EP0810612B1 - Oxide ceramic thermistor containing indium - Google Patents
Oxide ceramic thermistor containing indium Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0810612B1 EP0810612B1 EP97201533A EP97201533A EP0810612B1 EP 0810612 B1 EP0810612 B1 EP 0810612B1 EP 97201533 A EP97201533 A EP 97201533A EP 97201533 A EP97201533 A EP 97201533A EP 0810612 B1 EP0810612 B1 EP 0810612B1
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- Prior art keywords
- thermistor
- spinel
- oxide
- composition
- indium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
- H01C7/04—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having negative temperature coefficient
- H01C7/042—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having negative temperature coefficient mainly consisting of inorganic non-metallic substances
- H01C7/043—Oxides or oxidic compounds
Definitions
- the invention relates to a thermistor with a semiconductor ceramic with an indium-containing manganese-nickel-oxide spinel.
- Thermistors also called NTC resistors, have a negative temperature coefficient (NTC), their resistivity decreases with temperature approximately exponentially.
- NTC negative temperature coefficient
- Semiconducting oxide ceramics are used. Ceramic thermistors are widely used as temperature sensors, e.g. B. in the food and plastics industries, in automotive electronics, in portable measuring instruments and in medical technology, also as a clinical thermometer. Part of the applications concerns the temperature compensation of coils, the working point stabilization of Transistors and the overtemperature protection of electronic devices. Beneficial Applications also arise in low-temperature measuring technology, as Radiation receivers in pyrometers and as transmitters in flow anemometers.
- oxide spinels An important group of ceramic materials for the manufacture of thermistors are the oxide spinels. These are ionic crystals with the composition AB 2 O 4 , the structure of which is determined by the cubic closest packing of the large negatively charged oxygen ions O 2- . The larger cations A occupy octahedral gaps of the anion lattice, the smaller cations B the tetrahedral gaps of the anion lattice.
- Today's thermistor components are based almost exclusively on mixed crystals with a spinel structure, which are generally composed of 2 to 4 cations from the group manganese, nickel, cobalt, iron, copper and titanium.
- One problem, however, is the thermal stability of these connections. In order to obtain uniform spinel phases, precise process control is necessary even in the manufacturing process. In addition, the working temperatures must not exceed certain upper limit values.
- NTC resistors with the general formula Zn z Fe xz III Ni Mn 2-xz III Mn z IV O 4 with 0 ⁇ z ⁇ x. These oxide spinels form a uniform spinel phase, they do not fall into separate oxide phases during production and can therefore be produced with a reproducible setting of the thermistor parameters.
- the object is achieved by a thermistor with a semiconductor ceramic with an indium-containing manganese-nickel-oxide spinel.
- a thermistor with a semiconductor ceramic with an oxide spinel that the Containing elements of manganese, nickel and indium is thermodynamically very stable because Indium only occurs in one oxidation state (+3) and therefore not with oxygen the atmosphere reacts. It continues to be characterized by high values for the specific resistance and the B value.
- the oxide spinel has the composition Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 with 0.05 x x 0,7 0.75.
- Spinels with this composition are particularly stable at high working temperatures because their crystal structure is monomorphic, ie they do not change at higher temperatures.
- the spinel has the composition Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 with 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.66.
- a thermistor with such a composition has a surprisingly high thermal stability of the resistance value in the long-term test.
- Fig. 1 Specific resistance and B value as a function of the indium content x in Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 .
- the thermistor according to the invention contains a semiconductor ceramic with an oxide spinel, which contains the elements manganese, nickel and indium, in particular those of the composition Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 with 0.05 x x 0,7 0.75 . Due to the low electron affinity and the high ionization potential of the indium (+3), this oxide spinel is redox-stable and does not change through interaction with the atmosphere at elevated temperatures.
- the composition of the spinel is preferably chosen so that it is close to the phase transition from the cubic to the tetragonal spinel structure and the composition Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 with 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 0 , 75 has. Surprisingly, it has been found that these compositions show minimal aging.
- the thermistor is manufactured according to the usual ceramic manufacturing methods, depending on the desired tolerances and the field of application numerous variants are possible.
- the starting compounds can be from Oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, oxalates and the like. use. These are according to weighed the desired composition, wet milled, dried and granulated. Then you can the oxide mixture at 900 ° C to 1000 ° C. calcine to achieve pre-compaction and chemical homogenization. The calcined mixture is ground again and with a binder composition suspended. This is followed by the design.
- the powder suspension can be cast into foils or for circuits using thick film technology Substrate to be screen printed. The suspension can also be processed into granules are, from which any shape can then be pressed. Subsequently first the binder burnout and then the final sintering takes place the spinel phase is formed. In a further process step, the Contacts applied.
- Single-phase oxide spinels are formed, which contain the elements manganese, nickel and Contain indium. This is confirmed by X-ray examinations.
- the corresponding starting oxides are mixed in a stoichiometric mixing ratio and ground with zircon grinding balls for 16 hours.
- the premixed powder is granulated with a conventional binder preparation. Tablets with a diameter of 6 mm and a thickness of 1 mm are pressed from the granules. These tablets are sintered in the air for six hours at 1250 ° C. X-ray diffraction images show that the semiconductor ceramic obtained in this way is a single-phase material with a spinel structure.
- the relative density of the mixed crystal oxides is greater than 97% of the theoretical density.
- Fig. 1 shows that the main thermistor parameters, ie the specific resistance (R 25 ) and the B value increase with increasing indium content.
- the aging tests were carried out at 150 ° C for 1800 h.
- the thermistor parameters R 25 and the thermal constant B were measured at intervals. The tests showed that the aging is practically complete after 150 h.
- the experiments further showed that the relative change in the resistance R / R 0 with time near the phase boundary between the cubic and tetragonal phase boundary has a minimum.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Thermistor mit einer Halbleiterkeramik mit einem indiumhaltigen Mangan-Nickel-Oxid-Spinell.The invention relates to a thermistor with a semiconductor ceramic with an indium-containing manganese-nickel-oxide spinel.
Thermistoren, auch NTC-Widerstände genannt, haben einen negativen Temperaturkoeffizienten (NTC), ihr spezifischer Widerstand nimmt mit der Temperatur annähernd exponentiell ab. Als widerstandsbestimmende Materialien werden üblicherweise halbleitende Oxidkeramiken verwendet. Keramische Thermistoren sind als Temperatursensoren weitverbreitet, z. B. in der Lebensmittel- und Kunststoffindustrie, in der Kfz-Elektronik, in transportablen Betriebsmeßgeräten und in der medizinischen Technik, auch als Fieberthermometer. Ein Teil der Anwendungen betrifft die Temperaturkompensation von Spulen, die Arbeitspunktstabilisierung von Transistoren und die Übertemperatursicherung von elektronischen Geräten. Vorteilhafte Anwendungen ergeben sich auch in der Tieftemperatur-Meßtechnik, als Strahlungsempfänger in Pyrometern und als Geber in Strömungsanemometern.Thermistors, also called NTC resistors, have a negative temperature coefficient (NTC), their resistivity decreases with temperature approximately exponentially. As resistance determining materials Usually semiconducting oxide ceramics are used. Ceramic thermistors are widely used as temperature sensors, e.g. B. in the food and plastics industries, in automotive electronics, in portable measuring instruments and in medical technology, also as a clinical thermometer. Part of the applications concerns the temperature compensation of coils, the working point stabilization of Transistors and the overtemperature protection of electronic devices. Beneficial Applications also arise in low-temperature measuring technology, as Radiation receivers in pyrometers and as transmitters in flow anemometers.
Es existiert eine Vielzahl von halbleitenden Oxidkeramiken mit NTC-Characteristik. Für die praktische Anwendbarkeit müssen neben der Temperaturabhängigkeit des Widerstandes weitere Bedingungen wie gute Sinterbarkeit, mechanische und chemische Stabilität erfüllt sein.There are a number of semiconducting oxide ceramics with NTC characteristics. In addition to the temperature dependence of the Resistance other conditions such as good sinterability, mechanical and chemical Stability must be fulfilled.
Eine wichtige Gruppe von keramischen Werkstoffen für die Herstellung von Thermistoren sind die Oxid-Spinelle. Dabei handelt es sich um Ionenkristalle der Zusammensetzung AB2O4, deren Aufbau durch die kubisch dichteste Kugelpackung der großen negativ geladenen Sauerstoffionen O2-, bestimmt wird. Die größeren Kationen A besetzen Oktaederlücken des Anionengitters, die kleineren Kationen B die Tetraederlücken des Anionengitters. Heutige Thermistor-Bauelemente basieren fast ausschließlich auf Mischkristallen mit Spinellstruktur, die sich im allgemeinen aus 2 bis 4 Kationen der Gruppe Mangan, Nickel, Cobalt, Eisen, Kupfer und Titan zusammensetzen. Ein Problem ist jedoch die thermische Stabilität dieser Verbindungen. Um einheitliche Spinellphasen zu erhalten, ist schon beim Herstellungsverfahren eine genaue Prozeßführung notwendig. Außerdem dürfen die Arbeitstemperaturen bestimmte obere Grenzwerte nicht überschreiten.An important group of ceramic materials for the manufacture of thermistors are the oxide spinels. These are ionic crystals with the composition AB 2 O 4 , the structure of which is determined by the cubic closest packing of the large negatively charged oxygen ions O 2- . The larger cations A occupy octahedral gaps of the anion lattice, the smaller cations B the tetrahedral gaps of the anion lattice. Today's thermistor components are based almost exclusively on mixed crystals with a spinel structure, which are generally composed of 2 to 4 cations from the group manganese, nickel, cobalt, iron, copper and titanium. One problem, however, is the thermal stability of these connections. In order to obtain uniform spinel phases, precise process control is necessary even in the manufacturing process. In addition, the working temperatures must not exceed certain upper limit values.
Es ist in der DE-C-42 13 629 vorgeschlagen worden, NTC-Widerstände mit der allgemeinen Formel ZnzFex-z IIINi Mn2-x-z IIIMnz IVO4 mit 0 < z < x herzustellen. Diese Oxidspinelle bilden eine einheitliche Spinellphase, sie verfallen bei der Herstellung nicht in separate Oxidphasen und lassen sich daher mit reproduzierbarer Einstellung der Thermistorparameter herstellen.It has been proposed in DE-C-42 13 629 to produce NTC resistors with the general formula Zn z Fe xz III Ni Mn 2-xz III Mn z IV O 4 with 0 <z <x. These oxide spinels form a uniform spinel phase, they do not fall into separate oxide phases during production and can therefore be produced with a reproducible setting of the thermistor parameters.
Im Gebrauch verändert sich jedoch in diesen Spinellphasen durch Wechselwirkung mit der Atmosphäre die Oxidationsstufen des Eisens und damit auch die Themistorparameter. Außerdem lassen sich so nur Spinelle mit bestimmten Thermistorparameterbereichen herstellen.In use, however, changes in these spinel phases through interaction with the atmosphere, the oxidation levels of iron and thus the themistor parameters. In addition, only spinels with certain thermistor parameter ranges can be created in this way produce.
Es ist daher eine Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, einen Thermistor mit einer Halbleiterkeramik mit einem Oxid-Spinell zu schaffen, der thermisch stabil ist und hohe Thermistorparameter aufweist.It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a thermistor with a To create semiconductor ceramics with an oxide spinel that is thermally stable and has high thermistor parameters.
Erfindungsgemäß wird die Aufgabe gelöst durch einen Thermistor mit einer Halbleiterkeramik mit einem indiumhaltigen Mangan-Nickel-Oxid-Spinell.According to the invention, the object is achieved by a thermistor with a semiconductor ceramic with an indium-containing manganese-nickel-oxide spinel.
Ein Thermistor mit einer Halbleiterkeramik mit einem Oxid-Spinell, der die Elemente Mangan, Nickel und Indium enthält, ist thermodynamisch sehr stabil, weil Indium nur in einer Oxidatonsstufe (+3) auftritt und daher nicht mit dem Sauerstoff der Atmospäre reagiert. Er zeichnet sich weiterhin durch hohe Werte für den spezifischen Widerstand und den B-Wert aus.A thermistor with a semiconductor ceramic with an oxide spinel that the Containing elements of manganese, nickel and indium is thermodynamically very stable because Indium only occurs in one oxidation state (+3) and therefore not with oxygen the atmosphere reacts. It continues to be characterized by high values for the specific resistance and the B value.
Es ist im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung besonders bevorzugt, daß der Oxid-Spinell die Zusammensetzung Mn2,33-xInxNi0,67O4 mit 0,05 ≤ x ≤ 0,75 hat. Spinelle mit dieser Zusammensetzung zeichnen sich durch eine besondere Stabilität bei hohen Arbeitstemperaturen aus, weil ihre Kristallstruktur monomorph ist, d.h. sie verändert sich nicht bei höheren Temperaturen.It is particularly preferred in the context of the present invention that the oxide spinel has the composition Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 with 0.05 x x 0,7 0.75. Spinels with this composition are particularly stable at high working temperatures because their crystal structure is monomorphic, ie they do not change at higher temperatures.
Es ist bevorzugt, daß der Spinell die Zusammensetzung Mn2,33-xInxNi0,67O4 mit 0,5 ≤ x ≤ 0,66 hat.It is preferred that the spinel has the composition Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 with 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.66.
Es ist besonders bevorzugt, daß der Spinell die Zusammensetzung Mn2,33-xInxNi0,67O4 mit x =0.58 ± 0,02 hat. Ein Thermistor mit einer derartigen Zusammensetzung hat eine überraschend hohe thermische Stabilität des Widerstandswertes im Langzeittest.It is particularly preferred that the spinel has the composition Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 with x = 0.58 ± 0.02. A thermistor with such a composition has a surprisingly high thermal stability of the resistance value in the long-term test.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand von Beispielen und einer Zeichnung weiter erläutert.The invention will be further elucidated below with the aid of examples and a drawing explained.
Fig. 1: Spezifischer Widerstand und B-Wert als Funktion des Indium-Gehaltes x in Mn2.33-xInxNi0.67O4. Fig. 1 : Specific resistance and B value as a function of the indium content x in Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 .
Der erfindungsgemäße Thermistor enthält eine Halbleiterkeramik mit einem Oxid-Spinell, der die Elemente Mangan, Nickel und Indium enthält, insbesondere solche der Zusammensetzung Mn2,33-xInxNi0,67O4 mit 0,05 ≤ x ≤ 0,75. Durch die geringe Elektronenaffinität und das hohe Ionisationspotential des Indiums(+3) ist dieser Oxid-Spinell redoxstabil und verändert sich nicht durch Wechselwirkung mit der Atmosphäre bei erhöhten Temperaturen. The thermistor according to the invention contains a semiconductor ceramic with an oxide spinel, which contains the elements manganese, nickel and indium, in particular those of the composition Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 with 0.05 x x 0,7 0.75 . Due to the low electron affinity and the high ionization potential of the indium (+3), this oxide spinel is redox-stable and does not change through interaction with the atmosphere at elevated temperatures.
Die Zusammensetzung des Spinell wird bevorzugt so gewählt, daß sie in der Nähe des Phasenüberganges von der kubischen zur tetragonalen Spinell-Struktur liegt und die Zusammensetzung Mn2,33-xInxNi0,67O4 mit 0,05 ≤ x ≤ 0,75 hat. Überraschenderweise wurde gefunden, daß diese Zusammensetzungen minimale Alterung zeigen.The composition of the spinel is preferably chosen so that it is close to the phase transition from the cubic to the tetragonal spinel structure and the composition Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 with 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0 , 75 has. Surprisingly, it has been found that these compositions show minimal aging.
Die Herstellung des Thermistors erfolgt nach den üblichen keramischen Fertigungsmethoden, wobei je nach den angestrebten Toleranzen und dem Anwendungsgebiet zahlreiche Varianten möglich sind. Als Ausgangsverbindungen kann man von Oxiden, Hydroxiden, Carbonaten, Oxalaten u. ä. verwenden. Diese werden gemäß der gewünschten Zusammensetzung eingewogen, naß gemahlen, getrocknet und granuliert. Anschließend kann man das Oxid- Gemisch bei 900°C bis 1000°C kalzinieren, um eine Vorverdichtung und chemische Homogenisierung zu erreichen. Die kalzinierte Mischung wird erneut gemahlen und mit einer Bindemittelzusammensetzung suspendiert. Daran schließt sich die Formgebung an. Die Pulversuspension kann zu Folien gegossen werden oder für Schaltungen in Dickschichttechnik auf ein Substrat siebgedruckt werden. Die Suspension kann auch zu Granulat verarbeitet werden, aus dem dann beliebige Formkörper gepreßt werden können. Anschließend erfolgt zunächst der Binderausbrand und dann die abschließende Sinterung, bei dem die Spinellphase gebildet wird. In einem weiteren Verfahrensschritt werden die Kontakte aufgebracht.The thermistor is manufactured according to the usual ceramic manufacturing methods, depending on the desired tolerances and the field of application numerous variants are possible. The starting compounds can be from Oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, oxalates and the like. use. These are according to weighed the desired composition, wet milled, dried and granulated. Then you can the oxide mixture at 900 ° C to 1000 ° C. calcine to achieve pre-compaction and chemical homogenization. The calcined mixture is ground again and with a binder composition suspended. This is followed by the design. The powder suspension can be cast into foils or for circuits using thick film technology Substrate to be screen printed. The suspension can also be processed into granules are, from which any shape can then be pressed. Subsequently first the binder burnout and then the final sintering takes place the spinel phase is formed. In a further process step, the Contacts applied.
Es bilden sich einphasige Oxid-Spinelle, die die Elemente Mangan, Nickel und Indium enthalten. Dies wird durch röntgenographische Untersuchungen bestätigt.Single-phase oxide spinels are formed, which contain the elements manganese, nickel and Contain indium. This is confirmed by X-ray examinations.
Es werden Halbleiterkeramiken mit Oxidspinellen hergestellt, die Zusammensetzung Mn2,33-xInxNi0,67O4 mit x= 1/12, 1/6,1/3 und 2/3 haben . Die entsprechenden Ausgangsoxide werden im stöchiometrischen Mischungsverhältnis gemischt und 16 Stunden mit Zirkon-Mahlkugeln gemahlen. Das vorgemischte Pulver wird mit einer konventionellen Bindemittelzubereitung granuliert. Aus dem Granulat werden Tabletten mit einem Durchmesser von 6mm und einer Dicke von 1mm gepreßt. Diese Tabletten werden sechs Stunden bei 1250°C an der Luft gesintert. Röntgenbeugungsaufnahmen zeigen, daß die so erhaltene Halbleiterkeramik ein einphasiges Material mit Spinell - Struktur ist. Die relative Dichte der Mischkristalloxide ist größer als 97 % der theoretischen Dichte.Semiconductor ceramics with oxide spinels are produced, which have the composition Mn 2.33-x In x Ni 0.67 O 4 with x = 1/12, 1 / 6.1 / 3 and 2/3. The corresponding starting oxides are mixed in a stoichiometric mixing ratio and ground with zircon grinding balls for 16 hours. The premixed powder is granulated with a conventional binder preparation. Tablets with a diameter of 6 mm and a thickness of 1 mm are pressed from the granules. These tablets are sintered in the air for six hours at 1250 ° C. X-ray diffraction images show that the semiconductor ceramic obtained in this way is a single-phase material with a spinel structure. The relative density of the mixed crystal oxides is greater than 97% of the theoretical density.
Fig. 1 zeigt, daß wichtigsten Thermistorparameter, d.h. der spezifische Widerstand (R25) und der B-Wert mit wachsendem Indium-Gehalt zunehmen.Fig. 1 shows that the main thermistor parameters, ie the specific resistance (R 25 ) and the B value increase with increasing indium content.
Die Alterungsversuche wurden bei 150°C über 1800 h durchgeführt. Dabei wurden in Abständen die Thermistorparameter R25 und die thermische Konstante B gemessen. Die Versuche ergaben, daß die Alterung nach 150 h praktisch abgeschlossen ist. Die Versuche ergaben weiterhin, daß die relative Änderung des Widerstandes R/R0 mit der Zeit in der Nähe der Phasengrenze zwischen kubischer und tetragonaler Phasengrenze ein Minimum hat.The aging tests were carried out at 150 ° C for 1800 h. The thermistor parameters R 25 and the thermal constant B were measured at intervals. The tests showed that the aging is practically complete after 150 h. The experiments further showed that the relative change in the resistance R / R 0 with time near the phase boundary between the cubic and tetragonal phase boundary has a minimum.
Claims (4)
- A thermistor comprising a semiconductor ceramic with an indium-containing manganese-nickel-oxide spinel.
- A thermistor as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the composition of the oxide spinel corresponds to
Mn2.33-xInxNi0.67O4, wherein 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.75. - A thermistor as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the composition of the oxide spinel corresponds to
Mn2.33-xInxNi0.67O4, wherein 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.66. - A thermistor as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the composition of the oxide spinel corresponds to Mn2.33-xInxNi0.67O4, wherein x = 0.58 ± 0.02.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19622112A DE19622112A1 (en) | 1996-06-01 | 1996-06-01 | Oxide ceramic thermistor containing indium |
| DE19622112 | 1996-06-01 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0810612A1 EP0810612A1 (en) | 1997-12-03 |
| EP0810612B1 true EP0810612B1 (en) | 1999-09-01 |
Family
ID=7795932
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP97201533A Expired - Lifetime EP0810612B1 (en) | 1996-06-01 | 1997-05-22 | Oxide ceramic thermistor containing indium |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5976421A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0810612B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH1092609A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE19622112A1 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW406061B (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003532284A (en) * | 2000-04-25 | 2003-10-28 | エプコス アクチエンゲゼルシャフト | ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE ELEMENT, PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME AND USING THE STRUCTURE ELEMENT |
| JP3711857B2 (en) * | 2000-10-11 | 2005-11-02 | 株式会社村田製作所 | Semiconductor porcelain composition having negative resistance temperature characteristic and negative characteristic thermistor |
| JP4601300B2 (en) * | 2004-01-28 | 2010-12-22 | 京セラ株式会社 | Semiconductive ceramic and image forming apparatus using the same |
| DE102008009817A1 (en) * | 2008-02-19 | 2009-08-27 | Epcos Ag | Composite material for temperature measurement, temperature sensor comprising the composite material and method for producing the composite material and the temperature sensor |
| JP6975333B2 (en) | 2018-07-13 | 2021-12-01 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Permanent magnet synchronous machine control device, electric vehicle and permanent magnet synchronous machine magnetic pole polarity discrimination method |
| EP3901115A1 (en) | 2020-04-24 | 2021-10-27 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO | A printable ntc ink composition and method of manufacturing thereof |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS54111700A (en) * | 1978-02-22 | 1979-09-01 | Hitachi Ltd | Thermistor composition |
| US5246628A (en) * | 1990-08-16 | 1993-09-21 | Korea Institute Of Science & Technology | Metal oxide group thermistor material |
| DE4213629C1 (en) * | 1992-04-24 | 1994-02-17 | Siemens Matsushita Components | Sintered ceramic for stable thermistors - comprises nickel manganese oxide spinel substd. with iron and zinc |
| JPH07505857A (en) * | 1992-04-24 | 1995-06-29 | シーメンス マツシタ コンポーネンツ ゲゼルシヤフト ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツング ウント コンパニ コマンデイート ゲゼルシヤフト | Sintered ceramics for highly stable thermistors and their manufacturing method |
| EP0641144A1 (en) * | 1993-08-09 | 1995-03-01 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Metal oxide film resistor and method for producing the same |
| DE4420657A1 (en) * | 1994-06-14 | 1995-12-21 | Siemens Matsushita Components | Sintered ceramics for highly stable thermistors and processes for their manufacture |
| US5830268A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-11-03 | Thermometrics, Inc. | Methods of growing nickel-manganese oxide single crystals |
-
1996
- 1996-06-01 DE DE19622112A patent/DE19622112A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1997
- 1997-05-22 EP EP97201533A patent/EP0810612B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-22 DE DE59700382T patent/DE59700382D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-05-29 US US08/863,349 patent/US5976421A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-05-30 JP JP9141212A patent/JPH1092609A/en active Pending
- 1997-06-02 TW TW086107536A patent/TW406061B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW406061B (en) | 2000-09-21 |
| EP0810612A1 (en) | 1997-12-03 |
| DE59700382D1 (en) | 1999-10-07 |
| DE19622112A1 (en) | 1997-12-04 |
| JPH1092609A (en) | 1998-04-10 |
| US5976421A (en) | 1999-11-02 |
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