EP0890875A1 - Matériau photographique multicouche à l'halogénure d'argent et méthode de formation d'image pour applications à des fins de test non-destructif en radiographie industrielle - Google Patents

Matériau photographique multicouche à l'halogénure d'argent et méthode de formation d'image pour applications à des fins de test non-destructif en radiographie industrielle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0890875A1
EP0890875A1 EP98202003A EP98202003A EP0890875A1 EP 0890875 A1 EP0890875 A1 EP 0890875A1 EP 98202003 A EP98202003 A EP 98202003A EP 98202003 A EP98202003 A EP 98202003A EP 0890875 A1 EP0890875 A1 EP 0890875A1
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Prior art keywords
emulsion
silver
crystals
silver halide
layer
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EP98202003A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0890875B1 (fr
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Luc Heremans
Ann Verbeeck
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Agfa Gevaert NV
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Agfa Gevaert NV
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/46—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein having more than one photosensitive layer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
    • G03C5/16—X-ray, infrared, or ultraviolet ray processes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/0051—Tabular grain emulsions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
    • G03C2001/03511—Bromide content
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
    • G03C2001/03541—Cubic grains
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C2200/00—Details
    • G03C2200/01—100 crystal face
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C2200/00—Details
    • G03C2200/03—111 crystal face

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a light-sensitive black-and-white silver halide photographic material having a multilayer composition of light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layers comprising negative image type tabular emulsion crystals and a method of image formation in the field of industrial radiographic non-destructive testing applications.
  • tabular grains compared to normal globular grains are a high covering power at high forehardening levels, a high developability and higher sharpness, especially in double side coated spectrally sensitized materials.
  • e.g. emulsions with tabular grains rich in silver chloride was considered to be disadvantageous with respect to sensitivity.
  • applications in the field of less sensitive materials as e.g.
  • any time saving measure is welcome: after exposure with direct-röntgen rays, industrial non-destructive testing film is automatically processed in a cycle, varying from 8 to 12 minutes, wherein the tendency is to reduce the processing time to a maximum of 5 minutes.
  • One method to reach that goal has been described in US-A 5,397,687 wherein cubic silver halide crystals rich in chloride are used, permitting further a decreased fixing time for the non-developed silver halide crystals rich in silver chloride in a still acceptable short time. Rapid processing of silver halide crystals rich in chloride however leads to high contrast and a higher noise level (more granularity).
  • silver halide film materials suitable for industrial non-destructive testing applications wherein said film is exposed to X-rays having lower energy (about 100 kVp as applied e.g. in concrete tests) offering after processing, with a reduced tendency to sludge formation, sufficiently high speed and maximum density and a low contrast in order to provide excellent image quality (especially low graininess).
  • a black-and-white silver halide photographic material comprising a support and on both sides thereof two light-sensitive emulsion layers and a protective antistress layer as an outermost layer, wherein per side of the support a total amount of silver, expressed as equivalent amount of silver nitrate of at least 5 g is coated, more preferably between 5 g and 15 g, wherein the light-sensitive emulsion layer more close to the said outermost layer is provided with at least one spectrally sensitized silver halide emulsion having tabular emulsion crystals with ⁇ 111 ⁇ or ⁇ 100 ⁇ major faces, and wherein the emulsion layer more close to the said support is provided with at least one non-spectrally sensitized emulsion having essentially cubic silver halide emulsion crystals, characterized in that the said cubic emulsion crystals or the said tabular emulsion crystals or both have a halide composition including bromide.
  • the firstly called halide is present in the highest amount, expressed in mole % , and that the following halides are further present in decreasing amounts.
  • a subbing layer two light-sensitive emulsion layers of negative image type silver halide emulsions, wherein an emulsion layer is coated with one or more silver halide emulsions having mainly ⁇ 100 ⁇ cubic grains and, adjacent thereto and farther from the support an emulsion layer coated with one or more silver halide emulsions having mainly ⁇ 100 ⁇ and/or ⁇ 111 ⁇ tabular grains and a protective antistress layer as an outermost layer.
  • halide composition of the emulsion crystals is that the said cubic emulsion crystals or the said tabular ⁇ 100 ⁇ and/or ⁇ 111 ⁇ emulsion crystals or both have a halide composition including bromide.
  • inclusion of bromide is such that bromide is present in the highest amount, expressed in mole %, in the cubic emulsion crystals, in the ⁇ 100 ⁇ and/or ⁇ 111 ⁇ tabular emulsion crystals or in both of them: the said silver bromoiodide, silver bromochloride or silver bromochloroiodide emulsion crystals having ⁇ 111 ⁇ (tabular) or ⁇ 100 ⁇ (cubic or tabular) major faces preferably have at least 50 mole % of bromide and still more preferably at least 75 mole % of bromide.
  • the pAg range for the precipitation thereof is chosen so that the said emulsion crystals essentially have a cubic crystal habit.
  • essentially cubic is meant a grain which either is (a) perfectly cubic, or (b) cubic with rounded corners, or (c) cubic with small (111) faces on the corners so that in fact a tetradecahedrical emulsion is obtained, the total area of these (111) faces however being small compared to the total area of the (100) faces.
  • a cubo-octahedral shape is not excluded as the said shape depends on the effective pAg values applied during the precipitation of the said selected silver chloride, silver chlorobromide, silver chloroiodide, silver chlorobromoiodide, silver bromide, silver bromochloride, silver bromochloroiodide or silver bromoiodide crystals.
  • the precipitation of such cubic crystals can be principally performed by one double jet step; alternatively it may consist of a sequence of a nucleation step and at least one growth step.
  • the total silver halide precipitated preferably 0.5 % to 5.0 mole % is formed during said nucleation step which preferably consists of an approximately equimolecular addition of silver and halide salts.
  • the rest of the silver and halide salts is then added during one or more consecutive double jet growth steps.
  • the different steps of the precipitation can be alternated by physical ripening steps.
  • the flow rate of the silver salt and halide solutions can be kept constant; alternatively an increasing flow rate of silver salt and halide ion solutions can be established e.g. a linearly increasing flow rate.
  • the flow rate at the end is about 3 to 5 times greater then at the start of the growth step, without however being limited thereto.
  • These flow rates can be monitored by e.g. magnetic valves.
  • the essentially cubic emulsion is formed simply by one double jet step at a pAg maintained at a constant value between 7 and 10, and more preferably between 7 and 9, without separate nucleation step and at a constant flow rate.
  • the constant pAg is realized by the use of a so-called "bypass solution” the addition of which is alternatingly switched on and off.
  • concentrations of the main silver salt and halide solutions typically range between 0.5 and 3 molar, and most preferably between 1 and 2 molar.
  • crystals of the essentially cubic emulsion have an average crystal diameter of from 0.1 to 1.5 ⁇ m, more preferably from 0.3 to 1.2 ⁇ m and still more preferably from 0.3 to 0.9 ⁇ m.
  • Silver halide crystals used in the light-sensitive layer farther from the support of the multilayer material, prepared for use in the material according to the present invention are thin tabular silver bromide, silver bromochloride, silver bromochloroiodide or silver bromoiodide emulsions or tabular silver chlorobromide, silver chlorobromoiodide or silver chloroiodide emulsions comprising grains rich in chloride, having at least 50 mole % of chloride and more preferably at least 75 mole % of chloride.
  • said tabular ⁇ 111 ⁇ or ⁇ 100 ⁇ silver halide emulsion crystals and said cubic crystals tabular ⁇ 111 ⁇ or ⁇ 100 ⁇ silver halide emulsion crystals and said cubic crystals are containing iodide in an amount from 0.1 to 3 mole %.
  • the halide distribution in the cubic and in the tabular grains may be homogeneous over the whole crystal volume.
  • phases differing in silver halide composition are present over the crystal volume said crystal is said to have a core-shell structure. More than one shell can be present and between different phases it can be recommended to have a phase enriched in silver iodide by applying the so-called conversion technique during preparation.
  • Iodide ions can be provided by using aqueous solutions of inorganic salts thereof as e.g. potassium iodide, sodium iodide or ammonium iodide. Iodide ions can also be provided by organic compounds releasing iodide ions as has e.g.
  • Tabular silver halide emulsion crystals preferably have an average aspect ratio of at least 2:1, an average crystal thickness of less than 0.3 ⁇ m and account for at least 50 %, more preferably at least 70 % and still more preferably at least 90 % of the total projected area of all grains.
  • An average aspect ratio of at least 5:1 is even more preferred for a thickness of less than 0.25 ⁇ m, wherein tabular grains account for at least 50 %, more preferably at least 70 % and still more preferably at least 90 % of the total projected area of all grains.
  • At least one of said tabular or cubic grains may further be doped with whatever a dope as e.g. with group VIII metal ions like Rh 3+ , Ir 4+ , Ru 4+ and Co 2+ or with Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ or Pb 2+ or even with a mixture thereof.
  • group VIII metal ions like Rh 3+ , Ir 4+ , Ru 4+ and Co 2+ or with Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ or Pb 2+ or even with a mixture thereof.
  • EP-A 0 569 075 and the corresponding US-A 5,595,864 is useful.
  • the objects of the present invention are attained by providing tabular silver bromide and bromoiodide crystals coated in an emulsion layer more close to the outermost protective antistress layer over a layer comprising essentially cubic silver bromide or silver bromoiodide emulsion crystals, having a preferred crystal size as disclosed hereinbefore.
  • the crystal size obtained at the end of the precipitation of silver halide grains depends on many factors as there are the amount of silver precipitated during the nucleation step, the initial concentration of reagents present in the reaction vessel, the flow rate of silver salt and halide salt solutions, the temperature, pAg, the presence of growth accelerators, etc..
  • an average thickness over the total crystal population of less than 0.3 ⁇ m is thus preferred.
  • a thickness of less than 0.25 ⁇ m is more preferred and even still more preferred is a thickness of at most 0.20 ⁇ m.
  • Even ultrathin crystals of from 0.06 ⁇ m up to 0.15 ⁇ m thick can be used.
  • the average aspect ratio, defined as the ratio, calculated from the measurements of the equivalent diameter of a circle having the same surface area as the different individual grains, and its thickness, is preferably higher than 2:1; more preferably higher than 5:1 and still more preferably even up to 8:1 or even up to about 20:1.
  • tabular crystals having ⁇ 111 ⁇ and/or ⁇ 100 ⁇ major faces can also be used just as mixtures of crystals having a tabular habit but a different halide composition or a cubic habit but a different halide composition, provided that crystals having the right crystal habit are located in the right emulsion layer.
  • crystals having the right crystal habit are located in the right emulsion layer.
  • the presence however in minor amounts (up to at most 10 % by weight) of cubic crystals in the emulsion layer substantially comprising tabular ⁇ 100 ⁇ and/or ⁇ 111 ⁇ is not excluded.
  • mixtures of emulsions described hereinbefore can thus be used in the adjacent light-sensitive emulsion layers of the photographic material according to the present invention, provided that the layer farthest from the support contains a mixture of essentially tabular grains spectrally sensitized in the wavelength range comprised between 350 and 500 nm, whereas the layer more close to the support contains a mixture of non-spectrally sensitized essentially cubic grains and that the halide composition of the said cubic and/or of the said tabular emulsion crystals always includes bromide in a preferred amount of at least 50 mole % and even more preferably in an amount of at least 75 mole %.
  • the silver halide film materials according to the present invention are double-side coated industrial radiographic materials for non-destructive testing applications which are exposed to X-rays having lower energy (about 100 keV) and that those film materials should have a sufficiently high speed, maximum density and especially a suitably low contrast in order to provide excellent image quality, especially related with low graininess.
  • Emulsions having a different halide distribution over the grain volume or a different halide composition or emulsions having the same halide composition differing from one another in average crystal size can be mixed.
  • the said emulsions differing from each other in grain size only, further having the same halide composition, can be obtained from the same fine silver halide "mother" emulsion nuclei.
  • By addition of different amounts of silver salt and halide salt solutions or by applying different physical ripening times such emulsions having crystals different in size can be obtained.
  • the emulsion is made free from excess of soluble inorganic salts by a conventional wash technique e.g. flocculation by ammonium sulphate or polystyrene sulphonic acid, followed by several washing steps and redispersion.
  • a conventional wash technique e.g. flocculation by ammonium sulphate or polystyrene sulphonic acid
  • Another well-known wash technique is ultrafiltration.
  • extra gelatin can be added to the emulsion in order to obtain the desired gelatin to silver ratio.
  • the tabular silver halide emulsions to be coated in a hydrophilic layer farther from the support are chemically sensitized.
  • the emulsions may be sensitized also by means of gold-sulphur ripeners or by means of reductors e.g. tin compounds as described in GB-Patent 789,823, amines, hydrazine derivatives, formamidine-sulphinic acids, and silane compounds. Chemical sensitization can further proceed with sensitizing agents well-known in the art.
  • a reduction sensitizer a noble metal salt such as a gold salt together with a reduction sensitizer, a sulphur and/or a selenium sensitizer, a high pH-value and a low pAg-value.
  • a combination of gold salt(s), sulphur and selenium compounds may therein offer a good fog-sensitivity relationship.
  • Reduction sensitization causing fog can e.g. be attained by reduction with a strong reducing agent which introduces small specks of metallic silver onto the silver halide crystals, preferably on those having a cubic habit.
  • a strong reducing agent which introduces small specks of metallic silver onto the silver halide crystals, preferably on those having a cubic habit.
  • especially useful compounds having reducing properties are e.g. thioureumdioxide, tin compounds as described in GB-A 789,823, amines, hydrazine derivatives, formamidine sulphinic acids and silane compounds and the like.
  • the tabular silver halide emulsion crystals having a large specific surface of ⁇ 100 ⁇ or ⁇ 111 ⁇ major faces available are spectrally sensitized in the wavelength range comprised between 350 and 500 nm as prior to chemical ripening one or more spectral sensitizer(s) is (are) added in order to provide site-direction of the chemical sensitizers.
  • Spectral sensitization may proceed with methine dyes such as those described by F.M. Hamer in "The Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds", 1964, John Wiley & Sons. Further a survey of useful chemical classes of spectral sensitizing dyes and specific useful examples in connection with tabular grains is given in Research Disclosure Item 22534. A more recent practical overview is e.g. given in EP-A 0 757 285.
  • Particularly valuable dyes that can be used for the purpose of spectral sensitization as cyanine dyes, merocyanine dyes and complex merocyanine dyes are broadening the spectral region to which the light-sensitive silver halide crystals are sensitive in order to capture the light emitted from the light source, as non-spectrally sensitized silver halide crystals used in the process for preparing a multilayer material according to the present invention are only sensitive in the ultraviolet and blue region of the spectrum.
  • the spectrally sensitized tabular silver halide crystals are sensitized in the wavelength range comprised between 350 and 500 nm.
  • Specifically preferred blue sensitizers for tabular silver halide grains as zeromethinemerocyanine dyes and/or monomethine cyanine dyes have been disclosed e.g. in EP-A's 0 622 665 and 0 712 034, wherein the film has been combined with a ultra violet-blue emitting conversion screen or panel.
  • the direct-X-rays together with the ultraviolet-blue light from the intensifying screens provides illumination of the film material of the present invention and allows lower total coating amounts of silver in order to reach the same speed, if compared with films which are only sensitive to direct X-rays, although an enhanced speed has therefore also been provided by making use of a lead foils or screens.
  • Typical blue-UV emitting phosphors therein are tantalates as described in PCT-Applications WO 93/1521 and 93/1522, hafnates as described in US-A 5,173,611 and fluorohalides (fluorobromides) of barium and strontium as in WO 91/1357 and US-P 5,629,125, doped with europium and co-doped with samarium as in US-A's 5,422,220 and 5,547,807 and even mixtures of tantalates and fluorohalides as in US-A 5,077,145 and EP-A 0 533 234, replacing CaWO 4 as representative for an older well-known generation of luminescent phosphors.
  • particles of niobium doped, monoclinic M, yttriumtantalate phosphor and particles of an europium doped bariumfluorohalide phosphor are composing the screen.
  • spectral sensitization in connection with tabular grains used in emulsions coated in the light-sensitive layer farthest from the support, may occur simultaneously with or may even precede completely the chemical sensitisation step as in that case the chemical sensitization occurring after spectral sensitisation is believed to take place at one or more ordered discrete sites of tabular grains.
  • emulsions used in materials of the present invention wherein the chemical sensitization proceeds in the presence of one or more phenidone and/or derivatives, a dihydroxy benzene as hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol and/or a derivative(s) therefrom, one or more stabilizer(s) or antifoggant(s), one or more spectral sensitiser(s) or combinations of said ingredients.
  • a phenidone and/or derivatives a dihydroxy benzene as hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol and/or a derivative(s) therefrom, one or more stabilizer(s) or antifoggant(s), one or more spectral sensitiser(s) or combinations of said ingredients.
  • 1-p-carboxy-phenyl, 4,4' dimethyl-3-pyrazolidine-1-one may be added as a preferred auxiliary agent.
  • Suitable supersensitizers are, i.a., heterocyclic mercapto compounds containing at least one electronegative substituent as described e.g. in US-A 3,457,078, nitrogen-containing hetero-cyclic ring-substituted aminostilbene compounds as described e.g. in US-A 2,933,390 and in US-A 3,635,721, aromatic organic acid/formaldehyde condensation products as described e.g. in US-A 3,743,510, cadmium salts, and azaindene compounds.
  • At least one non-spectrally sensitizing dye can be added as a filter dye to at least one of the adjacent emulsion layers of the materials according to this invention, or to one or more non-light-sensitive hydrophilic layers.
  • the presence of said dye(s) in adapted amounts in at least one hydrophilic layer is not only recommended to adjust the sensitivity of the different emulsion layers and the required contrast, but also in order to reduce scattering of exposure radiation and thus to enhance sharpness.
  • Preferred dyes are those that can be removed relatively easily in aqueous alkaline processing liquids and that can diffuse sufficiently fast throughout hydrophilic colloid layers in said processing. During coating of the hydrophilic layers comprising said dye(s), it is clear that said dye(s) should be non-diffusable.
  • Said dyes are also called antihalation or filter dyes and are widely used in photographic elements in order to absorb reflected and scattered light. Examples of the said dyes have been described e.g. in US-A's 3,560,214; 3,647,460, 4,288,534, 4,311,787.4,857,446; 5,344,749; 5,478,708 and 5,502,205.
  • Another possibility consists in preparing said dyes in the form of a solid silica particle dispersion as disclosed in EP-A 569 074. Still another possibility to obtain ultra fine dye dispersions consists in acidifying a slightly alkaline coating composition "in situ" just before coating it onto the supporting layer. It has been found that the application of this dosage technique allows us to obtain the dyes in a very fine solid particle form, homogeneously divided into the coated layer so that solid particles can hardly be observed even by means of microscopic techniques.
  • Monomethine dyes have an absorption spectrum of which the maximum is in the shorter wavelength range of the visible spectrum so that normally a second filter dye is needed to block or absorb green light and even a third one to absorb radiations of longer wavelengths e.g. radiations in the red or even in the infrared region.
  • the non-diffusing dyes added to a hydrophilic layer of a photographic element as a solid particle has a mean diameter of less than 10 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 1 ⁇ m and still more preferably less than 0.1 ⁇ m.
  • the dispersed filter dyes are easily solubilized so that they are removed almost completely from a hydrophilic water-permeable colloid layer of a photographic silver halide emulsion material by its common alkaline aqueous liquid processing and leave almost no residual stain.
  • the presence of sulphite in the processing solution contributes to a more rapid discoloration of the filter dyes.
  • the dye(s) incorporated in the emulsion layer(s) of the multilayer material prepared according with the present invention preferably have the general structure (I) in which
  • the same or other dye(s) can be present in an antihalation undercoat layer (e.g. between the subbing layer and the emulsion layer having cubic emulsion grains), an intermediate layer (e.g. between light-sensitive emulsion layers or between the emulsion layer having tabular grains and the protective antistress layer) and/or a protective outermost layer, depending on the requirements.
  • the silver halide emulsion for use in the multilayer material according to the present invention may comprise compounds preventing the formation of a high minimum density or stabilizing the photographic characteristics during the production or storage of photographic elements or during the photographic treatment thereof.
  • Suitable examples are i.a. the heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds such as benzothiazolium salts, nitroimidazoles, nitrobenzimidazoles, chlorobenzimidazoles, bromobenzimidazoles, mercaptothiazoles, mercaptobenzothiazoles, mercaptobenzimidazoles, mercaptothiadiazoles, aminotriazoles, benzotriazoles (preferably 5-methyl-benzotriazole), nitrobenzotriazoles, mercaptotetrazoles, in particular 1-phenyl-5-mercapto-tetrazole, mercaptopyrimidines, mercaptotriazines, benzothiazoline-2-thione, oxazoline-thione, triazaindenes, tetrazaindenes and pentazaindenes, especially those described by Birr in Z.
  • heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds such as benzothiazolium salts, nitroimidazoles,
  • fog-inhibiting compounds include those described in Research Disclosure (RD) N o 17643 (1978), Chaptre VI and in RD N o 38957 (1996), Chapter VII.
  • Fog-inhibiting agents or stabilizers can be added to the silver halide emulsion prior to, during, or after the ripening thereof and mixtures of two or more of these compounds can be used.
  • emulsions use can be made of a special oxidized gelatin or of a synthetic peptiser.
  • Conventional lime-treated or acid treated gelatin can be used.
  • the preparation of such gelatin types has been described in e.g. "The Science and Technology of Gelatin", edited by A.G. Ward and A. Courts, Academic Press 1977, page 295 and next pages.
  • the gelatin can also be an enzyme-treated gelatin as described in Bull. Soc. Sci. Phot. Japan, N o 16, page 30 (1966).
  • a gelatin concentration of from about 0.05 % to 5.0 % by weight in the dispersion medium.
  • Additional gelatin is added in a later stage of the emulsion preparation e.g. after washing, to establish optimal coating conditions and/or to establish the required thickness of the coated emulsion layer.
  • a gelatin to silver halide weight ratio ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 is then obtained.
  • Another binder may also be added instead of or in addition to gelatin.
  • Useful vehicles, vehicle extenders, vehicle-like addenda and vehicle related addenda have been described e.g. in Research Disclosure N o 38957 (1996), Chapter II.
  • the gelatin binder of the photographic elements can be forehardened with appropriate hardening agents such as those of the epoxide type, those of the ethylenimine type, those of the vinylsulfone type, e.g., 1,3-vinylsulphonyl-2-propanol or di-(vinylsulphonyl)-methane, vinylsulphonyl-ether compounds, vinylsulphonyl compounds having soluble groups, chromium salts like e.g. chromium acetate and chromium alum, aldehydes as e.g. formaldehyde, glyoxal, and glutaraldehyde, N-methylol compounds as e.g.
  • dimethylolurea and methyloldimethylhydantoin dioxan derivatives e.g. 2,3-dihydroxy-dioxan, active vinyl compounds e.g. 1,3,5-triacryloyl-hexahydro-s-triazine, active halogen compounds e.g. 2,4-dichloro-6-hydroxy-s-triazine, and mucohalogenic acids e.g. mucochloric acid and mucophenoxychloric acid.
  • These hardeners can be used alone or in combination.
  • the binder can also be hardened with fast-reacting hardeners such as carbamoylpyridinium salts as disclosed in US-A 4,063,952 and with the onium compounds as disclosed in EP-A 0 408 143.
  • any thickening agent may be used in order to regulate the viscosity of the coating solution, provided that they do not particularly affect the photographic characteristics of the silver halide emulsion in the coated photographic material.
  • Preferred thickening agents include aqueous polymers such as polystyrene sulphonic acid, dextran, sulphuric acid esters, polysaccharides, polymers having a sulphonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group or a phosphoric acid group as well as colloidal silica.
  • Polymeric thickeners well-known from the literature resulting in thickening of the coating solution may even be used in combination with colloidal silica. Patents concerning thickening agents are e.g.
  • hydrophilic colloidal layer compositions on a support by slide-hopper or curtain-coating techniques, wherein said compositions have gelatin in low amounts in order to provide a ratio by weight of gelatin to silver halide expressed as an equivalent amount of silver nitrate in the range from 0.05 to 0.4
  • thickening agents composed of synthetic clay and anionic macromolecular polyelectrolytes wherein said synthetic clay is present in an amount of at least 85 % by weight versus the total amount of thickening agents are recommended as disclosed in EP-Application No. 96201653, filed June 13, 1996.
  • the photographic element may further comprise various kinds of coating physical property modifying addenda as described in Research Disclosure N o 38957 (1996), Chapter IX, wherein coating aids, plasticisers and lubricants, antistats and matting agents have been described.
  • the photographic element of the present invention may comprise various kinds of surface-active agents in the photographic emulsion layer or in at least one other hydrophilic colloid layer.
  • Suitable surface-active agents include non-ionic agents such as saponins, alkylene oxides e.g.
  • polyethylene glycol polyethylene glycol/polypropylene glycol condensation products, polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers or polyethylene glycol alkylaryl ethers, polyethylene glycol esters, polyethylene glycol sorbitan esters, polyalkylene glycol alkylamines or alkylamides, silicone-polyethylene oxide adducts, glycidol derivatives, fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols and alkyl esters of saccharides; anionic agents comprising an acid group such as a carboxy, sulpho, phospho, sulphuric or phosphoric ester group; ampholytic agents such as aminoacids, aminoalkyl sulphonic acids, aminoalkyl sulphates or phosphates, alkyl betaines, and amine-N-oxides; and cationic agents such as alkylamine salts, aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts, aliphatic or heterocyclic ring
  • Such surface-active agents can be used for various purposes e.g. as coating aids, as compounds preventing electric charges, as compounds improving slidability, as compounds facilitating dispersive emulsification, as compounds preventing or reducing adhesion, and as compounds improving the photographic characteristics e.g higher contrast, sensitization, and development acceleration.
  • Development acceleration can be accomplished by incorporating in emulsion layer(s) or adjacent layers various compounds, preferably polyalkylene derivatives having a molecular weight of at least 400 such as those described in e.g. US-A's 3,038,805; 4,038,075 and 4,292,400 as well as in EP-A's 0 634 688 and 0 674 215.
  • various compounds preferably polyalkylene derivatives having a molecular weight of at least 400 such as those described in e.g. US-A's 3,038,805; 4,038,075 and 4,292,400 as well as in EP-A's 0 634 688 and 0 674 215.
  • the protective antistress layer as a non-light-sensitive layer of the material according to the present invention may further comprise various additives like surfactants, matting agents, lubricants, thickening agents, bactericides, antistatic agents, etc., most of which have already been mentioned hereinbefore.
  • various additives like surfactants, matting agents, lubricants, thickening agents, bactericides, antistatic agents, etc., most of which have already been mentioned hereinbefore.
  • To the protective topcoat layer(s) one or more hardening agents may be added, preferably just before coating said layer(s).
  • the same hardeners can be used as summarised hereinbefore.
  • one or more non-spectrally sensitizing dyes as discussed hereinbefore can be added thereto, preferably during coating, in order to controll the sensitivity of the coated material.
  • Advantages offered by the method to prepare a multilayer material according to the present invention are related to the main object to obtain a suitable speed, gradation and maximum density.
  • the coated amount of silver expressed as the equivalent amount of silver nitrate, can be reduced to amounts of e.g. less than 20 g/m 2 and still more preferably from 8 to 16 g/m 2 . Higher amounts are particularly preferred in materials showing a higher sensitivity and contrast.
  • the support of the photographic material is a transparent resin support. It is also possible to use an organic resin support e.g. cellulose nitrate film, cellulose acetate film, poly(vinyl acetal) film, polystyrene film, poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, poly(ethylene naphthalate), polycarbonate film, polyvinylchloride film or poly- ⁇ -olefin films such as polyethylene or polypropylene film.
  • the thickness of such organic resin film is preferably comprised between 0.07 and 0.35 mm.
  • These organic resin supports are preferably coated with a subbing layer which can contain water insoluble particles such as silica or titanium dioxide.
  • the support of the photographic material according to the present invention is a transparent resin, preferably a blue coloured polyester support like polyethylene terephthalate.
  • This blue colored support makes minimum density enhance as a function of the amount of blue dye incorporated into said support.
  • the support is further provided with a substrate layer at both sides to have good adhesion properties between the adjacent layers and said support: one or more subbing layers known to those skilled in the art for adhering thereto a hydrophilic colloid layer may be present. Suitable subbing layers for polyethylene terephthalate supports are described e.g. in US-A's 3,397,988, 3,649,336, 4,123,278 and 4,478,907.
  • the subbing layer composition of the material according to the present invention preferably comprises as a latex copolymer vinylidene chloride, methylacrylate and itaconic acid.
  • said subbing layer comprises a polyethylene dioxythiophene compound as an antistating agent.
  • Said subbing layer comprising a polythiophene compound has a particularly suitable antistatic working as it has electronic conductive properties. More particularly for materials according to the present invention a polyethylene dioxythiophene compound should be present in the subbing layer coated onto the support as disclosed e.g. in US-A's 5,312,681 and 5,391,472.
  • the material according to the present invention is a double-side coated industrial radiographic material, coated with a total amount of silver, expressed as an equivalent amount of silver nitrate, of from 5 g/m 2 up to 15 g/m 2 and is preferably exposed with an X-ray radiation source having an energy output of from 50 keV up to 5 MeV, i.e. suitable for a dedicated application in the field of industrial radiography. So the photographic material according to the present invention is image-wise exposed by X-rays, by radiation originating from radioactive isotopes from iridium and cobalt as e.g. Co 60 , by selenium-sources etc..
  • Total amounts of silver coated coated are at least 5g/m 2 and more preferably from 5 to 15 g/m 2 .
  • X-ray conversion screens are used in a film-screen system wherein X-rays are absorbed by phosphor particles coated in the phosphor layer(s) of the screen. Said X-rays are converted into radiation having a wavelength for which the silver halide crystals coated in the layers of the light sensitive silver halide film material has been made sensitive.
  • the screen(s) is(are) brought into intimate contact with each side of the film material having emulsion layers in order to obtain a good image quality, especially sharpness, accompanied by low noise due to an excellent graininess offered by the specific layer composition of the multilayer photographic material according to the present invention.
  • Said film-screen system can be a symmetrical or an asymmetrical system.
  • Symmetrical systems are well-known as these are characterized by the presence of the same emulsion layers and other auxiliary layers at both sides of the support, in contact with the same phosphor plates.
  • Asymmetrical film-screen systems may be composed of identical emulsion layers at both sides of the support but different phosphor plates e.g. phosphor plates differing in phosphor composition, phosphor grain sizes or grain size distributions, phosphor coating amounts, etc., and combinations of all those measures, thus leading to different screen speeds. Examples thereof can be found in e.g.
  • Asymmetrical film-screen systems may be composed of identical screens in contact with both film sides comprising emulsion layers having different sensitivities, due to different silver halide compositions of the respective layers, due to differences in silver halide grain size or grain size distribution, due to differences in coating amounts, etc., and combinations of all these measures, leading to different speeds and/or contrasts of the emulsion layers at both sides of the film support, provided that the required speed level is attained in combination with a relatively low contrast as requested for this dedicated application. Examples thereof can be found e.g.
  • both films and screens may be asymmetrical as has been illustrated, e.g., in DE 1 000 687; in DD 00 237 010; in US-A's 4,978,599; 5,070,248; 5,238,795; 5,259,016; 5,354,648 and 5,380,636; and in EP-A's 0 384 634; 0 437 117; 0 524 650; 0 577 027; 0 581 065 and 0 627 744.
  • processing conditions and composition of processing solutions may be chosen as a function of the specific type of multilayer material according to the present invention.
  • materials for X-ray diagnostic purposes after exposure of the film-screen system by X-rays, said material is subjected to processing.
  • an automatically operating processing apparatus is used provided with a system for automatic regeneration of the processing solutions.
  • Forehardened material may be processed using one-part package chemistry or three-part package chemistry, depending on the processing application determining the degree of hardening required in said processing cycle.
  • the processing of the photographic material according to the method of the present invention comprises the steps of developing, fixing, rinsing and drying.
  • An image is thus formed by providing, according to the present invention, an image-forming system wherein the material according to the present invention as described hereinbefore in contact with intensifying screens at both sides of the film material is subjected to the steps of
  • an automatically operating apparatus For processing, preferably an automatically operating apparatus is used provided with a system for automatic replenishment of the processing solutions. Processing times may vary between 90 seconds and 12 minutes, but more preferably it takes no longer than 5 minutes to run throughout the whole processing cycle.
  • Non-automatic tray development also called dish or scale development, is however not excluded.
  • Film materials in accordance with the present invention may be processed in developer solutions of different compositions as e.g. hydroquinone-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone, 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone-erythorbic acid, (iso)ascorbic acid, 1-ascorbic acid, reductic acid or derivatives thereof, wherein a development composition as e.g. in US-A 5,397,687 or in EP-A 0 757 286 may be used.
  • An amount of potassium thiocyanate in the range of 0.1 to 10 g per liter of the developer solution is recommended in order to obtain high gradation values.
  • An amount of 25 to 250 mg of potassium iodide per liter is particularly recommended in order to obtain a higher speed.
  • the developer solution used in the developing step according to the method of the present invention should be replenished not only for decrease of the liquid volume due to cross-over into the next processing solution, but also for pH-changes due to oxidation of the developer molecules This can be done on a regular time interval basis or on the basis of the amount of processed film or on a combination of both.
  • the development step can be followed by a washing step, a fixing solution and another washing or stabilization step.
  • Specific products as aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic di- or trisulfides manufactured by Ciba-Geigy under the trade name IRGAFORM (see especially 3,3' dithiobis(3,3'-diphenyl)-propionic acid, known as IRGAFORM 1007) had already been described before in US-A 4,141,734, for particular use in the developer.
  • the said agents can be added to the silver halide photographic material as in JP-A 03-132649 and in US-A 4,699,873 or to both of the silver halide photographic material and the developer as has e.g. been described in JP-A 07-056284.
  • the protective antistress layer and/or to at least one emulsion layer of the industrial radiographic material according to the present invention comprise(s) a disulfide compound, and more preferably a compound according to the formula in order to prevent silver sludge formation to occur, as for those films total coated amounts of silver from 5 g to 15 g per sq.m. are relatively high.
  • the developer comprises 3,3' dithiobis(3,3'-diphenyl)-propionic acid as a disulfide.
  • This double jet was continued during another period of 33 minutes and 23 seconds, while the flow rate of S1 was linearly increased up to 23.1 ml/min and pAg was maintained at 8.9. 5 minutes after the completion of said double jet addition, S1 was added at 7.5 ml/min during 7 minutes and 20 seconds. Then another double jet started of S1 at 7.5 ml/min during 1 minute and 40 seconds and an aqueous solution of 1.93 M KBr and 0.03 M KI at a controlled flow rate in order to maintain pAg at 7.4. This double jet was continued during another period of 40 minutes and 56 seconds, while the flow rate of S1 was linearly increased up to 36.8 ml/min and pAg was maintained at 7.4.
  • the average grain size of the emulsion thus prepared was 0.78 ⁇ m, the average thickness was 0.22 ⁇ m and the variation coefficient was 0.30.
  • the iodide content was 1 mole %. After washing, gelatin and water were added in order to obtain a silver halide content of 245 g/kg, expressed as AgNO 3 , and a gelatin content of 83 g/kg.
  • Cubic emulsions C7 and C5 were prepared according to the same procedure as described for emulsion C8 but with adjusted flow rates during the nucleation step in order to obtain crystals with an average grain size of 0.56 ⁇ m and 0.42 ⁇ m respectively.
  • the photographic materials according to these examples comprise two emulsion layers and one protective layer, coated symmetrically in the same way at both sides of a blue colored polyethylene terephthalate support having a total density of 0.80.
  • the coating solutions of the emulsion layers were prepared by adding solutions of the compounds indicated in Table 1 to the emulsions dissolved while warming and stirring.
  • the coating solution of the protective layer is given in Table 2. After adjusting the pH to 6.7, the viscosity and surface tension of the coating solutions were optimized according to the requirements of the coating method.
  • the emulsion layer(s) and the protective layer were coated simultaneously on one side of a substrated polyester support having a thickness of 175 ⁇ m by means of conventional coating techniques.
  • the silver coverage of the emulsions is given in following Table 3.
  • Emulsion coating weights (g/m 2 AgNO 3 ) Sensitometric results
  • Upper emulsion layer B Lower emulsion layer A Av.-Grad. Dmin. Speed T1 C8 C7 T1 C8 C7 1 - - - - 7.5 - 6.37 1.93 1.80 2 - 3.75 - - - 3.75 3.60 1.83 2.02 3 - 3.75 - - - 3.75 3.30 1.89 2.02 4 3.50 - - 3.50 - - 4.81 2.00 1.94 5 3.50 - - 3.50 - - 4.48 2.24 1.95 6 3.50 - - - 3.50 - 3.62 2.11 1.91 7 3.50 - - - - 3.50 2.20 2.35 2.00
  • the materials were subjected to a simulation exposure during 30 s at both sides of the film materials through a continous wedge having a constant of 0.15 by means of white light from a tungsten lamp after a Corning 5850 filter and carbon black grey filters having a density of 1.35 and 0.95, followed by processing.
  • the developing step proceeded in developer G135 during 1 minute and 43 seconds at 28°C and the fixing step in fixer G335 (dilution 1 +3) during the same time at 27°C, wherein developer G135 and fixer G335 are both trademarked products from Agfa-Gevaert NV used for the processing of non-destructive testing materials.

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EP98202003A 1997-07-10 1998-06-12 Matériau photographique multicouche à l'halogénure d'argent et méthode de formation d'image pour applications à des fins de test non-destructif en radiographie industrielle Expired - Lifetime EP0890875B1 (fr)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1385049A1 (fr) * 2002-07-23 2004-01-28 Eastman Kodak Company Film radiographique assymétrique pour la mammographie et procédé pour son development

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4141734A (en) * 1975-09-11 1979-02-27 Ciba-Geiby Ag Photographic developing process
US4439520A (en) * 1981-11-12 1984-03-27 Eastman Kodak Company Sensitized high aspect ratio silver halide emulsions and photographic elements
US4585729A (en) * 1982-01-27 1986-04-29 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Silver halide photographic light-sensitive material
EP0559228A1 (fr) * 1992-03-06 1993-09-08 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Eléments photothermographiques
EP0622668A1 (fr) * 1993-04-27 1994-11-02 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Matériau photographique à l'halogénure d'argent pour radiographie industrielle approprié aux applications de traitement diverses
EP0666497A1 (fr) * 1994-01-14 1995-08-09 Konica Corporation Matériau photographique à l'halogénure d'argent sensible à la lumière
US5561038A (en) * 1994-09-01 1996-10-01 Konica Corporation Silver halide black and white photographic lightsensitive material
EP0770909A1 (fr) * 1995-10-25 1997-05-02 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Matériau photographique multicouche à halogénure d'argent et son procédé de préparation

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4141734A (en) * 1975-09-11 1979-02-27 Ciba-Geiby Ag Photographic developing process
US4439520A (en) * 1981-11-12 1984-03-27 Eastman Kodak Company Sensitized high aspect ratio silver halide emulsions and photographic elements
US4585729A (en) * 1982-01-27 1986-04-29 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Silver halide photographic light-sensitive material
EP0559228A1 (fr) * 1992-03-06 1993-09-08 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Eléments photothermographiques
EP0622668A1 (fr) * 1993-04-27 1994-11-02 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Matériau photographique à l'halogénure d'argent pour radiographie industrielle approprié aux applications de traitement diverses
EP0666497A1 (fr) * 1994-01-14 1995-08-09 Konica Corporation Matériau photographique à l'halogénure d'argent sensible à la lumière
US5561038A (en) * 1994-09-01 1996-10-01 Konica Corporation Silver halide black and white photographic lightsensitive material
EP0770909A1 (fr) * 1995-10-25 1997-05-02 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Matériau photographique multicouche à halogénure d'argent et son procédé de préparation

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1385049A1 (fr) * 2002-07-23 2004-01-28 Eastman Kodak Company Film radiographique assymétrique pour la mammographie et procédé pour son development

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