EP0500159B1 - Transmission system, and receiver to be used in the transmission system - Google Patents

Transmission system, and receiver to be used in the transmission system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0500159B1
EP0500159B1 EP92200350A EP92200350A EP0500159B1 EP 0500159 B1 EP0500159 B1 EP 0500159B1 EP 92200350 A EP92200350 A EP 92200350A EP 92200350 A EP92200350 A EP 92200350A EP 0500159 B1 EP0500159 B1 EP 0500159B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
signal
digital signal
band
error
sub
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EP92200350A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0500159A1 (en
Inventor
Gerardus Cornelis Petrus Lokhoff
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Koninklijke Philips NV
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Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/005—Correction of errors induced by the transmission channel, if related to the coding algorithm
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/00007—Time or data compression or expansion
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/10527—Audio or video recording; Data buffering arrangements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/12—Formatting, e.g. arrangement of data block or words on the record carriers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
    • G11B20/1806—Pulse code modulation systems for audio signals
    • G11B20/1809—Pulse code modulation systems for audio signals by interleaving
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
    • G11B20/1876—Interpolating methods
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/66—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission for reducing bandwidth of signals; for improving efficiency of transmission
    • H04B1/667—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission for reducing bandwidth of signals; for improving efficiency of transmission using a division in frequency subbands
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0078—Avoidance of errors by organising the transmitted data in a format specifically designed to deal with errors, e.g. location
    • H04L1/0079—Formats for control data
    • H04L1/0082—Formats for control data fields explicitly indicating existence of error in data being transmitted, e.g. so that downstream stations can avoid decoding erroneous packet; relays

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a digital transmission system comprising a transmitter and a receiver, for transmitting through a transmission medium, and receiving, a wide-band digital signal, for example a digital audio signal, sampled with a specific sample frequency F s , wherein the transmitter comprises an input terminal for receiving the wide-band digital signal, this input terminal being coupled to an input of a first coding means which comprises signal splitting means for generating a plurality of M sub-band signals in response to the wide-band digital signal with sample frequency reduction, for which purpose the splitting means split up the wide-band digital signal into successive sub-bands having band numbers m which augment with frequency, where for m the following holds: 1 ⁇ m ⁇ M, which coding means further includes quantization means for quantizing samples included in blocks of the respective sub-band signals, a quantized sub-band signal being formed by consecutive signal blocks, each signal block contains q samples, and bit allocation means for generating bit allocation information denoting by how many bits the q samples in a signal block are represented, which transmitter further includes scale factor
  • a transmission system of the type mentioned in the opening paragraph is known from European Patent Application No. 0 402 973 and document (2) in the citation index of the relevant documents at the end of this application.
  • an error masking is used in the form of an interpolation of the received information, if the received information contains errors which can no longer be corrected. Separate interpolation circuits are necessary to enable application of such an interpolation.
  • the transmission system according to the invention is characterized in that the error masking means is arranged for allocating the zero amplitude to a sample for which a first control signal is generated by the control signal generating means.
  • the invention is based on the recognition that if there is an error sample in the prior-art interpolation circuits, a mean value is determined of at least the directly preceding sample and the directly successive sample, and that the mean value obtained takes the place of the error sample. This requires additional storage capacity and an additional averaging operation.
  • a zero amplitude to an error sample, there is no need for additional storage capacity and another averaging operation. Since the samples are applied to the synthesis filter means after the error masking, an averaging of the successive samples is already effected in this synthesis filter means. This implies that an interpolator in which this additional averaging is effected can be omitted.
  • the receiver according to the invention may further be characterized in that the error masking means is arranged for replacing the erroneous scale factor with an extrapolated value from scale factors belonging to one or more preceding signal blocks in the sub-band signal when the second control signal occurs.
  • the error masking means is preferably arranged for making this scale factor equal to the scale factor for the signal block preceding the signal block in the sub-band signal when the second control signal occurs.
  • this erroneous scale factor is replaced with the mean value of the corresponding scale factors of the directly preceding and directly successive frame if one of the scale factors turns out to be faulty.
  • This requires additional storage capacity for storing the scale factors of the directly preceding frame and directly successive frame.
  • an additional averaging operation is necessary. If the erroneous scale factor is replaced with the preceding scale factor this implies that only additional storage capacity is necessary for storing the scale factors of the preceding frame and that no further averaging is necessary.
  • the receiver may further be characterized in that the error masking means is arranged for reiterating the information stored in the preceding frame if the control signal generating means has generated the third control signal for a frame and has not generated a third error signal for the frame preceding that frame.
  • the receiver will no longer be capable of deriving different sorts of information from the frames, so that in that case the information of the preceding frame is repeated. If a third control signal appears to be generated also for a successive frame, a zero amplitude is assigned to the samples in that frame.
  • the synthesis filter means also performs an averaging operation, so that the output signal of the filter means may be zeroed not in an abrupt but in a slow manner.
  • the receiver may further be characterized in that the error masking means is arranged for assigning the zero amplitude to all the samples in the signal blocks in the second frame if the control signal generating means has generated a fourth control signal for a first and a directly successive second frame.
  • the fourth control signal will be generated because at that moment it is assumed that it is a matter of a unique error in the sync signal. If also the successive frame turns out to contain an erroneous sync signal, it is assumed that the synchronization in the receiver is lost.
  • the samples of the next frame and any frames after that are set to zero.
  • the synthesis filter means again provides a slow zeroing of the output signal.
  • Fig. 1 shows in (a) the coding means of the transmitter.
  • An input terminal 1 is supplied with a wide-band digital signal.
  • the audio signal may be a stereo audio signal. In that case only one of the two signal portions (the left or right signal portion) of the stereo audio signal will be further discussed. The other signal portion will then be subject to the same process.
  • Input 1 is supplied with, for example, 16-bit samples of, for example, the left signal portion of the audio signal having a 44 kHz sample frequency.
  • the audio signal is applied to a sub-band coder 2 comprising an analysis filter means.
  • the sub-band coder 2 distributes the audio signal over M sub-bands by means of M filters i.e. a low-pass filter LP, M-2 bandpass filters BP and a high-pass filter HP.
  • M is equal to, for example, 32.
  • the sample frequency of the M sub-band signals is reduced in the blocks referenced 9. In such a block the sample frequency is reduced by a factor of M.
  • the signals thus obtained are presented at the outputs 3.1, 3.2, ... 3.M.
  • the signal is presented in the lowest sub-band SB 1 .
  • the signal is presented in the lowest but one sub-band SB 2 .
  • the signal is presented in the highest sub-band SB m .
  • the signals at the outputs 3.1 to 3.M have the form of successive samples expressed in 16-bit numbers or more, for example, 24-bit numbers.
  • the sub-bands SB 1 to SB M are all equally wide.
  • Krasner proposes a subdivision into a plurality of sub-bands whose bandwidths approximately correspond to the bandwidths of the critical bands of the human auditory system in the respective frequency areas.
  • the sub-band signals are combined in consecutive signal blocks of q successive samples, cf. Fig. 1a, and applied to an associated quantizer Q 1 to Q M .
  • a quantizer Q m the samples are quantized to quantized samples having a number of bits n m smaller than 16.
  • Fig. 1 shows how the left sub-band signals in signal blocks of q successive samples are applied to an associated quantizer Q m .
  • the right sub-band signals in signal blocks of q successive samples are applied to an associated quantizer (not shown).
  • the signal blocks (groups) of q successive samples of the sub-band signal portions are each time quantized to a smaller number of bits. For example, q is equal to 12.
  • the q samples are first normalized in a signal block. This normalization is effected in the block denoted 10 by dividing the amplitudes of the q samples by the amplitude of the sample having the largest absolute value in the signal block.
  • the amplitude of the sample having the largest amplitude in the signal block of the sub-band SB m produces a scale factor SF m , see document (2). Subsequently, the amplitudes of the normalized samples which are now situated in an amplitude range from -1 to +1, are quantized.
  • the quantized samples in the sub-bands SB 1 to SB M are then presented at the respective outputs 4.1 to 4.M.
  • the outputs 3.1 to 3.M are furthermore coupled to the respective inputs 5.1 to 5.M of bit need determining means 6.
  • the bit need determining means 6 determines for time-equivalent q-sample signal blocks of the left and right sub-band signal portions in the sub-bands SB 1 to SB M the bit need b m .
  • the bit need b m is a number which bears a proportion to the number of bits with which the q samples in a q-sample signal block in a sub-band signal portion should be quantized.
  • the bit needs b 1 to b M derived by the bit need determining means 6, are applied to bit allocation means 7.
  • the bit allocation means 7 determines the actual number of bits n 1 to n M with which the q samples of the corresponding signal blocks in the sub-band signals SB 1 to SB M are to be quantized on the basis of the bit needs b 1 to b M .
  • Control signals corresponding to the numbers n 1 to n M are applied to the respective quantizers Q 1 to Q M over the lines 8.1 to 8.M, so that the quantizers are capable of quantizing the samples with the correct number of bits.
  • the quantized samples in the signal blocks of the sub-band signals are thereafter applied to inputs 4.1 to 4.M of a signal combining unit 14.
  • bit allocation information formed from the numbers n 1 to n M is applied to the inputs 9.1 to 9.M of the combining unit 14.
  • scale factor information formed from the scale factors SF 1 to SF M is applied to the inputs 11.1 to 11.M of the combining unit 14.
  • Fig. 1b shows a second section of the transmitter, which section further includes a second encoder 15 in addition to the combining unit 14, as well as a means 16 for applying the signal presented at its input to a transmission medium.
  • this transmission medium is a magnetic record carrier.
  • the bit allocation information and the scale factor information for the left signal portions in the sub-bands are applied to the combining unit 14.
  • the unit 14 combines the signals and accommodates them in successive frames of a second digital signal presented at its output 17.
  • Fig. 2 shows the format of this second digital signal. This format is extensively discussed in document (2) of the citation index which document is assumed to be included in the present application where deemed necessary.
  • Fig. 2 shows the second digital signal comprising the successive frames j-1, j, j+1 and shows how a frame may be constituted.
  • the frame comprises a first frame portion FD1 in which sync information may be contained, a second frame portion FD2 in which the allocation information may be contained and a third frame portion FD3.
  • This third frame portion first contains the scale factor information and then the samples of the quantized signals in the sub-bands.
  • the second digital signal is applied to the input 18 of the second encoder 15.
  • this encoder another encoding is performed of the second digital signal so that at the receiver end an error correction of the received information is possible.
  • a Reed solomon encoding and possibly an interleaving is used for the second digital signal.
  • the signal is encoded in such a way that the information to be transmitted is suitable for transmission through the transmission medium. Therefore, for example, an 8-to-10 encoder can be used for the 8-bit words constituting the signal.
  • Such an 8-to-10 conversion is described, for example, in European Patent Application 0 150 082 (PHN 11.117) in the Applicants' name. During this conversion the 8-bit information words are converted to 10-bit codewords.
  • the third digital signal thus obtained is presented at the output 19.
  • This output 19 is coupled to input 20 of the means 16 which has the form of a recording means 16 for recording the third digital signal on a magnetic record carrier.
  • Fig. 3 shows in a diagram an embodiment of the receiver according to the invention.
  • the receiver comprises a means 30 for receiving the third digital signal from the transmission medium.
  • the means 30 has the form of read means for reading information from a magnetic record carrier.
  • the read-out third digital signal is applied to an input 31 of error correction means 32.
  • error correction means 32 In the means 32 first a 10-to-8 conversion is performed. Then an error correction operation is carried out and a possible de-interleaving of the information that has been read out.
  • the thus decoded signal again corresponds to the second digital signal as is represented in Fig. 2, and is presented at an output 33.
  • the second digital signal is applied to an input 34 of a means 35 which derives from the frames shown in Fig.
  • the sub-band signals SB 1 to SB M After dequantization and a multiplication by the scale factors the sub-band signals SB 1 to SB M then appear at the outputs 37.1 to 37.M.
  • These sub-band signals are applied to inputs 39.1 to 39.M of synthesis filter means 36 which restores the original digital signal from the sub-band signals.
  • the operation of the synthesis filter means 36 is extensively discussed in document (7) of the citation index.
  • the original digital signal is applied by the means 36 to an output 40 of the receiver. For example, the left signal portion of the original digital signal is concerned here. Needless to observe that the means 35 has still M outputs at which the sub-band signals of the right signal portion are available. Synthesis filter means (not shown) such as the filter means 36 is available for reconstructing the original right signal portion from these sub-band signals.
  • error correction unit 32 Any errors occurring in the incoming information are detected and corrected as required in the error correction unit 32. If an error turns out not to be corrigible, unit 32 will generate an error flag at an output 41. This error flag is applied to a control signal input 42 of an error masking system.
  • an error masking system may be arranged between the correction unit 32 and the means 35 as is shown in a diagram in Fig. 3 by means of block 43 represented in dashed lines. Error masking in response to error flags of the correction unit 32 is then performed on the second digital signal. The moment an error flag of the unit 32 occurs indicates to the masking system which information word in the serial data stream of the second digital signal of Fig. 2 is erroneous.
  • the error masking system 43 operates as follows.
  • the masking system 43 assigns to the associated sample an information word having a zero amplitude.
  • One of the signal blocks of a sub-band signal as it is finally applied to the synthesis filter means 36 by the means 35 thus contains a zero amplitude sample.
  • the filter characteristic in the synthesis filter means 36 there will now automatically be an interpolation over a number of successive samples in the signal block.
  • the masking system 43 does not require a separate interpolator in which the mean value of the preceding and the successive sample is to be determined to replace the erroneous sample.
  • Another option would be to replace the erroneous scale factor with a value obtained from extrapolation of, for example, the weighted average of two or more scale factors belonging to preceding signal blocks in the sub-band signal.
  • the error masking was performed of the information which had not yet been decoded, such as the information included in the second digital signal.
  • Another option is to perform error masking of the decoded information as it is derived from the second digital signal by the means 35. This implies that the error flags are to be applied to a control signal input 46 of the means 35 through the output 41.
  • the error masking system 43 as represented in Fig. 3 will then be absent, but still be incorporated in means 35 which in that case will be referenced 35'. A further explanation of this means 35' will be given with reference to Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 4 shows that the input 34 of means 35' is coupled to the input of a multiplexer 50.
  • the allocation information is derived from the second frame portion FD2 of the frames.
  • allocation information In one frame there is allocation information associated to one signal block of all the signal portions in all the sub-bands, cf. document (2).
  • the allocation information is converted to a series of numbers n 1 to n M in the dequantizer 52, which numbers denote the number of bits with which the samples in a signal block in the various sub-bands have been quantized. These numbers are stored in a memory 53.
  • the allocation information stored in the memory 53 is necessary for deriving the scale factors and the samples of the serial data stream from the second digital signal. This is diagrammatically shown by means of line 54 over which this information is transported to the multiplexer 50.
  • the multiplexer 50 is now capable of deriving the scale factor information from the third frame portion FD3 and after dequantization in the dequantizer 55, the scale factors SF 1 to SF M can be stored in a memory 56.
  • the multiplexer 50 can derive the samples of the third frame portion FD3 from the second digital signal and apply them to a quantizer 58 which derives the bits of the serial data stream that belong together also under the influence of the allocation information.
  • Fig. 4 diagrammatically shows the contents of the memory 59 in the case where a single frame has been decoded in the manner described above.
  • the memory will then exactly contain a single signal block of all the sub-band signal portions (both the left and the right signal portions) in all the sub-bands.
  • the normalized samples are then applied to a multiplier 60 which multiplies the normalized samples by their associated scale factors.
  • the real samples S m,1 to S m,q of a signal block in a sub-band SB m are then stored in a memory 61. Via the outputs 37.1 to 37.N the sub-band signals are then applied to the synthesis filter means.
  • the scale factor information from memory 56 will be stored in a memory 62. Subsequently, the next frame will be decoded. This means that the scale factor information of the next frame is stored in the memory 56, the bit allocation information in the memory 53 and the samples in the memories 59 and 61.
  • the error masking means is devised in the means 35' by a section of the central processing unit 51, the memory 62 and the memory 61.
  • the control signal input 46 through which the error flags enter is coupled to the central processing unit 51.
  • the central processing unit 51 is also supplied with timing information through an input 63, and clock signals through an input 64.
  • the timing signals and the clock signals are generated internally, the timing signals being derived from the second digital signal by means of a sync unit (not shown).
  • the central processing unit is capable of ascertaining in which information component an error occurs when there is an error flag.
  • the central processing unit 51 will then generate on the lines 65 and 66 an address n,m, denoting the location in the memory 61 at which the erroneous sample would be stored after processing in multiplexer 60.
  • the sub-band is m and n is the erroneous (n th ) sample in the signal block in the sub-band m.
  • the central processing unit 51 further applies a write signal over line 67 to the memory 61, so that a "zero" applied to an input 68 of the memory 61 is written at the memory location n,m.
  • the multiplexer 50 will no be longer capable of correctly deriving the scale factors and the samples from the frame. If the allocation information of the preceding frame is correct, the central processing unit will operate as follows. The decoding of the frame will be stopped and the content of the memory 61 will be read out once more to the outputs 37.1 to 37.M. Subsequently, the next frame will be decoded. However, if in the preceding frame the allocation information appeared not to be correct, the central processing unit 51 will generate a write signal on line 67 and also all the addresses from 1.1 to M.q of the memory locations in the memory 61. This means that the "zero" amplitude is stored at all the memory locations. All the signal blocks in all the sub-bands thus contain samples having "zero" amplitude, both for the left and for the right signal portions.
  • the central processing unit will not give any reaction to this and will decode the information of the frame in the manner described above. If also the sync signal of the frame j+1 proves to be erroneous, the memory 61 will be filled with zero amplitude samples in the manner described above.
  • the invention is largely described with respect to monosignal coding and transmission.
  • the invention may likewise be applied to stereo signal coding, in which each sub-band has two signal portions, i.e. a left and a right portion.
  • the invention may also be applied to coding arrangements in which one or more of the sub-band signals may be coded in a stereo intensity mode.
  • intensity mode coding reference be made to the documents (2) and (6) of the citation index.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Audiology, Speech & Language Pathology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Computational Linguistics (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)
  • Detection And Prevention Of Errors In Transmission (AREA)
  • Transmission Systems Not Characterized By The Medium Used For Transmission (AREA)
EP92200350A 1991-02-19 1992-02-10 Transmission system, and receiver to be used in the transmission system Expired - Lifetime EP0500159B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL9100285 1991-02-19
NL9100285A NL9100285A (nl) 1991-02-19 1991-02-19 Transmissiesysteem, en ontvanger te gebruiken in het transmissiesysteem.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0500159A1 EP0500159A1 (en) 1992-08-26
EP0500159B1 true EP0500159B1 (en) 1998-08-05

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EP92200350A Expired - Lifetime EP0500159B1 (en) 1991-02-19 1992-02-10 Transmission system, and receiver to be used in the transmission system

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US (1) US5633880A (zh)
EP (1) EP0500159B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP3193437B2 (zh)
KR (1) KR100215342B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN1029902C (zh)
AT (1) ATE169420T1 (zh)
DE (1) DE69226457T2 (zh)
NL (1) NL9100285A (zh)
SG (1) SG48300A1 (zh)

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Also Published As

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NL9100285A (nl) 1992-09-16
US5633880A (en) 1997-05-27
DE69226457T2 (de) 1999-03-25
DE69226457D1 (de) 1998-09-10
CN1029902C (zh) 1995-09-27
EP0500159A1 (en) 1992-08-26
SG48300A1 (en) 1998-04-17
KR100215342B1 (ko) 1999-08-16
JP3193437B2 (ja) 2001-07-30
ATE169420T1 (de) 1998-08-15
CN1065168A (zh) 1992-10-07
JPH0583206A (ja) 1993-04-02

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