EP0658658B1 - Framework for building-panels, panel and building comprising such a framework - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a framework (7) for construction panels, the framework essentially being formed of intersecting wooden elements (1, 8, 10), the panels (21, 22, 30, 31, 32) including such a framework, as well as buildings constructed from such panels (21, 22, 30, 31, 32). The framework of these panels has two series of planks (1, 8, 10) arranged substantially along two perpendicular axes. The planks (1, 8, 10) of the first series (A) are placed with their wide faces (2) parallel to each other, perpendicular to the plane of the panels (21, 22) and have cutouts (3) aligned one after another. The planks (1, 8, 10) of the second series (B) are slipped through the cutouts (3) of the planks of the first series (A) and secured thereto. This type of framework for panels lends itself to the construction of semi-prefabricated buildings and to the construction of buildings on site using unskilled labour. <IMAGE>

Description

The invention relates to frames for construction panels, the invention also relates to panels made with such a frame, as well as buildings constructed on the basis of these panels.

The frame panels according to the invention can be used both for walls, load-bearing or not, as for floors, frames and building roofing.

Buildings constructed with wooden frame panels are known for their relative lightness, speed of execution, flexibility they allow from an architectural point of view.

This type of building is also renowned for its anti-seismic qualities. It is widely used, typically for buildings of no more than one or two storeys, mainly in areas where wood is abundant.

Such a panel is known from French patent FR-A-2,576,341.

A disadvantage of this type of construction is that it generally requires a highly specialized professional workforce, so that despite the attractive cost of the raw material, the cost of erection remains at a level which is not as competitive as you might wish with construction methods using heavier materials or methods.

We have therefore sought to develop a new type of panel that is easy to assemble, even for a less qualified workforce, by simplifying assemblies and taking measurements as much as possible, a classic source of error for less trained people.

We know different types of frame panels designed to simplify assembly; these panels often use assembly elements of elaborate shape; metallic profiles are frequently used and thereby we lose a certain number of advantages inherent in wooden frames (appearance of thermal bridges). These panels are frequently used for prefabrication involve the need to use standards of various dimensions, the use of elements of various functions, expensive by their multiplicity.

We therefore sought to develop a new type of frame for panels using an efficient assembly technique but above all usable by professionals as well as by less qualified people.

Attempts have also been made to reduce the use of specific and varied connecting pieces causing both cost and supply problems.

Another object of the invention is to make it possible to assemble panels by their framework or buildings using these framework panels, with reduced tools.

Another object of the invention is to reduce the problems associated with measuring parts, a frequent source of errors and waste.

Another object of the invention is to allow both the production of panels on site and their prior assembly in the workshop, which allows better planning and therefore a reduction in time and labor costs.

Another object of the invention is to offer architects and builders a type of housing based on a system that is both simple and rigorous which allows them possibilities of unlimited variation, thus giving free rein to their creative potential.

A first object of the invention is a framework for a construction panel formed of elements crossed along two orthogonal axes. This framework comprises an assembly of two series of boards each disposed in substance parallel to one of the two axes. Each board has two wide faces extending longitudinally; The first series of boards comprises at least two boards arranged with their wide faces perpendicular to the plane of the panel, these wide faces being pierced by longitudinal cutouts [buttonhole], the cutouts of the various boards of the first series being aligned in a row; The second series of boards includes at least one board arranged with the wide faces parallel to the plane of the panel, the cutouts being buttonhole or the boards of the second series being threaded through the buttonhole cuts of the boards of the first series, the boards of the two series being joined together at their intersection by means of joining.

According to an advantageous embodiment, the boards of the two series are pierced with longitudinal cutouts in buttonholes spaced along their length.

The joining means are for example angles.

The wide faces of the planks forming the framework generally comprise along each of their longitudinal edges, a line of perforations perpendicular to these wide faces arranged at regular intervals from one another.

The framework is preferably made up of boards of rectangular section of different width and thickness, the width and length of the longitudinal buttonhole cutouts being such that they allow the largest section of board used to be inserted therein.

The dimensions of the boards, and the intervals between the perforations are according to a preferred embodiment, calculated in multiples of a module E. We will therefore speak of "modular boards".

The framework advantageously comprises modular boards whose thickness is equal to E and the width to 6 E.

The framework of this panel also includes, preferably modular boards with a width of 6 E and a thickness of 2 E, as well as modular boards with a thickness of 2 E and a width of 10 E.

The modular boards of section 2 E x 10 E advantageously have on their wide faces at least one additional line of perforations (central line).

Preferably, they also comprise at least one series of longitudinal cutouts in buttonholes aligned between an additional central line of perforations and a line of perforations running along the longitudinal edge of the wide faces.

The interval between the perforations is preferably equal to 4 E, the distance separating the edge of the wide faces and the line of perforations being equal to E.

According to an advantageous embodiment, the module E is worth 2.5 cm (1 inch).

Each longitudinal cut out in the buttonhole is generally delimited, at at least one of its ends, longitudinal by a substantially semicircular arc.

Another object of the invention is a panel comprising a frame as described above provided on at least one of its faces with a covering, for example in the form of plates.

The framework according to the invention advantageously comprises planks of laminated wood. And / or modular plywood planks.

According to a particular embodiment, the panel is used as a floor, the boards of the first series of the framework forming the beams of the floor.

According to another embodiment, the panel is used as a roof, the boards of the first series of the framework forming the rafters of this roof.

According to a third embodiment, the panel is used to form a wall, the boards of the first series of the framework forming the uprights of this wall.

In this embodiment, the panel may include one or more cutouts, the dimensions of which are a multiple of the module E, forming a recess for the insertion of a frame of corresponding modular dimensions.

The subject of the invention is also a building, the structure of which comprises at least one panel frame as described above.

The dimensions of the panel frames making up this building are preferably multiples of the value E.

The building advantageously includes permanent furniture elements connected to the framework.

It also preferably includes anchoring points for removable furniture elements on the framework of the panels integrated into the structure.

One of the fundamental advantages of the invention is that it makes the assembly of the frames of different panels very easy.

Even by using a workforce of average qualification, one arrives at extremely advantageous assembly rates.

The assemblies between the panels being made with falls from the boards used for the framework and with the same angles, there is only a very low rate of waste.

As the perforations of the modular boards are made in the workshop, the assembly of each frame is done with a reduced margin of error, the parts adjusting very easily to square. Any error can also be easily corrected, all the elements of the framework being easily removable. The dimension of the buttonhole cutouts is wide enough to allow the subsequent insertion of bracing pieces, which makes it very easy for subsequent arrangements of buildings designed with the panels according to the invention.

A panel frame according to the invention offers sufficient rigidity to be able to be assembled flat (for example, in a protected place such as a workshop) and then be brought to the site partially assembled.

Due to the presence of the buttonhole cutouts in the frame planks, all the volumes delimited by the planks communicate with each other. Consequently, wires, cables, conduits and pipes can be drawn in prefabrication before mounting the panels; Similarly, after mounting in place, it is not necessary to hastily cut (at the risk of weakening the structure) when laying cables and pipes.

Finally, it is possible to use all types of conventional finishes in combination with the framework to form panels according to the invention.

• la Fig. 1 est une vue en perspective d'une planche modulaire utilisée pour le montage de l'ossature suivant l'invention;
• la Fig. 2 est une vue interrompue en perspective d'une ossature de panneau réalisée avec des planches modulaires comme montré à la Fig. 1;
• les Figs. 3a, 3b, 3c sont des vues en coupe de différentes sections de planches utilisées dans l'ossature de panneau suivant l'invention;
• la Fig. 4 est une vue en perspective avec arrachement montrant le raccordement entre l'ossature d'un panneau vertical et d'un panneau horizontal suivant l'invention;
• la Fig. 5 est une vue en perspective avec arrachement d'une ossature de panneau suivant l'invention sur laquelle sont fixés des éléments complémentaires;
• la Fig. 6 est une vue en perspective avec arrachement d'un angle de bâtiment dont la structure est réalisée par l'assemblage de l'ossature de deux parois et d'un plancher suivant l'invention.

Other particularities and advantages of the invention will emerge from the description below of particular embodiments, reference being made to the appended drawings in which:

• Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a modular board used for mounting the frame according to the invention;
• Fig. 2 is an interrupted perspective view of a panel frame produced with modular boards as shown in FIG. 1;
• Figs. 3a, 3b, 3c are sectional views of different sections of boards used in the panel frame according to the invention;
• Fig. 4 is a perspective view with cutaway showing the connection between the framework of a vertical panel and a horizontal panel according to the invention;
• Fig. 5 is a perspective view with cutaway of a panel frame according to the invention on which are fixed complementary elements;
• Fig. 6 is a perspective view with cutaway of a building angle, the structure of which is produced by assembling the framework of two walls and a floor according to the invention.

Fig. 1 shows, in perspective, a modular board 1 as used for mounting the panel frame according to the invention.

It is a piece of wood, elongated, substantially rectangular, comprising two large faces 2. The term "board" is used here generically depending on the shape of this piece of wood since it can, depending on the position of the panel in which it is mounted, ensure both the role of an upright as a cross, a joist or a simple bracing.

This board 1 is pierced on its two large faces 2 by two longitudinal buttonhole cuts 3. These buttonhole cuts 3 here extend along the central axis of the wide faces 2. The rules which motivate the dimensions and the position of these cuts 3 will be explained later. Each cutout 3 has a substantially rectangular shape delimited at its two longitudinal ends by a semi-circular curve. The number of longitudinal cuts 3 per board 1 is variable. It may depend on the length of the board 1 or on its function in the frame of a panel.

For reasons of production standardization, a uniform spacing between the longitudinal buttonhole cuts 3 is generally chosen for a type of site and / or for a specific type of board. A criterion which can be decisive for the choice of this spacing is, for example, the ceiling height of a building, which determines the dimensions of the corresponding walls.

The modular board 1 further comprises two lines of perforations 4 each regularly arranged the along one of the longitudinal edges of a wide face 2.

As will be seen below, there is an advantageous modular relationship between the thickness 5 of the boards 1, the interval 6 between the perforations 4 and the distance between each line of perforations 4 and the corresponding longitudinal edge.

These perforation lines 4 have the first positive consequence of considerably facilitating the cutting of the boards 1. The perforations 4 being aligned both in the longitudinal direction and in the transverse direction, the measurement and cutting to size of the boards are carried out with great ease. and a reduced margin of error. The perforations 4 in fact make it possible to control, by simple visual routine, any measurement error or any cut out of square.

Fig. 2 shows how boards 1 such as those shown in FIG. 1 are arranged to form the framework 7 of a panel according to the invention.

Boards 1 forming a first series A are arranged in parallel, their wide faces 2 extending perpendicular to the general plane of the panel, the cutouts 3 of this first series of boards 1 being arranged in a row.

Boards 8 (only one of which is shown in Fig. 2) forming a second series B are arranged with their wide faces 2 parallel to the general plane of the panel and are threaded in the cutouts 3 of the boards 1 of the first series A.

The boards 1, 8 of the two series A, B are joined at their intersections, in this case by corners or perforated metal angles 9.

Due to the presence of the lines of perforations 4, the assembly of the different elements of the frame can be carried out without special tools, by simply matching the positions of the angles 9 with the corresponding perforations 4. The fixing is done then using self-tapping screws or by screws and bolts. The required tools are therefore simply a motorized screwdriver and a set of suitable heads (or even a screwdriver and a set of wrenches).

The angles 9 can be placed at one of the four angles of intersection of two frame elements 1,8.

The assembly is facilitated by a judicious choice of the spacing 6 between the perforations 4, which is calculated in multiples of a module E, taken as a basis for establishing all the dimensions and the proportional ratios of the different elements 1, 8 of framework.

As an example, Figs. 3a, 3b, 3c show, in section and on the same scale, the sections of three types of boards used in the frame 7 of the panel according to the invention.

Fig. 3a shows a board 1 whose width is 6 times the thickness 5a. This thickness 5a is equivalent to the module E mentioned above, the section of this board 1 is therefore 1E x 6E. The thickness 5b of the board 10 shown in FIG. 3b is twice that shown in FIG. 3a; its section is therefore 2 E x 6 E.

Plate 8 shown in FIG. 3c is wider (10 E) and also has a double thickness of the first board (ie 2 E).

The buttonhole cut 3 made through the three types of boards is identical; its dimensions are such that the largest section of board used (ie 10 E x 2 E) can be inserted. Two boards 1 of thickness equal to E can be inserted simultaneously in the same cutout 3.

In the case of the frame element 8 (shown in FIG. 3c) the buttonhole cutout 3 is offset with respect to the longitudinal axis of the board, which makes it possible to align the three types of boards 1, 8, 10 relative to one of the faces of the panel to be assembled. To facilitate the reversibility of this board 8, the buttonhole cutouts 3 can be arranged alternately along two parallel axes (as shown in FIG. 2). A third line of perforations 11 is arranged along the central axis of the board 8.

The distance between the longitudinal edge of a wide face 2 and each lateral line of perforations 4 is equal to E; the perforations 4 themselves are spaced apart by an interval 6 equal to 4 E. In this way, it is practically always possible to make the perforations coincide with the holes of an angle iron 9 at the intersection between two elements 1, 8, 10.

By assigning E a value of 2.5 cm, the interval 6 between two perforations 4 or 11 is 10 cm. This value is particularly advantageous since there is a decimetric location for cuts. In addition, all the measurements relating to a building are naturally facilitated if, from the design stage, that is to say from the drawing of the plans, a calculation method using this modulus value is used. The assembly of the different parts of the framework 7 is indeed considerably facilitated and the drops are reduced to a minimum. In addition, all the scraps can be advantageously used to assemble together the frames 7 of the various panels forming the structure of the building, as can be seen in FIG. 4.

Fig. 4 shows how the frames 7, 20 of several panels according to the invention can be assembled together to form the general frame of a building.

Fig. 4 shows more precisely an assembly detail between a horizontal panel (floor) 21 and a vertical panel (wall) 22.

The first series A of planks of the floor 21 is arranged with the wide faces 2 vertical. These boards in series A thus form the beams 23 supporting the floor 21.

The boards 24 arranged across beams 23 immobilize them between them and make possible the assembly of the horizontal panel 21 off site and its transport.

The first series A of modular planks 1 of the wall 22 is arranged vertically; these boards 1 therefore form the uprights 25 of the wall 22.

The uprights 25 rest vertically on the beams 23.

The frames of the two panels 21 and 22 are joined together by inserts 26 which consist of falls from modular planks 1, 8 or 10 which therefore comprise the modular perforations 4 at the same spacing, which makes assembly extremely easy.

As long as the dimensions for the panels 21 and 22 are respected in the dimensions which are multiples of the module E, the alignment of the perforations of the insert 26, of the beams 23 and of the uprights 25 will be automatic.

It will be noted that the relative arrangement of the different elements 1, 8 or 10 of the frames 7, 20 and the presence of the buttonhole cutouts 3 makes all the interior volumes of the panels 21, 22 communicate with each other, which makes the laying of the pipes particularly easy. the electric cables. The laying of a floor covering 27 completes the finishing of the floor 21.

As seen in Fig. 5, one can take advantage of the modulation of the boards 1, 8 or 10 of frame 7 to mount on the frame 7 of other complementary elements.

A modular board 28 is fixed perpendicular to the ends of the boards of the first series A of a frame 7 and forms a frame element for this panel.

The fixing is ensured using the same angles 9 aligned on the respective perforations 4 of the modular boards.

It will be noted that, if it is not necessary to pass pipes or electrical cables, the board 28 need not necessarily include a longitudinal buttonhole cutout 3.

It is also possible to fix covering elements, such as the board 29 shown in FIG. 5 directly on the frame 7 using the same angles 9 fixed by screws or bolts in the perforations 4 of the frame boards; the covering elements are mounted all the more quickly if they are also provided with modular perforations like plate 29. It is, moreover, possible to fix practically all types of current covering on the framework according to the invention.

It can be particularly advantageous to fix the angles 9 in a removable manner, if one envisages in the more or less short term modifications in the arrangement of the building. We are thinking here not only of interior partitions whose arrangement is easy to modify, but also of building extensions which can be carried out without problem insofar as new structures can be grafted onto the frameworks of the panels. origin.

The construction of a building can thus be carried out in several stages. We can thus conceive of a limited construction in a first stage at a single level for small families or low-income families. Depending on the extension of the family and / or its financial possibilities, a second floor can be erected by connecting to the framework of the first. The simplicity of assembly and the continuity of the structure give the extended building all the guarantees of security, a unity of style and robustness comparable to that of the initial floor. In the case of such an extension, a room on the original level can be rearranged to install the departure from a stairwell.

This staircase, like other elements of the construction, can be designed using the same module E so as to be connected without complex calculations to the framework of the panels forming the structure of the building.

Modular planks with an appropriate coating can also be used for the production of permanent elements which can be connected directly to the structure of the building (cupboards, built-in furniture).

Fig. 6 shows the connection of three frame panels 30, 31, 32 forming the corner of a modular building. A first panel is arranged horizontally and forms the floor 30 of the building, the modular boards assuming the function of beams 23 of this floor 30. Two panels 31, 32, arranged vertically, form the walls of the building. The modular boards forming the uprights 25 of their respective frameworks are rigidly fixed to the beams 23 of the floor 30.

The uprights 25 disposed at the ends of these panels 31, 32 are erected at right angles to each other. They are connected together by angles 9 fixed via their respective perforations 4, along the common edge of these uprights. The uprights 25 of the panel 32 are secured to the ends of the beams 23 of the floor 30 by added pieces 26.

The uprights 25 of the panel 31 are fixed by angles 9 to the end beam 23 of the floor 30.

The respective frameworks of the three panels 30, 31, 32 therefore form, once assembled, the very structure of the modular building.

Various elements can be added in a conventional manner to this structure.

A layer of insulating material 33 is placed between the uprights 25 of the wall 32. A covering plate 34 completes the exterior finish of the wall 32. The insulating material 33 and the covering 34 can, indifferently, be mounted on the wall 32 before or after it has been secured to the floor 30.

The panel 32 is pierced by a recess 35 intended to receive a piece of frame (not shown) such as the jamb of a window. The framing of this embrasure 35 is ensured by boards 36, 37 which are easily fixed to the uprights 25 of the panel 32 thanks to the perforations 4 and the angles 9. The internal dimensions of the framing 36, 37 are calculated in such a way that the frame piece (whose external dimensions are also a multiple of module E) can be inserted without the need for adjustment.

The same remark as for the covering 34 and the insulating material 33 applies here, that is to say that the window can, depending on the mounting method adopted, be mounted on the panel in the workshop or be placed when the entire structure of the building - or its extension - is completed.

The extreme assembly precision made possible by the use of the modular panel according to the invention makes all these approaches compatible.

Whatever the mode of erection chosen (partial prefabrication or assembly on site) it is advantageous to always provide, during the completion, possibilities of connection to the framework of the underlying panel. After moving in, the occupants of the premises thus retain the possibility of anchoring pieces of furniture such as shelves, shelving, partitions, etc. directly to the framework, which can also be made at reduced cost from the same modular elements as those used for the framework.

For these circumstances, the modular boards can receive a particular finish with a utility or decorative function (polishing, coating, layer of laminate).

To limit variations in own dimensions to this natural material that is wood and therefore deriving maximum benefits from the design of the framework developed above, the modular boards can advantageously be made of plywood (multiplex type) or glued laminate.

These materials not only confer a wide insensitivity to climatic variations (humidity rate for example) but also a very great rigor in the dimensions of the framework elements.

Dimensional cutting can indeed be carried out with a very high degree of automation, simultaneously with the drilling of the cutouts (by knocking down, for example) and with pre-perforation.

The above considerations do not, however, prevent the use of wood as such for the frame panel according to the invention. Depending on economic or simply mechanical criteria, we can also combine conditioned wood of different natures in the same framework.

Not all boards need to have buttonholes. It is however advantageous that they all generally include the modular perforation lines described above.

The framework as described also makes it possible to integrate metal elements comprising the same type of cutting and perforation as the modular boards. It is thus possible to assemble and erect taller buildings or with long spans such as hangars.

Claims (17)

1. Framework (7, 20) for building-panel, the framework being formed of elements which intersect at two orthogonal axes, comprising an assembly of two series (A, B) of planks (1, 8, 10) each arranged substantially parallel to one of the two axes, each plank (1, 8, 10) comprising two broad faces (2) extending longitudinally;

   - the first series (A) of planks comprising at least two planks (1, 8, 10) arranged with their broad faces (2) perpendicular to the plane of the panel, these broad faces (2) being pierced with longitudinal cut-outs (3), the cut-outs (3) in the various planks of the first series (A) being aligned in a row;

   - the second series (B) of planks comprising at least one plank (1, 8, 10) arranged with the broad faces (2) parallel to the plane of the panel, characterized in that the said cut-outs (3) are shaped as buttonhole slots and that the planks (1, 8, 10) of the second series (B) are slipped through the cut-out buttonhole slots (3) of the planks (1) of the first series, the planks (1, 8, 10) of the two series (A, B) being fastened together where they intersect by fastening means (9).
2. Framework according to Claim 1, characterized in that the planks (1, 8, 10) of the two series (A, B) are pierced with longitudinal cut-outs in the shape of buttonhole slots (3) spaced out along their length.
3. Framework according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fastening means (9) are angle brackets (9).
4. Framework according to any one of Claims 1, 2, 3, characterized in that the broad faces (2) of the planks (1, 8, 10) comprise, along each of their longitudinal edges, a line of perforations (4) which are perpendicular to these broad faces (2) and are arranged at uniform spacings (6) apart.
5. Framework according to Claim 4, characterized in that it comprises planks (1, 8, 10) of rectangular section, with different widths and thicknesses, the width and length of the longitudinal cut-out buttonhole slots (3) being such that they allow the largest section of plank (1, 8, 10) used to be inserted therein.
6. Framework according to Claim 5, characterized in that the dimensions of the planks (1, 8, 10) and the spacings (6) between the perforations (4) are calculated as multiples of a modulus E.
7. Framework according to Claim 6, characterized in that it comprises modular planks (1) the thickness (5a) of which is equal to E and the width of which is equal to 6 E.
8. Framework according to any one of Claims 6 and 7, characterized in that it comprises modular planks (10), the width of which is 6 E and the thickness (5b) of which is 2 E.
9. Framework according to any one of Claims 6, 7 and 8, characterized in that it comprises-modular planks (8) of thickness 2 E and of width 10 E.
10. Framework according to Claim 6, characterized in that the modular planks (1, 8, 10) comprise at least one additional line of perforations (11) on their broad faces (2).
11. Framework according to Claim 10, characterized in that the modular planks (1, 8, 10) comprise at least one series of longitudinal cut-outs in the shape of buttonhole slots (3) which is aligned between one central additional line of perforations (11) and a line of perforations (4) running along the longitudinal edge of the broad faces (2).
12. Framework according to any one of Claims 6 to 11, characterized in that the spacing (6) between the perforations (4) is 4 E, the distance separating the edge of the broad faces (2) and the line of perforations (4) being equal to E.
13. Building panel comprising a covering on at least one of its faces, characterized in that it comprises a framework (7) according to any one of the preceding claims.
14. Panel according to Claim 13, characterized in that it comprises at least one cut-out (35), the dimensions of which are a multiple of the modulus E forming a reveal (35) for the insertion of a casing having the corresponding modular dimensions.
15. Building characterized in that its structure comprises at least one framework (7, 20) for a panel (21, 22, 30, 31, 32) according to any one of Claims 1 to 12.
16. Building according to Claim 15, characterized in that the dimensions of the frameworks (7) built into its structure are multiples of the value E.
17. Building according to any one of Claims 15 and 16, characterized in that it comprises furniture elements permanently connected to the framework (7) of the panels (30, 31, 32) built into its structure.

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