EP0730923A1 - Mould for continuous casting of metals - Google Patents

Mould for continuous casting of metals Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0730923A1
EP0730923A1 EP96103229A EP96103229A EP0730923A1 EP 0730923 A1 EP0730923 A1 EP 0730923A1 EP 96103229 A EP96103229 A EP 96103229A EP 96103229 A EP96103229 A EP 96103229A EP 0730923 A1 EP0730923 A1 EP 0730923A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mold according
chill mold
casting
chill
cooling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96103229A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0730923B1 (en
Inventor
Hector Villanueva
Dirk Dr. Rode
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
KM Europa Metal AG
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KM Europa Metal AG
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Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by KM Europa Metal AG filed Critical KM Europa Metal AG
Publication of EP0730923A1 publication Critical patent/EP0730923A1/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B22D11/059—Mould materials or platings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B22D11/0406—Moulds with special profile
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B22D11/055—Cooling the moulds

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a mold for the continuous casting of metal, preferably steel, with a mold cavity which is open on two opposite sides, the mold cavity cross section being greater at the end on the pouring side than at the end of the strand exit side.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a mold of the type mentioned, with which on the one hand a higher casting performance and on the other hand a better strand quality can be achieved. At the same time, the heat dissipation of the partially molten strand is to be optimized in order to increase the service life of the mold.
  • the first area which has a partial length of 320 mm in the casting direction, has a taper of 2.4% / m. For the subsequent partial length of 480 mm, a taper of 1% / m was chosen.
  • the cooling-optimized region 2 with triangularly shaped recesses 3 in the cooling-side surface of the mold 1 extends to a partial length of approximately 310 mm, which begins 60 mm below the pouring side.
  • the pouring side of the mold 1 is indicated by the arrow 4.
  • the center distance of the recesses 3, which are triangular in cross section, is 8 mm in the casting direction, the individual recesses 3 having a width of 4 mm.
  • the maximum extent of the depressions 3 perpendicular to the surface is 1.2 mm.
  • the respective geometrical features of the cooling-optimized area 2 have been determined by evaluating casting tests.
  • FIG. 2 Another embodiment is shown in Figure 2.
  • the tubular mold 1, which is also provided for the continuous casting of square cross sections, has a cooling-optimized region 2 which consists of a multiplicity of circular depressions 3.
  • the overall trapezoidal area 2 extends over a partial length of 250 mm, where it tapers in the casting direction by approximately 30%.
  • Arrow 4 denotes the pouring side and arrow 5 denotes the end on the strand exit side.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
  • Screen Printers (AREA)
  • Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)

Abstract

Casting mould (1) for continuous metal-, pref. steel casting, has a casting cavity open at either end, with larger cross section at the upper, inlet end than at the outlet (5) for solidified steel. In the novel design, the cavity has a re-iterated conical construction and on the cooled surface, at least locally, there is a region (2) with increased thermal transfer coefficients. Pref. the axis of the mould is straight or curved, the cross section round, polygonal or I-shaped. The conicity is three-stage, or parabolic. The cooling surface is rough, with a mechanically-applied structure, with roughness depth Rt > 1.5 microns. Structural depressions, triangular, trapezoidal or round, are offset centre-to-centre by 1-10 mm. Various shapes may be used. The structuring is in the region of maximum heat evolution. Further preferred details are included.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Kokille zum Stranggießen von Metall, vorzugsweise Stahl, mit einem an zwei gegenüberliegenden Seiten offenen Formhohlraum, wobei der Formhohlraumquerschnitt am eingießseitigen Ende größer ist als am strangaustrittsseiten Ende.The invention relates to a mold for the continuous casting of metal, preferably steel, with a mold cavity which is open on two opposite sides, the mold cavity cross section being greater at the end on the pouring side than at the end of the strand exit side.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Kokille der eingangs genannten Art bereitzustellen, mit der einerseits eine höhere Gießleistung und andererseits eine bessere Strangqualität erreicht werden kann. Gleichzeitig soll die Wärmeabfuhr des teilweise schmelzflüssigen Strangs optimiert werden, um die Standzeit der Kokille zu erhöhen.The invention has for its object to provide a mold of the type mentioned, with which on the one hand a higher casting performance and on the other hand a better strand quality can be achieved. At the same time, the heat dissipation of the partially molten strand is to be optimized in order to increase the service life of the mold.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Kombination der in Anspruch 1 aufgeführten Merkmale gelöst.This object is achieved by the combination of the features listed in claim 1.

Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen.Advantageous developments of the invention result from the subclaims.

Die Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand der in den Figuren 1 und 2 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiele noch näher erläutert.The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

Es zeigen:

Figur 1
in schematischer Darstellung eine Seitenansicht einer rohrförmigen Kokille und
Figur 2
eine Seitenansicht einer weiteren rohrförmigen Kokille mit einem kühloptimierten Flächenbereich.
Show it:
Figure 1
a schematic representation of a side view of a tubular mold and
Figure 2
a side view of another tubular mold with a cooling-optimized surface area.

In Figur 1 ist eine rohrförmige Kokille 1 zum Stranggießen von Stahl mit einem quadratischen Strangquerschnitt von 170 x 170 mm2 dargestellt. Die Wanddicke der gebogenen Kokille 1 (Gießradius 8 000 mm) beträgt 18 mm. Der Formhohlraum der etwa 800 mm langen Kokille 1 ist in zwei konisch verlaufende Bereiche unterteilt. Der erste Bereich, der in Gießrichtung eine Teillänge von 320 mm aufweist, besitzt eine Konizität von 2,4 %/m. Für die sich daran anschließende Teillänge von 480 mm ist eine Konizität von 1 %/m gewählt worden.1 shows a tubular mold 1 for the continuous casting of steel with a square strand cross-section of 170 x 170 mm 2 . The wall thickness of the curved mold 1 (casting radius 8,000 mm) is 18 mm. The mold cavity of the approximately 800 mm long mold 1 is divided into two conical areas. The first area, which has a partial length of 320 mm in the casting direction, has a taper of 2.4% / m. For the subsequent partial length of 480 mm, a taper of 1% / m was chosen.

Wie die Figur 1 erkennen läßt, erstreckt sich der kühloptimierte Bereich 2 mit im Querschnitt dreieckförmigen Vertiefungen 3 in der kühlseitigen Oberfläche der Kokille 1 auf eine Teillänge von etwa 310 mm, die 60 mm unterhalb der Eingießseite beginnt. Mit dem Pfeil 4 ist die Eingießseite der Kokille 1 bezeichnet.As can be seen in FIG. 1, the cooling-optimized region 2 with triangularly shaped recesses 3 in the cooling-side surface of the mold 1 extends to a partial length of approximately 310 mm, which begins 60 mm below the pouring side. The pouring side of the mold 1 is indicated by the arrow 4.

Um optimale Erstarrungsbedingungen für den Stahlstrang während des Gießbetriebs zu erzielen, hat es sich als besonders vorteilhaft erwiesen, den strukturierten Bereich 2 nur auf der Bogenaußenseite der rohrförmigen Kokille 1 anzuordnen.In order to achieve optimal solidification conditions for the steel strand during the casting operation, it has proven to be particularly advantageous to arrange the structured area 2 only on the outside of the arc of the tubular mold 1.

Der Mittenabstand der im Querschnitt dreieckförmigen Vertiefungen 3 beträgt in Gießrichtung 8 mm, wobei die einzelnen Vertiefungen 3 eine Breite von 4 mm aufweisen. Die maximale Ausdehnung der Vertiefungen 3 senkrecht zur Oberfläche beträgt 1,2 mm. Die jeweiligen geometrischen Merkmale des kühloptimierten Bereichs 2 sind durch Auswertung gießtechnischer Untersuchungen ermittelt worden.The center distance of the recesses 3, which are triangular in cross section, is 8 mm in the casting direction, the individual recesses 3 having a width of 4 mm. The maximum extent of the depressions 3 perpendicular to the surface is 1.2 mm. The respective geometrical features of the cooling-optimized area 2 have been determined by evaluating casting tests.

Ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel ist in Figur 2 dargestellt. Die ebenfalls für das Stranggießen quadratischer Querschnitte vorgesehene rohrförmige Kokille 1 weist einen kühloptimierten Bereich 2 auf, der aus einer Vielzahl kreisrunder Vertiefungen 3 besteht. Der insgesamt trapezförmige Bereich 2 erstreckt sich dabei über eine Teillänge von 250 mm, wobei er sich in Gießrichtung um etwa 30 % verjüngt. Mit dem Pfeil 4 ist die Eingießseite und mit dem Pfeil 5 das strangaustrittsseitige Ende bezeichnet.Another embodiment is shown in Figure 2. The tubular mold 1, which is also provided for the continuous casting of square cross sections, has a cooling-optimized region 2 which consists of a multiplicity of circular depressions 3. The overall trapezoidal area 2 extends over a partial length of 250 mm, where it tapers in the casting direction by approximately 30%. Arrow 4 denotes the pouring side and arrow 5 denotes the end on the strand exit side.

In den beiden Figuren sind jeweils die Ansichten auf die gebogenen Seiten der Kokillenrohre gezeigt. Die Erfindung ist aber selbstverständlich auch auf Block- und Plattenkokillen anwendbar.The views of the curved sides of the mold tubes are shown in each of the two figures. The invention is of course also applicable to block and plate molds.

Claims (12)

Kokille zum Stranggießen von Metallen, vorzugsweise Stahl, mit einem an zwei gegenüberliegenden Seiten offenen Formhohlraum, wobei der Formhohlraumquerschnitt am eingießseitigen Ende größer ist als am strangaustrittsseitigen Ende, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Formhohlraum mehrfach konisch ausgebildet ist und die kühlseitige Oberfläche mindestens einen Bereich mit erhöhtem Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten aufweist.Chill mold for continuous casting of metals, preferably steel, with a mold cavity open on two opposite sides, the mold cavity cross-section being larger at the end on the pouring side than at the end on the strand exit side, characterized in that the mold cavity is designed to be multiple conical and the cooling-side surface has at least one area with an increased area Has heat transfer coefficient. Kokille nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mittenachse der Kokille in Gießrichtung gerade und/oder gebogen ist.Chill mold according to claim 1, characterized in that the central axis of the mold is straight and / or curved in the casting direction. Kokille nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gießquerschnitt rund, polygonal oder ähnlich einer Doppel-T-Form ausgebildet ist.Chill mold according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the casting cross section is round, polygonal or similar to a double-T shape. Kokille nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Formhohlraum eine dreistufig oder parabolisch ausgebildete Konizität besitzt.Chill mold according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the mold cavity has a three-stage or parabolic conicity. Kokille nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die kühlseitige Oberfläche eine teil- oder ganzflächige Rauhigkeitsstruktur aufweist.Chill mold according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the cooling-side surface has a partial or full-surface roughness structure. Kokille nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die kühlseitige Oberfläche eine mechanisch aufgebrachte Struktur mit einer Rauhtiefe Rt > 1,5 µm besitzt.Chill mold according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the cooling-side surface has a mechanically applied structure with a roughness depth R t > 1.5 µm. Kokille nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Struktur aus Vertiefungen mit dreieckigem, trapezförmigem oder rundem Querschnitt besteht, wobei der Mittenabstand der Vertiefungen im Bereich von 1 bis 10 mm liegt.Chill mold according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the structure consists of depressions with a triangular, trapezoidal or round cross-section, the center distance of the depressions being in the range from 1 to 10 mm. Kokille nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die einzelnen kühlseitigen Oberflächen eine Struktur mit unterschiedlicher Form und/oder Vertiefung aufweisen.Chill mold according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the individual surfaces on the cooling side have a structure with a different shape and / or depression. Kokille nach einem der Ansprüche 6 oder 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Struktur vorzugsweise im Bereich der größten Wärmeabgabe (Badspiegelbereich) angeordnet ist.Chill mold according to one of claims 6 or 7, characterized in that the structure is preferably arranged in the area of the greatest heat emission (bath level area). Kokille nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die kühlseitige Oberfläche eine Struktur aufweist, die sich über einen Bereich symmetrisch zu einer Gießflächenlängsachse erstreckt und sich in Gießrichtung verjüngt.Chill mold according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the cooling-side surface has a structure which extends over a region symmetrically to a longitudinal axis of the casting surface and tapers in the casting direction. Kokille nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Formhohlraum am eingießseitigen Ende eine Ausbauchung besitzt, die sich in Gießrichtung verkleinert.Chill mold according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the mold cavity has a bulge at the end on the pouring side, which bulge decreases in the casting direction. Kokille nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Länge der Ausbauchung maximal 50 % der Kokillenlänge beträgt.Chill mold according to claim 11, characterized in that the length of the bulge is a maximum of 50% of the mold length.
EP96103229A 1995-03-08 1996-03-02 Mould for continuous casting of metals Revoked EP0730923B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19508169A DE19508169C5 (en) 1995-03-08 1995-03-08 Mold for continuous casting of metals
DE19508169 1995-03-08

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0730923A1 true EP0730923A1 (en) 1996-09-11
EP0730923B1 EP0730923B1 (en) 2001-09-19

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US (1) US5797444A (en)
EP (1) EP0730923B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH0947844A (en)
KR (1) KR100392759B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1063366C (en)
AR (1) AR001173A1 (en)
AT (1) ATE205759T1 (en)
BR (1) BR9600967A (en)
CA (1) CA2171388C (en)
DE (2) DE19508169C5 (en)
DK (1) DK0730923T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2161929T3 (en)
IN (1) IN187265B (en)
MX (1) MX9600762A (en)
PL (1) PL179859B1 (en)
PT (1) PT730923E (en)
TW (1) TW364866B (en)
ZA (1) ZA961921B (en)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0931609A1 (en) * 1998-01-27 1999-07-28 KM Europa Metal AG Fluid cooled mould
WO2003035306A1 (en) * 2001-10-18 2003-05-01 Sms Demag Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for optimizing the cooling capacity of a continuous casting mold for liquid metals, particularly for liquid steel
WO2003092931A1 (en) * 2002-04-27 2003-11-13 Sms Demag Aktiengesellschaft Adjustment of heat transfer in continuous casting moulds in particular in the region of the meniscus
WO2008017711A1 (en) * 2006-08-11 2008-02-14 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. Crystalliser
WO2008086856A1 (en) * 2007-01-17 2008-07-24 Sms Siemag Ag Continuous casting die with coolant channel
WO2013156809A1 (en) * 2012-04-19 2013-10-24 Kme Germany Ag & Co. Kg Mould for the continuous casting of metals
AT508822B1 (en) * 2009-09-29 2013-11-15 Siemens Vai Metals Tech Gmbh COZIL FOR THE FORMING OF METALLIC MELT TO A METAL STRIP WITH CIRCULAR OR POLYGONAL CROSS SECTION IN A CONTINUOUS CASTING MACHINE
EP3406368A1 (en) * 2017-05-23 2018-11-28 SMS Concast AG Mould for continuous casting of metallic products
US10792729B2 (en) 2012-06-27 2020-10-06 Jfe Steel Corporation Continuous casting mold and method for continuous casting of steel

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DE10118524A1 (en) * 2001-04-14 2002-10-17 Sms Demag Ag Mold used in a continuous casting device comprises a supporting frame on which two narrow side walls and two wide side walls are arranged
DE10203967A1 (en) * 2002-01-31 2003-08-14 Km Europa Metal Ag Mold pipe
KR20040045966A (en) * 2002-11-26 2004-06-05 주식회사 포스코 Molds for irregular heat flow direction in continuous castings
DE102004002124A1 (en) * 2004-01-14 2005-08-11 Km Europa Metal Ag continuous casting and rolling
CN101137453B (en) * 2005-03-10 2012-09-05 Sms西马格股份公司 Method for producing a continuous casting mold and corresponding continuous casting mold
CN103433442B (en) * 2013-08-29 2015-07-15 重庆大学 Method for determining continuous casting crystallizer inner cavity taper
CN103978168A (en) * 2014-05-19 2014-08-13 辽宁科技大学 Method of eliminating looseness and shrinkage in lower part of cast steel ingot
CN104096810A (en) * 2014-06-30 2014-10-15 武汉泛洲中越合金有限公司 Horizontal continuous casting crystallizer
CN109843473B (en) * 2016-10-19 2022-01-28 杰富意钢铁株式会社 Continuous casting mold and method for continuous casting of steel
DE102023115151B3 (en) 2023-04-28 2024-08-01 Cunova Gmbh Mould body

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EP0498296A2 (en) * 1991-02-06 1992-08-12 Concast Standard Ag Mould for continuous casting of metals, especially of steel

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DE1508922A1 (en) * 1965-08-17 1969-11-13 Olsson Ag Erik Continuous casting mold
FR1551365A (en) * 1966-12-28 1968-12-27
US3595302A (en) * 1967-05-11 1971-07-27 Schloemann Ag Cooling structure for continuous-casting mold
US4207941A (en) * 1975-06-16 1980-06-17 Shrum Lorne R Method of continuous casting of metal in a tapered mold and mold per se
GB2177331A (en) * 1985-06-24 1987-01-21 Outokumpu Oy Continuous casting mould
WO1992005898A1 (en) * 1990-10-02 1992-04-16 Mannesmann Ag Liquid-cooled mould for continuous casting of steel billets in slab form
EP0498296A2 (en) * 1991-02-06 1992-08-12 Concast Standard Ag Mould for continuous casting of metals, especially of steel

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CZ300075B6 (en) * 1998-01-27 2009-01-21 Km Europa Metal Aktiengesellschaft Liquid cooled cast-iron mold
US6926067B1 (en) 1998-01-27 2005-08-09 Km Europa Metal Ag Liquid-cooled casting die
EP0931609A1 (en) * 1998-01-27 1999-07-28 KM Europa Metal AG Fluid cooled mould
WO2003035306A1 (en) * 2001-10-18 2003-05-01 Sms Demag Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for optimizing the cooling capacity of a continuous casting mold for liquid metals, particularly for liquid steel
WO2003092931A1 (en) * 2002-04-27 2003-11-13 Sms Demag Aktiengesellschaft Adjustment of heat transfer in continuous casting moulds in particular in the region of the meniscus
CN1318164C (en) * 2002-04-27 2007-05-30 Sms迪马格股份公司 Adjustment of heat transfer in continuous casting moulds in particular in the region of the meniscus
WO2008017711A1 (en) * 2006-08-11 2008-02-14 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. Crystalliser
WO2008086856A1 (en) * 2007-01-17 2008-07-24 Sms Siemag Ag Continuous casting die with coolant channel
AT508822B1 (en) * 2009-09-29 2013-11-15 Siemens Vai Metals Tech Gmbh COZIL FOR THE FORMING OF METALLIC MELT TO A METAL STRIP WITH CIRCULAR OR POLYGONAL CROSS SECTION IN A CONTINUOUS CASTING MACHINE
WO2013156809A1 (en) * 2012-04-19 2013-10-24 Kme Germany Ag & Co. Kg Mould for the continuous casting of metals
US9393614B2 (en) 2012-04-19 2016-07-19 Kme Germany Gmbh & Co. Kg Mould for the continuous casting of metals
US10792729B2 (en) 2012-06-27 2020-10-06 Jfe Steel Corporation Continuous casting mold and method for continuous casting of steel
EP3406368A1 (en) * 2017-05-23 2018-11-28 SMS Concast AG Mould for continuous casting of metallic products

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5797444A (en) 1998-08-25
KR960033606A (en) 1996-10-22
BR9600967A (en) 1997-12-30
ZA961921B (en) 1996-07-29
PL179859B1 (en) 2000-11-30
IN187265B (en) 2002-03-16
EP0730923B1 (en) 2001-09-19
DK0730923T3 (en) 2001-12-31
PL313107A1 (en) 1996-09-16
DE19508169C5 (en) 2009-11-12
ES2161929T3 (en) 2001-12-16
JPH0947844A (en) 1997-02-18
TW364866B (en) 1999-07-21
DE59607700D1 (en) 2001-10-25
MX9600762A (en) 1997-06-28
AR001173A1 (en) 1997-09-24
CN1137429A (en) 1996-12-11
DE19508169A1 (en) 1996-09-12
ATE205759T1 (en) 2001-10-15
CA2171388C (en) 2002-07-16
CA2171388A1 (en) 1996-09-09
CN1063366C (en) 2001-03-21
DE19508169B4 (en) 2004-10-14
KR100392759B1 (en) 2003-12-24
PT730923E (en) 2002-02-28

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