EP0880302A2 - Heating cable and method producing the same - Google Patents

Heating cable and method producing the same Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0880302A2
EP0880302A2 EP98400785A EP98400785A EP0880302A2 EP 0880302 A2 EP0880302 A2 EP 0880302A2 EP 98400785 A EP98400785 A EP 98400785A EP 98400785 A EP98400785 A EP 98400785A EP 0880302 A2 EP0880302 A2 EP 0880302A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ptc
layer
silane
center element
cable
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP98400785A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0880302A3 (en
EP0880302B1 (en
Inventor
Lars Jonas Kenert Torstensson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nexans SA
Original Assignee
Alcatel SA
Alcatel Alsthom Compagnie Generale dElectricite
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alcatel SA, Alcatel Alsthom Compagnie Generale dElectricite filed Critical Alcatel SA
Priority to DK98400785T priority Critical patent/DK0880302T3/en
Publication of EP0880302A2 publication Critical patent/EP0880302A2/en
Publication of EP0880302A3 publication Critical patent/EP0880302A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0880302B1 publication Critical patent/EP0880302B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
    • H05B3/56—Heating cables
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electrical heating cables and in particular to heating cables of the selfregulating type.
  • Such cables include two electrical conductors or electrodes and a PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) element arranged between the conductors.
  • PTC Positive Temperature Coefficient
  • Such cables are generally known from EP 0 160 100 A1 which describes a PTC heating cable having a cord- or tape-like structure.
  • a PTC heating element is provided between a pair of electrodes and the outer periphery of these members is covered with an insulation sheath.
  • a mathematical formula is determined for setting the resistance value of the electrodes.
  • a selflimiting electrical heating device using a PTC element between two conductors is also known from SE 433 999.
  • the PTC effect is obtained with a certain composition of materials.
  • a defined gap or distance between the two conductors is maintained by means of a special distance element or by incorporating glass fiber material in the PTC element.
  • the object of the present invention is to improve the quality of selfregulating heating cables. This is obtained by making a new cable design and by simplifying the manufacturing method.
  • the main features of the invention are defined in the claims.
  • the present invention also relates to methods and means for crosslinking the PTC and other polymers used in the cable. This has previously been done with irradiation technique, but such processes should be avoided.
  • the silane crosslinking process can be undertaken by means of water and steam at a temperature of 20-100 °C.
  • Figure 1 is indicated a laminated cable structure consisting of a center element 1, a semiconducting layer 2 and outer insulation 3.
  • This polymer laminate is crosslinked by means of a silane process.
  • Outer protecting sheaths could consist of a metal sheath/layer and an outer corrosion protective layer of halogen free compound, PVC or Teflon.
  • the illustration shows a circular crossection and is not drawn to scale. The crossection may alternatively be oval or flattened in other ways.
  • the center element 1 and the insulation 3 may consist of polyethylene with silane/peroxide/antioxidant.
  • the semiconducting layer 2 may consist of polyethylene/ethylene-octene/ethylene/spherelene, carbon black, silane/peroxide/antioxidant.
  • Two bare conductors 4 and 5 - of copper or other suitable material - are tangentially arranged in the center element 1 so that part of the conductor surfaces coincide with the surface of the center element.
  • the conductors should preferably be arranged in opposite sides of the center element as illustrated.
  • the PTC layer 2 is arranged over the center element in contact with said conductor surface parts.
  • the cable core elements 1-5 may be assembled in a manufacturing line as illustrated in Figure 2 to provide the cable core illustrated in Figure 1.
  • the line may include a number of polymer extruders arranged in tandem to provide a core which in a further process is spirallized and then crosslinked in order to lock the spirallization and bond the layers together.
  • the center element 1 is supplied from an extruder 10.
  • the conductors 4 and 5 are supplied from reels 11 and 12 to a die 13 where the conductors are inserted into corresponding slots of the center element 1.
  • the resulting core element 14 is passed through an extruder 15 for application of the PTC layer 2 and further through an extruder 16 for application of the insulation sheath 3 to produce the core 17.
  • the extruders 15 and 16 could be a two layer extruder.
  • This core 17 is wound on a reel 18 which is also rotated in a plane perpendicular to the line axis to give the core a desired spirallization on the reel.
  • the polymer materials of the core are crosslinked in a silane crosslinking process (not shown) whereby the spirallization is locked.
  • the conductors 4 and 5 can be supplied from their reel directly into a center element extruder 20, Figure 3, for providing the core 14 which is passed through extruders 15/16 and further processing.
  • the cable core can be assembled in a number of consecutive steps as illustrated in Figure 4.
  • the elements 1+4+5 can be assembled in a first extruding process as outlined and the core 14 can be wound on a reel 30.
  • the center element reel 30 can be rotated in a plane perpendicular to the line axis to give the element 14 a desired spirallization before passing it through extruders 15 and 16 to produce a core 31 which is similar to the core 17 but which has a spirallized center element.
  • This core is wound on a reel 32 for silane crosslinking and further processing.
  • center element 1 can be premade with slots and spirallized and then crosslinked before inserting the conductors 4 and 5 into the slots and passing this cable core 1+4+5 through extruders 15-16 and further silane crosslinking means.
  • the spirallization is required in order to obtain a flexible cable which easily lends itself to installation in floors for room heating.
  • the center element slots and conductors could have a wiggle-waggle (S-Z) form.
  • the present invention use polymer based on metallocene technology and has to be grafted and crosslinked with the silane process.
  • the center element 1 consists of silane crosslinked polyethylene.
  • the polyethylene includes molecules of vinyltrimethoxysilane containing an organo heavy metal compound in an amount of from 0.005 to 1% by weight based on the total amount of said composition as a crosslinking catalyst.
  • the PTC polymer layer 2 is based on ethylene and ethylene-octene copolymer with carbon black and silane grafted by direct feeding silane/peroxide or using a Master Batch (MB) containing components which are needed to crosslink and heat stabilize the polymer materials involved in a silane/peroxide/catalyst process.
  • MB Master Batch
  • the PTC layer 2 and the insulation layer 3 are crosslinked by cross-linking reaction of trimethoxsilane groups in said polyethylene and the PTC polymer in the presence of water.
  • the PTC layer 2 and the insulation layer 3 may as mentioned above be extruded in one process and the PTC layer contains an organo metal compound selected from the group consisting of dibutyltin dilaurate.
  • the insulation layer 3 may be cured or crosslinked, by diffusion of the catalyst agent-dibutyltin dilaurate - from the PTC layer.

Landscapes

  • Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
  • Processes Specially Adapted For Manufacturing Cables (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heating cable comprising a core having two electrical conductors (4,5), a PTC element therebetween and an outer layer (3) of insulation material. The core comprises an extruded polymer center element (1) in which the two conductors (4,5) are arranged so that part of the conductor surfaces coincide with the center element surface, an extruded layer (2) of a PTC polymer arranged over the center element in contact with said conductor surface parts, and at least one outer extruded insulation sheath (3). The PTC layer (2) is based on ethylene and ethylene-octene copolymer with carbon black and silane grafted by direct feeding silane/peroxide or using a Master Batch with silane/peroxide/catalyst. <IMAGE>

Description

The present invention relates to electrical heating cables and in particular to heating cables of the selfregulating type. Such cables include two electrical conductors or electrodes and a PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) element arranged between the conductors. When the two conductors are connected to a current source, current will flow from one conductor to the other through the PTC material and generate controlled heat.
Such cables are generally known from EP 0 160 100 A1 which describes a PTC heating cable having a cord- or tape-like structure. A PTC heating element is provided between a pair of electrodes and the outer periphery of these members is covered with an insulation sheath. A mathematical formula is determined for setting the resistance value of the electrodes.
A selflimiting electrical heating device using a PTC element between two conductors is also known from SE 433 999. The PTC effect is obtained with a certain composition of materials. A defined gap or distance between the two conductors is maintained by means of a special distance element or by incorporating glass fiber material in the PTC element.
The object of the present invention is to improve the quality of selfregulating heating cables. This is obtained by making a new cable design and by simplifying the manufacturing method. The main features of the invention are defined in the claims.
The present invention also relates to methods and means for crosslinking the PTC and other polymers used in the cable. This has previously been done with irradiation technique, but such processes should be avoided. The silane crosslinking process can be undertaken by means of water and steam at a temperature of 20-100 °C.
With this invention we have obtained a manufacturing process by which the cable can be produced in a cost effective way, - resulting in a heating cable with stable PTC properties.
Above mentioned and other features and objects of the present invention will clearly appear from the following detailed description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the drawings, where
  • Figure 1 schematically shows a crossection of the cable, and
  • Figures 2 to 4 illustrate process lines for manufacturing the cable.
    • In Figure 1 is indicated a laminated cable structure consisting of a center element 1, a semiconducting layer 2 and outer insulation 3. This polymer laminate is crosslinked by means of a silane process. Outer protecting sheaths (not shown) could consist of a metal sheath/layer and an outer corrosion protective layer of halogen free compound, PVC or Teflon. The illustration shows a circular crossection and is not drawn to scale. The crossection may alternatively be oval or flattened in other ways. The center element 1 and the insulation 3 may consist of polyethylene with silane/peroxide/antioxidant. The semiconducting layer 2 may consist of polyethylene/ethylene-octene/ethylene/spherelene, carbon black, silane/peroxide/antioxidant.
    Two bare conductors 4 and 5 - of copper or other suitable material - are tangentially arranged in the center element 1 so that part of the conductor surfaces coincide with the surface of the center element. The conductors should preferably be arranged in opposite sides of the center element as illustrated. The PTC layer 2 is arranged over the center element in contact with said conductor surface parts. When the conductors 4 and 5 are connected to a current source, - current will flow through the concentrical PTC layer from one conductor to the other and generate controlled heat in the cable.
    The cable core elements 1-5 may be assembled in a manufacturing line as illustrated in Figure 2 to provide the cable core illustrated in Figure 1. The line may include a number of polymer extruders arranged in tandem to provide a core which in a further process is spirallized and then crosslinked in order to lock the spirallization and bond the layers together.
    In Figure 2 the center element 1 is supplied from an extruder 10. The conductors 4 and 5 are supplied from reels 11 and 12 to a die 13 where the conductors are inserted into corresponding slots of the center element 1. The resulting core element 14 is passed through an extruder 15 for application of the PTC layer 2 and further through an extruder 16 for application of the insulation sheath 3 to produce the core 17. The extruders 15 and 16 could be a two layer extruder. This core 17 is wound on a reel 18 which is also rotated in a plane perpendicular to the line axis to give the core a desired spirallization on the reel. Finally - and before application of the outer protective layers (not shown) - the polymer materials of the core are crosslinked in a silane crosslinking process (not shown) whereby the spirallization is locked.
    Alternatively to the first part of the process of Figure 2, the conductors 4 and 5 can be supplied from their reel directly into a center element extruder 20, Figure 3, for providing the core 14 which is passed through extruders 15/16 and further processing.
    Alternatively to the process illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, the cable core can be assembled in a number of consecutive steps as illustrated in Figure 4. The elements 1+4+5 can be assembled in a first extruding process as outlined and the core 14 can be wound on a reel 30. In further processing the center element reel 30 can be rotated in a plane perpendicular to the line axis to give the element 14 a desired spirallization before passing it through extruders 15 and 16 to produce a core 31 which is similar to the core 17 but which has a spirallized center element. This core is wound on a reel 32 for silane crosslinking and further processing.
    Still alternatively the center element 1 can be premade with slots and spirallized and then crosslinked before inserting the conductors 4 and 5 into the slots and passing this cable core 1+4+5 through extruders 15-16 and further silane crosslinking means.
    The spirallization is required in order to obtain a flexible cable which easily lends itself to installation in floors for room heating. Instead of a helical configuration the center element slots and conductors could have a wiggle-waggle (S-Z) form.
    The present invention use polymer based on metallocene technology and has to be grafted and crosslinked with the silane process.
    The center element 1 consists of silane crosslinked polyethylene. The polyethylene includes molecules of vinyltrimethoxysilane containing an organo heavy metal compound in an amount of from 0.005 to 1% by weight based on the total amount of said composition as a crosslinking catalyst.
    The PTC polymer layer 2 is based on ethylene and ethylene-octene copolymer with carbon black and silane grafted by direct feeding silane/peroxide or using a Master Batch (MB) containing components which are needed to crosslink and heat stabilize the polymer materials involved in a silane/peroxide/catalyst process.
    The PTC layer 2 and the insulation layer 3 are crosslinked by cross-linking reaction of trimethoxsilane groups in said polyethylene and the PTC polymer in the presence of water.
    The PTC layer 2 and the insulation layer 3 may as mentioned above be extruded in one process and the PTC layer contains an organo metal compound selected from the group consisting of dibutyltin dilaurate. The insulation layer 3 may be cured or crosslinked, by diffusion of the catalyst agent-dibutyltin dilaurate - from the PTC layer.
    The above detailed description of embodiments of this invention must be taken as examples only and should not be considered as limitations on the scope of protection.

    Claims (10)

    1. Heating cable comprising a core having two electrical conductors (4,5), a PTC element therebetween and an outer layer (3) of insulation material,
      characterized in that
      the core comprises an extruded polymer center element (1) in which the two conductors (4,5) are arranged so that part of the conductor surfaces coincide with the center element surface, an extruded layer (2) of a PTC polymer arranged over the center element in contact with said conductor surface parts, and at least one outer extruded insulation sheath (3).
    2. Cable according to claim 1,
      characterized in that
      the conductors (4,5) are spirallized or wiggle-waggled (S-Z) in the center element.
    3. Cable according to claim 1,
      characterized in that
      at least two of the extruded polymer elements of the cable core -the center element (1) and the two layers (2,3) - are bonded together.
    4. Cable according to claim 1,
      characterized in that
      the polymer elements (1,2,3) of the cable core are crosslinked with a silane process.
    5. Cable according to claim 1,
      characterized in that
      the center element (1) consists of silane crosslinked polyethylene including molecules of vinyltrimethoxysilane containing an organo heavy metal compound in an amount of from 0.005 to 1% by weight based on the total amount of said composition as a crosslinking catalyst.
    6. Cable according to claim 1,
      characterized in that
      the PTC layer (2) is based on ethylene and ethylene-octene copolymer with carbon black and silane grafted by direct feeding silane/peroxide or using a Master Batch with silane/peroxide/catalyst.
    7. Cable according to claim 1,
      characterized in that
      the PTC layer (3) has a volume resistivity of 100 -100 000 ohmcm.
    8. Method for making a heating cable comprising a core having two electrical conductors (4,5), a PTC element therebetween and an outer layer (3) of insulation material,
      characterized by
      crosslinking the PTC element (2) and the insulation layer (3) using reaction of trimethoxsilane groups in the polyethylene and in the PTC polymer in the presence of water.
    9. Method according to claim 1,
      characterized by
      including in the PTC layer (2) an organo metal compound selected from the group consisting of dibutyltin dilaurate.
    10. Method according to claim 9, and where the PTC layer (2) and the insulation layer (3) are extruded in one process, characterized by curing or crosslinking the insulation layer (3) by diffusion of the catalyst agent-dibutyltin dilaurate - from the PTC layer.
    EP19980400785 1997-05-20 1998-04-02 Heating cable and method producing the same Expired - Lifetime EP0880302B1 (en)

    Priority Applications (1)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    DK98400785T DK0880302T3 (en) 1997-05-20 1998-04-02 Heating cable and method for making same

    Applications Claiming Priority (2)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    NO972275A NO304920B1 (en) 1997-05-20 1997-05-20 Electric heating cable
    NO972275 1997-05-20

    Publications (3)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP0880302A2 true EP0880302A2 (en) 1998-11-25
    EP0880302A3 EP0880302A3 (en) 1999-05-26
    EP0880302B1 EP0880302B1 (en) 2005-03-09

    Family

    ID=19900722

    Family Applications (1)

    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP19980400785 Expired - Lifetime EP0880302B1 (en) 1997-05-20 1998-04-02 Heating cable and method producing the same

    Country Status (5)

    Country Link
    EP (1) EP0880302B1 (en)
    DE (1) DE69829244T2 (en)
    DK (1) DK0880302T3 (en)
    NO (1) NO304920B1 (en)
    PL (1) PL187743B1 (en)

    Cited By (9)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    WO2004049761A1 (en) * 2002-11-22 2004-06-10 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Sol-gel based heating element
    EP1858298A1 (en) * 2006-05-16 2007-11-21 Nexans Self-regulating heating wire
    FR2902273A1 (en) * 2006-06-07 2007-12-14 Nexans Sa Electrical heating cable for thawing and clearing snow from e.g. airport track, has positive temperature coefficient polymer composition layer surrounding central element and contacting conducting surfaces, where element has heater wire
    FR2919106A1 (en) * 2007-07-16 2009-01-23 Acome Soc Coop Production CTP BEARING MATERIAL FOR MEDIUM AND HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATION, SELF - ADJUSTING STUCTURES COMPRISING SAME AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME.
    CN103050171A (en) * 2012-12-13 2013-04-17 山东昆嵛电缆有限公司 Three-core cable with overheating protection function
    US10375767B2 (en) 2015-02-09 2019-08-06 Nvent Services Gmbh Heater cable having a tapered profile
    US10470251B2 (en) 2016-04-29 2019-11-05 Nvent Services Gmbh Voltage-leveling monolithic self-regulating heater cable
    US10966290B2 (en) 2017-02-01 2021-03-30 Nvent Services Gmbh Low smoke, zero halogen self-regulating heating cable
    US11503674B2 (en) 2014-10-09 2022-11-15 Nvent Services Gmbh Voltage-leveling heater cable

    Families Citing this family (2)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    DE102005059366A1 (en) * 2005-12-13 2007-06-14 Gitschner, Hans Walter, Dr.-Ing. Covering conductors with polyethylene cross-linked with silane for power cables involves performing the cross-linking process on-line in the extruder barrel
    DE102011002067A1 (en) 2011-04-14 2012-10-18 Domoteck Ltd. Self-regulating heating pipeline has power conducting element that is provided with electrical contact portion which is provided with conductor casing of electrical conductors

    Family Cites Families (6)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    FR2368127A1 (en) * 1976-10-15 1978-05-12 Raychem Corp COMPOSITIONS WITH A POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT AND DEVICES INCLUDING
    US4534889A (en) * 1976-10-15 1985-08-13 Raychem Corporation PTC Compositions and devices comprising them
    US5236765A (en) * 1984-04-06 1993-08-17 Nv Raychem Sa Heat-recoverable article
    US4929817A (en) * 1987-07-29 1990-05-29 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Electrofusion joint
    EP0312204A3 (en) * 1987-10-09 1991-07-17 Raychem Limited Conductive polymeric conduit heater
    US5045673A (en) * 1990-04-04 1991-09-03 General Signal Corporation PTC devices and their composition

    Cited By (14)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    US7645963B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2010-01-12 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Sol-gel based heating element
    WO2004049761A1 (en) * 2002-11-22 2004-06-10 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Sol-gel based heating element
    EP1858298A1 (en) * 2006-05-16 2007-11-21 Nexans Self-regulating heating wire
    FR2901449A1 (en) * 2006-05-16 2007-11-23 Nexans Sa AUTO-REGULATING HEATING CABLE
    FR2902273A1 (en) * 2006-06-07 2007-12-14 Nexans Sa Electrical heating cable for thawing and clearing snow from e.g. airport track, has positive temperature coefficient polymer composition layer surrounding central element and contacting conducting surfaces, where element has heater wire
    EP2026360A1 (en) * 2007-07-16 2009-02-18 Acome Société Cooperative De Production, Société Anonyme, A Capital Variable Material with PTC behaviour for medium- and high-temperature application, self-regulating structures comprising same and manufacturing method
    FR2919106A1 (en) * 2007-07-16 2009-01-23 Acome Soc Coop Production CTP BEARING MATERIAL FOR MEDIUM AND HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATION, SELF - ADJUSTING STUCTURES COMPRISING SAME AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME.
    CN103050171A (en) * 2012-12-13 2013-04-17 山东昆嵛电缆有限公司 Three-core cable with overheating protection function
    US11503674B2 (en) 2014-10-09 2022-11-15 Nvent Services Gmbh Voltage-leveling heater cable
    US10375767B2 (en) 2015-02-09 2019-08-06 Nvent Services Gmbh Heater cable having a tapered profile
    US10470251B2 (en) 2016-04-29 2019-11-05 Nvent Services Gmbh Voltage-leveling monolithic self-regulating heater cable
    US10966290B2 (en) 2017-02-01 2021-03-30 Nvent Services Gmbh Low smoke, zero halogen self-regulating heating cable
    US11871486B2 (en) 2017-02-01 2024-01-09 Nvent Services Gmbh Low smoke, zero halogen self-regulating heating cable
    US11956865B2 (en) 2017-02-01 2024-04-09 Nvent Services Gmbh Low smoke, zero halogen self-regulating heating cable

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    DK0880302T3 (en) 2005-06-27
    NO972275D0 (en) 1997-05-20
    DE69829244T2 (en) 2006-02-09
    EP0880302A3 (en) 1999-05-26
    PL187743B1 (en) 2004-09-30
    DE69829244D1 (en) 2005-04-14
    NO972275L (en) 1998-11-23
    EP0880302B1 (en) 2005-03-09
    PL326380A1 (en) 1998-11-23
    NO304920B1 (en) 1999-03-01

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