EP0789510A1

EP0789510A1 - Wettable powder formulations

Info

Publication number: EP0789510A1
Application number: EP95935768A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Brian Stanley Hawkett; Hong Yu Park; Edward Blatt; Zhiping Zhou
Original assignee: Daratech Pty Ltd
Current assignee: Agriculture Victoria Services Pty Ltd
Priority date: 1994-11-04
Filing date: 1995-11-02
Publication date: 1997-08-20
Anticipated expiration: 2015-11-02
Also published as: ATE258011T1; AR000076A1; WO1996013975A1; EP0789510A4; DE69532476D1; EP0789510B1; DE69532476T2; ES2215176T3; AUPM926794A0; ZA959306B

Abstract

A wettable powder formulation comprises an internally porous carrier powder having a minimum internal pore volume of 20 %, the carrier powder having incorporated therein a solution of a post-emergent herbicide, insecticide, fungicide or other biocide in an effective adjuvant system.

Description

WETTABLE POWDER FORMULATIONS

This invention relates to wettable powder formulations, and in particular it relates to wettable powder formulations of biocides which require an adjuvant to enhance their efficacy. A most important class of these biocides are the post- emergent foliar herbicides which are used to control weeds or other undesirable plants in, for example, a crop. Many such herbicides are relatively ineffective in the absence of an adjuvant to augment their performance. Adjuvants are also used to enhance the activity of insecticides and fungicides where it is necessary for such biocides to be transported through the waxy layer of the cuticle of the foliage of a plant in order to be effective. The present invention relates to wettable powder formulations of these insecticides and fungicides, as well as to the formulations of herbicides, in particular post-emergent herbicides.

In controlling undesirable plants, insects and fungi, liquid formulations of herbicides or pesticides such as emulsifiable concentrates (ECs) and suspension concentrates may be applied as a fine spray after being added to tank water. The emulsions formed must disperse such that particular entities in the spray water do not cause blockages in the filters and nozzles of the spraying equipment. A number of problems of toxicity and inconvenience in practical use are associated with these formulations; including: the escape of volatile solvents to the environment • problems of safe disposal

• accidental spillages of liquids (including solvents) which may cause toxic hazards

• flammability of solvents during storage and manufacture

• disposal of containers for toxic liquids and in some formulations the need to use 2 separate packs (e.g. the EC in one pack and a surfactant or crop oil in a second pack). In order to overcome the above problems, solid formulations of liqui herbicides or pesticides, presented as wettable powders or water-dispersibl granules, have also been prepared. Techniques for the production of these soli formulations are known in the art, and include for example methods fo incorporating liquid actives and active solutions into porous particles such a precipitated silica particles (see, for example, Rhone-Poulenc, "Auxiliaries fo Agrochemical Formulations").

Previous attempts to formulate wettable powders using biocides whic require an adjuvant to assist with such properties as leaf wetting or penetratio have not been successful in that the powder formulation has inferior efficac when compared to the standard EC-type formulation. This drop in efficacy i usually apparent even though large amounts of crop oil or other adjuvant ar used. For this reason, use of ECs of this type of biocide persists despite th problems associated with their use.

In one important aspect, the present invention provides a process for the preparation of wettable powder formulations of biocides which require an adjuvant for foliar wetting or penetration, wherein the powder formulations have similar efficacy to the standard commercial EC of the same active ingredient. Moreover, the powder formulations of this invention do not require added crop oil or adjuvant to achieve efficacy.

Certain classes of post-emergent herbicides which must be applied to the leaves of the target plants are usually supplied as emulsifiable concentrates for addition to water immediately before application by spraying onto the target plants. A class of herbicide with specific foliar post-emergent application is the aryloxy-phenoxy-propionate class, or "fops". Up to now, herbicides in this class have generally been formulated as emulsifiable concentrates incorporating a crop oil and/or surfactant adjuvant, with the adjuvant being added to enhance efficiency in the control of targeted weeds. Occasionally, as in the case of 2- propynyl (R)-2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro-2-pyridinyloxy)-phenoxy]-propionate, commonly known as "clodinafop" and previously also known as "piroxofop", a companion safener such as "cloquintocet" (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxyacetic acid-1- methylhexylester) is also added to the emulsifiable concentrate to ensure the safety of the crop. The effect of this safener is to act as a form of antidote to the post-emergent herbicide, that is to prevent or minimise damage to the crops such as wheat. In the past, clodinafop has not been successfully formulated as a powder because the herbicide (and/or safener where present) degrades in storage. Furthermore, solvent residues can be unacceptable, and the efficiency of release of the herbicide from the powder formulation is often also unacceptable.

With post-emergent herbicides, where rapid and complete displacement (or "dumping") of the active ingredient out of the carrier matrix and into the spray water is necessary, the retention of portion of the herbicide within the powder tends to render the formulation less efficient than the corresponding EC. Furthermore, in the case of clodinafop, it has been found that incorporation into the carrier of the EC formulation of the herbicide containing a solvent such as a crop oil, and/or other adjuvants added to enhance efficiency, results in degradation of the herbicide in storage, and in reduced herbicidal efficacy because of partial retention of the active ingredient in the powder.

It has now been found that herbicidally active powder formulations of these post-emergent herbicides equivalent in efficiency to standard commercial EC formulations can be prepared, and that the use of undesirable solvents can be avoided, when certain solvent/adjuvant systems are used. In addition, it has been found that the degradation of clodinafop which occurs in the presence of carrier powders can be prevented by use of these solvent/adjuvant systems.

International Patent Publication No. WO 95/18531 (International Patent Application No. PCT/IB95/00001 in the name of Ciba-Geigy AG) discloses a wettable powder formulation comprising at least one herbicide, at least one porous solid carrier material and a nonionic surfactant, which is prepared by mixing the various components together. As described in detail below, th wettable powder formulations of the present invention are characterised by th use of an adjuvant system which is both a solvent and adjuvant for the activ component, and which provides effective release or dumping of the biocide fro the wettable powder formulation when it is added to water. These formulation are prepared by first dissolving the active component in the adjuvant system an then absorbing the solution into a carrier powder.

According to the present invention, there is provided a wettable powde formulation which comprises an internally porous carrier powder having minimum internal pore volume of 20%, said carrier powder having incorporate therein a solution of a biocide in an effective adjuvant system, wherein th adjuvant system is an effective solvent and adjuvant for the biocide, and provide effective release of the biocide from the wettable powder formulation when it i added to water.

The biocide which comprises the active component of the powde formulation of this invention may be any post-emergent herbicide or othe herbicide, insecticide or fungicide which requires an adjuvant to enhance it efficacy and which is soluble in the adjuvant system.

One particularly preferred group of active components are the aryloxy phenoxy-propionate ("fop") herbicides, however the present invention als extends to powder formulations comprising other herbicides including by way o example the cyclohexanediones (or "dims") and the diphenyl ethers, both of which are well known classes of post-emergent herbicides.

The adjuvant system forms a stable solution of the biocide, that is a solution in which a sufficient quantity of the biocide is dissolved in the solvent without crystallisation or degradation. In addition, the adjuvant system forms an effective adjuvant system for enhancing the activity of the biocide, for example, when the biocide is a post-emergent herbicide, in crop protection. When the wettable powder formulation of this invention is added to water with stirring, the biocide is released or dumped from the carrier powder in the form of an emulsion comprising small or even microscopic droplets without formation of crystals which are large enough to block spray equipment.

A particularly preferred adjuvant system for use in accordance with the present invention comprises at least one, essentially non-ionic alkylene oxide or organosilane surfactant. It is noted, however, that other non-ionic or ionic surfactants may be included in effective adjuvant systems in accordance with this invention in combination with one or more essentially non-ionic alkylene oxide or organosilane surfactant.

Suitable effective adjuvant systems for use in accordance with this invention may be readily identified by testing candidate surfactants or surfactant or surfactant-containing mixtures for activity as an adjuvant and solvent for the particular biocide to ensure that a stable solution is formed, testing that when the solution of biocide is added to water it readily forms an emulsion without formation of large crystals of biocide or adjuvant in the water, and then testing the resultant solutions after being added to the carrier powder to ensure effective release or dumping of the biocide when the powder formulation is added to water.

When the biocide is a post-emergent herbicide, the adjuvant system preferably is capable of dissolving the herbicide in the ratio of 1 part herbicide :

1 to 4 parts adjuvant system to form a stable solution. If desired, or necessary, an additional, non-adjuvant co-solvent may also be included in the adjuvant system in order to improve solvency of the herbicide or to decrease costs.

Preferred wettable powder formulations of post-emergent herbicides such as clodinafop in accordance with this invention are storage stable. The term "storage-stable" when used herein means that after a sample of the powder formulation has been kept for 14 days at 35°C, preferably 14 days at 54°C, the active therein (that is the herbicide and/or safener) has not significantly degrade as measured analytically.

Where the active component is clodinafop, the wettable powder formulatio of this invention preferably also comprises a safener for the herbicide which i capable of dissolving in the adjuvant system. More preferably, the safener i capable of being dissolved in the adjuvant system in the ratio of 1 part safener: to 16 parts adjuvant system.

Optionally, the wettable powder formulation of this invention may als comprise one or more dispersants and/or wetting agents to assist in dispersio of the powder and in the formation of a stable emulsion when the powde formulation is dispersed into spray water.

Where the active component is the herbicide clodinafop in combination with the safener cloquintocet, the herbicidally active wettable powder formulation o this invention preferably has a herbicidal activity comparable to the product "Topik 80" (manufactured by Ciba-Geigy Limited), a commercial EC containing 8% clodinafop and 2% cloquintocet, or the product Topic 240 (manufactured by Giba- Geigy Limited) plus 1% DC Trate (a crop oil product manufactured by Ampol).

Preferred fop herbicides for the incorporation into the wettable powder formulations of this invention are clodinafop, and quizalofop-p-tefuryl. The most preferred herbicidalformulation comprises 2-propynyl (R)-2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro-2- pyridinyloxy)-phenoxy]-propionate or clodinafop (manufactured by Ciba-Geigy Limited). Another preferred post-emergent herbicide is the diphenylether oxyfluorfen.

The internally porous carrier powder of the formulation of this invention is preferably hydrophilic, and may comprise either porous particles or porous aggregates of discrete particles, for example, porous silica particles or precipitated silica aggregates, diatomaceous earth, precipitated calcium silicate, or the like. Preferably, the powder has a mean particle size in the 10-20 micron diameter range. In addition, it is preferred that the powder particles are such as to leave nil residue on a 45 micron sieve.

Typical carrier powders which can be used in the formulations of the present invention are:

"Hi-Sil 257", a synthetic, amorphous, hydrated silica produced by PPG Industries Taiwan Ltd.;

"Hi-Sil HOA", also a synthetic, amorphous, hydrated silica produced by PPG Industries Taiwan Ltd.;

"Sipernat 50S", a ground, spray-dried, hydrated silica, manufactured by Degussa.

"Hubersorb 600", a synthetic calcium silicate, manufactured by Huber Corporation.

The essentially non-ionic alkylene oxide surfactants which are the preferred adjuvant systems in formulations of the present invention are preferably ethylene oxide adducts; more preferably, the surfactant is an ethylene oxide adduct containing at least one mole of propylene oxide. Suitable surfactants include the nonionic surfactants described in International Patent Publication No. WO 95/18531.

Typical essentially non-ionic surfactants are biodegradable alkylene oxide adducts selected from the group consisting of alcohol alkoxylates such as "BS1000" and 'Teric 164", polyalkylene oxide adducts of synthetic alcohols such as 'Teric BL8" and 'Teric BL9" (commercially available in Australia under the above designations from ICI Australia), and Anterox B0327 (manufactured by Rhone-Poulenc).

As previously described, the adjuvant system may also comprise a combination of an essentially non-ionic alkylene oxide surfactant as described above with another surfactant, for example another non-ionic surfactant. A preferred dispersant is the sodium salt of N-methyl-N-oleoyltaurat available commercially under the trade name "Hostapon T" (manufactured b Hoechst).

Particularly preferred powder formulations of the present inventio comprise the following, by weight:

(i) 5-25%(especially about 12-17%) post-emergent herbicide;

(ii) 30-50% (especially about 35-45%) essentially non-ionic alkylen oxide surfactant as adjuvant system;

(iii) 0-6% (especially about 4-5%) dispersant; and

(iv) 25-50% (especially about 30-45%) porous carrier powder.

When, in a preferred embodiment of this invention, the herbicide i clodinafop, an amount by weight of cloquintocet safener equivalent to about 25 of the clodinafop is preferably added.

In another aspect, the present invention also provides a process o preparing the wettable powder formulation of this invention which comprises the steps of dissolving the biocide in the effective adjuvant system as defined above, and then incorporating the solution in the internally porous earner powder by intimate mixing. Optionally, a dispersant and/or wetting agent is then added. When the biocide is a post-emergent herbicide and a safener is used, the safener is dissolved with the herbicide in the adjuvant system.

The biocide (and optional safener) and the adjuvant system form a genuine solution at the working concentrations of the biocide prior to combination with the carrier powder. Preferably, this solution will be stable (that is, non-crystallising) in the presence of the carrier powder at ambient storage temperatures. For some active components, it may be necessary to dissolve the active component at elevated temperatures in order to reduce the time required for dissolution. By way of example, in the case of clodinafop it is preferred to use a temperature of between 50°C and 60°C. The major advantage of this formulation is that the active ingredient is rapidly, effectively, and maximally released when the formulation is dispersed in water. Consequently the formulation displays superior biological activity.

This invention also extends to an aqueous dispersion of a wettable powder formulation as broadly described above.

In another aspect, this invention provides a method of administering a biocide at a locus, which comprises:

forming an aqueous dispersion of a wettable powder formulation as broadly described above; and

applying an effective amount of said aqueous dispersion at said locus.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for post- emergent herbicidal treatment of target weeds in a crop, which comprises:

forming an aqueous dispersion of a wettable powder formulation as broadly described above wherein the biocide is a post-emergent herbicide; and

applying a herbicidally effective amount of said aqueous dispersion to the crop.

As previously discussed, it has been discovered that of the many possible adjuvants used as tank mixers with ECs, only some of these, particularly those of the essentially non-ionic alkylene oxide type, may be suitable for powdered formulations of biocides such as the post-emergent herbicides and particularly the fop herbicides, such that bio-efficacy is maintained. In addition, the powde formulations of the present invention can provide storage-stability as well as safety and ease of application in the field through packaging of the ensuing wettable powder formulations in water-soluble bags.

Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.

Further features of the present invention are more fully described in the following Example(s). It is to be understood, however, that this detailed description is included solely for the purposes of exemplifying the present invention, and should not be understood in any way as a restriction on the broad description of the invention as set out above.

The following protocol has been used in the Examples to assess the effectiveness of adjuvant systems and the bio-efficacy of wettable powder formulations of post-emergent herbicides.

Plastic pots 10 cm in diameter were filled with Debco potting mix (AS 3743). Two seeds of the test species (Avena sativa) were sown 15 mm below the surface. Pots were placed in a glasshouse at 28-30°C during the day and 13- 15°C at night, and maintained at an adequate moisture content. After emergence, the plants were thinned for uniformity to 1 seedling/pot. Plants were re-selected for uniformity at the 2A to 3 leaf stage. Plants were sprayed in a laboratory track sprayer and returned to the glasshouse.

Herbicide formulations were evaluated using a dose response bio-assay.

Each treatment contains 10 herbicide rates, with each rate containing seven replicates. The calibrated track sprayer is fitted with 3 nozzles (Spraying systems®

11001) spaced at 50 cm. The boom spray moves along a fixed track, releasing a volume of 64 l/ha at 200 kPa pressure. Ground speed was 6 km/h. The distance between the nozzle and the soil surface was 35 cm (as recommended by the nozzle manufacturer).

Plants were assessed for fresh weight 14 days after spraying. The greater the loss of weight the greater is the herbicidal activity.

The powder formulations of these Examples are prepared by the following method:

The herbicide (for example, clodinafop, and its safener, cloquintocet) is dissolved in the adjuvant system with stirring and if desired heating to at least 20°C, preferably 50°C until all of the powder has dissolved. The solution is then slowly added to stirred carrier powder and mixing continued, maintaining a minimum temperature of 20°C, preferably 50°C, until the solution is absorbed into the carrier powder. Finally, dispersant is added to the stirred mixture and mixing continued until it is uniformly incorporated.

EXAMPLES

Each of the following Examples was prepared by first preparing a solution of all ingredients listed above the carrier, loading the solution thus obtained into the carrier, and then thoroughly mixing in the dispersant.

The following Example demonstrates the simplest form of the invention, in which the active ingredient is dissolved in a single adjuvant/solvent and loaded into a carrier powder. A dispersant is added to assist in the dispersion of the powder in the spray water. Example 1

% by Wt.

Active Quizalofop-p-terfuryl 97% (Uniroyal Chemical) 12.4 Adjuvant Teric BL9 (ICI) 49.3 Carrier Sipemat 50s (Degussa) 33.9 Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 4.4

This formulation demonstrated equal bioefficacy to the standard Uniroyal Chemical EC, Pantera 6% EC (see Figure 1). Pantera 6% EC was sprayed using "Uptake" (a recommended crop oil adjuvant, manufactured by Dow Elanco) at 0.5% on spray water. Example 1 was sprayed without added adjuvant.

The following three Examples demonstrate the successful incorporation of a safener into powder formulations of this invention.

% by Wt

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 16.6

Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 4.4

Adjuvant Teric BL8 (ICI) 42.8

Carrier Sipernat 50s (Degussa) 32.3

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 3.9

This formulation demonstrated equal bioefficacy to the standard Ciba-Geigy EC, Topic 80 (see Figure 2).

Example 3

% by Wt

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 14.3

Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 3.8

Adjuvant Teric BL9 (ICI) 39.5

Carrier Sipernat 50s (Degussa) 38.5

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 3.9

This formulation demonstrated equal bioefficacy to the standard Ciba-Geigy EC, Topic 80 (see Figure 3). Example 4

% by Wt.

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 14.4

Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 3.6

Adjuvant BS1000 (ICI) 35.0

Carrier Hisil 257 (PPG) 43.1

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 5.1

This formulation demonstrated equal bioefficacy to the standard Ciba-Geigy EC, Topic 240. Topic 240 was sprayed using DC Trate (a recommended crop oil adjuvant manufactured by Ampol) at 1 % on spray water. Example 4 was sprayed without added adjuvant (see Figure 4).

The following Example demonstrates the biological failure of a formulation for which the solution of active in adjuvant does not form a good emulsion when the formulation is added to the spray water.

Example 5

% by Wt,

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 12.4

Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 3.3

Adjuvant Pulse (Monsanto 33.1

Carrier Hisil 257 (PPG) 46.1

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 5.1

This formulation showed relatively poor bioefficacy when compared to the standard Ciba-Geigy EC, Topic 80 (see Figure 5).

The following two Examples demonstrate how the deficiencies of the type encountered in Example 5 can be overcome by the addition of a co-surfactant. Example 6

% by Wt.

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 10.6

Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 2.7

Adjuvant Anterox B0327 (Rhone-Poulenc) 40.3

Co-surfactant Teric 200 (ICI) 9.5

Carrier Sipernat 50s (Degussa) 32.9

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 4.0

This formulation showed equal bioefficacy to the standard Ciba-Geigy EC, Topic 80 (see Figure 6).

Example 7

% by Wt

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 10.7

Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 2.7

Adjuvant 1 Pulse (Monsanto) 43.4

Co-surfactant Teric 200 (ICI) 6.3

Carrier Sipernat 50s (Degussa) 32.9

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 4.0

This formulation showed similar bioefficacy when compared to the standard Ciba- Geigy EC, Topic 80 (see Figure 7).

The following Example shows how deficiencies of the type encountered in Example 5 can be overcome by using a blend of adjuvants.

Example 8

% by Wt.

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 10.7 Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 2.7 Adjuvant 1 Pulse (Monsanto) 24.9 Adjuvant 2 Teric BL8 (ICI) 24.9 Carrier Sipernat 50s (Degussa) 32.8 Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 4.0

This formulation showed similar bioefficacy to the standard Ciba-Geigy EC, Topic 80 (see Figure 8). The following Example shows how a proportion of the adjuvant can be replaced by a solvent with poor adjuvancy properties in order to increase solvency and reduce cost.

Example 9

% by Wt

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 10.7 Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 2.7 Solvent Solvesso 150 (Exxon) 21.7 Adjuvant Teric BL8 (ICI) 21.7 Co-surfactant 1 Alkanate CS (ICI) 1.6 Co-surfactant 2 Teric 200 (ICI) 4.7 Carrier Sipernat 50s (Degussa) 32.9 Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 4.0

This formulation showed equal bioefficacy compared to the standard Ciba-Geigy EC, Topic 80 (see Figure 9).

The following three Examples show how a non-adjuvant co-solvent may be used to aid the solubilisation of the active ingredient.

Example 10

% by

Active Oxyfluorfen 95% (recrystallised from Goal

(Rohm and Haas)) 4.6

Co-solvent Agsolex 1 (ISP) 9.6

Adjuvant Teric BL8 (ICI) 49.5

Carrier Sipernat 50s (Degussa) 32.3

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 4.0

This formulation showed equal bioefficacy compared to the standard Rohm and Haas EC, Goal (see Figure 10). Goal was sprayed using BS1000 (a recommended adjuvant, manufactured by ICI) as added adjuvant at 0.25% on spray water. Example 10 was used without added adjuvant. Example 11

% by Wt

Active Oxyfluorfen 72% (Rohm and Haas) 5.6

Co-solvent Agsolex 1 (ISP) 8.6

Adjuvant Teric BL8 (ICI) 43.0

Carrier Hubersorb 600 (Huber Corp) 38.8

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 4.0

This formulation showed equal bioefficacy to the standard Rohm and Haas EC, Goal (see Figure 11). Goal was sprayed using BS1000 (a recommended adjuvant, manufactured by ICI) as added adjuvant at 0.25% on spray water. Example 11 was used without added adjuvant.

Example 12

% by Wt.

Active Oxyfluorfen 72% (Rohm and Haas) 5.6

Co-solvent Agsolex 1 (ISP) 8.6

Adjuvant Pulse (Monsanto) 43.0

Co-surfactant Teric 200 (ICI) 6.6

Carrier Sipernat 50s (Degussa) 32.2

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 4.0

This formulation showed superior bioefficacy to the standard Rohm and Haas EC, Goal (see Figure 12). Goal was sprayed using BS1000 (a recommended adjuvant, manufactured by ICI) as added adjuvant at 0.25% on spray water. Example 11 was used without added adjuvant.

The following Examples demonstrate further problems which can be encountered when attempting to apply the teaching of this invention, but which can be overcome by an appropriate choice of ingredients. Example 13

% by Wt.

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 12.7

Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 3.3

Adjuvant Teric 16M15 (ICI) 33.2

Carrier Hisil 257 (PPG) 45.7

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 5.1

This Example demonstrates the need to select adjuvants which do not react with the active ingredients. An adjuvant which reacts with one active may not react with another.

Teric 16M15 was found to be a good adjuvant when tank mixed with a commercial was found to be a good adjuvant when tank mixed with a commercial clodinafop EC (Topic 240, Ciba-Geigy). Figure 13 compares Topic 240 + DC Trate (a crop oil concentrate recommended by Ciba-Geigy, manufactured by Ampol) with Topic 240 + Teric 16M15 at three different rates. Although Teric 16M15 is shown to be an adjuvant, after two weeks at 54°C the active content of Example 13 had dropped from 12.7% to 5.6%. Thus, chemical stability of the solution must be considered.

Example 14

% by Wt.

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 4.0 Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 1.1 Adjuvant 1 Sunflower Oil 30.6 Adjuvant 2 Agsolex 12 (ISP) 3.3 Co-solvent Agsolex 1 (ISP) 3.3 Co-surfactant 1 Teric 13A9 (ICI) 3.2 Co-surfactant 2 Teric 17A2 (ICI) 1.6 Co-surfactant 3 Teric CME3 (ICI) 0.8 Co-surfactant 4 Teric 151 (ICI) 1.6 Carrier Hisil 257 (PPG) 45.8 Dispersant 1 Hostapon T (Hoechst) 3.8 Dispersant 2 Morwet EFW (Witco) 0.9

This Example uses a vegetable oil as the principal adjuvant. This Example demonstrates reductions in bioefficacy on storage when an inappropriate adjuvant is chosen. In a powder formulation, it is believed the vegetable oil tends to crosslink by reaction with oxygen, and once crosslinked no longer releases from the powder into the spray water.

Figure 14a shows that Example 14 demonstrates similar bioefficacy to the standard Ciba-Geigy EC, Topic 80, when sprayed immediately after manufacture.

Figure 14b shows a considerable decrease in efficacy for Example 14 relative to the Topic 80 after storage of the powder for a period of 9 days at ambient temperature.

Example 15

% by Wt.

Active Clodinafop 98% (Ciba-Geigy) 11.2

Safener Cloquintocet 95% (Ciba-Geigy) 2.8

Adjuvant BL8 (ICI) 43.8

Carrier Hubersorb 600 (Huber Corp) 38.3

Dispersant Hostapon T (Hoechst) 3.9

This Example demonstrates the need to select a carrier which does not cause degradation of the active. Hubersorb 600 is basic in nature and therefore can only be used with actives which are stable to alkaline hydrolysis. After two weeks storage at 54°C the active content of this Example had dropped from 11.2% to 6.4%.

In the accompanying drawings:

Figure 1 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Pantera 6% EC + 0.5% Uptake on spray water with (b) powder formulation of Example 1.

Figure 2 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 80 with (b) powder formulation of Example 2.

Figure 3 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 80 with (b) powder formulation of Example 3.

Figure 4 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 240 + 1 % DC

Trate on spray water with (b) powder formulation of Example 4.

Figure 5 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 80 with (b) powder formulation of Example 5.

Figure 6 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 80 with (b) powder formulation of Example 6.

Figure 7 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 80 with (b) powder formulation of Example 7.

Figure 8 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 80 with (b) powder formulation of Example 8.

Figure 9 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 80 with (b) powder formulation of Example 9. Figure 10 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Goal + 0.25 BS1000 on spray water with (b) powder formulation of Example 10.

Figure 11 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Goal + 0.25 BS1000 on spray water with (b) powder formulation of Example 11.

Figure 12 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Goal + 0.25 BS1000 on spray water with (b) powder formulation of Example 12.

Figure 13 compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 240 + 1

DC Trate on spray water with (b) Topic 240 + 0.05% Teric 16M15 on spray wate (c) Topic 240 + 0.1% Teric 16M15 on spray water (d) Topic 240 + 0.25% Teri 16M15 on spray water.

Figure 14a compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 80 with (b) powder formulation of Example 14 sprayed immediately after manufacture..

Figure 14b compares the activity (on Avena sativa) of (a) Topic 80 with (b) powder formulation of Example 14 sprayed nine days after manufacture.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A wettable powder formulation which comprises an internally porous carrier powder having a minimum internal pore volume of 20%, said carrier powder having incorporated therein a solution of a biocide in an effective adjuvant system, wherein the adjuvant system is a solvent and adjuvant for said biocide, and provides effective release of the biocide when the powder formulation is added to water.

2. A powder formulation according to claim 1 , wherein the effective adjuvant system comprises at least one essentially non-ionic alkylene oxide or organosilane surfactant.

3. A powder formulation according to claim 1 , wherein the effective adjuvant system comprises a mixture of at least one essentially non-ionic alkylene oxide or organosilane surfactant with one or more other non-ionic or ionic surfactants.

4. A powder formulation according to claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the or each non-ionic surfactant is an ethylene oxide adduct containing at least one mole of propyleneoxide.

5. A powder formulation according to claim 1, wherein the biocide is a post- emergent herbicide.

6. A powder formulation according to claim 5, wherein the post-emergent herbicide is an aryloxy-phenoxy-propionate, cyclohexanedione or diphenyl ether herbicide.

7. A powder formulation according to claim 6, wherein the post-emergent herbicide is clodinafop.

8. A powder formulation according to claim 5, further comprising a safener for the post-emergent herbicide.

9. A powder formulation according to claim 8, wherein the safener is cloquintocet.

10. A powder formulation according to claim 1, wherein the biocide is an insecticide.

11. A powder formulation according to claim 1, wherein the biocide is a fungicide.

12. A powder formulation according to claim 1 , further comprising one or more dispersants and/or wetting agents.

13. A powder formulation according to claim 12, wherein the dispersant is sodium N-methyl-N-oleoyltaurate.

14. A powder formulation according to claim 1, wherein the carrier powder is hydrophilic.

15. A powder formulation according to claim 1, wherein the carrier powder comprises porous silica particles or porous aggregates of silica particles.

16. A powder formulation according to claim 15, wherein the carrier powder has a mean particle size in the 10-20 micron diameter range.

17. A powder formulation according to claim 1, which comprises, by weight: (i) 5-25% (preferably about 12-17%) post-emergent herbicide;

(ii) 30-50% (preferably about 35-45%) essentially non-ionic alkylene oxide surfactant as adjuvant system; 0-6% (preferably about 4-5%) dispersant; and (iv) 25-50% (preferably about 30-45%) carrier powder.

18. A powder formulation according to claim 17, comprising the post-emergent herbicide clodinafop, the safener cloquintocet, and wherein the amount of cloquintocet is about 25% by weight of the amount of clodinafop.

19. A process for preparing a powder formulation according to any of claims 1 to 18, which comprises the steps of dissolving the biocide in the effective adjuvant system, incorporating the solution in the carrier powder by intimate mixing, and optionally adding a dispersant and/or wetting agent.

20. An aqueous dispersion of a wettable powder formulation according to any of claims 1 to 18.

21. A method of administering a biocide at a locus, which comprises:

(i) forming an aqueous dispersion of a wettable powder formulation according to any of claims 1 to 18; and (ii) applying an effective amount of said aqueous dispersion at said locus.

22. Use of an aqueous dispersion of a wettable powder formulation according to any of claims 1 to 18 for administering a biocide at a locus.

23. A method for post-emergent herbicidal treatment of target weeds in a crop, which comprises:

(i) forming an aqueous dispersion of a wettable powder formulation according to any of claims 1 to 9 or 12 to 18 wherein the biocide is a post-emergent herbicide; and

(ii) applying a herbicidally effective amount of said aqueous dispersion to said crop.

24. Use of an aqueous dispersion of a wettable powder formulation accordin to any of claims 1 to 9 or 12 to 18 wherein the biocide is a post-emergen herbicide for post-emergent herbicidal treatment of target weeds in a crop