EP0875315A1 - Installation de coulée continue de bandes métalliques entre deux cylindres - Google Patents
Installation de coulée continue de bandes métalliques entre deux cylindres Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0875315A1 EP0875315A1 EP98400938A EP98400938A EP0875315A1 EP 0875315 A1 EP0875315 A1 EP 0875315A1 EP 98400938 A EP98400938 A EP 98400938A EP 98400938 A EP98400938 A EP 98400938A EP 0875315 A1 EP0875315 A1 EP 0875315A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- casting
- cover
- liquid metal
- side faces
- radiation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 241001080024 Telles Species 0.000 description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010405 reoxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/14—Plants for continuous casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
- B22D11/0648—Casting surfaces
- B22D11/066—Side dams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0622—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two casting wheels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
- B22D11/064—Accessories therefor for supplying molten metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
- B22D11/068—Accessories therefor for cooling the cast product during its passage through the mould surfaces
- B22D11/0682—Accessories therefor for cooling the cast product during its passage through the mould surfaces by cooling the casting wheel
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of continuous casting of metals, and more particularly the continuous casting of metal strips a few mm thick between two internally cooled counter-rotating cylinders with horizontal axes.
- the casting space is defined by the surfaces side of the cylinders. It is closed laterally by two plates of refractory material, said "side faces", which are either applied against the ends of the cylinders, say “edges”, or kept at a very small distance from the edges (a fraction of mm), in the purpose of avoiding leakage of liquid metal out of the pouring space.
- side faces which are either applied against the ends of the cylinders, say “edges”, or kept at a very small distance from the edges (a fraction of mm), in the purpose of avoiding leakage of liquid metal out of the pouring space.
- we aim ideally to keep the side faces at a small distance from the edges in the goal of limiting their wear and their cooling in contact with the cylinders, it is of all periodically necessary to press the side faces against the edges.
- This periodic plating aims to restore the surfaces of the faces by mechanical wear lateral altered by contact with liquid metal infiltrated between them and the edges, so as to make them perfectly match again those of the songs. It is so inevitable that the part of each lateral face which does not rub against the edges, and is not never subject to heavy mechanical wear, penetrates more and more deeply between the cooled side surfaces of the cylinders which delimit the casting space. This penetrating part is called "positive insert".
- the refractory underside of the hooding device is usually located at a distance of a few tens of mm from the nominal level of the surface of the liquid metal present in the pouring space.
- the object of the invention is to propose new means for mitigating the over-solidification in the vicinity of the edges of the cylinders, so as to eliminate the extra thicknesses at the edges of the strip which they usually carry.
- the invention relates to an installation for the continuous casting of strips metallic between two counter-rotating cylinders with horizontal axes, internally cooled, whose surfaces delimit a pouring space closed laterally by two lateral faces of refractory material provided with means for pressing them, at least so intermittent, against the ends of said cylinders, and comprising an overhanging cover the casting space, horizontal clearances " ⁇ " being provided between said lateral faces and said cover, characterized in that said side faces and / or said cover include means for returning during the entire casting to the surface of the liquid metal present in said casting space the radiations coming from the portions of said liquid metal which are located in the immediate vicinity of said side faces, avoiding that said radiation do not cross said horizontal clearances " ⁇ ".
- the invention consists in configuring the lateral faces and the protective cover of the pouring space so as to avoid permanently during the casting that the surface of the liquid metal present in the immediate vicinity of the side faces does not radiates outside the casting plant, through gaps which would separate the hood and side faces.
- Figure 1 The installation for continuous casting of metal strips according to the prior art shown very schematically in Figure 1 ( Figures 1b and 1c only show one of its sides) consists of two cylinders 1, 1 'brought together with horizontal axes, cooled internally and rotated in opposite directions by means not shown. Their lateral surfaces 2, 2 ′ define between them a casting space 3 closed laterally by two refractory side plates 4, 4 'which, in the example shown, are plated by conventional means not shown against the edges 5, 5 ', 5 ", 5"' of the cylinders 1, 1 '.
- the casting space 3 is covered by a cover 6, at least the lower face 7 (that facing the casting space 3) is made of refractory material.
- the liquid metal 9 solidifies against the surfaces side coolers 2, 2 'of the cylinders 1, 1' and form solidified skins there. These skins are join at the neck 12 to form the solid strip 13 which is continuously extracted of the casting installation by known means not shown.
- Figures 1a and 1b show the installation at the start of casting, therefore at a when the side faces 4, 4 'are new and have not yet been subject to wear by friction against the edges 5, 5 ', 5 ", 5"'.
- the side faces 4, 4 'and the cover 6 are then separated by a horizontal clearance " ⁇ " whose initial value is, for example of the order of 15 mm.
- ⁇ horizontal clearance
- the parts of the lateral faces 4, 4 ' which are in contact with the edges 5, 5 ', 5 ", 5"' wear by friction and, as we said, the portions of the side faces 4, 4 ' which do not undergo this wear gradually penetrate inside the casting space 3 by forming a positive insert 14.
- the horizontal clearance " ⁇ " between the positive insert 14 and the cover 6 gradually decreases during the casting, as wear by friction of the other parts of the lateral faces 4, 4 '. It is therefore necessary to provide a initial value of the horizontal clearance " ⁇ " sufficient so that, during casting, the faces side 4, 4 'can not come into contact with the cover 6 before the end of the casting, because such contact would block the movement of the side faces 4, 4 '.
- the initial value of " ⁇ " must therefore be greater than or equal to the maximum wear expected for the side faces 4, 4 '.
- the cover 6 and the lateral faces 4, 4 ′ so that all of the liquid metal 9 present in the space casting 3, including on its edges, or overhung by a screen of refractory material throughout the duration of the casting.
- this screen is formed by an appendage oriented substantially horizontally, integrated into each of the faces side 4, 4 ', the cover 6 resting on said appendage or permanently overhanging it.
- each side edge of the cover 6 projects beyond the casting space 3 and is permanently embedded in a recess made at the top of each of the side faces 4, 4 '. Said recess must be deep enough to authorize the progression of the lateral face 4, 4 'towards the cylinders 1, 1' until its maximum tolerable wear, without it coming up against the cover 6.
- it is therefore the cover 6 itself which forms the screen overhanging the edge of the space of casting 3.
- the cover 6 is not modified compared to the prior art, whether in its design or dimensions.
- the modification concerns the side faces 4, 4 ', which are each provided with a horizontal appendage 17, 17 'which extends over all (as in the example shown) or only part of their width, the main thing being that the portions 16 of the liquid metal 9 which are in the immediate vicinity of the lateral faces 4, 4 ′ are overhung over their entire length by said appendages 17, 17 '.
- these appendices 17, 17 ' act as a screen for the radiation emanating from said portions 16 of the liquid metal 9, and prevent said portions 16 from cooling by forming strands 15 thicker than the rest of the strip 13.
- the height position and the width "x" of the appendices 17, 17 ' are chosen so that, as can be seen in FIGS. 2a and 2b, from the start of casting the edges of the cover 6 rest on the appendages 17, 17 'or the overhang without touching them (depending on whether you want there to be contact between them or not). In other words, "x" must therefore be greater than or equal to the initial value of " ⁇ ".
- the lower surfaces of the appendages 17, 17 ′ can be given a configuration allowing preferential concentration of radiation on points quadruplets.
- the depth horizontal "y" of the recesses 18, 18 ′ must be at least equal, and preferably greater, to the initial value of " ⁇ ".
- the edges of the cover 6 face the recesses 18, 18 'of the side faces 4, 4', resting on them as shown, or by being kept at a short distance.
- the horizontal clearance " ⁇ " gradually decreases, as in the previous configurations.
- the portions 16 of the liquid metal 9 present in the casting space 3 which are located in the immediate vicinity of the lateral faces 4, 4 'radiate from the start to the end of the poured on the underside 7 of the cover 6. Their solidification therefore does not take place substantially different from that of the rest of the liquid metal 9, and the edges 15 of the strip 13 therefore do not have any excess thicknesses relative to the remainder of strip 13.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Rolls And Other Rotary Bodies (AREA)
- Muffle Furnaces And Rotary Kilns (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- la figure 1 qui représente schématiquement une installation de coulée continue de bandes métalliques entre deux cylindres selon l'art antérieur, telle qu'elle se présente en début de coulée vue de dessus sur la figure 1a et vue partiellement de face en coupe longitudinale selon Ibc-Ibc sur la figure 1b, et, sur la figure 1c, telle qu'elle se présente à un stade ultérieur de la coulée, vue partiellement de face en coupe longitudinale selon Ibc-Ibc;
- la figure 2 qui représente schématiquement un premier mode de réalisation d'une installation selon l'invention, telle qu'elle se présente en début de coulée vue de dessus sur la figure 2a et vue partiellement de face en coupe longitudinale selon IIbc-IIbc sur la figure 2b, et, sur la figure 2c, telle qu'elle se présente à un stade ultérieur de la coulée, vue partiellement de face en coupe longitudinale selon IIbc-IIbc;
- la figure 3 qui représente schématiquement un second mode de réalisation d'une installation selon l'invention, telle qu'elle se présente en début de coulée vue de dessus sur la figure 3a et vue partiellement de face en coupe longitudinale selon IIIbc-IIIbc sur la figure 3b, et, sur la figure 3c, telle qu'elle se présente à un stade ultérieur de la coulée, vue partiellement de face en coupe longitudinale selon IIIbc-IIIbc.
Claims (4)
- Installation de coulée continue de bandes métalliques (13) entre deux cylindres (1, 1') contrarotatifs à axes horizontaux, refroidis intérieurement, dont les surfaces (2, 2') délimitent un espace de coulée (3) obturé latéralement par deux faces latérales (4, 4') en matériau réfractaire pourvues de moyens pour les plaquer, au moins de manière intermittente, contre les extrémités (5, 5', 5", 5"') desdits cylindres (1, 1'), et comportant un capot (6) surplombant l'espace de coulée (3), des jeux horizontaux "ε" étant ménagés entre lesdites faces latérales (4, 4') et ledit capot (6), caractérisée en ce que lesdites faces latérales (4, 4') et/ou ledit capot (6) comportent des moyens pour renvoyer pendant toute la coulée sur la surface (8) du métal liquide (9) présent dans ledit espace de coulée (3) les rayonnements issus des portions (16) dudit métal liquide (9) qui sont situées au voisinage immédiat desdites faces latérales (4, 4'), en évitant que lesdits rayonnements ne traversent lesdits jeux horizontaux "ε".
- Installation selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que lesdits moyens pour renvoyer sur la surface (8) du métal liquide (9) présent dans ledit espace de coulée (3) les rayonnements issus des portions (16) dudit métal liquide (9) qui sont situées au voisinage immédiat desdites faces latérales (4, 4') sont constitués par des appendices (17, 17') orientés sensiblement horizontalement, intégrés à chacune des faces latérales (4, 4'), dont la position et les dimensions sont telles que dès le début de la coulée le capot (6) repose sur leurs surfaces supérieures ou les surplombe.
- Installation selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce que les surfaces inférieures desdits appendices (17, 17') sont conformées de manière à orienter préférentiellement lesdits rayonnements dans les zones de l'espace de coulée entourant les points quadruples.
- Installation selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que lesdits moyens pour renvoyer sur la surface (8) du métal liquide (9) présent dans ledit espace de coulée (3) les rayonnements issus des portions (16) du dit métal liquide (9) qui sont situées au voisinage immédiat desdites faces latérales (4, 4') sont constitués par des évidements (18, 18') ménagés à la partie supérieure desdites faces latérales (4, 4'), dans lesquels viennent s'encastrer les bords dudit capot (6), lesdits jeux horizontaux "ε" étant ménagés entre lesdits bords dudit capot (6) et les fonds verticaux (19) desdits évidements (18, 18').
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9705247A FR2762534B1 (fr) | 1997-04-29 | 1997-04-29 | Installation de coulee continue de bandes metalliques entre deux cylindres |
FR9705247 | 1997-04-29 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0875315A1 true EP0875315A1 (fr) | 1998-11-04 |
EP0875315B1 EP0875315B1 (fr) | 2002-08-07 |
Family
ID=9506392
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98400938A Expired - Lifetime EP0875315B1 (fr) | 1997-04-29 | 1998-04-16 | Installation de coulée continue de bandes métalliques entre deux cylindres |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6148901A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0875315B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH10314894A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR19980081808A (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE221807T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU719585B2 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69807000T2 (fr) |
DK (1) | DK0875315T3 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2181134T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2762534B1 (fr) |
PT (1) | PT875315E (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2842130B1 (fr) * | 2002-07-12 | 2004-10-15 | Usinor | Face laterale pour installation de coulee continue de bandes metalliques entre deux cylindres |
US7888158B1 (en) * | 2009-07-21 | 2011-02-15 | Sears Jr James B | System and method for making a photovoltaic unit |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0252148A (ja) * | 1988-08-12 | 1990-02-21 | Hitachi Ltd | 連続鋳造機、及びその方法 |
JPH03248747A (ja) * | 1990-02-23 | 1991-11-06 | Nippon Steel Corp | 薄肉鋳片の連続鋳造方法 |
JPH07290202A (ja) * | 1994-04-22 | 1995-11-07 | Nippon Steel Corp | 双ドラム式薄板連続鋳造装置の湯溜り部保温カバー |
FR2727338A1 (fr) * | 1994-11-30 | 1996-05-31 | Usinor Sacilor | Dispositif de coulee continue entre cylindres a capotage d'inertage |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS617049A (ja) * | 1984-06-21 | 1986-01-13 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | 鋼板の連続鋳造装置 |
KR200159535Y1 (ko) * | 1995-12-28 | 1999-10-15 | 이구택 | 쌍롤식 연속박판주조에서 반사체가 장착된 메니스커스 실드장치 |
-
1997
- 1997-04-29 FR FR9705247A patent/FR2762534B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-04-15 US US09/060,177 patent/US6148901A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-16 EP EP98400938A patent/EP0875315B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-16 ES ES98400938T patent/ES2181134T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-16 AT AT98400938T patent/ATE221807T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-04-16 PT PT98400938T patent/PT875315E/pt unknown
- 1998-04-16 DK DK98400938T patent/DK0875315T3/da active
- 1998-04-16 DE DE69807000T patent/DE69807000T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-17 AU AU61936/98A patent/AU719585B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-04-28 KR KR1019980015180A patent/KR19980081808A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-04-30 JP JP10120635A patent/JPH10314894A/ja not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0252148A (ja) * | 1988-08-12 | 1990-02-21 | Hitachi Ltd | 連続鋳造機、及びその方法 |
JPH03248747A (ja) * | 1990-02-23 | 1991-11-06 | Nippon Steel Corp | 薄肉鋳片の連続鋳造方法 |
JPH07290202A (ja) * | 1994-04-22 | 1995-11-07 | Nippon Steel Corp | 双ドラム式薄板連続鋳造装置の湯溜り部保温カバー |
FR2727338A1 (fr) * | 1994-11-30 | 1996-05-31 | Usinor Sacilor | Dispositif de coulee continue entre cylindres a capotage d'inertage |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 014, no. 217 (M - 0970) 8 May 1990 (1990-05-08) * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 016, no. 044 (M - 1207) 4 February 1992 (1992-02-04) * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 096, no. 003 29 March 1996 (1996-03-29) * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6148901A (en) | 2000-11-21 |
DE69807000T2 (de) | 2003-04-30 |
DE69807000D1 (de) | 2002-09-12 |
ATE221807T1 (de) | 2002-08-15 |
KR19980081808A (ko) | 1998-11-25 |
FR2762534A1 (fr) | 1998-10-30 |
ES2181134T3 (es) | 2003-02-16 |
JPH10314894A (ja) | 1998-12-02 |
AU719585B2 (en) | 2000-05-11 |
DK0875315T3 (da) | 2002-12-02 |
EP0875315B1 (fr) | 2002-08-07 |
PT875315E (pt) | 2002-12-31 |
AU6193698A (en) | 1998-11-05 |
FR2762534B1 (fr) | 1999-05-28 |
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FR2719245A1 (fr) | Installation de coulée continue de filaments métalliques directement à partir de métal liquide. | |
BE655583A (fr) | ||
BE874171A (fr) | Procede perfectionne de fabrication d'une barre d'acier par coulee continue |
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