EP0279483B1 - Method for washing laundry in a drum washing machine - Google Patents

Method for washing laundry in a drum washing machine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0279483B1
EP0279483B1 EP88200196A EP88200196A EP0279483B1 EP 0279483 B1 EP0279483 B1 EP 0279483B1 EP 88200196 A EP88200196 A EP 88200196A EP 88200196 A EP88200196 A EP 88200196A EP 0279483 B1 EP0279483 B1 EP 0279483B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drum
movement
intervals
washing
wool
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88200196A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0279483A2 (en
EP0279483A3 (en
Inventor
Siglinde Dipl.-Ing. Schuchard (Fh)
Hans-Peter Langjahr
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bauknecht Hausgeraete GmbH
Whirlpool International BV
Original Assignee
Bauknecht Hausgeraete GmbH
Whirlpool International BV
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Publication date
Application filed by Bauknecht Hausgeraete GmbH, Whirlpool International BV filed Critical Bauknecht Hausgeraete GmbH
Publication of EP0279483A2 publication Critical patent/EP0279483A2/en
Publication of EP0279483A3 publication Critical patent/EP0279483A3/en
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Publication of EP0279483B1 publication Critical patent/EP0279483B1/en
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F35/00—Washing machines, apparatus, or methods not otherwise provided for
    • D06F35/005—Methods for washing, rinsing or spin-drying
    • D06F35/006—Methods for washing, rinsing or spin-drying for washing or rinsing only

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for washing wool in a program-controlled drum washing machine with successive movement and rest times of the drum, each time the drum is started up by ramp.
  • DE-PS 1 159 381 In order to reduce the mechanical stress on the laundry during washing, it is also known (DE-PS 1 159 381) to provide the inner wall of the drum with an elastic lining made of foam rubber or air-filled cushions in order to elastically intercept the laundry, and the heated washing liquid to set the laundry in vibrations between 10 and 1000 Hertz (DE-PS 2 601 549) in order to avoid matting.
  • a generic method for washing laundry is known from FR-A 1 284 979, in which the washing drum starts up after the idle times at a slowly increasing peripheral speed of the drum until the laundry begins to lie against the inside wall of the drum, after which the drum is brought to a standstill again.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a generic method so that the mechanical stress on the wool is reduced while the cleaning effect is substantially the same, while the manufacturing effort for the drum washing machine remains essentially the same.
  • This object is achieved in a method of the type mentioned in that the movement times are coordinated with the start of the drum via the ramp so that the drum only makes a partial revolution during each movement time and a maximum peripheral speed is reached which is a speed of about Corresponds to 45 rpm and remains below a value at which the laundry begins to line up against the inside wall of the drum.
  • the length of the rest and movement times is coordinated.
  • good values can be achieved with regard to the wool shrinkage with the cleaning effect remaining the same, because the wool fibers which are exposed to bending stress during each movement period then have a correspondingly long recovery time. The residual deformation of the wool can thus be reduced.
  • the rest times are in each case a multiple of the movement times.
  • the movement time is approximately three seconds each.
  • the drum only makes a partial revolution in the speed range from 0 rpm to approximately 45 rpm. This procedure leads to a strong reduction of the wool shrinkage with a good cleaning effect.
  • movement times 1, 1 alternate during which the drum of the washing machine is moved, with rest times 2.
  • the drum is moved during successive movement times 1, 1 ⁇ with different directions of rotation.
  • the drum drive starts up at every movement time 1, 1 ⁇ via ramps 3 (see FIG. 2), it being coordinated with the movement times 1, 1 ⁇ in such a way that a drum speed of approximately 45 rpm is not exceeded.
  • the movement times 1, 1 ⁇ which, for example, each amount to about 3 seconds
  • only movements of fractions of a drum revolution take place as a result of the ramp 3, so that the laundry is only tapped and rocked.
  • the mechanical stress that is, the bending load of the laundry during the movement times 1, 1 somit, is thus significantly reduced, so that the continuous movement with high bending load that occurs in known methods with a constant higher speed is eliminated.
  • the wool is therefore less stressed in terms of shrinkage.
  • the movement times 1, 1 ⁇ are coordinated with the rest times 2 so that there are sufficiently long rest times 2 for the recovery of the wool between successive movement times 1, 1 ⁇ .
  • rest times 2, each of which is a multiple of the movement times 1, 1 ⁇ were found to be particularly favorable.
  • the favorable influence continued the reversal of the direction of rotation of the drum after each movement time or after several successive movement times determined on the basis of test results.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Washing Machine And Dryer (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Waschen von Wolle in einer programmgesteuerten Trommelwaschmaschine mit aufeinanderfolgenden Bewegungs- und Ruhezeiten der Trommel, wobei jeweils ein sandler Anlauf der Trommel über eine Rampe erfolgt.The invention relates to a method for washing wool in a program-controlled drum washing machine with successive movement and rest times of the drum, each time the drum is started up by ramp.

Es ist bekannt, zur Erzielung eines Schonwaschganges für empfindliche Wäsche während eines Waschganges längere Pausen zwischen den Trommeldrehungen und Drehrichtungswechsel vorzusehen. Die Trommeldrehzahlen sind während der Bewegungszeiten im wesentlichen konstant gehalten. Abhängig von der für das Waschen von Wolle vorgesehenen Drehzahl kann die mechanische Beanspruchung der Wäsche erheblich sein.It is known to provide longer pauses between the drum rotations and changes in the direction of rotation in order to achieve a gentle wash cycle for delicate laundry during a wash cycle. The drum speeds are kept essentially constant during the movement times. Depending on the speed intended for washing wool, the mechanical stress on the laundry can be considerable.

Zum schonenden Waschen von Wolle ist es deshalb bei teuren Geräten üblich, die Trommel mit einer eigens hierfür vorgesehenen konstanten Drehzahl von etwa 35 U/min umlaufen zu lassen. Das Bereitstellen dieser Drehzahlstufe mit den erforderlichen Steuermitteln vergrößert den Herstellungsaufwand und damit die Kosten einer Trommelwaschmaschine.For gentle washing of wool, it is therefore customary in expensive devices to have the drum rotate at a constant speed of around 35 rpm that is specially provided for this purpose. The provision of this speed level with the necessary control means increases the manufacturing effort and thus the costs of a drum washing machine.

Um die mechanische Beanspruchung der Wäsche während des Waschens zu mindern, ist es ferner bekannt (DE-PS 1 159 381) die Innenwandung der Trommel mit einer elastischen Auskleidung aus Schaumgummi oder luftgefüllten Polstern zu versehen, um die Wäsche elastisch abzufangen, sowie die erwärmte Waschflüssigkeit mit dem Waschgut in Schwingungen zwischen 10 und 1000 Hertz zu versetzen (DE-PS 2 601 549), um Verfilzungen zu vermeiden.In order to reduce the mechanical stress on the laundry during washing, it is also known (DE-PS 1 159 381) to provide the inner wall of the drum with an elastic lining made of foam rubber or air-filled cushions in order to elastically intercept the laundry, and the heated washing liquid to set the laundry in vibrations between 10 and 1000 Hertz (DE-PS 2 601 549) in order to avoid matting.

Zum Selben Zweck ist aus der FR-A 1 284 979 ein gattungsgemäßes Verfahren zum Waschen von Wäsche bekannt, in dem der Anlauf der Waschtrommel nach dem Ruhezeiten unter sich langsam vergrößernder Umfangsgeschwindigkeit der Trommel stattfindet, bis die Wäsche beginnt, sich an der Trommelinnenwand anzulegen, wonach die Trommel wieder zum Stillstand gebracht wird.For the same purpose, a generic method for washing laundry is known from FR-A 1 284 979, in which the washing drum starts up after the idle times at a slowly increasing peripheral speed of the drum until the laundry begins to lie against the inside wall of the drum, after which the drum is brought to a standstill again.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein gattungsgemäßes Verfahren so auszubilden, daß bei im wesentlichen gleichbleibendem Herstellungsaufwand für die Trommelwaschmaschine die mechanische Beanspruchung der Wolle bei im wesentlichen gleichbleibender Reinigungswirkung herabgesetzt wird.The invention has for its object to provide a generic method so that the mechanical stress on the wool is reduced while the cleaning effect is substantially the same, while the manufacturing effort for the drum washing machine remains essentially the same.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem Verfahren der genannten Gattung dadurch gelöst, daß die Bewegungszeiten mit dem Anlauf der Trommel über die Rampe so abgestimmt sind, so daß die Trommel während jeder Bewegungszeit nur eine Teilumdrehung vollzieht und maximal eine Umfangsgeschwindigkeit erreicht wird, die einer Drehzahl von etwa 45 U/min entspricht und unterhalb eines Wertes bleibt, bei dem die Wäsche beginnt, sich an die Trommelinnenwand anzulegen.This object is achieved in a method of the type mentioned in that the movement times are coordinated with the start of the drum via the ramp so that the drum only makes a partial revolution during each movement time and a maximum peripheral speed is reached which is a speed of about Corresponds to 45 rpm and remains below a value at which the laundry begins to line up against the inside wall of the drum.

Dadurch, daß die Bewegungszeiten sehr kurz und mit dem Anlauf des Trommelantriebes über eine Rampe abgestimmt sind, damit eine Trommeldrehzahl von etwa 45 U/min nicht überschritten wird, vermindert sich die Biegebelastung der Wolle. Ein Schrumpfen der Wolle wird dabei in einfacher Weise reduziert, ohne daß es der Einführung einer eigenen Drehzahl für das schonende Waschen von Wolle bedarf. Durch die Herabsetzung des Schrumpfens ist eine Erhöhung der Waschtemperatur möglich, so daß die Reinigungswirkung gesteigert werden kann bzw. sich auch bei sehr kurzen Einschaltzeiten nicht verschlechtert.The fact that the movement times are very short and coordinated with the start of the drum drive via a ramp, so that a drum speed of about 45 rpm is not exceeded, reduces the bending load on the wool. Shrinkage of the wool is reduced in a simple manner without the need to introduce its own speed for gentle washing of wool. By reducing the shrinkage, an increase in the washing temperature is possible, so that the cleaning effect can be increased or not deteriorated even with very short switch-on times.

Bei einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel ist die Länge der Ruhe- und Bewegungszeiten aufeinander abgestimmt. Es sind dadurch gute Werte betreffend den Wollschrumpf bei gleichbleibender Reinigungswirkung erzielbar, denn den während jeder Bewegungszeit einer Biegebelastung ausgesetzen Wollfasern verbleibt daran anschließend eine entsprechend lange Erholungszeit. Die Restdeformation der Wolle läßt sich somit herabsetzen.In a preferred embodiment, the length of the rest and movement times is coordinated. As a result, good values can be achieved with regard to the wool shrinkage with the cleaning effect remaining the same, because the wool fibers which are exposed to bending stress during each movement period then have a correspondingly long recovery time. The residual deformation of the wool can thus be reduced.

Es hat sich dabei als vorteilhaft herausgestellt, daß die Drehrichtung der Trommel nach jeder Bewegungszeit oder mehreren aufeinanderfolgenden Bewegungszeiten geändert wird, wie es an sich bekannt ist.It has proven to be advantageous that the Direction of rotation of the drum is changed after each movement time or several successive movement times, as is known per se.

Es hat sich weiterhin als vorteilhaft herausgestellt, daß die Ruhezeiten jeweils ein Vielfaches der Bewegungszeiten sind. Für die während der Bewegungszeiten auftretenden Biegebelastungen der Wollgewebe verbleiben dann ausreichend lange Erholungszeiten um die Restdeformation herabzusetzen.It has also proven to be advantageous that the rest times are in each case a multiple of the movement times. For the bending stresses of the wool fabric that occur during the movement times, there are sufficiently long recovery times to reduce the residual deformation.

Bei einer bevorzugten Durchführungsform des Verfahrens beträgt die Bewegungszeit jeweils etwa drei Sekunden.In a preferred embodiment of the method, the movement time is approximately three seconds each.

Erfindungsgemäßen führt die Trommel lediglich in dem Drehzahlbereich von 0 U/min bis etwa 45 U/min eine Teilumdrehung aus. Diese Vorgehensweise führt bei guter Reinigungswirkung zu einer starken Minderung des Wollschrumpfes.According to the invention, the drum only makes a partial revolution in the speed range from 0 rpm to approximately 45 rpm. This procedure leads to a strong reduction of the wool shrinkage with a good cleaning effect.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist nachstehend anhand der Zeichnung erläutert. Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 ein Diagramm betreffend den zeitlichen Verlauf der Trommeldrehzahl des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens;
  • Fig. 2 eine Gegenüberstellung des zeitlichen Verlaufs der Trommeldrehzahl für einen Antriebsmotor mit und ohne Rampe.
An embodiment of the method according to the invention is explained below with reference to the drawing. Show it:
  • 1 shows a diagram relating to the time course of the drum speed of the method according to the invention;
  • Fig. 2 is a comparison of the time course of the drum speed for a drive motor with and without a ramp.

Bei dem in Fig. 1 dargestellten erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zum Waschen von Wolle wechseln Bewegungszeiten 1, 1', während denen die Trommel der Waschmaschine bewegt wird, mit Ruhezeiten 2. Die Trommel wird während aufeinanderfolgender Bewegungszeiten 1, 1ʹ mit unterschiedlicher Drehrichtung bewegt. Der Anlauf des Trommelantriebes erfolgt bei jeder Bewegungszeit 1, 1ʹ über Rampen 3 (vgl. Fig. 2), wobei er mit den Bewegungszeiten 1, 1ʹ derart abgestimmt ist, daß eine Trommeldrehzahl von etwa 45 U/min nicht überschritten wird. Während der Bewegungszeiten 1, 1ʹ, die beispielsweise jeweils etwa 3 Sekunden betragen, finden infolge des Anlaufs über die Rampe 3 jeweils nur Bewegungen von Bruchteilen einer Trommelumdrehung statt, so daß die Wäsche nur angetippt und geschaukelt wird. Die mechanische Beanspruchung, d.h., die Biegebelastung der Wäsche während der Bewegungszeiten 1, 1ʹ, wird somit wesentlich verkleinert, so daß die bei bekannten Verfahren mit konstanter höherer Drehzahl auftretende durchwalkende Bewegung mit hoher Biegebelastung entfällt. Die Wolle wird somit in Bezug auf das Schrumpfen weniger belastet.In the method according to the invention for washing wool shown in FIG. 1, movement times 1, 1 'alternate during which the drum of the washing machine is moved, with rest times 2. The drum is moved during successive movement times 1, 1ʹ with different directions of rotation. The drum drive starts up at every movement time 1, 1ʹ via ramps 3 (see FIG. 2), it being coordinated with the movement times 1, 1ʹ in such a way that a drum speed of approximately 45 rpm is not exceeded. During the movement times 1, 1ʹ, which, for example, each amount to about 3 seconds, only movements of fractions of a drum revolution take place as a result of the ramp 3, so that the laundry is only tapped and rocked. The mechanical stress, that is, the bending load of the laundry during the movement times 1, 1 somit, is thus significantly reduced, so that the continuous movement with high bending load that occurs in known methods with a constant higher speed is eliminated. The wool is therefore less stressed in terms of shrinkage.

Bei einem Anlauf 5 ohne erfindungsgemäße Rampe 3 (Fig. 2) ist die Zeit 6, die zum Hochfahren der Trommeldrehzahl benötigt wird, wesentlich kürzer als die Bewegungszeiten 1, 1ʹ des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens. Dabei ergibt sich aufgrund der somit größeren Beschleunigung bzw. Waschmechanik eine wesentlich höhere Belastung der Wäsche, die zu Wollschrumpf führen kann.During a start-up 5 without ramp 3 according to the invention (FIG. 2), the time 6 that is required to increase the drum speed is significantly shorter than the movement times 1, 1ʹ of the method according to the invention. Due to the greater acceleration or washing mechanics, this results in a significantly higher load on the laundry, which can lead to wool shrinkage.

Um die Restdeformation der Wolle gleichfalls herabzusetzen, sind die Bewegungszeiten 1, 1ʹ mit den Ruhezeiten 2 so abgestimmt, daß für die Erholung der Wolle zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Bewegungszeiten 1, 1ʹ ausreichend lange Ruhezeiten 2 vorhanden sind. An Hand der Ergebnisse durchgeführter Versuche wurden Ruhezeiten 2, die jeweils ein Vielfaches der Bewegungszeiten 1, 1ʹ sind, als besonders günstig ermittelt. Weiter wurde der günstige Einfluß der Umkehr der Drehrichtung der Trommel nach jeder Bewegungszeit bzw. nach mehreren aufeinanderfolgenden Bewegungszeiten an Hand von Versuchsergebnissen festgestellt. Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist somit ein Waschen von Wolle ohne eine hierfür vorgesehene spezielle Waschdrehzahl bei im wesentlichen gleichbleibender Waschmechanik möglich, bei dem die Wolle in Bezug auf das Schrumpfen gering belastet und die Restdeformation reduziert wird.In order to reduce the residual deformation of the wool as well, the movement times 1, 1ʹ are coordinated with the rest times 2 so that there are sufficiently long rest times 2 for the recovery of the wool between successive movement times 1, 1ʹ. On the basis of the results of tests carried out, rest times 2, each of which is a multiple of the movement times 1, 1ʹ, were found to be particularly favorable. The favorable influence continued the reversal of the direction of rotation of the drum after each movement time or after several successive movement times determined on the basis of test results. With the method according to the invention, washing of wool is therefore possible without a special washing speed provided for this purpose, with the washing mechanism remaining essentially the same, in which the wool is subjected to little stress with respect to shrinkage and the residual deformation is reduced.

An Hand von Versuchsergebnissen wurde weiter festgestellt, daß infolge des reduzierten Wollschrumpfes eine etwas höhere Waschtemperatur vorgegeben werden kann, ohne daß sich gleichzeitig der Wollschrumpf erhöht. Dadurch läßt sich eine gleichbleibende Reinigungswirkung auch bei sehr kurzen Bewegungszeiten erzielen bzw. bei verlängerten Bewegungszeiten die Reinigungswirkung steigern.On the basis of test results, it was also found that, as a result of the reduced wool shrinkage, a somewhat higher washing temperature can be specified without the wool shrinkage increasing at the same time. As a result, a constant cleaning effect can be achieved even with very short movement times or the cleaning effect increased with extended movement times.

Claims (4)

  1. A method of washing woollens in a program-controlled drum washing machine with successive movement intervals and stop intervals of the drum, the drum each time being started smoothly via a ramp function, characterised in that the movement intervals (1, 1') are adapted to the start of the drum movement via the ramp function in such a manner that
    a) the drum performs only a part of one revolution during every movement interval, and
    b) a maximum circumferential speed is reached which corresponds to a revolution number of approximately 45 r.p.m. and which remains below a value for which the laundry begins to contact the inner drum wall.
  2. A method as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that the lengths of the stop intervals (2) and of the movement intervals (1, 1') are adapted to one another in such a way that between successive movement intervals sufficiently long stop intervals are available for recovery of the wool.
  3. A method as claimed in Claim 2, characterised in that the stop intervals (2) are each a multiple of the movement intervals.
  4. A method as claimed in any one of the Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that each movement interval is approximately 3 seconds.
EP88200196A 1987-02-07 1988-02-04 Method for washing laundry in a drum washing machine Expired - Lifetime EP0279483B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19873703860 DE3703860A1 (en) 1987-02-07 1987-02-07 METHOD FOR LAUNDRY WASHING IN A DRUM WASHING MACHINE
DE3703860 1987-02-07

Publications (3)

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EP0279483A2 EP0279483A2 (en) 1988-08-24
EP0279483A3 EP0279483A3 (en) 1988-10-12
EP0279483B1 true EP0279483B1 (en) 1991-12-27

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EP88200196A Expired - Lifetime EP0279483B1 (en) 1987-02-07 1988-02-04 Method for washing laundry in a drum washing machine

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DE (2) DE3703860A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008021198A1 (en) 2008-04-28 2009-11-05 Miele & Cie. Kg Textiles e.g. sensitive textiles, and/or shoes i.e. sports shoes, washing method for washing machine, involves reversely rotating drum in washing cycles, so that textiles and/or shoes are moved in swing movement in washing or rinsing fluid
CN101103152B (en) * 2005-01-26 2012-05-09 Bsh博世和西门子家用器具有限公司 Program-controlled washing machine
EP2503044A1 (en) 2011-03-24 2012-09-26 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. A method for performing a washing cycle of sensitive laundry in a washing machine or in a washer-dryer

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3841551A1 (en) * 1988-12-09 1990-06-13 Miele & Cie Process for washing delicate textiles, especially wool
DE4023053A1 (en) * 1990-07-20 1992-01-23 Kreussler Chem Fab METHOD FOR CLEANING TEXTILES
JPH04276293A (en) * 1991-03-01 1992-10-01 Toshiba Corp Drum type washing machine
DE4226058C2 (en) * 1992-08-06 1999-03-04 Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete Process for treating laundry
US5851234A (en) * 1997-03-13 1998-12-22 Elite Textiles, Ltd. Process for wet washing wool fabric
DE102005016566A1 (en) * 2005-04-11 2006-10-12 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Process for washing textiles susceptible to shrinkage and washing machine for carrying it out

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1410174A1 (en) * 1958-07-28 1970-05-06 Constructa Werke Gmbh Process for the mechanical treatment of items to be washed and washing machine operating according to this
FR1284979A (en) * 1960-04-07 1962-02-16 Pfenningsberg Gmbh Maschfab Method and installation for washing in a washing and wringing machine and machine provided with said installation
DE1262202B (en) * 1962-06-25 1968-03-07 Constructa Werke G M B H Method and control device for washing delicates
DE1610132B2 (en) * 1967-04-07 1974-04-11 Bosch-Siemens-Hausgeraete Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Control device for a drum washing machine

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101103152B (en) * 2005-01-26 2012-05-09 Bsh博世和西门子家用器具有限公司 Program-controlled washing machine
DE102008021198A1 (en) 2008-04-28 2009-11-05 Miele & Cie. Kg Textiles e.g. sensitive textiles, and/or shoes i.e. sports shoes, washing method for washing machine, involves reversely rotating drum in washing cycles, so that textiles and/or shoes are moved in swing movement in washing or rinsing fluid
DE102008021198B4 (en) * 2008-04-28 2016-10-20 Miele & Cie. Kg Process for washing textiles or shoes in a washing machine
EP2503044A1 (en) 2011-03-24 2012-09-26 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. A method for performing a washing cycle of sensitive laundry in a washing machine or in a washer-dryer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3867080D1 (en) 1992-02-06
EP0279483A2 (en) 1988-08-24
EP0279483A3 (en) 1988-10-12
DE3703860A1 (en) 1988-08-18

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