EP0843296A1 - Traffic light device made of lighting devices situated on the ground - Google Patents
Traffic light device made of lighting devices situated on the ground Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0843296A1 EP0843296A1 EP97203530A EP97203530A EP0843296A1 EP 0843296 A1 EP0843296 A1 EP 0843296A1 EP 97203530 A EP97203530 A EP 97203530A EP 97203530 A EP97203530 A EP 97203530A EP 0843296 A1 EP0843296 A1 EP 0843296A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- light
- emitting part
- ground
- light emitting
- traffic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
- G08G1/09—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions
- G08G1/095—Traffic lights
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F15/00—Safety arrangements for slowing, redirecting or stopping errant vehicles, e.g. guard posts or bollards; Arrangements for reducing damage to roadside structures due to vehicular impact
- E01F15/006—Lane control by movable lane separating barriers, e.g. shiftable barriers, retractable kerbs ; Apparatus or barriers specially adapted therefor, e.g. wheeled barriers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
- E01F9/20—Use of light guides, e.g. fibre-optic devices
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
- E01F9/50—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
- E01F9/553—Low discrete bodies, e.g. marking blocks, studs or flexible vehicle-striking members
- E01F9/565—Low discrete bodies, e.g. marking blocks, studs or flexible vehicle-striking members having deflectable or displaceable parts
- E01F9/571—Low discrete bodies, e.g. marking blocks, studs or flexible vehicle-striking members having deflectable or displaceable parts displaceable vertically under load, e.g. in combination with rotation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus for road signs including a body located on the ground and at least one part of which emits light protrudes above ground and is coupled to at least one source of light.
- An object of the invention is to provide an apparatus for original road sign which contributes to improving road safety.
- the device is located at a level equipment of lights, known as tricolors, intended for the traffic control, and the issuing party light emits light which is modified in relation to the state of the traffic light.
- a level equipment of lights known as tricolors
- the light emitting part emits light mainly in the useful direction of the traffic lights, and the light source is red and on when the fire is red, and otherwise off.
- the device has several light sources different colors, so that the color of the light emitted varies with that of fire.
- the part light emitting comprises at least one window which emits a light of the same color as that of the fire of traffic regulation, in a direction addressing automobiles, however at least one other window emits light of another color in one direction addressing pedestrians.
- the light-emitting part is coupled to at least one light source by at least one optical fiber.
- this includes a fiber laterally diffusing type optics.
- the light emitting part advantageously comprises a mirror arranged to emit light horizontally towards the users to whom the fire is aimed.
- this includes mirrors arranged back to back in a wedge shape, emitting the light in two opposite directions.
- the light emitting part is advantageously mounted so that it can slide down, that is to say sink into the ground, when a vehicle is driving over it, and elastic means allow it to go up when she is released.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents an apparatus seen in perspective.
- FIG. 2 schematically represents a variant of the device, perspective view.
- FIG. 3 represents, on a larger scale and in section, a light emitting organ located on the ground.
- the road signaling device represented by the FIG. 1 comprises light emitting members 4, 5, 6, 7 located on the ground, coupled to optical fibers 8 connected to a power supply unit 2 which introduces light into the optical fibers towards the said organs.
- a power supply unit 2 which introduces light into the optical fibers towards the said organs.
- the device is located at a fire equipment level 1, so-called tricolors, intended for the regulation of circulation automobile.
- Organs 4, 5, 6, 7 emit their light mainly in the useful direction of a traffic light, that is to say in the direction indicated by arrow 9, towards the users to whom the fire is aimed.
- a pedestrian crossing is planned here, materialized by strips of paint 11, 12, 13, 14 on the floor.
- An example of realization of a member such as 4 is represented in A to right of the figure. Light is emitted from a window in direction 22.
- the power box 2 contains a source of light which is modified in relation to the state of the fire tricolor.
- the light from this source is for example red in color, and its on / off is controlled on the basis of the state lights 1, thanks to an electrical connection 3 between the lights 1 and the housing 2.
- the red light is on when the traffic light 1 is red, and extinguished in other cases.
- the housing 2 contains multiple color light sources different.
- Those skilled in the art can easily realize, at using different color filters, mirrors and / or lenses, a device by which the light of several lamps are brought in one or more fibers optics, so as to provide a light whose color varies, each lamp being on or off related to the state of the fire (red, orange, green).
- light emitting organs can use as a source light emitting diodes located in the organs themselves.
- the organ light emitter shown in B to the right of Figure 1 has a window that emits red (or green) light in direction 23 to the attention of automobiles, during two other windows are emitting green light (or red) in directions 24, 25 for pedestrians. Separate optical fibers are then provided for populate respectively the window intended for automobiles, and those intended for pedestrians.
- a free optic 8 of a laterally diffusing type is used, which allows to emit light in the direction of the arrows 25 without complicated optics, along a line formed by free itself.
- a reflector can be provided behind the free length that crosses the street, so that favor the emission of light in the direction horizontal towards cars (arrow 25).
- Another series of light-emitting organs like 4-7 or another laterally spun, spun optical fiber in the opposite direction, can be placed at the other end of the paint strips 11, 12, 13, 14, addressing then cars arriving the other way.
- a light emitting organ located on the ground, represented in Figure 3, has an upper part which is a kind of cover 10, at least one side portion of which is transparent, and which is slightly above the ground, indicated by reference 21.
- This upper part 10 is here provided with two mirrors 17, 18, arranged back to back in wedge shape, so as to emit the light horizontally in two opposite directions, towards the users to whom the fire is aimed as well as towards those who arrive opposite.
- the figure represents a light ray which exits through the end 15 of a free lens, is focused by a lens 16, is reflected towards a direction horizontal by the mirror 17, and finally comes out through a part of the transparent vertical wall of the cover 10, for head in a direction indicated by reference 19.
- Light can also come from a scattering fiber lateral placed horizontally under the mirrors.
- the light emitting member can also have a single mirror, for example 17, arranged so as to emit light horizontally in one direction only, indicated by arrow 9 in figure 1, towards users to which the fire is addressed.
- the cover 10 is mounted so that it can slide down, that is to say sink into the ground when a vehicle is driving over it.
- Elastic means, here springs 20, allow it to go back up when it is released.
- the same principle can apply to the system of figure 2.
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un appareil de signalisation routière comprenant un organe situé au sol et dont au moins une partie émettrice de lumière est saillante au dessus du sol et est couplée à au moins une source de lumière.The present invention relates to an apparatus for road signs including a body located on the ground and at least one part of which emits light protrudes above ground and is coupled to at least one source of light.
Un appareil selon le préambule ci-dessus est connu du document EP 0 539 615.An apparatus according to the preamble above is known from document EP 0 539 615.
Un objet de l'invention est de procurer un appareil de signalisation routière original qui contribue à l'amélioration de la sécurité sur les routes.An object of the invention is to provide an apparatus for original road sign which contributes to improving road safety.
A cet effet, l'appareil est situé au niveau d'un équipement de feux, dits tricolores, destinés à la régulation de la circulation, et la partie émettrice de lumière émet une lumière qui est modifiée en relation avec l'état du feu tricolore.For this purpose, the device is located at a level equipment of lights, known as tricolors, intended for the traffic control, and the issuing party light emits light which is modified in relation to the state of the traffic light.
Dans un mode de réalisation particulier de l'appareil, la partie émettrice de lumière émet de la lumière majoritairement dans la direction utile des feux tricolores, et la source de lumière est rouge et allumée lorsque le feu est au rouge, et éteinte dans les autres cas.In a particular embodiment of the device, the light emitting part emits light mainly in the useful direction of the traffic lights, and the light source is red and on when the fire is red, and otherwise off.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation particulier de l'appareil, ce dernier comporte plusieurs sources de lumière de couleurs différentes, de façon à ce que la couleur de la lumière émise varie avec celle du feu.In another particular embodiment of the device, it has several light sources different colors, so that the color of the light emitted varies with that of fire.
Dans un mode de réalisation particulier de la partie émettrice de lumière, celle-ci comprend au moins une fenêtre qui émet une lumière de la même couleur que celle du feu de régulation de la circulation, dans une direction s'adressant à des automobiles, cependant qu'au moins une autre fenêtre émet de la lumière d'une autre couleur dans une direction s'adressant à des piétons.In a particular embodiment of the part light emitting, it comprises at least one window which emits a light of the same color as that of the fire of traffic regulation, in a direction addressing automobiles, however at least one other window emits light of another color in one direction addressing pedestrians.
Avantageusement, la partie émettrice de lumière est couplée à au moins une source de lumière par au moins une fibre optique.Advantageously, the light-emitting part is coupled to at least one light source by at least one optical fiber.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation particulier de la partie émettrice de lumière, celle-ci comprend une fibre optique du type diffusant latéralement. In another particular embodiment of the light emitting part, this includes a fiber laterally diffusing type optics.
La partie émettrice de lumière comporte avantageusement un miroir disposé de façon à émettre la lumière horizontalement vers les usagers auxquels le feu s'adresse.The light emitting part advantageously comprises a mirror arranged to emit light horizontally towards the users to whom the fire is aimed.
Dans encore un autre mode de réalisation particulier de la partie émettrice de lumière, celle-ci comporte des miroirs disposés dos à dos en forme de coin, émettant la lumière dans deux directions opposées.In yet another particular embodiment of the light emitting part, this includes mirrors arranged back to back in a wedge shape, emitting the light in two opposite directions.
La partie émettrice de lumière est avantageusement montée de façon à pouvoir coulisser vers le bas, c'est-à-dire s'enfoncer dans le sol, lorsqu'un véhicule roule sur elle, et des moyens élastiques lui permettent de remonter lorsqu'elle est libérée.The light emitting part is advantageously mounted so that it can slide down, that is to say sink into the ground, when a vehicle is driving over it, and elastic means allow it to go up when she is released.
Ces aspects de l'invention ainsi que d'autres aspects plus détaillés apparaítront plus clairement grâce à la description suivante d'un mode de réalisation constituant un exemple non limitatif.These aspects of the invention as well as other aspects more detailed will appear more clearly thanks to the following description of an embodiment constituting a nonlimiting example.
La figure 1 représente schématiquement un appareil vu en perspective.FIG. 1 schematically represents an apparatus seen in perspective.
La figure 2 représente schématiquement une variante de l'appareil, vue en perspective.FIG. 2 schematically represents a variant of the device, perspective view.
La figure 3 représente, à plus grande échelle et en coupe, un organe émetteur de lumière situé au sol.FIG. 3 represents, on a larger scale and in section, a light emitting organ located on the ground.
L'appareil de signalisation routière représenté par la
figure 1 comprend des organes émetteurs de lumière 4, 5, 6,
7 situés au sol, couplés à des fibres optiques 8 reliées à
un boitier d'alimentation 2 qui introduit de la lumière dans
les fibres optiques vers les dits organes. En variante, on
pourrait aussi utiliser une seule fibre avec, au niveau de
chaque organe 4-7, un dérivateur, connu en soi, pour
soutirer de la lumière à la fibre.The road signaling device represented by the
FIG. 1 comprises light emitting
L'appareil est situé au niveau d'un équipement 1 de feux,
dits tricolores, destinés à la régulation de la circulation
automobile. Les organes 4, 5, 6, 7 émettent leur lumière
majoritairement dans la direction utile d'un feu tricolore,
c'est-à-dire dans la direction indiquée par la flèche 9,
vers les usagers auxquels le feu s'adresse. Au niveau du feu
est prévu ici un passage pour piétons, matérialisé par des
bandes de peinture 11, 12, 13, 14 sur le sol. Un exemple de
réalisation d'un organe tel que 4 est représenté en A à
droite de la figure. De la lumière est émise par une fenêtre
dans la direction 22.The device is located at a
Le boitier d'alimentation 2 contient une source de
lumière qui est modifiée en relation avec l'état du feu
tricolore. Dans une première forme de réalisation, la
lumière de cette source est par exemple de couleur rouge, et
son allumage/extinction est commandé sur la base de l'état
des feux 1, grâce à une connexion électrique 3 entre le feu
1 et le boítier 2. La lumière rouge est allumée lorsque le
feu 1 est au rouge, et éteinte dans les autres cas.The
Dans une autre forme de réalisation, le boítier 2
contient plusieurs sources de lumière de couleurs
différentes. L'homme du métier peut facilement réaliser, au
moyen de différents filtres de couleur, de miroirs et/ou de
lentilles, un dispositif grâce auquel la lumière de
plusieurs lampes est amenée dans une ou plusieurs fibres
optiques, de façon à fournir une lumière dont la couleur
varie, chaque lampe étant allumée ou non en rapport avec
l'état du feu (rouge, orange, vert).In another embodiment, the
De nombreuses variantes sont possibles. Par exemple, les
organes émetteurs de lumière peuvent utiliser comme source
lumineuse des diodes électro-luminescentes situées dans les
organes eux mêmes. Dans une autre variante, l'organe
émetteur de lumière représenté en B à droite de la figure 1
comporte une fenêtre qui émet de la lumière rouge (ou verte)
dans la direction 23 à l'attention des automobiles, pendant
que deux autres fenêtres émettent de la lumière verte (ou
rouge) dans les directions 24, 25 à l'attention des piétons.
Des fibres optiques distinctes sont alors prévues pour
alimenter respectivement la fenêtre destinée aux
automobiles, et celles destinées aux piétons. Dans une autre
variante, représentée par la figure 2, à la place des
organes distincts 4-7 de la figure 1, une libre optique 8
d'un type diffusant latéralement est utilisée, ce qui permet
d'émettre la lumière dans la direction des flèches 25 sans
optique compliquée, tout au long d'une ligne constituée par
la libre elle même. Un réflecteur peut être prévu derrière
la longueur de libre qui traverse la rue, de façon à
privilégier l'émission de lumière dans la direction
horizontale vers les automobiles (flèche 25).Many variations are possible. For example,
light emitting organs can use as a source
light emitting diodes located in the
organs themselves. In another variant, the organ
light emitter shown in B to the right of Figure 1
has a window that emits red (or green) light
in
Une autre série d'organes émetteurs de lumière comme 4-7
ou une autre fibre optique diffusant latéralement, tournée
dans la direction opposée, peut être placée à l'autre
extrémité des bandes de peinture 11, 12, 13, 14, s'adressant
alors aux automobiles qui arrivent dans l'autre sens.Another series of light-emitting organs like 4-7
or another laterally spun, spun optical fiber
in the opposite direction, can be placed at the other
end of the
Un organe émetteur de lumière situé au sol, représenté
par la figure 3, comporte une partie supérieure qui est une
sorte de couvercle 10, dont au moins une partie latérale est
transparente, et qui affleure légèrement au dessus du sol,
indiqué par la référence 21. Cette partie supérieure 10 est
ici munie de deux miroirs 17, 18, disposés dos à dos en
forme de coin, de façon à émettre la lumière horizontalement
dans deux directions opposées, vers les usagers auxquels le
feu s'adresse ainsi que vers ceux qui arrivent en face. A
titre d'exemple, la figure représente un rayon lumineux qui
sort par l'extrémité 15 d'une libre optique, est focalisé
par une lentille 16, est réfléchi vers une direction
horizontale par le miroir 17, et sort enfin au travers d'une
partie de paroi verticale transparente du couvercle 10, pour
se diriger dans une direction indiquée par la référence 19.
La lumière peut aussi provenir d'une fibre à diffusion
latérale placée horizontalement sous les miroirs.A light emitting organ located on the ground, represented
in Figure 3, has an upper part which is a
kind of
En variante, l'organe émetteur de lumière peut aussi
comporter un seul miroir, par exemple 17, disposé de façon à
émettre la lumière horizontalement dans une seule direction,
indiquée par la flèche 9 sur la figure 1, vers les usagers
auxquels le feu s'adresse.Alternatively, the light emitting member can also
have a single mirror, for example 17, arranged so as to
emit light horizontally in one direction only,
indicated by
Dans l'organe de la figure 3, le couvercle 10 est monté
de façon à pouvoir coulisser vers le bas, c'est-à-dire
s'enfoncer dans le sol, lorsqu'un véhicule roule sur lui.
Des moyens élastiques, ici des ressorts 20, lui permettent
de remonter lorsqu'il est libéré. Le même principe peut
s'appliquer au système de la figure 2.In the member of Figure 3, the
Claims (9)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9614090A FR2756086A1 (en) | 1996-11-19 | 1996-11-19 | ROAD SIGNALING APPARATUS COMPRISING LIGHTING ORGANS LOCATED ON THE GROUND |
FR9614090 | 1996-11-19 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0843296A1 true EP0843296A1 (en) | 1998-05-20 |
EP0843296B1 EP0843296B1 (en) | 2002-05-08 |
Family
ID=9497765
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97203530A Expired - Lifetime EP0843296B1 (en) | 1996-11-19 | 1997-11-12 | Traffic light device made of lighting devices situated on the ground |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0843296B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69712440T2 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2756086A1 (en) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002033175A1 (en) * | 2000-10-16 | 2002-04-25 | Eduardo Diz Ramos | Road light signs |
ES2191567A1 (en) * | 2002-02-25 | 2003-09-01 | Ayala Rodrigo Martin | Portable, luminous road signalling system. |
DE19810151B4 (en) * | 1998-03-10 | 2009-11-12 | Schubert, Hans-Joachim | Safety device and method for securing a loading or unloading process for vehicles at dock levellers |
ES2427218R1 (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2014-03-07 | Universidad Del Pais Vasco - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea | ROAD SAFETY NOTICE SYSTEM |
RU2620148C1 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2017-05-23 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Ульяновский государственный технический университет" | System of traffic control on pedestrian crossing |
RU2621831C1 (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2017-06-07 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Ульяновский государственный технический университет" | Adjustable fence at pedestrian crossing |
EP3373269A4 (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2019-07-10 | Shenzhen Yijie Innovative Technology Co., Ltd. | Drive control method for intersection traffic signal lamp array |
EP3370214A4 (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2019-07-17 | Shenzhen Yijie Innovative Technology Co., Ltd. | Intersection traffic light array drive control device |
US10431079B2 (en) | 2016-03-17 | 2019-10-01 | Shenzhen Yijie Innovative Technology Co., Ltd. | Driving control apparatus for intersection traffic light array |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102016216204A1 (en) | 2016-08-29 | 2018-03-01 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Floor lamp, method for operating a ground light and traffic signaling arrangement |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2177742A (en) * | 1985-06-14 | 1987-01-28 | Sec Dep For Transport The | Vehicle pathway lane control systems |
US4750207A (en) * | 1986-03-31 | 1988-06-07 | Siemens Hearing Instruments, Inc. | Hearing aid noise suppression system |
EP0539615A1 (en) * | 1991-10-29 | 1993-05-05 | Daito Sangyo Co., Ltd. | Road display apparatus and light source for said road display apparatus |
-
1996
- 1996-11-19 FR FR9614090A patent/FR2756086A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1997
- 1997-11-12 EP EP97203530A patent/EP0843296B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-12 DE DE69712440T patent/DE69712440T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2177742A (en) * | 1985-06-14 | 1987-01-28 | Sec Dep For Transport The | Vehicle pathway lane control systems |
US4750207A (en) * | 1986-03-31 | 1988-06-07 | Siemens Hearing Instruments, Inc. | Hearing aid noise suppression system |
EP0539615A1 (en) * | 1991-10-29 | 1993-05-05 | Daito Sangyo Co., Ltd. | Road display apparatus and light source for said road display apparatus |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19810151B4 (en) * | 1998-03-10 | 2009-11-12 | Schubert, Hans-Joachim | Safety device and method for securing a loading or unloading process for vehicles at dock levellers |
WO2002033175A1 (en) * | 2000-10-16 | 2002-04-25 | Eduardo Diz Ramos | Road light signs |
ES2191567A1 (en) * | 2002-02-25 | 2003-09-01 | Ayala Rodrigo Martin | Portable, luminous road signalling system. |
ES2427218R1 (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2014-03-07 | Universidad Del Pais Vasco - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea | ROAD SAFETY NOTICE SYSTEM |
EP3373269A4 (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2019-07-10 | Shenzhen Yijie Innovative Technology Co., Ltd. | Drive control method for intersection traffic signal lamp array |
EP3370214A4 (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2019-07-17 | Shenzhen Yijie Innovative Technology Co., Ltd. | Intersection traffic light array drive control device |
US10621862B2 (en) | 2015-11-06 | 2020-04-14 | Shenzhen Yijie Innovative Technology Co., Ltd. | Driving control method and apparatus for intersection traffic light array |
RU2620148C1 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2017-05-23 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Ульяновский государственный технический университет" | System of traffic control on pedestrian crossing |
RU2621831C1 (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2017-06-07 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Ульяновский государственный технический университет" | Adjustable fence at pedestrian crossing |
US10431079B2 (en) | 2016-03-17 | 2019-10-01 | Shenzhen Yijie Innovative Technology Co., Ltd. | Driving control apparatus for intersection traffic light array |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0843296B1 (en) | 2002-05-08 |
DE69712440D1 (en) | 2002-06-13 |
DE69712440T2 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
FR2756086A1 (en) | 1998-05-22 |
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