EP0309837B1 - Transformer, especially for a switching power supply - Google Patents
Transformer, especially for a switching power supply Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0309837B1 EP0309837B1 EP88115254A EP88115254A EP0309837B1 EP 0309837 B1 EP0309837 B1 EP 0309837B1 EP 88115254 A EP88115254 A EP 88115254A EP 88115254 A EP88115254 A EP 88115254A EP 0309837 B1 EP0309837 B1 EP 0309837B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- winding
- transformer
- core
- strands
- winding sections
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/34—Special means for preventing or reducing unwanted electric or magnetic effects, e.g. no-load losses, reactive currents, harmonics, oscillations, leakage fields
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
- H01F27/2823—Wires
Definitions
- Switched-mode power supplies such as those used predominantly in television receivers, video recorders and the like, require a transformer which effects the galvanic isolation of the receiver circuit from the mains and supplies operating voltages of different sizes and polarities on the secondary side via rectifier circuits. It is known to synchronize switching power supplies with the line frequency of a television receiver. The switching power supply then operates at a frequency of approximately 16 kHz.
- the invention has for its object to provide a transformer in which a winding consists of two parallel strands or wires to eliminate the skin effect, so that no equalizing currents occur in the parallel connection mentioned.
- the solution according to the invention thus ensures that the two winding strands or wires connected in parallel are equivalent in terms of their position to the effective magnetic field of the transformer and thus the voltages induced in them are the same. If these voltages are the same, no equalizing currents can flow within the parallel connection of the two winding phases or wires, so that the losses caused by equalizing currents also do not occur.
- the optimal arrangement of the partial windings can e.g. can be empirically determined by separating the parallel connection and, given a given field of the transformer, ensuring that the voltages induced in the two winding phases are the same.
- the invention is particularly advantageous in connection with a chamber bobbin.
- the partial windings which follow one another in the axial direction of the coil former lie in individual chambers of the chamber coil former.
- the winding of a transformer lying between the terminals A and B contains a first winding phase with the partial windings 1a and 1b and a second winding phase with the partial windings 2a and 2b.
- the two winding strands 1a, 1b and 2a, 2b are connected in parallel.
- the partial windings 1a and 2b have a large distance from the core K and the partial windings 2a and 1b have a small distance.
- the total number of turns of a winding strand is divided equally between the two partial windings. It can be seen that the two winding strands 1a, 1b and 2a, 2b are equivalent in position relative to the core K and the magnetic field.
- Each winding strand lies with one half in the vicinity of the core K and with the other half further away from the core K. Due to this equivalent geometric position to the core K, the voltages induced in the two winding strands are also the same, so that in the winding 1a , 1b, 2b, 2a formed closed circuit no compensating current can flow.
- the first winding phase contains three partial windings 1a, 1b, 1c and the second winding phase also contains three partial windings 2a, 2b, 2c.
- the partial windings of the two strands are again arranged crosswise offset to the core as in FIG. 1 and therefore in their position relative to the magnetic field equivalent to.
- Half of the winding strand 1, namely with the partial winding 1b is close to the core and the other half, namely with the partial windings 1a and 1c, is away from the core K.
- the second winding strand 2 is located close to the core with half, namely the partial windings 2a and 2c, and with half, namely the partial winding 2b, from the core K.
- the winding strand 1, with the partial windings 1a, 1c and 1e, is 1/6 of the total number of turns of the winding strand, i.e. half the total number of turns, away from the core and with the partial windings 1b and 1d each 1/4 of the total number of turns, that is also with half close to the core.
- the partial windings 2b and 2d with 1/4 of the number of turns, that is also half of the total number of turns are located away from the core and with the partial windings 2a, 2c and 2e each with 1/6, i.e. also with half the total number of turns, close to each other Core.
- the two winding strands 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e and 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e are therefore again equivalent in their position relative to the core and the magnetic field.
- FIG. 4 shows an embodiment for a chamber coil former for a primary winding P and a secondary winding S.
- the successive total of 11 chambers alternately contain a partial winding of the primary winding P and of the secondary winding S. All partial windings of P and S are again as in FIG. 1 - 3 arranged, ie they are alternately at a large and a small distance from the core.
- the primary winding P formed by two winding strands with six partial windings each has the connection terminals A and B.
- the secondary winding S formed by two winding strands each with five partial windings has the connection terminals C and B.
- Such a nested arrangement of the primary winding and the secondary winding in a chamber bobbin for a switching power supply is known and described in more detail in DE-OS 31 29 381.
- the overall winding according to FIG. 4 is preferably arranged in a chamber bobbin. This means that the successive partial windings of the primary winding P and the secondary winding S are accommodated in chambers of a chamber bobbin. In FIG. 4, therefore, the vertical lines between the partial windings P and S each represent the partitions of a chamber bobbin forming the chambers.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Coils Of Transformers For General Uses (AREA)
- Power Conversion In General (AREA)
- Coils Or Transformers For Communication (AREA)
- Television Receiver Circuits (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
- Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Schaltnetzteile, wie sie überwiegend in Fernsehempfängern, Videorecordern und dgl. verwendet werden, benötigen einen Transformator, der die galvanische Trennung der Empfängerschaltung vom Netz bewirkt und sekundärseitig über Gleichrichterschaltungen Betriebsspannungen unterschiedlicher Größe und Polarität liefert. Es ist bekannt, Schaltnetzteile mit der Zeilenfrequenz eines Fernsehempfängers zu synchronisieren. Das Schaltnetzteil arbeitet dann mit einer Frequenz von etwa 16 kHz.Switched-mode power supplies, such as those used predominantly in television receivers, video recorders and the like, require a transformer which effects the galvanic isolation of the receiver circuit from the mains and supplies operating voltages of different sizes and polarities on the secondary side via rectifier circuits. It is known to synchronize switching power supplies with the line frequency of a television receiver. The switching power supply then operates at a frequency of approximately 16 kHz.
Beim Übergang auf hochauflösende Fernsehsysteme kommt es zu Zeilenfrequenzen in der Größenordnung von 32 kHz. Wenn ein Schaltnetzteil mit dieser erhöhten Frequenz arbeitet, macht sich der Skineffekt störend bemerkbar, und zwar in Form höherer Verluste, die durch einen größeren Kupferaufwand reduziert werden müssen. Es ist bekannt, zur Vermeidung des Skineffektes als Draht für die Wicklungen eine Litze zu verwenden. Die Litze bereitet aber beträchtliche Schwierigkeiten bei der Herstellung der Wicklungen mit Automaten, weil sie gegenüber einem massiven Kupferdraht eine geringere Steifigkeit aufweist und sich daher schlechter handhaben läßt. Außerdem ist ein größerer Wickelraum notwendig.When switching to high-definition television systems, line frequencies of the order of 32 kHz occur. If a switched-mode power supply operates at this increased frequency, the skin effect is noticeable, in the form of higher losses, which have to be reduced by a greater copper expenditure. It is known to use a strand as a wire for the windings to avoid the skin effect. However, the strand causes considerable difficulties in the manufacture of the windings with automatic machines because it has a lower stiffness than a solid copper wire and is therefore difficult to handle. In addition, a larger changing room is necessary.
Es ist auch bekannt, zur Vermeidung des Skineffektes jeweils eine Wicklung aus mehreren parallel geschalteten Drähten zu bilden, z.B. in Form von zwei Wicklungssträngen oder einer Bifilar-Wicklung. Bei einer solchen Lösung haben die beiden Wicklungsstränge oder Drähte zwangsläufig nicht die gleiche Lage relativ zum Magnetfeld des Transformators. Das bedeutet, daß die in ihnen induzierten Spannungen nicht völlig gleich sind. Durch den Unterschied in den induzierten Spannungen kommt es daher zu Ausgleichsströmen innerhalb der Parallelschaltung der beiden Drähte und somit zu einer unerwünschten Verlustleistung.To avoid the skin effect, it is also known to form a winding from a plurality of wires connected in parallel, for example in the form of two winding strands or a bifilar winding. In such a solution, the two winding strands or wires do not necessarily have the same position relative to the magnetic field of the transformer. This means that the voltages induced in them are not completely the same. The difference in the induced voltages therefore leads to equalizing currents within the parallel connection of the two wires and thus to an undesirable power loss.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Transformator, bei dem zur Beseitigung des Skineffektes eine Wicklung aus zwei parallel geschalteten Strängen oder Drähten besteht, so auszubilden, daß in der genannten Parallelschaltung keine Ausgleichsströme auftreten.The invention has for its object to provide a transformer in which a winding consists of two parallel strands or wires to eliminate the skin effect, so that no equalizing currents occur in the parallel connection mentioned.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die im Anspruch 1 beschriebene Erfindung gelöst.This object is achieved by the invention described in
Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen beschrieben.Advantageous developments of the invention are described in the subclaims.
Durch die erfindungsgemäße Lösung wird also erreicht, daß die beiden parallel geschalteten Wicklungsstränge oder Drähte hinsichtlich ihrer Lage zum wirksamen Magnetfeld des Transformators gleichwertig sind und somit die in ihnen induzierten Spannungen gleich sind. Wenn diese Spannungen gleich sind, können auch keine Ausgleichsströme innerhalber der Parallelschaltung der beiden Wicklungsstränge oder Drähte fließen, so daß auch die durch Ausgleichsströme hervorgerufenen Verluste nicht auftreten. Die optimale Anordnung der Teilwicklungen kann z.B. dadurch empirisch ermittelt werden, daß man die Parallelschaltung auftrennt und bei einem vorgegebenen Feld des Transformators dafür sorgt, daß die in den beiden Wicklungssträngen induzierten Spannungen gleich sind.The solution according to the invention thus ensures that the two winding strands or wires connected in parallel are equivalent in terms of their position to the effective magnetic field of the transformer and thus the voltages induced in them are the same. If these voltages are the same, no equalizing currents can flow within the parallel connection of the two winding phases or wires, so that the losses caused by equalizing currents also do not occur. The optimal arrangement of the partial windings can e.g. can be empirically determined by separating the parallel connection and, given a given field of the transformer, ensuring that the voltages induced in the two winding phases are the same.
Die Erfindung ist besonders vorteilhaft im Zusammenhang mit einem Kammerspulenkörper. Dabei liegen die in Axialrichtung des Spulenkörpers aufeinanderfolgenden Teilwicklungen in einzelnen Kammern des Kammerspulenkörpers.The invention is particularly advantageous in connection with a chamber bobbin. The partial windings which follow one another in the axial direction of the coil former lie in individual chambers of the chamber coil former.
Die Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand der Zeichnung erläutert. Darin zeigen
- Fig. 1
- im Prinzip die erfindungsgemäße Lösung mit zwei Wicklungssträngen mit je zwei Teilwicklungen,
- Fig. 2
- eine Variante der Anordnung nach Fig. 1 mit drei Teilwicklungen je Wicklungsstrang,
- Fig. 3
- eine Weiterbildung mit fünf Teilwicklungen je Wicklungsstrang und
- Fig. 4
- eine Ausbildung der Wicklungen als Kammerwick lung für eine Primärwicklung und eine Sekundärwicklung.
- Fig. 1
- in principle the solution according to the invention with two winding phases with two partial windings each,
- Fig. 2
- 1 a variant of the arrangement according to FIG. 1 with three partial windings per winding strand,
- Fig. 3
- further training with five partial windings per winding strand and
- Fig. 4
- training of the windings as a chamber winding development for a primary winding and a secondary winding.
In Fig. 1 enthält die zwischen den Anschlußklemmen A und B liegende Wicklung eines Transformators einen ersten Wicklungsstrang mit den Teilwicklungen 1a und 1b und einen zweiten Wicklungsstrang mit den Teilwicklungen 2a und 2b. Die beiden Wicklungsstränge 1a, 1b und 2a, 2b sind parallel geschaltet. Die Teilwicklungen 1a und 2b haben einen großen Abstand vom Kern K und die Teilwicklungen 2a und 1b einen kleinen Abstand. Die Gesamtzahl der Windungen eines Wicklungsstranges ist je zur Hälfte auf die beiden Teilwicklungen aufgeteilt. Es ist ersichtlich, daß die beiden Wicklungsstränge 1a, 1b und 2a, 2b in ihrer Lage relativ zum Kern K und zum Magnetfeld gleichwertig sind. Jeder Wicklungsstrang liegt mit einer Hälfte in der Nähe des Kernes K und mit der anderen Hälfte weiter entfernt vom Kern K. Durch diese gleichwertige geometrische Lage zum Kern K sind auch die in den beiden Wicklungssträngen induzierten Spannungen gleich, so daß in dem durch die Wicklungen 1a, 1b, 2b, 2a gebildeten geschlossenen Kreis kein Ausgleichsstrom fließen kann.In Fig. 1, the winding of a transformer lying between the terminals A and B contains a first winding phase with the
In Fig. 2 enthält der erste Wicklungsstrang drei Teilwicklungen 1a, 1b, 1c und der zweite Wicklungsstrang ebenfalls drei Teilwicklungen 2a, 2b, 2c. Die Teilwicklungen der beiden Stränge sind wieder wie in Fig. 1 kreuzweise versetzt zum Kern angeordnet und daher in ihrer Lage relativ zum Magnetfeld gleichwertig. Der Wicklungsstrang 1 liegt zur Hälfte, nämlich mit der Teilwicklung 1b, dicht am Kern und zur anderen Hälfte, nämlich mit den Teilwicklungen 1a und 1c, vom Kern K entfernt. Entsprechend liegt der zweite Wicklungsstrang 2 mit der Hälfte, nämlich den Teilwicklungen 2a und 2c, dicht am Kern und mit der Hälfte, nämlich der Teilwicklung 2b, vom Kern K entfernt.2, the first winding phase contains three
Fig. 3 zeigt eine entsprechende Anordnung für fünf Teilwicklungen je Wicklungsstrang. Der Wicklungsstrang 1 liegt mit den Teilwicklungen 1a, 1c und 1e mit je 1/6 der Gesamtwindungszahl des Wicklungsstranges, das bedeutet mit der Hälfte der Gesamtwindungszahl, vom Kern entfernt und mit den Teilwicklungen 1b und 1d mit je 1/4 der Gesamtwindungszahl, also ebenfalls mit der Hälfte dicht am Kern. Entsprechend liegen die Teilwicklungen 2b und 2d mit je 1/4 der Windungszahl, also ebenfalls zur Hälfte der Gesamtwindungszahl, vom Kern entfernt und mit den Teilwicklungen 2a, 2c und 2e mit je 1/6, also ebenfalls mit der Hälfte der Gesamtwindungszahl, dicht am Kern. Die beiden Wicklungsstränge 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e und 2a, 2b,2c,2d,2e sind also in ihrer Lage relativ zum Kern und zum Magnetfeld wieder gleichwertig.3 shows a corresponding arrangement for five partial windings per winding phase. The
Fig. 4 zeigt eine Ausführung für einen Kammerspulenkörper für eine Primärwicklung P und eine Sekundärwicklung S. Die aufeinanderfolgenden insgesamt 11 Kammern enthalten abwechselnd jeweils eine Teilwicklung der Primärwicklung P und der Sekundärwicklung S. Alle Teilwicklungen von P und von S sind wieder wie in Fig. 1 - 3 angeordnet, d.h. sie liegen abwechselnd in einem großen und einem kleinen Abstand vom Kern. Die durch zwei Wicklungsstränge mit je sechs Teilwicklungen gebildete Primärwicklung P hat die Anschlußklemmen A und B. Die durch zwei Wicklungsstränge mit je fünf Teilwicklungen gebildete Sekundärwicklung S hat die Anschlußklemmen C und B. Eine derart verschachtelte Anordnung der Primärwicklung und der Sekundärwicklung in einem Kammerspulenkörper für ein Schaltnetzteil ist bekannt und näher beschrieben in der DE-OS 31 29 381.4 shows an embodiment for a chamber coil former for a primary winding P and a secondary winding S. The successive total of 11 chambers alternately contain a partial winding of the primary winding P and of the secondary winding S. All partial windings of P and S are again as in FIG. 1 - 3 arranged, ie they are alternately at a large and a small distance from the core. The primary winding P formed by two winding strands with six partial windings each has the connection terminals A and B. The secondary winding S formed by two winding strands each with five partial windings has the connection terminals C and B. Such a nested arrangement of the primary winding and the secondary winding in a chamber bobbin for a switching power supply is known and described in more detail in DE-OS 31 29 381.
Vorzugsweise ist die Gesamtwicklung gemäß Fig. 4 in einem Kammerspulenkörper angeordnet. Das bedeutet, daß die in Axialrichtung aufeinanderfolgenden Teilwicklungen der Primärwicklung P und der Sekundärwicklung S in Kammern eines Kammerspulenkörpers untergebracht sind. In Fig. 4 bedeuten daher die senkrechten Linien zwischen den Teilwicklungen P und S jeweils die die Kammern bildendenden Trennwände eines Kammerspulenkörpers.The overall winding according to FIG. 4 is preferably arranged in a chamber bobbin. This means that the successive partial windings of the primary winding P and the secondary winding S are accommodated in chambers of a chamber bobbin. In FIG. 4, therefore, the vertical lines between the partial windings P and S each represent the partitions of a chamber bobbin forming the chambers.
Claims (3)
- Transformer, especially for a switched power supply, having a winding including two parallel connected winding strands (1a, 1b or 2a, 2b) each with several winding sections connected in series, characterised in that, the winding sections (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b) of the two strands are arranged, displaced in opposite directions radially of the transformer core (K), in such a way that the voltages induced in the strands by the magnetic field are approximately equal, in that, successive winding sections (1a, 1b) of the first strand in the axial direction have alternately a first and a second radial spacing from the core (K) and, in complementary manner thereto, successive winding sections (2a, 2b) of the second strand have alternately the second and the first radial spacing from the core (K).
- Transformer in accordance with claim 1, characterised in that, for three successive winding sections (1a - c, 2a - c) in the axial direction per strand, the two outer winding sections (1a, 1c; 2a, 2c) each have 1/4 and the the central winding sections (1b, 2b) each have 1/2 of the total number of turns of a strand (Fig. 2).
- Transformer in accordance with claim 1, characterised in that, the successive winding sections in the axial direction of the strands are arranged in chambers of a compartmentalised coil former.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT88115254T ATE83334T1 (en) | 1987-09-26 | 1988-09-17 | TRANSFORMER, ESPECIALLY FOR A SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3732558 | 1987-09-26 | ||
| DE19873732558 DE3732558A1 (en) | 1987-09-26 | 1987-09-26 | TRANSFORMER, ESPECIALLY FOR A SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0309837A1 EP0309837A1 (en) | 1989-04-05 |
| EP0309837B1 true EP0309837B1 (en) | 1992-12-09 |
Family
ID=6337002
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP88115254A Expired - Lifetime EP0309837B1 (en) | 1987-09-26 | 1988-09-17 | Transformer, especially for a switching power supply |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0309837B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH01107508A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR970004571B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE83334T1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3732558A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2036644T3 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI884385L (en) |
| GR (1) | GR3007255T3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19545304A1 (en) * | 1995-12-05 | 1997-06-12 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Split primary winding transformer in a flyback supply circuit |
| JP3367427B2 (en) * | 1998-08-11 | 2003-01-14 | 株式会社高岳製作所 | Single-phase three-wire transformer |
| CN113363045B (en) * | 2021-07-12 | 2026-01-13 | 上海电气集团(张家港)变压器有限公司 | Double-split rectifier transformer |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE971291C (en) * | 1941-10-28 | 1959-01-08 | Telefunken Gmbh | High frequency transformer for short waves |
| US4004251A (en) * | 1975-11-03 | 1977-01-18 | General Electric Company | Inverter transformer |
| US4259716A (en) * | 1978-02-06 | 1981-03-31 | General Electric Company | Transformer for use in a static inverter |
| JPS55107217A (en) * | 1979-02-08 | 1980-08-16 | Toshiba Corp | Large current transformer |
| DE3129381A1 (en) * | 1981-07-25 | 1983-02-10 | Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt | POWER SUPPLY TRANSFORMER, ESPECIALLY FOR A TELEVISION RECEIVER |
| DE3147984A1 (en) * | 1981-12-04 | 1983-06-16 | Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt | TRANSFORMER, ESPECIALLY FOR A SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY IN A TELEVISION RECEIVER |
| DE3515706A1 (en) * | 1985-05-02 | 1986-11-06 | Newek Neue Elektronik Werke GmbH, 3000 Hannover | Transformer for a switched-mode power supply |
-
1987
- 1987-09-26 DE DE19873732558 patent/DE3732558A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1988
- 1988-09-17 ES ES198888115254T patent/ES2036644T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-09-17 DE DE8888115254T patent/DE3876575D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-09-17 AT AT88115254T patent/ATE83334T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-09-17 EP EP88115254A patent/EP0309837B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-09-21 JP JP63235143A patent/JPH01107508A/en active Pending
- 1988-09-23 FI FI884385A patent/FI884385L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1988-09-24 KR KR1019880012392A patent/KR970004571B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1993
- 1993-03-08 GR GR930400477T patent/GR3007255T3/el unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR890005778A (en) | 1989-05-17 |
| FI884385A7 (en) | 1989-03-27 |
| FI884385L (en) | 1989-03-27 |
| ATE83334T1 (en) | 1992-12-15 |
| EP0309837A1 (en) | 1989-04-05 |
| FI884385A0 (en) | 1988-09-23 |
| ES2036644T3 (en) | 1993-06-01 |
| DE3732558A1 (en) | 1989-04-06 |
| GR3007255T3 (en) | 1993-07-30 |
| KR970004571B1 (en) | 1997-03-29 |
| JPH01107508A (en) | 1989-04-25 |
| DE3876575D1 (en) | 1993-01-21 |
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