to the control.
Abstract
Methods and chewing gums for the remineralization of tooth enamel are provided. To this end a sugar free chewing gum comprising an insoluble portion, a water soluble portion, a flavor, calcium carbonate, and a food grade acid is provided as well as methods of using same.
Description
P E C I F I C A T I O N
TITLE
" CHEWING GUM WITH DENTAL BENEFITS
INCLUDING CALCIUM IN A FOOD GRADE ACID"
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to chewing gums. More specifically, the present invention relates to chewing gums that can provide dental benefits.
Except for the common cold, dental caries (tooth decay) is the most prevalent human disorder. See, The Merck Manual, Sixteenth Edition, p. 2480. Even though, many steps have been taken to reduce dental caries and tooth decay, such as fluoridation and improved dental care, tooth decay continues to be a significant problem. This is especially true in the adult population; 80% of the tooth decay occurs in 20% of the population. See Featherstone, An Updated Understanding of the Mechanism of Dental Decay and its Prevention, Nutrition Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1990, pp. 5-11.
To protect a normal tooth, a thin layer of dental enamel forms a protective coating over the tooth. This coating consists mainly of calcium, phosphate, and other ions in a hydroxyapatite-like structure. The enamel contains 2 to 5 percent carbonate; this carbonate content makes the enamel susceptible to acid dissolution. See, Featherstone, id. at 6.
The interaction of three factors is believed to result in dental caries: a susceptible tooth surface; the proper microflora; and a suitable substrate for the microflora. Although several acidogenic micro-organisms that are present in the mouth can initiate carious lesions, Streptococcus mutans is believed to be the primary pathogen. See, The Merck Manual, supra.
It is known that foods containing fermentable carbohydrates can promote dental caries. Tooth decay begins when the Streptococcus mutans, that reside principally in the plaque that adheres to a tooth surface, metabolizes the fermentable carbohydrates that are consumed by the host. During the metabolism of the fermentable carbohydrates by the bacteria, lactic acid and other organic acids are secreted as a by-product. These acids reduce the pH of the surrounding plaque/tooth environment.
When the pH of the plaque/tooth environment drops below a critical level of 5.5 to 5.7, hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate hydroxide, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), the key component of tooth enamel, begins to dissolve. This critical pH can change depending on the concentration of the key ions. Typically, the dissolution begins below the tooth's porous surface.
With repeated acid attacks, caused by the further metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates by the bacteria, subsurface lesions expand. The body's natural remineralization mechanism, however, at this point, can still reverse the decay process.
But, if the lesions expand to the point that the enamel surface breaks, a cavity is formed and the process is no longer reversible.
The natural remineralization process involves, in part, the flow of saliva over the plaque. The saliva can raise the pH of the environment. Additionally, calcium and phosphate ions in the saliva precipitate out to replace the hydroxyapatite that was dissolved by the organic acids created during the metabolism of the fermentable carbohydrates.
However, typically, this remineralization process only occurs at significant levels when the pH is above the critical level (5.5 to 5.7). Therefore, if the saliva does not sufficiently raise the pH, significant remineralization will not occur. But, the remineralization process may be enhanced by fluoride in the oral cavity that speeds up new crystal growth and makes a flurorapatite-like material that is precipitated on the surface of the crystals inside the caries lesion. See, Featherstone, id. at 7.
A number of salts have been reported in certain experiments to counteract demineralization. One of the difficulties is providing a viable vehicle for delivering the salts. Still further, a number of safety issues are raised by some of the salts. Furthermore, sensory problems with respect to some of the salts prevent these salts from being taken on a regular basis by a patient to provide prophylactic benefits. Another problem is that these calcium salts can add significant cost to a product.
Calcium containing compositions are used in chewing gum. Specifically, a number of current chewing gum products use calcium carbonate as a base filler. Additionally, calcium carbonate is used in chewing gum formulas to modify chewing texture. Calcium carbonate is very water insoluble. Accordingly, even though calcium
carbonate is added to a chewing gum base, it does not release in sufficient levels into the mouth of chewer in order to enhance the remineralization of tooth enamel.
Although it is known to add acids to chewing gum to provide a tart flavor, calcium carbonate is typically not used in such situations. In this regard, talc is normally used as the base filler since acids are neutralized by calcium carbonate.
U.S. Patent No. 5,378,171 discloses a sugar chewing gum with dental health benefits that includes calcium glycerophosphate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a composition and method for the remineralization of enamel. Pursuant to the present invention, sugar free chewing gum is provided that includes a therapeutically effective amount of calcium and a food grade acid. It has been found that the food grade acids when added to a calcium containing base will convert insoluble calcium carbonate to its more soluble salt. This will allow the calcium to be released into the salvia in the mouth of the chewer. This provides calcium that can be used to enhance remineralization and/or reduce demineralization of tooth enamel.
To this end, the present invention provides a sugar free chewing gum comprising an insoluble portion, a water soluble portion, a flavor, calcium carbonate, and a food grade acid. In an embodiment of the present invention, the food grade acid is chosen from the group consisting of: lactic acid; phosphoric acid; citric acid; malic acid; ascorbic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; succinic acid; and tartaric acid.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the calcium carbonate comprises approximately 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the chewing gum. In an embodiment of the present invention, the chewing gum includes at least one additional oral health ingredient.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the food grade acid comprises approximately 0.4% to about 5% by weight of the chewing gum.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a sugar free chewing gum is provided that includes a water soluble portion, a water insoluble portion, a sufficient amount of an insoluble calcium salt containing composition to produce a calcium ion concentration in
the mouth of the chewer of at least 100 ppm, and a food grade acid.
In an embodiment, the food grade acid is chosen from the group consisting of: lactic acid; phosphoric acid; citric acid; malic acid; ascorbic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; succinic acid; and tartaric acid. In an embodiment, the calcium carbonate containing composition comprises approximately 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the chewing gum.
In an embodiment, the food grade acid comprises approximately 0.4% to about 5% by weight of the chewing gum.
In a still further embodiment of the present invention, a method for enhancing the remineralization of teeth is provided the method comprises the steps of: providing a sugarless chewing gum including a water soluble portion, a water insoluble portion, calcium carbonate, and a food grade acid; and chewing the sugarless chewing gum.
In an embodiment, two pieces of chewing gum are chewed at a time.
In an embodiment, the chewing gum is chewed at least twice a day. In an embodiment, the chewing gum produces a calcium ion concentration in the saliva of the mouth of the chewer of at least 100 ppm.
In an embodiment, the chewing gum produces a calcium ion concentration in the saliva of the mouth of the chewer of at least 300 ppm.
In an embodiment, the chewing gum produces a calcium ion concentration in the saliva of the mouth of the chewer of at least 500 ppm.
In an embodiment, the calcium ion concentration is maintained in the saliva for at least 2 minutes.
An advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for preventing or reducing the risk of dental caries. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for the remineralization of enamel.
A still further advantage of the present invention is to treat dental caries.
Additionally, an advantage of the present invention is to provide a chewing gum that can be used to improve dental health. Further, an advantage of the present invention is to provide a chewing gum that does not have the sensory drawbacks of other sources of calcium.
Moreover, an advantage of the present invention is to provide an easy and enjoyable way to improve dental health.
A further advantage of the present invention is that it provides a chewing gum having dental benefits and a reduced cost. Still further, an advantage of the present invention is to provide a composition and method for delivering a therapeutic agent over a prolonged period of time to the oral region.
Additional features and advantages of the present invention are described, and will be apparent from, the detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments and the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 illustrates graphically saliva extraction data, setting forth calcium released over time, for Examples 6-8 discussed infra.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLYPREFERRED
EMBODIMENTS The present invention provides methods and compositions for the remineralization of tooth enamel. Thus, the present invention provides methods and compositions for preventing and/or treating dental caries. Pursuant to the present invention, a chewing gum is provided that includes a therapeutically effective amount of calcium and a food grade acid; the chewing gum of the present invention can improve dental health when chewed.
It has specifically been found that the addition of food grade acids to gum bases containing calcium carbonate will convert insoluble calcium carbonate to its more soluble salt when gum is chewed. Thus, when the gum will enhance remineralization and/or reduce demineralization in the mouth of the chewer.
A variety of food grade acids can be used. Such acids include lactic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid and mixtures thereof. For example, citric acid converts calcium carbonate to calcium citrate; lactic acid converts calcium carbonate to calcium lactate;
and phosphoric acid converts calcium carbonate to calcium phosphate. These acids have been found to maintain a pH level of approximately 5 to 7 in the gum as the acids are converted to their respective salts. Because the food grade acid, e.g., citric acid, when added to a sugarless chewing gum containing calcium carbonate converts the insoluble calcium carbonate to its more soluble salt, it can enhance remineralization.
Food acids are typically much less expensive than the corresponding calcium salts. Calcium carbonate is very inexpensive and typically is present in chewing gum products. As a result, the chewing gums of the present invention are less expensive to manufacture than gums formulated with the equivalent calcium salt. Preferably, the chewing gum will comprise approximately 0.1 % to about 20% by weight calcium carbonate preferably approximately 1% to about 15% by weight, and most preferably approximately 3% to about 12% by weight calcium carbonate. Sufficient calcium carbonate should be present in the chewing gum to create a calcium concentration in the saliva of at least 100 ppm, preferably at least 300 ppm, and most preferably at least 500 ppm for at least one minute, preferably more than two minutes, and most preferably for four minutes upon chewing the gum.
This is accomplished by incorporating at least 4mg, preferably at least 5mg, and most preferably 8mg of food grade acid, e.g., citric acid, per piece of chewing gum. Preferably, the food grade acid, e.g., citric acid is mixed into the chewing gum mass, but may also be pre-blended with calcium carbonate prior to mixing.
As noted above, other food grade acids aside from citric acid may be utilized in the present invention including phosphoric, lactic, malic, tartaric, formic, fumaric, succinic, and ascorbic acids. It has been found that these acids are more effective than others in generating calcium ions in saliva during chewing. Although the inventors do not want to be bound to any specific theory, they believe the reason for this is due to the dissociation constants of the acids and to the solubility of the resultant calcium salt.
The chewing gum composition may be any sugarless chewing gum formula. Such formulas typically contain a major amount of a sugar alcohol bulking agent, a substantial portion of gum base, minor amounts of syrups, softeners, flavors, color and high intensity sweeteners. Low calorie gums which contain reduced levels of sugar alcohols and increased levels of base and/or low calorie or calorie-free bulking agents are
also anticipated. The product may be formed into tabs, sticks, chunks or coated pellets. A piece size of approximately 1 to about 5 grams is preferred.
Chewing gum generally consists of a water insoluble gum base, a water soluble portion, and flavors. The water soluble portion dissipates with a portion of the flavor over a period of time during chewing. The gum base portion is retained in the mouth throughout the chew.
The insoluble gum base generally comprises elastomers, resins, fats and oils, softeners, and inorganic fillers. The gum base may or may not include wax. The insoluble gum base can constitute approximately 5 to about 95 percent, by weight, of the chewing gum, more commonly, the gum base comprises 10 to about 50 percent of the gum, and in some preferred embodiments, 20 to about 35 percent, by weight, of the chewing gum.
In an embodiment, the chewing gum base of the present invention contains about 20 to about 60 weight percent synthetic elastomer, 0 to about 30 weight percent natural elastomer, about 5 to about 55 weight percent elastomer plasticizer, about 4 to about 35 weight percent filler, about 5 to about 35 weight percent softener, and optional minor amounts (about one percent or less) of miscellaneous ingredients such as colorants, antioxidants, etc.
Synthetic elastomers may include, but are not limited to, polyisobutylene with GPC weight average molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 95,000, isobutylene- isoprene copolymer (butyl elastomer), styrene-butadiene copolymers having styrene- butadiene ratios of about 1:3 to about 3:1, polyvinyl acetate having GPC weight average molecular weight of about 2,000 to about 90,000, polyisoprene, polyethylene, vinyl acetate- vinyl laurate copolymer having vinyl laurate content of about 5 to about 50 percent by weight of the copolymer, and combinations thereof.
Preferred ranges are, for polyisobutylene, 50,000 to 80,000 GPC weight average molecular weight, for styrene-butadiene, 1:1 to 1 :3 bound styrene-butadiene, for polyvinyl acetate, 10,000 to 65,000 GPC weight average molecular weight with the higher molecular weight polyvinyl acetates typically used in bubble gum base, and for vinyl acetate- vinyl laurate, vinyl laurate content of 10-45 percent.
Natural elastomers may include natural rubber such as smoked or liquid latex and
guayule as well as natural gums such as jelutong, lechi caspi, perillo, sorva, massaranduba balata, massaranduba chocolate, nispero, rosindinha, chicle, gutta hang kang, and combinations thereof. The preferred synthetic elastomer and natural elastomer concentrations vary depending on whether the chewing gum in which the base is used is adhesive or conventional, bubble gum or regular gum, as discussed below. Preferred natural elastomers include jelutong, chicle, sorva and massaranduba balata.
Elastomer plasticizers may include, but are not limited to, natural rosin esters such as glycerol esters of partially hydrogenated rosin, glycerol esters polymerized rosin, glycerol esters of partially dimerized rosin, glycerol esters of rosin, pentaerythritol esters of partially hydrogenated rosin, methyl and partially hydrogenated methyl esters of rosin, pentaerythritol esters of rosin, synthetics such as terpene resins derived from alpha- pinene, beta-pinene, and/or d-limonene; and any suitable combinations of the foregoing. The preferred elastomer plasticizers will also vary depending on the specific application, and on the type of elastomer which is used. Fillers/texturizers may include magnesium and calcium carbonate, ground limestone, silicate types such as magnesium and aluminum silicate, clay, alumina, talc, titanium oxide, mono-, di- and tri-calcium phosphate, cellulose polymers, such as wood, and combinations thereof. In the present invention, calcium carbonate is the preferred filler but other fillers may be used if calcium carbonate is added separately. Softeners/emulsifiers may include tallow, hydrogenated tallow, hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, cocoa butter, glycerol monostearate, glycerol triacetate, lecithin, mono-, di- and triglycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, fatty acids (e.g. stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids), and combinations thereof.
Colorants and whiteners may include FD&C-type dyes and lakes, fruit and vegetable extracts, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof.
The base may or may not include wax. An example of a wax-free gum base is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,286,500, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In addition to a water insoluble gum base portion, a typical chewing gum composition includes a water soluble bulk portion and one or more flavoring agents. The water soluble portion can include bulk sweeteners, high intensity sweeteners, flavoring
agents, softeners, emulsifiers, colors, acidulants, fillers, antioxidants, and other components that provide desired attributes.
Softeners are added to the chewing gum in order to optimize the chewability and mouth feel of the gum. The softeners, which are also known as plasticizers and plasticizing agents, generally constitute between approximately 0.5 to about 15% by weight of the chewing gum. The softeners may include glycerin, lecithin, and combinations thereof. Aqueous sweetener solutions such as those containing sorbitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, corn syrup and combinations thereof, may also be used as softeners and binding agents in chewing gum. Bulk sweeteners typically constitute 5 to about 95% by weight of the chewing gum, more typically, 20 to 80% by weight, and more commonly, 30 to 60% by weight of the gum.
Sugarless sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, maltitol, and the like, alone or in combination.
High intensity artificial sweeteners can also be used, alone or in combination with the above. Preferred sweeteners include, but are not limited to sucralose, aspartame, salts of acesulfame, alitame, saccharin and its salts, cyclamic acid and its salts, glycyrrhizin, dihydrochalcones, thaumatin, monellin, and the like, alone or in combination. In order to provide longer lasting sweetness and flavor perception, it may be desirable to encapsulate or otherwise control the release of at least a portion of the artificial sweetener. Such techniques as wet granulation, wax granulation, spray drying, spray chilling, fluid bed coating, coacervation, and fiber extension may be used to achieve the desired release characteristics. Usage level of the artificial sweetener will vary greatly and will depend on such factors as potency of the sweetener, rate of release, desired sweetness of the product, level and type of flavor used and cost considerations. Thus, the active level of artificial sweetener may vary from 0.02 to about 8%. When carriers used for encapsulation are included, the usage level of the encapsulated sweetener will be proportionately higher. Combinations of sugar and/or sugarless sweeteners may be used in chewing gum.
Additionally, the softener may also provide additional sweetness such as with aqueous
sugar or alditol solutions.
If a low calorie gum is desired, a low caloric bulking agent can be used. Example of low caloric bulking agents include: polydextrose; Raftilose, Raftilin;
Fructooligosaccharides (NutraFlora); Palatinose oligosaccharide; Guar Gum Hydrolysate (Sun Fiber); or indigestible dextrin (Fibersol). However, other low calorie bulking agents can be used.
A variety of flavoring agents can be used. The flavor can be used in amounts of approximately 0.1 to about 15 weight percent of the gum, and preferably, 0.2 to 5%. Flavoring agents may include essential oils, synthetic flavors or mixtures thereof including, but not limited to, oils derived from plants and fruits such as citrus oils, fruit essences, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, other mint oils, clove oil, oil of wintergreen, anise and the like. Artificial flavoring agents and components may also be used. Natural and artificial flavoring agents may be combined in any sensorially acceptable fashion.
Additional oral health ingredients may be added including but not limited to pH control agents (such as urea and buffers), other inorganic components for tartar or caries control (phosphates, fluorides), and anti-plaque/anti-gingivitis agents (including chlorhexidene, CPC, triclosan). Any additional ingredients must be safe and effective and not react undesirably with calcium carbonate or the food grade acid of choice.
By way of example and not limitation, examples of the present invention are as follows:
EXAMPLES
1 2 3 4 5
Gum Base 30.40% 29.00% 30.00% 30.00% 35.00% (17.00% CaCO3)
Sorbitol 38.05 39.20 24.00 41.00 40.50
Xylitol 15.60 15.07 14.00 0.50 0.50
Mannitol 4.00 2.00 4.00 - 7.00
Maltitol - - 11.10 7.00 Glycerol 3.00 5.00 - - 10.2
Sorbitol Solution - - 3.00 10.00
(70% solids)
Calcium Carbonate 5.00 5.00 6.00
Citric Acid 0.70 - 0.50
Lactic Acid - 1.00
Phosphoric Acid - - 1.00 1.50
Calcium Carbonate 7.80 (77%)\Citric Acid Pre-blend (23%)
Encapsulated 0.47 0.67 0.90 0.55 Acesulsame K
Magnasweet 0.40 0.70 0.30 0.40
Urea - - 3.00 - 2.50
Aspartame 0.12 0.10 0.20 0.30
Color 0.06 0.06 0.20 0.05
Flavor 2.20 2.20 2.50 3.00 1.50
TOTAL 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Form 2g tab 3g stick 3g stick 1.5g pellet 4g chunk (center)
Flavor Fruit Bubble Cinnamon Fruit Peppermint
Gum
It should be noted that Example 4 is a pre-blended mixture of calcium carbonate and citric acid. Any food grade acid may be substituted in any desired amount. Example 5 does not use additional calcium carbonate in the formula. Rather, the acid can react with the calcium carbonate that exists in the base.
Testing was conducted to determine the effects of selected food grade acids with calcium carbonate upon saliva stimulated by chewing sugarfree gum. Three subjects participated in the study. Subjects chewed the gums of Examples 6, 7, and 8. Each sample was evaluated over a timed twenty minute period with saliva collected (without swallowing) at specified intervals. Prior to the twenty minute period, subjects were required to chew a measured gum base sample (0.60g +/- 0.05g) for two minutes to establish the calcium content of saliva at baseline. Collected saliva samples were
weighted, vortexed, diluted to volume, and analyzed by atomic adsorption (AA) to determine calcium concentration which was adjusted for each subject's baseline value. Gum cuds were retained to complete mass balance calculations.
Three gum formulas were prepared according to Examples 6, 7, and 8 below. The batches received extended mix times to ensure an even distribution of the food grade acid and calcium carbonate additive. Pieces were cut to 2.00g-2.10g and aged for two weeks prior to testing. Samples were analytically tested to confirm correct formulation and acid neutralization.
EXAMPLES
Comparative Inventive Inventive
Ingredients 6 7 8
Gum Base 30.40% 30.40% 30.40%
(20.00% CaCO3)
Sorbitol 41.75 38.05 38.05
Xylitol 15.60 15.60 15.60
Mannitol 4.00 4.00 4.00
Glycerol 3.00 3.00 3.00
Calcium Carbonate 2.00 5.00 5.00
Citric Acid - 0.70 -
Lactic Acid - - 0.70
(88.00%) solution)
Encapsulated 0.67 0.67 0.67
Acesulsame K
Magnasweet 0.20 0.20 0.20
Aspartame 0.12 0.12 0.12
Color 0.06 0.06 0.06
Flavor (Bubble Gum) 2.20 2.20 2.20
TOTAL 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Both inventive composition Examples (7 and 8), released higher levels of calcium during the chew than the control (6). Figure 1 illustrates, graphically, those results.
The test results for inventive examples 7 and 8 are consistent with data expected based on salt solubility. Calcium carbonate becomes more soluble in an acidic solution. Results are consistent with expectations based on the strength of the acid employed and the solubility of the corresponding salt generated. Moreover, more calcium can be released during the chew to enhance beneficial dental properties with a higher solubility of calcium salts.
Based on these results it was concluded that the addition of food grade acids to products containing calcium carbonate does increase the amount of calcium released into
the saliva. Also, it must be noted that by employing a stronger acid, a more soluble calcium salt can be generated.
Trained sensory technicians conducted a descriptive panel with a control and two experimental gums each having differing amounts of citric acid. The gums tested were formulated as set forth below:
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 9 EXAMPLE 10 EXAMPLE 11
INGREDIENTS CONTROL CITRIC ACID CITRIC ACID
ADDED 1.00% ADDED 1.50%
Gum Base 30.40% 30.40% 30.40%
(20.00% CaCO3)
Sorbitol 41.75 39.75 39.25
Xylitol 15.60 15.60 15.60
Mannitol 4.00 4.00 4.00
Glycerol 3.00 3.00 3.00
Calcium Carbonate 2.00 3.00 3.00
(CaCO3)
Citric Acid - 1.00 1.50
Encapsulated 0.67 0.67 0.67
Acesulsame K
Magnasweet 0.20 0.20 0.20
Aspartame 0.12 0.12 0.12
Color 0.06 0.06 0.06
Flavor (Bubble 2.20 2.20 2.20
Gum)
TOTAL 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
The panel concluded that the two experimental formulas containing the citric acid were acceptable in terms of bubble gum, however they did not match the same flavor profile of the control. Each of the experimental samples exhibited a sour, acidic character in the initial chew. The experimental gums started to become similar to the control after
thirty seconds with the sour/tart notes disappearing. Additionally, the two experimental samples exhibited a thin, weak, bubble. The sample containing the 1.00% citric acid was considered to be closest to the control.
It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.
Claims
1. A sugar free chewing gum comprising: a water insoluble gum base portion; a water soluble portion; a flavor; calcium carbonate; and a food grade acid.
2. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 1 wherein the food grade acid is chosen from the group consisting of: lactic acid; phosphoric acid; citric acid; malic acid; ascorbic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; succinic acid; and tartaric acid.
3. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 1 wherein the calcium carbonate comprises approximately 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the chewing gum.
4. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 1 including at least one additional oral health ingredient.
5. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 1 wherein the food grade acid comprises approximately 0.4% to about 5% by weight of the chewing gum.
6. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 1 wherein the food grade acid is citric acid.
7. A sugar free chewing gum comprising: a water soluble portion; a water insoluble gum base portion; a sufficient amount of calcium carbonate to produce a calcium ion concentration in the mouth of the chewer of at least 100 ppm; and a food grade acid.
8. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 7 wherein the food grade acid is chosen from the group consisting of: lactic acid; phosphoric acid; citric acid; malic acid; ascorbic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; succinic acid; and tartaric acid.
9. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 7 wherein the calcium carbonate comprises approximately 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the chewing gum.
10. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 7 including at least one additional oral health ingredient.
11. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 7 wherein the food grade acid comprises approximately 0.4% to about 5% by weight of the chewing gum.
12. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 7 wherein the food grade acid is citric acid.
13. The sugar free chewing gum of Claim 7 wherein the calcium carbonate produces a calcium ion concentration in the saliva of the mouth of the chewer of at least 300 ppm.
14. A method for enhancing the remineralization of teeth comprising the steps of: providing a sugarless chewing gum including a water soluble portion, a water insoluble portion, calcium carbonate, and a food grade acid; and chewing the sugarless chewing gum.
15. The method of Claim 14 wherein two pieces of chewing gum are chewed at a time.
16. The method of Claim 14 wherein the chewing gum is chewed at least twice a day.
17. The method of Claim 14 wherein the chewing gum produces a calcium ion concentration in the saliva of the mouth of the chewer of at least 100 ppm.
18. The method of Claim 14 wherein the chewing gum produces a calcium ion concentration in the saliva of the mouth of the chewer of at least 300 ppm.
19. The method of Claim 14 wherein the chewing gum produces a calcium ion concentration in the saliva of the mouth of the chewer of at least 500 ppm.
20. The method of Claim 17 wherein the calcium ion concentration is maintained in the saliva for at least 2 minutes.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US12948899P | 1999-04-15 | 1999-04-15 | |
| US129488P | 1999-04-15 | ||
| PCT/US2000/007410 WO2000062762A1 (en) | 1999-04-15 | 2000-03-21 | Chewing gum with dental benefits including calcium in a food grade acid |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1173154A1 true EP1173154A1 (en) | 2002-01-23 |
| EP1173154A4 EP1173154A4 (en) | 2003-07-23 |
Family
ID=22440209
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00918175A Withdrawn EP1173154A4 (en) | 1999-04-15 | 2000-03-21 | Chewing gum with dental benefits including calcium in a food grade acid |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1173154A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2002542185A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1348365A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU3903500A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR0009773A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2370130A1 (en) |
| PL (1) | PL351082A1 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2226060C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2000062762A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005003753A1 (en) * | 2003-07-07 | 2005-01-13 | Oji Paper Co., Ltd. | Remineralization promoters |
| DE10349050A1 (en) * | 2003-10-17 | 2005-05-12 | Nova Dentalia Zahnpflege Gmbh | Gum for the remineralization of tooth enamel |
| JP2006034221A (en) * | 2004-07-29 | 2006-02-09 | Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd | Acidity sustaining chewing-gum composition |
| EP2001436B1 (en) | 2006-04-05 | 2017-01-04 | Intercontinental Great Brands LLC | Calcium phosphate complex and salts in oral delivery systems |
| RU2417621C2 (en) * | 2006-04-05 | 2011-05-10 | КЭДБЕРИ АДАМС ЮЭсЭй ЛЛС | Calcium phosphate complex for acid containing candies |
| MX2008012520A (en) | 2006-04-05 | 2008-10-10 | Cadbury Adams Usa Llc | Impact of calcium phosphate complex on dental caries. |
| US20080008664A1 (en) * | 2006-07-10 | 2008-01-10 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Method of reducing infection |
| MD3612G2 (en) * | 2007-11-23 | 2009-01-31 | Валериу ФАЛА | Chewing gum (variants) |
| MD3901G2 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-12-31 | Валериу ФАЛА | Chewing gum with bleaching effect (variants) |
| MD3937G2 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2010-02-28 | Валериу ФАЛА | Edible chewing gum (variants) |
| MD3857G2 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-10-31 | Валериу ФАЛА | Chewing gum for dental enamel remineralization (variants) |
| FR2931071B1 (en) | 2008-05-14 | 2010-08-13 | Roquette Freres | ALGAE CONFECTIONERY FOR THE PREVENTION OF ORAL INFECTIONS |
| US7919107B2 (en) * | 2008-07-28 | 2011-04-05 | Sudzucker Aktiengesellschaft Mannhein/Ochsenfurt | Method for treating hypersensitive teeth |
| ITMI20111272A1 (en) * | 2011-07-08 | 2013-01-09 | Luigi Pietro Roveda | COMPOSITION FOR THE PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARRY AND DEVICE FOR ITS RELEASE |
| US10980831B2 (en) | 2018-03-23 | 2021-04-20 | Fertin Pharma A/S | Solid pharmaceutical tablet |
| JP2020059689A (en) * | 2018-10-09 | 2020-04-16 | 炭プラスラボ株式会社 | Oral composition |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3826847A (en) * | 1970-10-21 | 1974-07-30 | Lotte Co Ltd | Process for preparation of flavor durable chewing gum |
| US4867989A (en) * | 1986-09-09 | 1989-09-19 | Warner-Lambert Company | Chewing gum mineral supplement |
| US4931293A (en) * | 1986-12-23 | 1990-06-05 | Warner-Lambert Company | Food acid delivery systems containing polyvinyl acetate |
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| US5645853A (en) * | 1995-08-08 | 1997-07-08 | Enamelon Inc. | Chewing gum compositions and the use thereof for remineralization of lesions in teeth |
| US5833954A (en) * | 1996-08-20 | 1998-11-10 | American Dental Association Health Foundation | Anti-carious chewing gums, candies, gels, toothpastes and dentifrices |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4208431A (en) * | 1978-05-05 | 1980-06-17 | Life Savers, Inc. | Long-lasting chewing gum having good processibility and method |
| US4238475A (en) * | 1979-08-01 | 1980-12-09 | Life Savers Inc. | Chewing cum capable of releasing finely divided water-insoluble materials therefrom |
| US5882702A (en) * | 1996-10-07 | 1999-03-16 | Warner-Lambert Company | Process for the formation of plasticized proteinaceous materials and compositions containing the same |
-
2000
- 2000-03-21 CN CN00806222A patent/CN1348365A/en active Pending
- 2000-03-21 WO PCT/US2000/007410 patent/WO2000062762A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-03-21 RU RU2001126546/13A patent/RU2226060C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-03-21 JP JP2000611899A patent/JP2002542185A/en active Pending
- 2000-03-21 CA CA002370130A patent/CA2370130A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-03-21 EP EP00918175A patent/EP1173154A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-03-21 BR BR0009773-0A patent/BR0009773A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-03-21 PL PL00351082A patent/PL351082A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-03-21 AU AU39035/00A patent/AU3903500A/en not_active Abandoned
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3826847A (en) * | 1970-10-21 | 1974-07-30 | Lotte Co Ltd | Process for preparation of flavor durable chewing gum |
| US4867989A (en) * | 1986-09-09 | 1989-09-19 | Warner-Lambert Company | Chewing gum mineral supplement |
| US4931293A (en) * | 1986-12-23 | 1990-06-05 | Warner-Lambert Company | Food acid delivery systems containing polyvinyl acetate |
| US4975270A (en) * | 1987-04-21 | 1990-12-04 | Nabisco Brands, Inc. | Elastomer encased active ingredients |
| US5366740A (en) * | 1993-02-04 | 1994-11-22 | Warner-Lambert Company | Chewing gum containing wheat gluten |
| US5378131A (en) * | 1993-02-18 | 1995-01-03 | The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum with dental health benefits employing calcium glycerophosphate |
| US5645853A (en) * | 1995-08-08 | 1997-07-08 | Enamelon Inc. | Chewing gum compositions and the use thereof for remineralization of lesions in teeth |
| US5833954A (en) * | 1996-08-20 | 1998-11-10 | American Dental Association Health Foundation | Anti-carious chewing gums, candies, gels, toothpastes and dentifrices |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2226060C2 (en) | 2004-03-27 |
| JP2002542185A (en) | 2002-12-10 |
| BR0009773A (en) | 2002-03-05 |
| AU3903500A (en) | 2000-11-02 |
| CA2370130A1 (en) | 2000-10-26 |
| CN1348365A (en) | 2002-05-08 |
| PL351082A1 (en) | 2003-03-10 |
| WO2000062762A1 (en) | 2000-10-26 |
| EP1173154A4 (en) | 2003-07-23 |
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