EP0351374A1 - An automated garage - Google Patents
An automated garage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0351374A1 EP0351374A1 EP89830277A EP89830277A EP0351374A1 EP 0351374 A1 EP0351374 A1 EP 0351374A1 EP 89830277 A EP89830277 A EP 89830277A EP 89830277 A EP89830277 A EP 89830277A EP 0351374 A1 EP0351374 A1 EP 0351374A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- garage
- shuttle
- motor
- lift
- loading platform
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H6/00—Buildings for parking cars, rolling-stock, aircraft, vessels or like vehicles, e.g. garages
- E04H6/08—Garages for many vehicles
- E04H6/12—Garages for many vehicles with mechanical means for shifting or lifting vehicles
- E04H6/18—Garages for many vehicles with mechanical means for shifting or lifting vehicles with means for transport in vertical direction only or independently in vertical and horizontal directions
- E04H6/22—Garages for many vehicles with mechanical means for shifting or lifting vehicles with means for transport in vertical direction only or independently in vertical and horizontal directions characterised by use of movable platforms for horizontal transport, i.e. cars being permanently parked on palettes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an automated garage of the type provided with a structure having several floors with a plurality of garage spaces.
- This type of automated garage currently involves the use of a transfer-lifting device comprising a platform on which a trolley for picking up and transporting motor vehicles can slide. This involves the production of fairly heavy structures for the transfer-lifting devices, as well as the production of trolleys whose operation is complex and not very reliable, for the picking-up and entrainment of the motor vehicles.
- the object of the present invention is to provide an automated garage of the type specified above which has a simple and functional structure and can handle the motor vehicles completely reliably.
- the garage comprises a lift associated with the structure, a shuttle which is adapted to be transported vertically by the lift and to move horizontally on runways supported by the structure, and a transfer device which is carried by the shuttle and is adapted to transfer a pallet for supporting a motor vehicle both between the shuttle and a garage space and between the shuttle and respective stations for the entry and exit of the motor vehicles to and from the garage.
- the energy used for the handling of the motor vehicles is also reduced and, because supporting pallets are used, it is not necessary to use complicated lifting and transporting trolleys which must be adapted to the different widths and lengths of the motor vehicles.
- the transfer device preferably comprises a motor-driven trolley movable on respective guides provided respective on the shuttle, in the garage spaces, and at the stations for the entry and exit of the motor vehicles.
- an automated garage is generally indicated 1 and comprises a building 2 having several floors and constituted by two structures 2a each provided with a plurality of garage spaces 3 which face each other in correspondence with a central corridor.
- a lift 5 is arranged at one end of the structure 2 and comprises a loading platform 6 and motor-driven means 7 for raising or lowering the loading platform 6 into correspondence with the floors of the structure 2, in known manner.
- the loading platform 6 is provided with a pair of rails 8 ( Figure 2) on which there is mounted for transverse running a parallelepipedal shuttle 9 having a loading platform 9a which is also provided with a pair of rails 10 perpendicular to the rails 8 of the loading platform 6 of the lift.
- a motor-driven trolley 11 is mounted for running on the rails 10 of the shuttle 9 and is provided with wheels 11a and an upper bearing surface 12 which can be raised or lowered under the action of hydraulic, pneumatic or electro-mechanical actuators (not illustrated).
- each structure 2a supports a runway 13 on which the shuttle 9 is intended to move by virtue of its four supporting wheels 9b, at least two of which are motor-driven.
- the electrical connection for powering and controlling the shuttle 9 is ensured by bus ducts 14 which are arranged parallel to the runways 13 and with which a sliding contact device 15 connected to the shuttle 9 cooperates in known manner.
- the electricity supply for powering and controlling the motor-driven trolley 11 is achieved by means of electric cables which are connected to the shuttle 9 and protected, in known manner, by an articulated sheath 16.
- a plurality of pallets 17 are arranged in correspondence with the garage spaces 3 and are adapted to be moved by the motor-driven trolley 11 in the manner which will be described below. Beneath its pallet 17, each garage space 3 also has a pair of rails 18 with a gauge corresponding to that of the rails 10 of the loading platform 9a of the shuttle 9, for enabling the motor-driven trolley 11 to be moved from the shuttle to the garage space and vice versa.
- the incoming motor vehicles A are made to mount, for example, by means of a small ramp 19, a pallet 17 positioned at an entry station I of the garage.
- the user can equally well leave the motor vehicle open or closed, with the handbrake engaged or released, in gear or in neutral, since the pallet is provided with suitable locking devices and is designed to prevent the accidental movement of the vehicle.
- the motor-driven trolley 11, which can run on the guides 10 of the loading platform 9a of the shuttle 9 and on the corresponding guides 10b provided at the entry station I, is then positioned beneath the pallet 17 supporting the vehicle A and lifts the pallet 17 and the motor vehicle A by means of the movable platform 12.
- the motor-driven trolley 11, with the pallet and the motor vehicle, is then made to go in onto the loading platform 9a of the shuttle 9 which can therefore be raised by the lift 5, by means of its loading platform 6, to a desired floor with a garage space 3a ( Figure 2) from which the empty pallet has previously been removed.
- the lift 5 stops automatically under the guidance of the management system which is an integral part of the invention, enabling the shuttle 9 to run transversely, first on the guides 8 of the loading platform 6 of the lift 5 and then on the runways 13 associated with the central corridor.
- the configuration of the shuttle 9 during its transfer from the lift 5 to the runways is shown in Figure 2.
- the shuttle 9 is supplied by means of the bus ducts 14 associated with the floor.
- the shuttle stops moving and enables the trolley 11 then to be transferred from the guides 10 of the shuttle to the guides 18 connected to the garage space.
- the platform 12 is then lowered so as to deposit the pallet 17 supporting the vehicle A on the floor of the respective garage space.
- the shuttle 9 In order to pick up another motor car, the shuttle 9 is positioned in correspondence with an empty space (without a stored motor car) so as to pick up an empty pallet and then transport it to the entry station I.
- the steps for the removal of motor cars from the garage are exactly the same, except that the pallet 17 supporting the motor vehicle to be unloaded is positioned by the motor-driven trolley 11 in correspondence with an exit station U situated on the same floor or on a different floor from the entry station I.
- a system, generally indicated R, for the recycling/storage of the pallets may be provided so as to enable a quicker loading operation without the need for an empty pallet 17 to be taken from the garage space 3.
- the shuttle 9 is provided with an upper loading platform 9c equipped with a telescopic fork 20.
- the telescopic fork can be used to advantage for picking up an empty pallet at the same time as a motor car.
- the height of the upper platform 9c from the lower platform 9a corresponds exactly to the difference in height between two consecutive floors of the structure 2a.
- the movement of the shuttle can therefore serve both to transport a departing vehicle and to transport an empty pallet for the entry station I, provided that the latter and the exit station are spaced from each other by a height which corresponds to one floor.
- the lift 5 may be associated with a single structure 2a or with several structures different from that shown in the drawings. Moreover, it is possible to use two or more lifts 5 associated with the building with several floors and/or several shuttles associated with one or more lifts, according to the number of motor car movements envisaged.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Warehouses Or Storage Devices (AREA)
- Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
- Control Of Vending Devices And Auxiliary Devices For Vending Devices (AREA)
- Vending Machines For Individual Products (AREA)
- Reciprocating, Oscillating Or Vibrating Motors (AREA)
- Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to an automated garage of the type provided with a structure having several floors with a plurality of garage spaces.
- This type of automated garage currently involves the use of a transfer-lifting device comprising a platform on which a trolley for picking up and transporting motor vehicles can slide. This involves the production of fairly heavy structures for the transfer-lifting devices, as well as the production of trolleys whose operation is complex and not very reliable, for the picking-up and entrainment of the motor vehicles.
- The object of the present invention is to provide an automated garage of the type specified above which has a simple and functional structure and can handle the motor vehicles completely reliably.
- According to the invention, this object is achieved by virtue of the fact that the garage comprises a lift associated with the structure, a shuttle which is adapted to be transported vertically by the lift and to move horizontally on runways supported by the structure, and a transfer device which is carried by the shuttle and is adapted to transfer a pallet for supporting a motor vehicle both between the shuttle and a garage space and between the shuttle and respective stations for the entry and exit of the motor vehicles to and from the garage.
- By virtue of these characteristics, the masses suspended and in movement are smaller than in the known solution which uses the transfer-lifting device.
- Moreover, with the garage according to the invention, the energy used for the handling of the motor vehicles is also reduced and, because supporting pallets are used, it is not necessary to use complicated lifting and transporting trolleys which must be adapted to the different widths and lengths of the motor vehicles.
- The transfer device preferably comprises a motor-driven trolley movable on respective guides provided respective on the shuttle, in the garage spaces, and at the stations for the entry and exit of the motor vehicles.
- Further characteristics and advantages of the automated garage according to the present invention will become clear from the detailed description which follows with reference to the appended drawings, provided by way of non-limiting example, in which:
- Figure 1 is a partially-sectioned perspective view of a garage according to the invention,
- Figure 2 is a schematic side view showing the operation of the garage as a whole,
- Figure 3 is a perspective view which shows the garage of Figure 1 at a stage in its operation,
- Figure 4 is a view taken on the arrow IV of Figure 3, and
- Figure 5 is a view taken on the arrow V of Figure 1 in a subsequent configuration of the loading of a motor vehicle.
- With reference to the drawings, an automated garage is generally indicated 1 and comprises a building 2 having several floors and constituted by two
structures 2a each provided with a plurality ofgarage spaces 3 which face each other in correspondence with a central corridor. - A
lift 5 is arranged at one end of the structure 2 and comprises aloading platform 6 and motor-driven means 7 for raising or lowering theloading platform 6 into correspondence with the floors of the structure 2, in known manner. - The
loading platform 6 is provided with a pair of rails 8 (Figure 2) on which there is mounted for transverse running aparallelepipedal shuttle 9 having aloading platform 9a which is also provided with a pair ofrails 10 perpendicular to therails 8 of theloading platform 6 of the lift. - A motor-driven
trolley 11 is mounted for running on therails 10 of theshuttle 9 and is provided withwheels 11a and an upper bearingsurface 12 which can be raised or lowered under the action of hydraulic, pneumatic or electro-mechanical actuators (not illustrated). - At each floor of the building 2, each
structure 2a supports arunway 13 on which theshuttle 9 is intended to move by virtue of its four supportingwheels 9b, at least two of which are motor-driven. The electrical connection for powering and controlling theshuttle 9 is ensured bybus ducts 14 which are arranged parallel to therunways 13 and with which a slidingcontact device 15 connected to theshuttle 9 cooperates in known manner. - The electricity supply for powering and controlling the motor-driven
trolley 11 is achieved by means of electric cables which are connected to theshuttle 9 and protected, in known manner, by an articulatedsheath 16. - A plurality of
pallets 17 are arranged in correspondence with thegarage spaces 3 and are adapted to be moved by the motor-driventrolley 11 in the manner which will be described below. Beneath itspallet 17, eachgarage space 3 also has a pair ofrails 18 with a gauge corresponding to that of therails 10 of theloading platform 9a of theshuttle 9, for enabling the motor-driventrolley 11 to be moved from the shuttle to the garage space and vice versa. - During the operation of the automated garage 1, the incoming motor vehicles A are made to mount, for example, by means of a
small ramp 19, apallet 17 positioned at an entry station I of the garage. The user can equally well leave the motor vehicle open or closed, with the handbrake engaged or released, in gear or in neutral, since the pallet is provided with suitable locking devices and is designed to prevent the accidental movement of the vehicle. The motor-driventrolley 11, which can run on theguides 10 of theloading platform 9a of theshuttle 9 and on thecorresponding guides 10b provided at the entry station I, is then positioned beneath thepallet 17 supporting the vehicle A and lifts thepallet 17 and the motor vehicle A by means of themovable platform 12. The motor-driventrolley 11, with the pallet and the motor vehicle, is then made to go in onto theloading platform 9a of theshuttle 9 which can therefore be raised by thelift 5, by means of itsloading platform 6, to a desired floor with agarage space 3a (Figure 2) from which the empty pallet has previously been removed. - When the desired floor has been reached, the
lift 5 stops automatically under the guidance of the management system which is an integral part of the invention, enabling theshuttle 9 to run transversely, first on theguides 8 of theloading platform 6 of thelift 5 and then on therunways 13 associated with the central corridor. The configuration of theshuttle 9 during its transfer from thelift 5 to the runways is shown in Figure 2. During its movement along therunways 13, theshuttle 9 is supplied by means of thebus ducts 14 associated with the floor. - As soon as it reaches the
garage space 3a of the pallet, the shuttle stops moving and enables thetrolley 11 then to be transferred from theguides 10 of the shuttle to theguides 18 connected to the garage space. Theplatform 12 is then lowered so as to deposit thepallet 17 supporting the vehicle A on the floor of the respective garage space. - In order to pick up another motor car, the
shuttle 9 is positioned in correspondence with an empty space (without a stored motor car) so as to pick up an empty pallet and then transport it to the entry station I. - The steps for the removal of motor cars from the garage are exactly the same, except that the
pallet 17 supporting the motor vehicle to be unloaded is positioned by the motor-driventrolley 11 in correspondence with an exit station U situated on the same floor or on a different floor from the entry station I. - If the simultaneous arrival of a large number of motor cars is envisaged, a system, generally indicated R, for the recycling/storage of the pallets may be provided so as to enable a quicker loading operation without the need for an
empty pallet 17 to be taken from thegarage space 3. - According to another embodiment of the invention (Figure 3), the
shuttle 9 is provided with anupper loading platform 9c equipped with atelescopic fork 20. The telescopic fork can be used to advantage for picking up an empty pallet at the same time as a motor car. In fact, the height of theupper platform 9c from thelower platform 9a corresponds exactly to the difference in height between two consecutive floors of thestructure 2a. According to this embodiment, the movement of the shuttle can therefore serve both to transport a departing vehicle and to transport an empty pallet for the entry station I, provided that the latter and the exit station are spaced from each other by a height which corresponds to one floor. - It is obvious that all the various components of the automated garage, particularly the
lift 5, the motor-driventrolley 11 and theshuttle 9, must be controlled by means of a central processing unit adapted to organise the operation of the garage completely automatically. - The
lift 5 may be associated with asingle structure 2a or with several structures different from that shown in the drawings. Moreover, it is possible to use two ormore lifts 5 associated with the building with several floors and/or several shuttles associated with one or more lifts, according to the number of motor car movements envisaged.
Claims (4)
- at least one lift (5) associated with the structure (2),
- a shuttle (9) which is adapted to be transported vertically by the lift (5) and to move horizontally on runways (13) supported by the structure (2a), and
- a transfer device (11} which is carried by the shuttle (9) and is adapted to transfer a pallet (17) for supporting a motor vehicle (A) both between the shuttle (9) and a garage space (3, 3a) and between the shuttle (9) and respective stations for the entry and exit (I, U) of the motor vehicle (A) to and from the garage (1).
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT89830277T ATE76150T1 (en) | 1988-07-05 | 1989-06-20 | AN AUTOMATED CAR PARK. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT67636/88A IT1223666B (en) | 1988-07-05 | 1988-07-05 | AUTOMATED GARAGE |
IT6763688 | 1988-07-05 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0351374A1 true EP0351374A1 (en) | 1990-01-17 |
EP0351374B1 EP0351374B1 (en) | 1992-05-13 |
Family
ID=11304099
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP89830277A Expired - Lifetime EP0351374B1 (en) | 1988-07-05 | 1989-06-20 | An automated garage |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0351374B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE76150T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE68901506D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2031389T3 (en) |
GR (1) | GR3004600T3 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1223666B (en) |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1991012397A1 (en) * | 1990-02-14 | 1991-08-22 | Maasind B.V. | Automatic multistorey parking building structure |
GB2244267A (en) * | 1990-05-23 | 1991-11-27 | Nissei Build Kogyo Kk | Multi-storey garage |
WO1993006322A1 (en) * | 1991-09-20 | 1993-04-01 | Eride Rossato | Motor vehicle parking installation |
GB2244986B (en) * | 1990-06-13 | 1994-03-30 | John Robert Rankin | Multi-level vehicle parking apparatus |
ES2066686A2 (en) * | 1992-10-29 | 1995-03-01 | Sanchez Ignacio Bermudez | Vehicle parking station |
TR26480A (en) * | 1990-04-30 | 1995-03-15 | Thomson Consumer Electronics | TELEVISION RECEIVER WITH AUXILIARY INPUT CONNECTOR FOR VIDEO SIGNALS OF A SEPARATED Y-C FORMAT. |
FR2710330A1 (en) * | 1993-09-23 | 1995-03-31 | Etude Mecanisation Automatisat | Automated storage magazine |
WO1997023697A1 (en) * | 1995-12-23 | 1997-07-03 | Krups Kompaktlogistik Gmbh | Automatic car park |
GB2319518A (en) * | 1996-07-09 | 1998-05-27 | Harper Douglas Deborah | Automatic Storage and Retrieval System |
GB2341375A (en) * | 1999-04-13 | 2000-03-15 | Webb Int Co Jervis B | Conveyor and storage system |
US6109853A (en) * | 1989-11-28 | 2000-08-29 | Paulmichl; Dieter | Mechanical automobile parking facility |
US6851921B2 (en) * | 1999-07-30 | 2005-02-08 | Gerhard Haag | Automated parking garage |
WO2007007354A1 (en) * | 2005-07-07 | 2007-01-18 | Marco Martelli | System for the general warehouse management of pallets, motor vehicles or the like |
WO2006086348A3 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2007-06-14 | Robotic Technology Administrat | Automated parking garage |
GB2446796A (en) * | 2007-02-21 | 2008-08-27 | Jose Alfredo Santos Guerra | Multi-storey vehicle park |
EP3922588A1 (en) | 2020-06-10 | 2021-12-15 | Richard Moffet | Automated car parking structure |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4435056B4 (en) * | 1994-09-30 | 2007-01-04 | SHS Fördertechnik GmbH & Co. KG | Method and device for storing objects |
DE102013105325B9 (en) * | 2012-06-28 | 2019-10-10 | Dieter Handrich | Method for transporting at least one land vehicle in the open and transport system comprising at least one arranged outdoors, in particular revolving, roadway with at least one roadway element and at least one abzustellendes completely on the road and thus transported from the road surface land vehicle |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH453658A (en) * | 1967-05-03 | 1968-03-31 | D Toedtli Sergej | Multi-storey warehouse with transport facility, especially for parking cars |
FR2049554A5 (en) * | 1969-06-18 | 1971-03-26 | Jullien Antonin | |
FR2094581A5 (en) * | 1970-06-25 | 1972-02-04 | Stephanois Rech Mec |
-
1988
- 1988-07-05 IT IT67636/88A patent/IT1223666B/en active
-
1989
- 1989-06-20 AT AT89830277T patent/ATE76150T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-06-20 DE DE8989830277T patent/DE68901506D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-06-20 ES ES198989830277T patent/ES2031389T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-20 EP EP89830277A patent/EP0351374B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1992
- 1992-05-14 GR GR920400888T patent/GR3004600T3/el unknown
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH453658A (en) * | 1967-05-03 | 1968-03-31 | D Toedtli Sergej | Multi-storey warehouse with transport facility, especially for parking cars |
FR2049554A5 (en) * | 1969-06-18 | 1971-03-26 | Jullien Antonin | |
FR2094581A5 (en) * | 1970-06-25 | 1972-02-04 | Stephanois Rech Mec |
Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6109853A (en) * | 1989-11-28 | 2000-08-29 | Paulmichl; Dieter | Mechanical automobile parking facility |
WO1991012397A1 (en) * | 1990-02-14 | 1991-08-22 | Maasind B.V. | Automatic multistorey parking building structure |
TR26480A (en) * | 1990-04-30 | 1995-03-15 | Thomson Consumer Electronics | TELEVISION RECEIVER WITH AUXILIARY INPUT CONNECTOR FOR VIDEO SIGNALS OF A SEPARATED Y-C FORMAT. |
GB2244267A (en) * | 1990-05-23 | 1991-11-27 | Nissei Build Kogyo Kk | Multi-storey garage |
GB2244267B (en) * | 1990-05-23 | 1994-04-27 | Nissei Build Kogyo Kk | Parking arrangement |
GB2244986B (en) * | 1990-06-13 | 1994-03-30 | John Robert Rankin | Multi-level vehicle parking apparatus |
WO1993006322A1 (en) * | 1991-09-20 | 1993-04-01 | Eride Rossato | Motor vehicle parking installation |
ES2066686A2 (en) * | 1992-10-29 | 1995-03-01 | Sanchez Ignacio Bermudez | Vehicle parking station |
FR2710330A1 (en) * | 1993-09-23 | 1995-03-31 | Etude Mecanisation Automatisat | Automated storage magazine |
WO1997023697A1 (en) * | 1995-12-23 | 1997-07-03 | Krups Kompaktlogistik Gmbh | Automatic car park |
GB2319518A (en) * | 1996-07-09 | 1998-05-27 | Harper Douglas Deborah | Automatic Storage and Retrieval System |
GB2341375A (en) * | 1999-04-13 | 2000-03-15 | Webb Int Co Jervis B | Conveyor and storage system |
GB2341375B (en) * | 1999-04-13 | 2000-08-23 | Webb Int Co Jervis B | Inverted power and free conveyor and storage system |
WO2000061425A1 (en) * | 1999-04-13 | 2000-10-19 | Jervis B. Webb Company | Inverted power and free storage system |
AU756326B2 (en) * | 1999-04-13 | 2003-01-09 | Jervis B. Webb International Company | Inverted power and free storage system |
US6851921B2 (en) * | 1999-07-30 | 2005-02-08 | Gerhard Haag | Automated parking garage |
WO2006086348A3 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2007-06-14 | Robotic Technology Administrat | Automated parking garage |
WO2007007354A1 (en) * | 2005-07-07 | 2007-01-18 | Marco Martelli | System for the general warehouse management of pallets, motor vehicles or the like |
GB2446796A (en) * | 2007-02-21 | 2008-08-27 | Jose Alfredo Santos Guerra | Multi-storey vehicle park |
EP3922588A1 (en) | 2020-06-10 | 2021-12-15 | Richard Moffet | Automated car parking structure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE68901506D1 (en) | 1992-06-17 |
GR3004600T3 (en) | 1993-04-28 |
IT8867636A0 (en) | 1988-07-05 |
IT1223666B (en) | 1990-09-29 |
ATE76150T1 (en) | 1992-05-15 |
EP0351374B1 (en) | 1992-05-13 |
ES2031389T3 (en) | 1992-12-01 |
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