EP0297673A2

EP0297673A2 - Detergent/softening compositions containing hectorite clays

Info

Publication number: EP0297673A2
Application number: EP88201330A
Authority: EP
Inventors: André Baeck; Young Sik Oh
Original assignee: Procter and Gamble Co
Current assignee: Procter and Gamble Co
Priority date: 1987-06-30
Filing date: 1988-06-28
Publication date: 1989-01-04
Anticipated expiration: 2008-06-28
Also published as: DK361688D0; CN1031561A; EP0297673B1; KR950013916B1; EG18674A; IE881972L; FI883106A0; FI92495B; MY103738A; ATE97691T1; DE3885801T2; KR890000652A; JPS6465199A; TR24454A; DE3885801D1; AU624577B2; FI92495C; NZ225217A; JP2595052B2; DK171868B1

Abstract

Detergent compositions are disclosed which comprise, as a fabric softening ingredient, a fabric softening clay. The fabric softening clay is a hectorite of natural origin, having a layer change distribution such that at least 50% is in the range 0. 23-0. 31

The specified clays have excellent deposition and fabric softening properties.

Description

The present invention relates to detergent compositions. More specifically it relates to detergent compositions containing a fabric-softening amount of a hectorite clay, the clay being in the form of particles having a narrowly-defined layer charge distribution.
British Patent 1 400 898 discloses detergent compositons comprising, as a fabric-softening ingredient, a smectite-type clay. Any smectite-type clay having a cation exchange capacity of at least 50 meq/100 g is taught to be suitable. Gelwhite GP and Volclay BC, both of which are sodium montmorillonite clays, are disclosed to be preferred for reasons of color and cation exchange capacity.
It is now well recognized in the detergent industry that clays of the type disclosed in British Patent 1 400 898 provide significant fabric softening benefits when used in a laundry detergent. Yet, it is equally well recognized that deposition of these clays onto the fabrics during the laundering process is far from complete; in fact, under typical European laundry conditions, less than half of the available clay is deposited onto the fabrics, the remainder being rinsed away with the laundry liquor during the subsequent rinsing steps. Moreover, the softening effect obtained as a result of the clay deposition is affected by factors that are not well understood.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide detergent compositions comprising a fabric-softening clay from which the clay particles are more efficiently desposited onto fabrics during the laundry process. It is another object of the present invention to provide detergent compositions from which clay particles are efficiently deposited, regardless of the builder system used. It is a further object of this invention to select clay materials for use in detergent compositions that provide a signficiantly better fabric-softening performance than the clay materials used to date in commercial softeness-through-the-wash detergent compositions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to detergent compositions containing a fabric-softening amount of a fabric-softening clay. Typically, the amount of clay is from 1% to 25% by weight of the detergent composition. Said fabric-softening clay is a hectorite clay of natural origin, commonly referred to as trioctahedral smectite. The clay is present in the form of particles. The particles have a narrowly defined layer charge distribution, such that at least 50% of the clay has a layer charge of from 0. 23 to 0. 31.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The detergent compositions of the present invention comprise conventional detersive surfactants, conventional detergent builders and, optionally, other conventional detergent ingredients. The compositions further comprise a fabric-softening amount, typically from 1% to 25% by weight of the detergent composition, of a fabric-softening clay. The clay, which is of the smectite-type, is selected on basis of its layer charge properties. The hectorite clays of natural origin, suitable for the detergent compositions of the present invention, have the general formula
wherein y = o; or, if y ≠ o, Me^III is Al, Fe, or B; Mⁿ⁺ is a monovalent (n = 1) or divalent (n =2) metal ion, for example selected from Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr. The value of (x + y) is the layer charge of the hectorite clay. The hectorite clays suitable for the detergent compositions of the present invention have a layer charge distribution such that at least 50% is in the range of from 0. 23 to 0. 31.
Preferred are hectorite clays of natural origin having a layer charge distribution such that at least 65% is in the range of from 0. 23 to 0. 31.
The layer charge distribution of the clay material can be determined using its swelling in the presence of cationic surfactants having specific chain lengths. This method is described in detail by Lagaly and Weiss, Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenernaehrung und Bodenkunde, 130(1), 1971, pages 9-24, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Recently, a method has been developed for objective assessment of fabric softeners. The method consists of a battery of tests, known in the detergent industry as the KES-F system of Kawabata. The method is described in S. Kawabata, "The Standardization and Analysis of Hand Evaluation", 2nd Ed. , Textile Mach. Soc. of Japan, Osaka, 1980, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
It has been found that one of the parameters, of the KES-F system, the shear hysteresis parameter 2HG5, is particularly useful in the characterization of fabric softening clays. Preferred herein are hectorite clays which, when incoporated in detergent compositions at 10% by weight, reduce the shear hysteresis of fabrics laundered therein by at least 32%, more preferably by at least 35%. The shear hysteresis parameter 2HG5 is discussed in more detail in Finnimore and Koenig, Melliand Textilberichte 67 (1986) pages 514-516, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Shear hysteresis is determined on cotton terry towels, with detergent compositions containing 10% (weight) of the clay to be tested. The test is described more fully in the Examples hereinbelow.
The hectorite clays used in the detergent compositions are further characterized by an unusually great propensity for deposition onto fabrics. In a standardized test, deposition onto fabrics of the claimed hectorite clays from a detergent composition is greater than the deposition of conventional smectite-type clays or of synthetic hectorites. Examples of suitable hectorite clays include Bentone EW and Macaloid from NL Chemicals, NJ., and hectorites from Industrial Mineral Ventures.

Other detergent components

Detersive Surfactants - The compositions of this invention will typically contain organic surface-active agents ("surfactants") to provide the usual cleaning benefits associated with the use of such materials.
Detersive surfactants useful herein include well-known synthetic anionic, nonionic, amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants. Typical of these are the alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl- and alkylether sulfates, paraffin sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, alkoxylated (especially ethoxylated) alcohols and alkyl phenols, amine oxides, alpha-sulfonates of fatty acids and of fatty acid esters, and the like, which are well-known from the detergency art. In general, such detersive surfactants contain an alkyl group in the C₉-C₁₈ range. The anionic detersive surfactants can be used in the form of their sodium, potassium or triethanolammonium salts; the nonionics generally contain from about 5 to about 17 ethylene oxide groups. U. S. Patent 3 995 669, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, contains detailed listings of such typical detersive surfactants. C₁₁-C₁₆ alkyl benzene sulfonates, C₁₂-C₁₈ paraffin-sulfonates and alkyl sulfates, and the ethoxylated alcohols and alkyl phenols are especially preferred in the compositions of the present type.
Also useful herein as the surfactant are the water-soluble soaps, e. g. the common sodium and potassium coconut or tallow soaps well-known in the art.
The surfactant component can comprise as little as 1% of the compositons herein, but preferably the compositions will contain 5% to 40%, preferably 10% to 30%, of surfactant. Mixtures of the ethoxylated nonionics with anionics such as the alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates and paraffin sulfonates are preferred for through-the-wash cleansing of a broad spectrum of soils and stains from fabrics. However, excessively high levels of nonionic nt negatively affect the deposition of softening clays. Compositions containing 4% or less nonionic surfactant are therefore preferred.
Detersive Adjuncts - The composition herein can contain other ingredients which aid in their cleaning performance. For example, it is highly preferred that through-the-wash detergent compositions contain a detergent builder and/or metal ion sequestrant. Compounds classifiable and well-known in the art as detergent builders include the nitrilotriacetates, polycarboxylates, citrates, carbonates, zeolites, water-soluble phosphates such as tri-polyphosphate and sodium ortho- and pyro-phosphates, silicates, and mixtures thereof. Metal ion sequestrants include all of the above, plus materials like ethylenediaminetetraacetate, the aminopolyphosphonates (DEQUEST) and a wide variety of other poly-functional organic acids and salts too numerous to mention in detail here. See U. S. Patent 3 579 454 for typical examples of the use of such materials in various cleaning compositions. In general, the builder/sequestrant will comprise about 0. 5% to 45% of the composition. The 1-10 micron size zeolite (e. g. zeolite A) builders disclosed in German patent 2 422 655 are especially preferred for use in low-phosphate compositions.
Particularly suitable phosphate-free builders are ether carboxylate mixtures comprising

a) from 1% to 99% of a tartrate monosuccinate component of the structure
wherein X is H or salt-forming cation; and
b) from 1% to 99% by weight of a tartrate disuccinate component of the structure :
wherein X is H or a salt-forming cation.

Builder systems of this type are more fully disclosed in U. S. Patent No. 4 663 071, issued May 5, 1987 to Busch et al, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Typical detergent compositions contain from 5% to 35% of this builder.
The laundry compositions herein also preferably contain enzymes to enhance their through-the-wash cleaning performance on a variety of soils and stains. Amylase and protease enzymes suitable for use in detergents are well-known in the art and in commercially available liquid and granular detergents. Commercial detersive enzymes (preferably a mixture of amylase and protease) are typically used at levels of 0. 001% to 2%, and higher, in the present compositions. Detergent cellulase enzymes provide both cleaning and softening benefits, particularly to cotton fabrics. These enzymes are highly desirable in the detergent compositions of this invention.
The compositions herein can contain other ingredients which aid in their cleaning performance. For example, the compositions herein can advantageously contain a bleaching agent, especially a peroxyacid bleaching agent. In the context of the present invention, the term peroxyacid bleaching agent encompasses both peroxyacids per se and systems which are able to yield peroxyacids in situ.
Peroxyacids per se are meant to include the alkaline and alkaline-earth metal salts thereof. Peroxyacids and diperoxyacids are commonly used; examples are diperoxydodecanoic acid (DPDA) or peroxyphthalic acid.
Systems capable of delivering peracids in situ consist of a peroxygen bleaching agent and an activator thereof.
The peroxygen bleaching agents are those capable of yielding hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution; these compounds are well-known in the art, and include hydrogen peroxide, alkali-metal peroxides, organic peroxide bleaching agents such as urea peroxide, inorganic persalt bleaching agents such as alkali metal perborates, percarbonates, perphosphates, persilicates, and the like.
Preferred are sodium perborate, commercially available in the form of mono- and tetra-hydrates, sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate, sodium pyrophosphate peroxyhydrate and urea peroxyhydrate.
The liberated hydrogen peroxide reacts with a bleach activator to form the peroxyacid bleach. Classes of bleach activators include esters, imides, imidazoles, oximes, and carbonates. In these classes, preferred materials include methyl o-acetoxy benzoates; sodium-p-acetoxy benzene sulfonates such as sodium 4-nonanoxyloxybenzene sulfonate; sodium-4-octanoyloxybenzene sulfonate, and sodium-4-decanoyloxybenzenesulfonate : biophenol A diacetate; tetra acetyl ethylene diamine; tetra acetyl hexamethylene diamine; tetra acetyl methylene diamine.
Other highly preferred peroxygen bleach activators which are disclosed in U. S. Patents 4 483 778 and 4 539 130, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, are alpha-substituted alkyl or alkenyl esters, such as sodium-4-(2-chloroctanoyloxy)benzene sulfonate, sodium 4-(3,5,5-trimethyl hexanoyloxy)benzene sulfonate. Suitable peroxyacids are also peroxygen bleach activators such as described in published European Patent Application No. 0 116 571, i. e. , compounds of the general type RXAOOH and RXAL, wherein R is a hydroxcarbyl group, X is a hetero-atom, A is a carbonyl bridging group and L is a leaving group, especially oxybenzenesulfonate.
Other highly desirable detergent ingredients for use in the detergent compositions of the present invention are quaternary ammonium compounds of the formula R₄R₅R₆R₇N⁺X⁻, wherein R₄ is alkyl having from about 8 to 20, preferably from 12-18 carbon atoms, R₅ is alkyl having from l to 10 carbon atoms, and R₆ and R₇ are each C₁ to C₄ alkyl preferably methyl : X⁻ is an anion, e. g. chloride. Examples of such quaternary ammonium compounds include C₁₂-C₁₄ alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and cocoalkyl trimethyl ammonium methosulfate. The quaternary ammonium compounds can be used at levels from 0. 5% to 5%.

Additional Softening Ingredients

The detergent compositions of the present invention may further contain, in addition to the clay material, other softening ingredients. Suitable examples include amines of the formula R₁R₂R₃N, wherein R₁ is C₆ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl, R₂ is C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl, and R₃ is C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbyl or hydrogen. A preferred amine of this type is ditallowmethylamine.
Preferably, the softening amine is present as a complex with a fatty acid of the formula RCOOH, wherein R is a C₉ to C₂₀ alkyl or alkenyl. It is desirable that the amine/fatty acid complex be present in the form of microfine particles, having a particle size in the range of from, e. g. , 0. 1 to 20 micrometers. These amine/fatty acid complexes are disclosed more fully in European Patent Application No. 0 133 804, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Preferred are compositions that contain from 1% to 10% of the amine.
Suitable are also complexes of the above described amine and phosphate esters of the formula
wherein R₈ and R₉ are C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or ethoxylated alkyl groups of the general formula alkyl-(OCH₂CH₂)_y, wherein the alkyl substituent is C₁-C₂₀, preferably C₈-C₁₆, and y is an integer of 1 to 15, preferably 2-10, most preferably 2-5. Amine/phosphate ester complexes of this type are more fully disclosed in European Patent Application No 0 168 889, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Further examples of optional softening ingredients include the softening amides of the formula R₁₀R₁₁NCOR₁₂, wherein R₁₀ and R₁₁ are independently selected from C₁-C₂₂ alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxy alkyl, aryl, and alkyl-aryl groups; R₁₂ is hydrogen, or a C₁-C₂₂ alkyl or alkenyl, an aryl or alkyl-aryl group. Preferred examples of these amides are ditallow acetamide and ditallow benzamide. Good results are obtained when the amides are present in the composition in the form of a composite with a fatty acid or with a phosphate ester, as described hereinbefore for the softening amines.
The amides are present in the composition at 1%-10% by weight.
The amine and amide softening ingredients may be added to the crutcher mix and spray-dried, or may be added as a dry powder to a detergent granule, or may be sprayed onto the detergent granule or onto a carrier, either in melted or in dissolved form. An example of a suitable carrier is perborate monohydrate.
Suitable softening ingredients are also the amines disclosed in U. K. Patent Application GB 2 173 827, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, in particular the substituted cyclic amines disclosed therein. Suitable are imidazolines of the general formula 1-(higher alkyl) amido (lower alkyl)-2-(higher alkyl) imidazoline wherein higher alkyl is alkyl having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms, and lower alkyl is alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Softener materials of this type are preferably added to the composition as particles or agglomerates as disclosed in U. S. Patent Application Serial Number 922 912, filed October 24, 1986 by Baker et al, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
A preferred cyclic amine is 1-tallowamidoethyl-2-tallow imidazoline. Preferred compositions contain from 1% to 10% of the substituted cyclic amine.
Moreover, the compositions herein can contain, in addition to ingredients already mentioned, various other optional ingredients typically used in commercial products to provide aesthetic or additonal product performance benefits. Typical ingredients include pH regulants, perfumes, dyes, bleach, optical brighteners, soil suspending agents, hydrotropes and gel-control agents, freeze-thaw stabilizers, bactericides, preservatives, suds control agents, bleach activators and the like.
In a through-the-wash mode, the compositions are typically used at a concentration of at least 500 ppm, preferably 0. 10% to 1. 5, in an aqueous laundry bath at pH 7-11 to launder fabrics. The laundering can be carried out over the range from 5°C to the boil, with excellent results.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

The detergent compositions of the present invention can be formulated as granular or as liquid detergents. It has been found that clays having a high swelling capacity can be easily incoporated in a liquid detergent composition, while maintaining phase stability.
The clay material can be incorporated in a liquid detergent composition by simple mixing, preferably using a high shear mixer.
For incorporation of the clay in a granular detergent several techniques are available.
For example, the clay may be added, as a powder or as a slurry, to a crutcher mix of conventional detergent ingredients, mixed, and spray dried to form a detergent granule.
Or the clay powder can be agglomerated to a desirable agglomerate size, and then be mixed with granules containing the other detergent ingredients. Clay granules for dry mixing can also be obtained by selecting a proper sieve fraction of natural agglomerates, by spraying a clay slurry onto a suitable particulate carrier, by agglomerating clay particles with sodium carbonate, by spray drying a clay slurry, etc.
The clay particles may also be incorporated in a substrate, like a pouch or a sheet, optionally with other softening ingredients. Substrates of this kind can be added to the laundry together with a conventional laundry detergent.
A preferred substrate is a pouch comprising the clay particles and particles of an alkyl amido alkyl-2-alkylimidazoline of the type described hereinabove.

EXAMPLES I -V

The following granular detergent compositions are prepared :
The commercially available material has been treated with a wetting agent. The same material without the wetting agent is equally suitable. Suitable is also Macaloid (NL Chemicals, NJ), also a hectorite from Hector, CA.
To a detergent composition of example I but without clay and dsitearyl methyl amine, various smectite clays were added at a level of 10%. A reference did not contain any smectite clay, but 10% Na-sulfate instead.
* Supplier : Santens - Belgium (type Lopez, 340 g/m²).
Each of the compositions was used in a laundry test as follows : 3 kg wash load and desired test swatches (cotton terry towels)* were laundered in a commercial automatic drum washing machine (MIELE W 726) using one wash cycle at 60°C. The detergent compositions were used at 1,12% concentration in 0,308 g CaCO3/l water hardness. The wash loads were line-dried at 20°C/65% relative humidity. The test swatches then were instrumentally assessed for softness, using the Kawabata KES-F system (shear hysteresis at 5 degrees 2HG5 as best correlating parameter with softness on KES-F-1 instrument). The sample size was 20 x 20 cm, whereby the area of sample which is actually subjected to shear stress is 20 x 5 cm. From the curves of shear stress against shear angle the shear hysteresis was calculated at 5° (2HG5) in N/m. Each measurement was repeated 8 times to calculate the confidence interval of the mean at 95% confidence level.
Hectorite clays of the present invention gave a shear hysteresis reduction of 40%, on average.
are laundered with the above detergent compositions, in usual fashion. The laundered fabrics are evaluated for handle and softness in Kawabata Evaluation System-Fabric (KES-F ; a series of test instruments for measuring parameters that determine "softeness" and "handle" of fabrics. For the purposes of the present invention, shear hysteresis (2HG5) is of particular importance. The test method is described more fully in Melliard Testilbericht 67 (1986) pp 509-516.

EXAMPLE VI

The following liquid detergent composition is prepared.

EXAMPLES VII - XI

The following granular detergent compositions are prepared :

Claims

1. A detergent composition comprising at least 1% of a detersive surfactant, from 5% to 35% detergent builders, and from 1% to 25% of a hectorite clay of natural origin, said hectorite clay having the general formula :

wherein Me^III is Al, Fe, or B; or y = o; Mⁿ⁺ is a monovalent (n = I) or divalent (n =2) metal ion, said clay having a layer charge distribution (x+y) such that at least 50% of the layer charge is in the range of from 0. 23 to 0. 31.

2. A detergent composition according to claim 1, wherein said hectorite clay has a distribution of layer charge (x+y) such that at least 65% of the layer charge is in the range of from 0. 23 to 0. 31.

3. A detergent composition containing from 1% to 25% of a hectorite clay of natural origin, said hectorite clay being characterized in that cotton terry towels laundered with a detergent composition containing 10% (weight) of the clay show a reduction of the shear hysteresis, 2HG5, of the at least 32%.

4. A detergent composition according to claim 3, characterized in that the clay gives a reduction of the shear hysteresis parameter of at least 35%.

5. A detergent composition according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising, as an additional softening ingredient, from 1% to 10% of an amine of the formula R₁ R₂ R₃ N, wherein R₁ is C₆ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl, R₂ is C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl, or hydrogen, and R₃ is C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.

6. A detergent composition according to claim 5 wherein R₁ and R₂ are each alkyl having from 12 to 18 carbon atoms, and R₃ is methyl.

7. A detergent composition according to claim 6 wherein the amine is present in the form of a complex with a fatty acid of the formula R COOH, wherein R is a C₉ to C₂₀ alkyl or alkenyl.

8. A detergent composition according to claim 7 wherein the amine is present in the form of a complex with a phosphate ester of the formula

wherein R₈ and R₉ are C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or ethoxylated alkyl groups of the general formula alkyl-(OCH₂CH₂)_y, wherein the alkyl substituent is C₁-C₂₀, and y is an integer of 1 to 15.

9. A detergent composition according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising from 1% to 10% of an amide of the formula R₁₀R₁₁NCOR₁₂, wherein R₁₀ and R₁₁ are independently selected from C₁-C₂₂ alkyl, alkenyl hydroxy alkyl, aryl, and alkyl-aryl groups; R₁₂ is hydrogen, or a C₁-C₂₂ alkyl or alkenyl, aryl or alkyl-aryl group, or is O-R₁₃, wherein R₁₃ is a C₁-C₂₂ alkyl or alkenyl, an aryl or alkyl-aryl group.

10. A detergent composition according to claim 9 wherein the amide is present in the form of a composite with the fatty acid of claim 7.

11. A detergent composition according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising from 1% to 10% of a 1-(higher alkyl)amido (lower alkyl)-2-(higher alkyl)imidazoline, wherein higher alkyl is alkyl having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms, and lower alkyl is alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

12. A detergent composition according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising from 5% to 35% of a builder system, said builder system comprising

a) from 1% to 99% by weight of a tartrate monosuccinate component of the structure :

wherein X is H or salt-forming cation; and

b) from 1% to 99% by weight of a tartrate disuccinate component of the structure :

wherein X is H or a salt-forming cation.