EP0671780B1 - Multiple contact and terminal block for communications equipment - Google Patents
Multiple contact and terminal block for communications equipment Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0671780B1 EP0671780B1 EP95102755A EP95102755A EP0671780B1 EP 0671780 B1 EP0671780 B1 EP 0671780B1 EP 95102755 A EP95102755 A EP 95102755A EP 95102755 A EP95102755 A EP 95102755A EP 0671780 B1 EP0671780 B1 EP 0671780B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wire
- contact pin
- pin holder
- multiple contact
- pivot cover
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 claims 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
- H01R4/24—Connections using contact members penetrating or cutting insulation or cable strands
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
- H01R4/24—Connections using contact members penetrating or cutting insulation or cable strands
- H01R4/2416—Connections using contact members penetrating or cutting insulation or cable strands the contact members having insulation-cutting edges, e.g. of tuning fork type
- H01R4/242—Connections using contact members penetrating or cutting insulation or cable strands the contact members having insulation-cutting edges, e.g. of tuning fork type the contact members being plates having a single slot
- H01R4/2425—Flat plates, e.g. multi-layered flat plates
- H01R4/2429—Flat plates, e.g. multi-layered flat plates mounted in an insulating base
- H01R4/2433—Flat plates, e.g. multi-layered flat plates mounted in an insulating base one part of the base being movable to push the cable into the slot
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S439/00—Electrical connectors
- Y10S439/942—Comblike retainer for conductor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a multiple contact pin holder of a modular Connector for telephone or low-voltage systems, with means for solderless insulation displacement wire, which has at least one, on one body of the contact pin holder depressible swivel cover comprise of which contact-side pressure ribs protrude, which when pressing the Swing lid on the body penetrate into its wire insertion slots and press the inserted wires into the clamping edges of the contact pins.
- EP-A-0 310 832 or EP-A-0 427 132 become known, their means for solderless insulation displacement wire one that can be pressed onto a body of the contact pin holder Include swivel cover, from which contact-side pressure ribs protrude, the when pressing the swivel cover onto the body in its wire insertion slots penetrate and the inserted wires in clamping edges of the Press contact pins.
- the object of the invention is therefore to create one, the disadvantages mentioned corrective embodiment of a multiple contact pin holder of the aforementioned Art.
- the wire insertion slots have lateral, superimposed wire holding cams, of which at least one wire holding cam is located in the wire insertion area to position an inserted wire and at least one other wire holding cam is in the clamping cutting area, around the in the clamping cutting edge to fix pressed wire.
- the swivel cover with web means insertable at the back and swiveling one Under the shoulder on the back of the body and further, that the swivel cover in its press-in position from the body releasably clamped to the side or held by snap-in means is; that further the swivel lid in its open position is at most flush with the back of the body and that the swivel cover is a multi-use auxiliary tool for pressing wires into the clamping cutting edges of several contact pin holders.
- the multiple contact pin holder illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 1 usually turns out to be a contact bar which has a transverse wire insertion slot for each wire 20 5 has. 5 protrudes into each of these slots transversely the clamping edge 6 of a protruding contact pin 7 into it, with adjacent contact pins 7 in the Are usually offset from each other (not shown).
- the means for insulation displacement connection on the body 2 of the contact pin holder 1 depressible swivel cover 3 include. Of this Swivel cover 3 protrude on the contact side at a modular distance Pressure ribs 4 from when pressing down the swivel cover 3 penetrate the body 2 into its wire insertion slots 5 and the inserted wires 20 in the clamping cutting edges Press 6 of the contact pins 7.
- the wire insertion slots 5 side one above the other Have wire holding cams 11, 12 of which at least a wire holding cam 11 is located in the wire insertion area, to position an inserted wire and at least one other wire-holding cam 12 in Clamping edge area is located around the in the clamping edge to fix pressed wire.
- a multiple contact pin holder thus results from the above a modular connector for Telephone or low-voltage systems, with means for solderless Insulation displacement wiring, in which the main problem the fixation the wires respectively. Veins before and after the Insulation displacement wire optimal as well as manufacturing and is relatively easy to handle in terms of handling.
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Mehrfach-Kontaktstifthalter eines modularen Steckverbinders für Telefon- oder Schwachstromanlagen, mit Mitteln zur lötfreien Schneid-Klemm-Andrahtung, welche mindestens einen, auf einen Körper des Kontaktstifthalters niederdrückbaren Schwenkdeckel umfassen, von welchem kontaktseitige Druckrippen abragen, die beim Niederdrücken des Schwenkdeckels auf den Körper in dessen Draht-Einlegeschlitze eindringen und die eingelegten Drähte in Klemmschneiden der Kontaktstifte pressen. The present invention relates to a multiple contact pin holder of a modular Connector for telephone or low-voltage systems, with means for solderless insulation displacement wire, which has at least one, on one body of the contact pin holder depressible swivel cover comprise of which contact-side pressure ribs protrude, which when pressing the Swing lid on the body penetrate into its wire insertion slots and press the inserted wires into the clamping edges of the contact pins.
Solche Mehrfach-Kontaktstifthalter eines modularen Steckverbinders für Telefonoder Schwachstromanlagen sind bereits durch die EP-A-0 310 832 oder die EP-A-0 427 132 bekannt geworden, deren Mitteln zur lötfreien Schneid-Klemm-Andrahtung einen, auf einen Körper des Kontaktstifthalters niederdrückbaren Schwenkdeckel umfassen, von welchem kontaktseitige Druckrippen abragen, die beim Niederdrücken des Schwenkdeckels auf den Körper in dessen Draht-Einlegeschlitze eindringen und die eingelegten Drähte in Klemmschneiden der Kontaktstifte pressen.Such multiple contact pin holder of a modular connector for telephone or Low-voltage systems are already covered by EP-A-0 310 832 or EP-A-0 427 132 become known, their means for solderless insulation displacement wire one that can be pressed onto a body of the contact pin holder Include swivel cover, from which contact-side pressure ribs protrude, the when pressing the swivel cover onto the body in its wire insertion slots penetrate and the inserted wires in clamping edges of the Press contact pins.
Problematisch ist bei solchen Anordnung jedoch, dass die eingelegten Drähte vor dem Einpressen in die Draht-Einlegeschlitze relativ leicht verspringen und so die Einlegearbeit wiederholt werden muss. Ferner ist nachteilig, dass die Schwenkdeckel nach deren Niederdrücken verbleiben müssen, um die eingepressten Drähte zu fixieren.However, the problem with such an arrangement is that the inserted wires jump relatively easily before being pressed into the wire insertion slots and such the inlay work must be repeated. Another disadvantage is that the Swivel covers must remain after they have been pressed down in order to press them in Fix wires.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist deshalb die Schaffung einer, die genannten Nachteile behebenden Ausführungsform eines Mehrfach-Kontaktstifthalters der vorgenannten Art.The object of the invention is therefore to create one, the disadvantages mentioned corrective embodiment of a multiple contact pin holder of the aforementioned Art.
Dies wird erfindungsgemäss dadurch erreicht, dass die Draht-Einlegeschlitze seitliche, übereinander angeordnete Drahthaltenocken aufweisen, von welchen mindestens ein Drahthaltenocken sich im Draht-Einlege-Bereich befindet, um einen eingelegten Draht zu positionieren und mindestens ein anderer Drahthaltenocken sich im Klemmschneide-Bereich befindet, um den in die Klemmschneide eingepressten Draht zu fixieren. This is achieved according to the invention in that the wire insertion slots have lateral, superimposed wire holding cams, of which at least one wire holding cam is located in the wire insertion area to position an inserted wire and at least one other wire holding cam is in the clamping cutting area, around the in the clamping cutting edge to fix pressed wire.
Somit kann weder ein eingelegter noch ein eingepresster Draht aus seinem Einlegeschlitz heraustreten, unabhängig von irgendwelchen Sperrfunktionen des Schwenkdeckels.Thus, neither an inserted nor a pressed one Step the wire out of its insertion slot, independently of any locking functions of the swivel cover.
Um zudem dem immer geringeren zur Verfügung stehenden Platzbedarf Rechnung zu tragen und zudem den Schwenkdeckel in seiner Handhabung zu verbessern, besteht eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform darin, dass der Schwenkdeckel mit Stegmitteln an seiner Rückseite einsetzbar und schwenkbar eine Schulter an der Rückseite des Körpers untergreift und ferner, dass der Schwenkdeckel in seiner Einpresslage vom Körper lösbar seitlich klemmend oder durch Einrastmittel gehalten ist; dass ferner der Schwenkdeckel in seiner Offenlage höchstens bündig ist mit der Rückseite des Körpers und dass der Schwenkdeckel ein mehrfach verwendbares Hilfswerkzeug zum Einpressen von Drähten in die Klemmschneiden von mehreren Kontaktstifthaltern ist.In addition, to the ever less available Space requirements and the swivel cover improving its handling is a preferred one Embodiment in that the swivel cover with web means insertable at the back and swiveling one Under the shoulder on the back of the body and further, that the swivel cover in its press-in position from the body releasably clamped to the side or held by snap-in means is; that further the swivel lid in its open position is at most flush with the back of the body and that the swivel cover is a multi-use auxiliary tool for pressing wires into the clamping cutting edges of several contact pin holders.
Eine beispielsweise Ausführungsform des Erfindungsgegenstandes ist nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- in schaubildartiger Darstellung im Teilschnitt einen erfindungsgemässen Mehrfach-Kontaktstifthalter mit offenem Schwenkdeckel;
- Fig. 2
- den Kontaktstifthalter gemäss Fig. 1 mit geschlossenem Schwenkdeckel; und
- Fig. 3
- ausschnittweise und in schaubildartiger, vergrösserter Darstellung einen Draht-Einlegeschlitz der Anordnung gemäss Fig. 1.
- Fig. 1
- in a diagrammatic representation in partial section an inventive multiple contact pin holder with an open swivel cover;
- Fig. 2
- the contact pin holder of Figure 1 with the closed swivel cover. and
- Fig. 3
- Detail and in a diagram-like, enlarged representation of a wire insertion slot of the arrangement according to FIG. 1.
Der in den Fig. 1 und 2 veranschaulichte Mehrfach-Kontaktstifthalter
1 stellt sich in der Regel als Kontaktleiste
dar, welche für jeden Draht 20 einen querlaufenden Draht-Einlegeschlitz
5 aufweist. In jeden dieser Schlitze 5 ragt
querstehend die Klemmschneide 6 eines abragenden Kontaktstiftes
7 hinein, wobei benachbarte Kontaktstifte 7 in der
Regel gegeneinander versetzt sind (nicht gezeigt).The multiple contact pin holder illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2
1 usually turns out to be a contact bar
which has a transverse wire insertion slot for each
Soweit sind solche Mehrfach-Kontaktstifthalter bekannt.
Weiter ist bekannt, dass die Mittel zur Schneid-Klemm-Andrahtung
auf den Körper 2 des Kontaktstifthalters 1 einen
niederdrückbaren Schwenkdeckel 3 umfassen. Von diesem
Schwenkdeckel 3 ragen in modulem Abstand kontaktseitig
Druckrippen 4 ab, die beim Niederdrücken des Schwenkdeckels
3 auf den Körper 2 in dessen Draht-Einlegeschlitze 5 eindringen
und die eingelegten Drähte 20 in die Klemmschneiden
6 der Kontaktstifte 7 pressen. So far, such multiple contact pin holders are known.
It is also known that the means for insulation displacement connection
on the body 2 of the
Wie bereits einleitend ausgeführt und besonders der Fig. 3
entnehmbar, ist es erfindungswesentlich, dass die Draht-Einlegeschlitze
5 seitliche, übereinander angeordnete
Drahthaltenocken 11,12 aufweisen, von welchen mindestens
ein Drahthaltenocken 11 sich im Draht-Einlege-Bereich befindet,
um einen eingelegten Draht zu positionieren und
mindestens ein anderer Drahthaltenocken 12 sich im
Klemmschneide-Bereich befindet, um den in die Klemmschneide
eingepressten Draht zu fixieren.As already stated in the introduction and in particular in FIG. 3
Removable, it is essential to the invention that the
Dies verhindert zunächst, dass die eingelegten Drähte vor dem Einpressen in die Draht-Einlegeschlitze verspringen können und so die Einlegearbeit wiederholt werden müsste. Ferner ist es nicht mehr notwendig, dass die Schwenkdeckel nach deren Niederdrücken verbleiben müssen, um die eingepressten Drähte zu fixieren.This initially prevents the wires from being inserted jump into the wire insertion slots and the inlay work would have to be repeated. Furthermore, it is no longer necessary for the swivel cover after they have been depressed must remain to the pressed Fix wires.
Um zudem dem immer geringeren, zur Verfügung stehenden
Platzbedarf Rechnung zu tragen und zudem den Schwenkdeckel
in seiner Handhabung zu verbessern, besteht eine bevorzugte
Ausführungsform darin, dass der Schwenkdeckel 3 mit Stegmitteln
9 an seiner Rückseite einsetzbar und schwenkbar
eine Schulter 8 an der Rückseite des Körpers 2 untergreift,
wie das Fig. 1 im Einzelnen zeigt. Hierbei ist es von Bedeutung,
dass der Schwenkdeckel 3 in seiner Offenlage die
Rückseite des Körpers 2 nicht überragt, also höchstens mit
dieser Rückseite bündig ist.In addition to the ever smaller, available
Space requirements and the swivel cover
improving its handling is a preferred one
Embodiment in that the
Weiter ist es vorteilhaft, wenn der Schwenkdeckel 3 in
seiner Einpresslage vom Körper 2 lösbar seitlich klemmend
oder durch Einrastmittel gehalten ist (nicht näher veranschaulicht).It is also advantageous if the
Dadurch, dass die eingepressten Drähte 20 von den unteren
Nocken 12 niedergehalten werden, ist es nunmehr möglich,
den Schwenkdeckel 3 als ein mehrfach verwendbares Hilfswerkzeug
zum Einpressen von Drähten in die Klemmschneiden
von mehreren Kontaktstifthaltern zu verwenden.The fact that the pressed
Aus dem Vorbeschriebenen ergibt sich somit ein Mehrfach-Kontaktstifthalter eines modularen Steckverbinders für Telefon- oder Schwachstromanlagen, mit Mitteln zur lötfreien Schneid-Klemm-Andrahtung, bei dem das Hauptproblem der Fixierung die Drähte resp. Adern vor und nach der Schneid-Klemm-Andrahtung optimal sowie herstellungs- und handhabungstechnisch relativ einfach gelöst ist.A multiple contact pin holder thus results from the above a modular connector for Telephone or low-voltage systems, with means for solderless Insulation displacement wiring, in which the main problem the fixation the wires respectively. Veins before and after the Insulation displacement wire optimal as well as manufacturing and is relatively easy to handle in terms of handling.
Es wird Schutz beansprucht wie folgt:Protection is claimed as follows:
Claims (5)
- Multiple contact pin holder of a modular plug connector for telephone or low current installations, with means for solderless terminal connecting by cutting, which comprises at least one pivot cover (3), which can be pressed down onto a body (2) of the contact pin holder (1) and from which pressure ribs (4) project at the contact side and, on pressing of the pivot cover (3) down onto the body (2), penetrate into the wire insertion slots (5) thereof and press the inserted wires into the terminal cutters (6) of the contact pins (7), characterised thereby that the wire insertion slots (5) have lateral wire-holding dogs (11, 12) which are arranged one above the other and of which at least one wire-holding dog (11) is disposed in the wire insertion region in order to position an inserted wire and at least one other wire-holding dog (12) is disposed in the terminal cutter region in order to fix the wire pressed into the terminal cutter.
- Multiple contact pin holder according to claim 1, characterised thereby that the pivot cover (3) engages, by web means (9) at its rear side, insertably and pivotably under a shoulder (8) at the rear side of the body (2).
- Multiple contact pin holder according to claim 1, characterised thereby that the pivot cover (3) is releasably held in its pressed-in position by the body (2) in laterally clamping manner or by detent means.
- Multiple contact pin holder according to claim 1, characterised thereby that the pivot cover (3) in its open position is at most flush with the rear side of the body (2).
- Multiple contact pin holder according to claim 1, characterised thereby that the pivot cover (3) is a multiply usable tool for the pressing of wires into the terminal cutters of several contact pin holders.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH716/94 | 1994-03-10 | ||
CH00716/94A CH687841A5 (en) | 1994-03-10 | 1994-03-10 | Multiple contact pin holder for low power systems. |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0671780A1 EP0671780A1 (en) | 1995-09-13 |
EP0671780B1 true EP0671780B1 (en) | 1998-10-07 |
Family
ID=4193510
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95102755A Expired - Lifetime EP0671780B1 (en) | 1994-03-10 | 1995-02-27 | Multiple contact and terminal block for communications equipment |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5662493A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0671780B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3408882B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100326742B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1045846C (en) |
AU (1) | AU681227B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9501014A (en) |
CH (1) | CH687841A5 (en) |
DE (1) | DE59503819D1 (en) |
PL (1) | PL176858B1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2156017C2 (en) |
TW (1) | TW279277B (en) |
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US7249979B2 (en) | 2005-02-17 | 2007-07-31 | Reichle & De-Massari Ag | Plug-and-socket connector for data transmission via electrical conductors |
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JP3300241B2 (en) * | 1997-01-09 | 2002-07-08 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | Connection structure between insulated wires and terminals |
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US7018230B2 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2006-03-28 | Channell Commercial Corporation | Electrical connector |
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FR2902239B1 (en) * | 2006-06-09 | 2008-11-28 | Legrand France | SELF-CONDUCTING CONNECTION TERMINAL OF AN ISOLATED ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR AND ELELECTRIC DEVICE COMPRISING SUCH A TERMINAL |
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DE102008013317B4 (en) * | 2008-03-10 | 2010-10-14 | Adc Gmbh | Method for producing a wire connection strip with gel filling |
US7985094B2 (en) * | 2008-09-15 | 2011-07-26 | Adc Gmbh | Connector block |
JP5557377B2 (en) * | 2010-03-23 | 2014-07-23 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | Connection structure for terminal wires |
CN102255171B (en) * | 2011-05-09 | 2013-04-24 | 杭州嘉杭科技有限公司 | Peeling-free plug-in connector |
CN104078774B (en) * | 2013-03-29 | 2016-04-27 | 海洋王(东莞)照明科技有限公司 | A kind of wire connection device |
DE102014109351B3 (en) * | 2014-07-04 | 2015-07-30 | Harting Electric Gmbh & Co. Kg | Connector with protective conductor bridge |
CN104332790B (en) * | 2014-10-08 | 2018-08-31 | 国家电网公司 | A kind of rapid wiring device |
DE102015105852B4 (en) * | 2015-04-16 | 2019-10-31 | Erni Production Gmbh & Co. Kg | plug-in device |
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-
1994
- 1994-03-10 CH CH00716/94A patent/CH687841A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1995
- 1995-02-27 EP EP95102755A patent/EP0671780B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-27 DE DE59503819T patent/DE59503819D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-28 TW TW084101819A patent/TW279277B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-03-07 AU AU13688/95A patent/AU681227B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-03-09 KR KR1019950004802A patent/KR100326742B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-03-09 RU RU95103439/09A patent/RU2156017C2/en active
- 1995-03-09 JP JP05006295A patent/JP3408882B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-09 US US08/401,621 patent/US5662493A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-09 BR BR9501014A patent/BR9501014A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-03-09 PL PL95307604A patent/PL176858B1/en unknown
- 1995-03-10 CN CN95103266A patent/CN1045846C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7249979B2 (en) | 2005-02-17 | 2007-07-31 | Reichle & De-Massari Ag | Plug-and-socket connector for data transmission via electrical conductors |
US7540789B2 (en) | 2005-02-17 | 2009-06-02 | Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. Kg | Plug-and-socket connector for data transmission via electrical conductors |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
PL307604A1 (en) | 1995-09-18 |
CH687841A5 (en) | 1997-02-28 |
TW279277B (en) | 1996-06-21 |
AU1368895A (en) | 1995-09-21 |
RU2156017C2 (en) | 2000-09-10 |
RU95103439A (en) | 1997-03-10 |
KR100326742B1 (en) | 2002-06-28 |
AU681227B2 (en) | 1997-08-21 |
EP0671780A1 (en) | 1995-09-13 |
JP3408882B2 (en) | 2003-05-19 |
US5662493A (en) | 1997-09-02 |
DE59503819D1 (en) | 1998-11-12 |
BR9501014A (en) | 1995-10-24 |
CN1116781A (en) | 1996-02-14 |
KR950034901A (en) | 1995-12-28 |
JPH0837041A (en) | 1996-02-06 |
CN1045846C (en) | 1999-10-20 |
PL176858B1 (en) | 1999-08-31 |
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