EP0553154A1 - Process and device for affecting measurement and shape changes in the hardening of workpieces. - Google Patents
Process and device for affecting measurement and shape changes in the hardening of workpieces.Info
- Publication number
- EP0553154A1 EP0553154A1 EP91917790A EP91917790A EP0553154A1 EP 0553154 A1 EP0553154 A1 EP 0553154A1 EP 91917790 A EP91917790 A EP 91917790A EP 91917790 A EP91917790 A EP 91917790A EP 0553154 A1 EP0553154 A1 EP 0553154A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- workpiece
- diameter
- hardening
- tool
- mandrel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/62—Quenching devices
- C21D1/673—Quenching devices for die quenching
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/32—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for gear wheels, worm wheels, or the like
Definitions
- the invention relates to methods for
- Influencing changes in size and shape when hardening rotationally symmetrical workpieces are placed on mechanical aids with a predetermined diameter and cooled with a quenching medium. In the course of this cooling, the workpieces shrink to the specified diameter with plastic and elastic deformation.
- the invention further relates to devices for performing the proposed methods.
- Hardening is a heat treatment in which the workpiece is cooled in a quenching medium, starting from the hardening temperature with an austenitic structure, in such a way that martensite is formed.
- warpage occurs, which can be divided into an unavoidable portion resulting from structural changes and an avoidable portion that depends on the process-specific circumstances.
- the diameter to which the workpieces shrink must be determined empirically. This empirically determined diameter largely determines the deviations of the workpiece from the nominal size as soon as the workpiece is detached from the fixture. Likewise, a component that is as accurate and dimensionally accurate as possible is required in the soft machined state in order to keep the deviations within tolerable limits.
- the appropriate diameter must be determined empirically because the deformation of the workpiece when shrinking onto the mandrel fixture consists of a plastic and an elastic component. To make matters worse, a diameter once determined to be suitable is caused by fluctuations in the manufacturing tolerance and by other process-specific ones
- Parameters e.g. material, pre-processing, process flow
- Parameters can become unsuitable.
- the present invention has for its object to improve the known methods for influencing dimensional and shape changes during hardening so that the hardening of workpieces can be carried out more efficiently and with better results and to a greater extent reproducibly in ongoing production.
- the method according to the invention is intended to allow greater tolerances in the soft dimensions of a component, to avoid strong shrinkage stresses on the hardening tool and to save time and money in ongoing production.
- a first method according to the invention in which the workpiece is quenched in the quenching medium in at least two time periods. It is essential that the workpiece shrinks to a first diameter at a temperature at which the workpiece is predominantly plastically deformed.
- the plastic deformation in this first period of time accounts for the major part of the total deformation of the component during hardening. It is important that a possible amount of elastic deformation compared to the amount of plastic deformation in this process section is negligible, as far as the target dimension of the workpiece to be observed after hardening is concerned.
- the first time period is followed by a further time period in which the temperature of the workpiece is still above the martensite point and the workpiece shrinks to a second - smaller - diameter.
- plastic deformation occurs again, measured in terms of the proportion of plastic
- the deviation from the nominal size of the workpiece is significantly larger than is the case with comparable diameters, as used in the one-step hardening process according to the prior art
- Hardness mandrel dimensions are only possible in connection with the variably controllable duration of the first period.
- the effectiveness of the first diameter is precisely limited in time and to the shrinkage profile of the one to be hardened
- the further method 30 proposed according to the invention is used when the components to be hardened can harden freely in the second method stage with a satisfactory hardening result.
- the first time period begins with the workpiece resting on the first diameter of the mechanical aid (mandrel fixture or spreading tool). After a predetermined dwell time of the workpiece on the first diameter, the workpiece is transferred to the second diameter or removed from the mechanical aid. The first period ends at this point.
- a device for performing the method according to the invention is characterized in an advantageous manner in that the mechanical auxiliary means a hardening tool, for. B. a mandrel fixture or a spreading tool, the largest effective diameter of which deviates from the nominal size of the workpiece so that the workpiece is predominantly plastically deformed in a first time period, with a measuring probe being integrated in the hardening tool, which provides an initial signal for the first time period, as soon as the workpiece with the largest effective diameter comes into contact during shrinking.
- a hardening tool for. B. a mandrel fixture or a spreading tool
- the hardening tool has at least two effective diameters.
- a particularly simple hardening tool in this case is a mandrel fixture with two diameters.
- the greatest deformation in the first time period can amount to approximately 0.2% to approximately 0.5% of the soft dimension of the workpiece. Within this area of an increase in diameter, it is ensured that in the first process stage, only a plastic deformation of the workpiece takes place.
- the effective deformation in the second time period is advantageous to choose from about 0.05% to about 0.1% of the soft dimension of the workpiece.
- the effective diameters can be selected automatically in such a way that the transporter is activated and / or - in the case of a spreading tool - a dimensional change is triggered on the tool after the first time period has elapsed.
- Hardening tool cooperates with a sensor for the temperature of the workpiece and an adjustable timer.
- the effectiveness of the process sequence can also be increased in that the timer interacts with a process controller.
- This process controller automatically calculates an optimal dwell time of the workpiece on the first diameter from process-specific parameters.
- a device which has a particularly simple structure and with which the process sequence can be automated has a fixed mandrel or a fixed die with at least two superimposed dies as a hardening tool
- both the workpiece and the hardening tool are arranged to be relatively displaceable.
- a conveyor that interacts with gripper pawls ensures that the workpieces are placed and removed.
- Fig. 1 shows the course of shrinkage in a
- Fig. 2 shows the workpiece or pressed part strokes relative to the different dwell times on the two diameter stages
- Fig. 3, 4 show the mandrel hardening tool with two different diameter levels for two equally large, ring-shaped workpieces, which are held in a starting position and during the first quenching phase with a press pressure piece with ejector arms guided on arms;
- FIG. 7 shows the course of shrinkage corresponding to FIG. 1, but for a spreading tool with diameters that can be adjusted during quenching;
- Fig. 8 shows their respective
- FIG. 11 shows a cross section through the expanding mandrel with six outer segments that can be spread apart or contracted when the inner cone is axially displaced.
- the respective shrinkage eg FW or SW of the workpieces 1 is plotted on the abscissa and the residence times T are plotted on the ordinate also valid for FIG. 2.
- the abscissa shows the relative strokes FH or SH of the workpiece grippers 3 or mandrels 5 in relation to the different mandrel diameters 6, 7 and residence times T1, T2 etc.
- the workpiece 1 removed from the furnace is, for example, 850 ° C hot and has z. B. 0.75% oversize.
- the workpiece 1 With FH2 the workpiece 1 is still gripped by the gripper pawls 2 (FIG. 3) and is first lowered onto the mandrel 5 while centering it relative to its upper cone area with only a minimal temperature reduction.
- the immersion in oil begins and the workpiece 1 is lowered under accelerated shrinkage at FH4 to the lower, larger mandrel diameter 6 (FIG. 4).
- the movement of the gripper pawls 2 is interrupted and a probe 8, which detects the workpiece 1, is activated, which, when a predetermined workpiece dimension is reached at FH5, has a preprogrammable timer (not shown separately) or a process computer for a first cooling time T1 to the lower, larger diameter range 6 turns on, which ends at FH7 after the workpiece 1 during the first holding time Tl has undergone sufficient plastic deformation in order to be better in the target dimension range after the shrinkage has ended.
- the plastic deformation can be seen in the curve according to FIG. 1 as a short horizontal straight line between point FH6 and FH7. At point FH7 the
- Holding time Tl ended at a temperature which is still suitable for plastic deformation only.
- the press pressure piece lowers (according to FIG. 5) towards the mandrel 5 and begins to partially push it out of the workpiece 1 seated on a collar 9 of a mandrel guide housing 10 and thereby transfer it to the immediately following, narrower second mandrel diameter step 7.
- This second cooling time T2 begins at point FW8 and can optionally be preselected via a further time switch. In special cases, further diameter levels and cooling intervals can be used.
- the austenite / martensite transformation point at FH9 is exceeded, and so the resulting lower expansion can be used to reduce the elastic residual stresses on the second mandrel diameter range 7, so that after sufficient residual cooling, the workpiece 1 at point FH10 only a small amount of force and thus can be released from its clamping by means of the press pressure piece 4 without any risk of deformation or damage while the dome 5 is completely pushed out.
- Workpiece 1 according to point FH11, has a last small contraction due to the low pre-tension still present and is then lifted out of the hardening device to point FH12 by means of the gripping pawl 2 or transported further. From the straight course of the curve at FH6 to FH7 it can be seen that only plastic deformation takes place there. The distance between the straight lines FH8 ... FH9 from the shrink curve for unclamped material that extends below and is shown in dash-dot lines shows that here only a small part of the deformation takes place elastically.
- Mandrel design 6, 7 in a particularly advantageous manner, in that the workpiece 1 is placed by a gripper arm 3 with pawls 2 on the vertically displaceable fixed mandrel 5, which is opposed by the press pressure piece 4 in the opposite direction
- Mandrel guide housing 10 stored return spring 11 can be pressed down, so that finally the gripper pawls 2 rest on the collar 9 and the workpiece 1 is stripped from the mandrel 5.
- the press pressure piece 4 is in the uppermost position and the gripper pawls 2 with the workpiece 1 articulated thereon are still above the fixed mandrel 5 provided with a centering cone the press pressure piece 4 longitudinally displaceable within stops.
- the fixed mandrel 5 is raised up to the uppermost position by the return spring 11 inserted into the mandrel guide housing 10, so that both diameter regions 6 and 7 protrude from the mandrel guide housing 10 above.
- Mandrel guide housing 10 shut down. Sit there the pawls 2 deeply into corresponding recesses 12 of the collar 9 of approximately the same height so that the workpiece 1 lies against the first, larger diameter area and has become free of the gripper pawls 2.
- a probe 8 built directly into the fixed mandrel 5, which interacts with a time control, not shown, which limits the first, precisely controlled, time and temperature stay time T1 on this diameter range 6.
- the press plunger 4 has pressed the fixed mandrel 5 against the pressure of the return spring 11 by approximately the height of the workpieces 1 into the mandrel guide housing 10 and thereby moved the workpiece 1 from the first to the narrower second mandrel diameter range 7. It no longer needs to be monitored for dimensions and temperature on this and can in itself remain here until the final cooling, if an automatic of the associated handling devices is not to be set up by appropriate timers.
- the automatable adjustability of the expanding mandrel 16 offers the possibility, by means of many small control impulses on the mandrel adjustment rod 17 from workpiece 1 to workpiece 1, to select larger or smaller adaptation stages VT as required by correspondingly shorter or longer dwell times T at the respective diameters, and so on
- the degree of deformation of the workpieces can be optimally adapted to their respective raw and target dimensional deviations.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 show the shrinkage path curve SW and the expansion stroke SH for such an expansion mandrel hardening over time T.
- the workpiece coming out of the furnace is, for example, 850 ° C hot and has an excess of about 0.75%.
- SH2 the placing of the workpiece 1 on the expanding mandrel 16 is completed with its largest setting and with SH3 the expanding mandrel 16 is brought to the centering dimension.
- SH4 the shrinkage of workpiece 1 to a first hard mandrel dimension started before (at SH5) the workpiece 1 was flooded in oil and thereby shrinked further until a sudden reduction in spreading occurred at 'SH6, which up to a state (with SH7 ) is performed, on which only slight plastic deformation is possible.
- SH8 the residual cooling commences, which is achieved with SH8 only a slight one
- Preload is ended so that an easy removal from the expanding mandrel 16, as can be seen in SH9, is possible.
- the finished dimension achieved after the spread in SH10 has been completely eliminated is closer to tolerance than with a mandrel set for a single diameter only.
- the shrink curve was drawn in dash-dot lines, which would result without a mandrel. With this mandrel, a slight plastic and a slight elastic deformation is achieved in this temperature range with further dimensional adaptation to the target dimension.
- a particularly preferred device design for such very adaptable mandrel hardening is shown schematically as an example with the aid of an expanding mandrel 16 and FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 for five identical annular workpieces 1 each.
- a cylindrical mandrel guide housing 18 open at the top has an inner collar 19 against which somewhat larger outer collars 20 of preferably six mandrel segments 21 arranged in a circle lie from below on the inside.
- the mandrel segments 21 have a greater length than the height of the workpieces 1 enclosing them during hardening and together form an outer cylinder in a circular shape, the diameter of which can be expanded to a limited extent.
- the mandrel segments 21 in their circular arrangement form one towards the top
- End converging hexagonal inner cone 23 which encloses an outer cone 25 formed by a concentric inner body 24.
- the mandrel segments 21 are held together by a bell cover 26 which radially extends over their upper end against spreading forces.
- the latter arise by the one-piece inner body 24 fitted into the inner cone 23 of the mandrel segments 21 being displaced in the longitudinal direction against the outer cone 25.
- the inner body 24 can be raised or lowered vertically to a limited extent by means of an adjusting rod entering the mandrel guide housing 18 from below and exiting through the upper bell hood 26; by means of a plate 28 arranged above the bottom of the mandrel guide housing 18, both vertically supporting the bell hood 26 of the outer cone 29 and a plate 28 guiding the lower ends of the mandrel segments 21 with a vertical collar.
- Both the collar the plate 28 and the bell hood 26 are centered on a cone collar 29 provided with the same angle as the mandrel cones 23, 25 to the mandrel segments 21. Therefore, when the plate 28 is axially displaced, the mandrel segments 21 are pressed apart or together to the same extent at the top and bottom.
- the plate 28 is in its highest position.
- Fig. 10 in a very low position, i.e. H. set with a smaller mandrel diameter.
- the cone surfaces 23, 25 are preferably designed as surfaces perpendicular to the center bisector of the segment arches in order to avoid unintentional clamping and can be provided with radial longitudinal guide sliding blocks 30 between the cones 23 and 25.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Abstract
Afin d'améliorer et d'automatiser les possibilités d'influer sur les cotes pendant la trempe au moyen d'outils de trempe à mandrins ou à étampes, de manière à respecter des tolérances plus étroites des cotes finales et une plus grande souplesse d'adaptation à des variations plus importantes de la tolérance des dimensions brutes, au moins deux étapes de trempe (T1, T2) sont successivement prévues pendant le retrait. La première s'applique à des diamètres plus importants (6) et entraîne uniquement une déformation plastique, alors que la deuxième étape de trempe (T2) n'entraîne que partiellement une déformation plastique. On utilise comme outils (5, 16) aussi bien des mandrins fixes (5) pourvus de deux diamètres (6, 7) que des mandrins extensibles (16) assistés ou des matrices correspondantes dont les cotes cylindriques peuvent être réduites pendant la trempe. On réduit ainsi les risques d'endommagement des outils ou de ruptures structurales dus à un retrait excessif, ainsi que le taux de rebus avec des tolérances plus étroites des cotes finales et une durée de rodage de l'installation plus courte et plus économique avec de nouvelles pièces.In order to improve and automate the possibilities of influencing the dimensions during the quenching by means of quenching tools with mandrels or stamps, so as to respect tighter tolerances of the final dimensions and a greater flexibility of adaptation to larger variations in the tolerance of the rough dimensions, at least two hardening steps (T1, T2) are successively planned during the withdrawal. The first applies to larger diameters (6) and only results in plastic deformation, while the second hardening step (T2) only partially results in plastic deformation. As tools (5, 16) are used both fixed mandrels (5) with two diameters (6, 7) as well as power-assisted expandable mandrels (16) or corresponding dies whose cylindrical dimensions can be reduced during hardening. This reduces the risk of tool damage or structural failure due to excessive shrinkage, as well as the scrap rate with tighter final dimension tolerances and a shorter, more economical installation run-in time with higher new parts.
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4032647 | 1990-10-15 | ||
DE4032647 | 1990-10-15 | ||
PCT/EP1991/001941 WO1992007100A1 (en) | 1990-10-15 | 1991-10-12 | Process and device for affecting measurement and shape changes in the hardening of workpieces |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0553154A1 true EP0553154A1 (en) | 1993-08-04 |
EP0553154B1 EP0553154B1 (en) | 1994-07-27 |
Family
ID=6416292
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP91917790A Expired - Lifetime EP0553154B1 (en) | 1990-10-15 | 1991-10-12 | Process and device for affecting measurement and shape changes in the hardening of workpieces |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0553154B1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE4133799A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1992007100A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN114943364A (en) * | 2022-03-31 | 2022-08-26 | 苏州新凌电炉有限公司 | Intelligent visual management method and device for mesh belt furnace |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4408924A1 (en) * | 1994-03-16 | 1995-09-21 | Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen | Method and device for influencing dimensional and shape changes when hardening workpieces |
FR2898822B1 (en) | 2006-03-27 | 2009-01-16 | Snecma Sa | MONOBLOC CALIBRATION METHOD FOR CARTER TEMPERATURE, DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE PROCESS |
CN109943694A (en) * | 2018-03-08 | 2019-06-28 | 王德伟 | Pressing mold |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3048506A (en) * | 1956-08-30 | 1962-08-07 | Curtiss Wright Corp | Method of quenching gears |
US4844427A (en) * | 1988-02-01 | 1989-07-04 | The Gleason Works | Quenching apparatus |
DE8806545U1 (en) * | 1988-05-19 | 1988-07-07 | Karl Heess GmbH & Co, 6840 Lampertheim | Device for the controlled influence of the inner and/or outer diameter during the cooling process of workpieces to be hardened |
DE9001640U1 (en) * | 1990-02-13 | 1990-04-19 | Karl Heess GmbH & Co, 68623 Lampertheim | Device for controlling and regulating the shape change behavior of workpieces to be subjected to heat treatment during the heat treatment process |
-
1991
- 1991-10-12 DE DE4133799A patent/DE4133799A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-10-12 WO PCT/EP1991/001941 patent/WO1992007100A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1991-10-12 EP EP91917790A patent/EP0553154B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-10-12 DE DE59102384T patent/DE59102384D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9207100A1 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN114943364A (en) * | 2022-03-31 | 2022-08-26 | 苏州新凌电炉有限公司 | Intelligent visual management method and device for mesh belt furnace |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1992007100A1 (en) | 1992-04-30 |
DE59102384D1 (en) | 1994-09-01 |
EP0553154B1 (en) | 1994-07-27 |
DE4133799A1 (en) | 1992-04-16 |
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