EP0255844B1 - Power supplies with magnetic amplifier voltage regulation - Google Patents
Power supplies with magnetic amplifier voltage regulation Download PDFInfo
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- EP0255844B1 EP0255844B1 EP19860110982 EP86110982A EP0255844B1 EP 0255844 B1 EP0255844 B1 EP 0255844B1 EP 19860110982 EP19860110982 EP 19860110982 EP 86110982 A EP86110982 A EP 86110982A EP 0255844 B1 EP0255844 B1 EP 0255844B1
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- Prior art keywords
- voltage
- winding
- core
- reactor
- circuit
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
- G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
- G05F1/12—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is ac
- G05F1/32—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is ac using magnetic devices having a controllable degree of saturation as final control devices
- G05F1/34—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is ac using magnetic devices having a controllable degree of saturation as final control devices combined with discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
- G05F1/38—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is ac using magnetic devices having a controllable degree of saturation as final control devices combined with discharge tubes or semiconductor devices semiconductor devices only
Definitions
- This invention relates to power supplies and, more particularly, to power supplies of the switching converter type using magnetic amplifier or saturable reactor voltage regulating means.
- Switching power supplies are frequently used to provide a plurality of separate outputs, and independent control of the outputs is often required. This has usually been done in the past by packaging multiple power stages in one unit and using a separate control loop for each output. A separate switching power stage and transformer are needed for each controlled output. This solution works well but is expensive.
- prior art converters of this type use a switch transistor to drive the primary of a transformer which has two output windings.
- One of the output windings feeds a rectifier and filter to supply a first output voltage which is sensed by a control circuit which adjusts the operating duty cycle of the switch to maintain the output voltage at a preset value.
- the second output winding is connected to a rectifier and filter through a saturable reactor having a core with a square B-H loop. When the core is not saturated, the reactor exhibits a high impedance and prevents the voltage in the second output winding from reaching the rectifier and filter.
- the voltage will cause the core to saturate after a period of time determined by the starting point on the B-H loop and the applied voltage.
- the reactor switches to a low impedance value permitting the voltage to be applied to the rectifier and filter.
- a control circuit forces the reactor to reset with a current which is poled in a direction opposite to the direction of the current during the active conduction period.
- the reset point is adjusted in response to the output voltage to maintain the output voltage at a preset value.
- a magnetic amplifier voltage control system use relatively inexpensive substantially zero remanent, moderately low permeability cores with a B-H characteristic having poor squareness.
- the reset point of the core is controlled by adjusting a current supplied during a control half-cycle in a control circuit including a variable resistance, a rectifier and a control winding for the saturable reactor.
- EP-A 123 098 relates to a switching power supply regulated by means of a saturable reactor.
- An additional winding of the reactor is provided which may be short-circuited by means of a clamping circuit including a series connection of a transistor switch and a diode.
- the transistor is controlled by an error voltage generated by comparing the DC output voltage of the power supply to a reference voltage. This results in a substantially continuous electrical biasing of the additional winding, whereby the hysteresis- loop and saturation characteristic of the reactor is effectively shifted such that controllable longer or shorter times are required for applied power pulses to bring the core to saturation, thereby achieving the desired regulation of the output voltage.
- a plurality of secondary windings of the transformer of the power supply are provided.
- One of the secondary windings may be used to control a pulse width modulator for the generation of pulses for the primary winding of the transformer of the power supply.
- a plurality of output voltages may be derived from the remaining secondary windings.
- DE-A 3 209 975 also relates to a switching power supply regulated by means of a saturable reactor.
- An additional winding of the reactor may be short-circuited by means of a clamping circuit with a transistor and a diode in series.
- the transistor is directly controlled by an error voltage derived from a reference voltage and the DC output voltage of the power supply voltage.
- the error voltage controls a pulse width modulator (for which no details are shown in the figures) whose output controls the transistor.
- a triangular voltage whose frequency is preferably equal to the frequency of the pulse generator controlling the primary switching transistor of the voltage supply may be superimposed on the reference voltage.
- the pulse generator has a fixed 1:1 duty cycle.
- a control circuit includes a comparator for generating a control signal for actuating the switch whenever an error voltage derived from the output voltage of the power supply and a reference voltage exceeds the voltage level of a triangular wave developed by integrating a replica of the input pulsations of the power supply.
- the power supply of the invention includes a source of alternating positive and negative voltage pulsations, such as square pulses of the type typically provided by a switching inverter, which are applied through a transformer to a secondary winding.
- the saturable reactor winding which is connected between the secondary winding and rectifier and filter means providing the direct current output voltage, is driven to saturation at a time during the positive pulsations related to the position of the reset point.
- the control circuit controls the duty cycle of the voltage applied to the rectifier means. Since the operation of the control circuit depends on the magnitude of the error voltage, the circuit operates to maintain the output voltage at a preset value.
- the diode in series with the transistor switch is poled to block current during positive pulsations.
- the control circuit includes an integrator and a baseline clipper diode which prevents the generated triangular wave from becoming negative.
- the error voltage is generated by an error circuit comprising a differential amplifier, the inputs of which receive the output voltage and a reference voltage.
- the above-described technique for controlling voltage may be used in a switching converter having a plurality of secondary windings each feeding a rectifier-filter.
- the output of one of the rectifier filters may be controlled as described above, while another output may be used to control a pulse width modulator controlling the duty cycle of the switching transistor driving the transformer primary winding.
- the clamping switch may be connected directly across the reactor winding or may be effectively connected across the reactor winding by being connected across a secondary reactor winding coupled to the reactor winding.
- a bias winding may also be provided to apply a bias signal for shifting the B-H characteristic of the core to the right to increase the range of adjustment.
- the comparison of the error voltage generated at the output of the power supply to a triangular wave generated from a voltage at the secondary side of the transformer of the power supply allows a sharp definition of the instant in time when the transistor in the short circuit loop should become conductive.
- any changes at the transformer have an immediate effect on the triangular wave and therefore on the control of the short circuit loop. This effect takes place in each cycle of the alternative voltage transmitted by the transformer, so that a very fast and precise regulation is achieved.
- the inventive measures also allow the use of inexpensive magnetic material of poor squareness of its B-H characteristic for the core of the saturable reactor.
- a prior art converter circuit is shown in Fig. 1.
- a switching inverter 10 includes a direct current supply 11, which drives a primary winding 12 of power transformer T 1 through a transistor switch Q 1 .
- the transformer has two secondary windings N s1 and N s2 .
- the voltage appearing across winding N s i is rectified and filtered in the conventional manner.
- the rectifier 14, includes a series diode 16 and a shunt diode 18; and a low pass filter 20 includes a series inductor Li and a shunt capacitor C 1 to remove alternating current ripple components to provide a first output direct current voltage V ol .
- a control circuit 21 is a conventional pulse width modulator error circuit providing a control pulse on output 22.
- the control pulse controls the switching of transistor switch Q 1 and thus adjusts the duty cy- de of inverter 10. This adjustment maintains output voltage V 01 at a preset value, voltage V 01 being proportional to the duty cycle of inverter 10.
- the second output winding Ns2 of transformer T 1 is connected to an identical rectifier 14' and low pass filter 20' through a saturable reactor L s1 which comprises a reactor winding 22 and a saturable core 24 formed of a material, such as tape wound permalloy, and an ungapped toroidal structure providing a highly square characteristic.
- the square B-H hysteresis loop of core 24 is shown in Fig. 2 in which, in the usual manner, B represents magnetic flux density and H signifies magnetizing force.
- the core is reset to a point a in the left hand plane, which consists of the upper left and lower left quadrants, of the characteristic.
- a reset control circuit 28 senses output voltage V o2 and generates a control current which is a function of the difference between output voltage Vo2 and a reference voltage.
- the reset control current which is opposite in polarity to the current through reactor winding 22 during the period of conduction of transistor switch Q 1 , forces reactor core 24 to reset to point a of the characteristic so that the reactor will be ready for the next pulse.
- Saturable reactor L s i acts to shrink the pulse from transistor Q 1 by an amount controlled by the location of the reset point a to maintain output voltage V o2 at a preset value.
- Fig. 1 Although the prior art circuit of Fig. 1 is effective, it requires a saturable reactor core made of a square loop material having a high degree of squareness. Expensive metal tape-wound cores using permalloy or lossy square loop ferrites may be used, and ungapped toroidal structures which are expensive to wind and difficult to mount are needed.
- an inverter 110 includes a direct current supply 111 which drives a primary winding 112 of a transformer T 2 through a transistor switch Q 1 .
- Transistor Q 1 is turned on (becomes conductive) in response to a signal applied to its base electrode on lead 22 from pulse width control 21.
- Inverter 110 thus operates as a switching inverter, generating a square wave, the pulse width of which is responsive to the pulse width control circuit 21.
- a first output winding N 1 developes a voltage whenever transistor Q 1 is conducting.
- This voltage is rectified in rectifier 14 which includes a series diode 16 and a shunt diode 18.
- the rectified voltage is then passed through a low pass filter 20, which includes a series inductor Li and a shunt capacitor C 1 , to remove the A.C. ripple component and apply a direct current output voltage V o1 across output terminals 23.
- the output voltage V 01 is applied to pulse width control circuit 21 which compares it to a reference voltage to develop a pulse width control signal in a manner known in the art.
- This pulse width control signal is connected to the base electrode of transistor Q 1 to control the duty cycle of inverter 110 and maintain output voltage V 01 at a preset value.
- a second output winding N 2 of transformer T 2 develops a voltage V 1 in response to current conducted through primary winding 112.
- a saturable reactor L s2 includes a reactor winding 122 and a saturable reactor core 124. Winding N 2 is connected to a rectifier 114, again comprising a series diode 116 and a shunt diode 118, through reactor winding 122. The rectified voltage is then applied through low pass filter 120, which includes series inductor L 2 and shunt capacitor C 2 , to provide a direct current output voltage Vo2 across output terminals 126.
- a damping circuit 130 is connected across reactor winding 122 and includes a clamping transistor Q 2 and a diode 134.
- clamping transistor Q 2 is actuated to clamp a short circuit across reactor winding 122 at a desired reset point on the B-H hysteresis characteristic of saturable core 124.
- the control signal applied to the base electrode of transistor Q 2 is obtained from a control circuit 136 and specifically from a comparator 138 of the control circuit.
- One input of comparator 138 is derived from an auxiliary winding N F of transformer T 2 .
- the voltage appearing across winding N F includes information on the timing and voltage of the input pulse wave applied through the transformer.
- Winding N F typically may be the same winding used for feed-forward compensation (not shown). If no feed forward compensation is provided, the voltage provided by winding N F might instead be obtained from any other winding, such as windings N 1 or N 2 of the transformer.
- the voltage from winding N F is applied to an integer 140 including a series resistor R and a shunt capacitor C.
- the capacitor is shunted by a diode Di, which functions as a baseline clipper to keep the signal Vs, which is applied to one input terminal of comparator 138, positive.
- error circuit 150 develops an error signal Ve from output voltage V o2 and applies it to the other input terminal of comparator 138.
- error circuit 150 includes a differential amplifier 42.
- a reference voltage V ref is applied to a first input terminal 43 of amplifier 42.
- Output voltage V o2 is applied across input terminals 44 and 45, the latter of which is grounded.
- Terminal 44 connects voltage V o2 through a series resistor R 1 to a second input terminal 46 of differential amplifier 42.
- Resistor R 1 is shunter by a resistor R 2 and a capacitor C 3 in series, and a resistor Rs and capacitor C 4 in series form a feedback circuit for amplifier 42.
- Impedances Ri, R 2 and Cs and Rs and C 4 are frequency shaping and compensation networks.
- the reference voltage V re t is preferably selected to be of such magnitude that the error voltage V e wil always be of positive polarity.
- the saturable core 124 may be formed of a wide variety of low cost, magnetically soft materials and may be formed in physical shapes which have small gaps.
- Low remanenent core materials such as Stackpole 24B or Ferroxcube 3C8 )a ferrite material
- Such materials provide a B-H hysteresis characteristic which is poor in squareness as illustrated by the B-H characteristic shown in Fig. 5.
- Saturable reactor L s2 is thus much less expensive than saturable reactor L s1 of the prior art circuit of Fig. 1.
- saturable core 124 will be at reset point e of the hysteresis loop when transistor Q 1 switches on.
- the core then travels the path e-f-a and saturates.
- transistor 01 turns off.
- the voltage on secondary winding N 2 then reverses during the reset period of transformer T 2 .
- This reverse voltage brings the core from point g back toward the remanent flux density B r along the upper branch of the loop.
- transistor Q 2 switches on to clamp a short circuit across reactor winding 122.
- the current in winding 122 now circulates through transistor 0 2 and core 124 stays at reset point e waiting for the next pulse.
- the magnetic flux density falls an amount designated as ⁇ B in Fig. 5.
- the available range of adjustment is designated by ⁇ BA, the distance between the saturation point g and the remanent flux density B R . Since reset point e is in the same (upper right) quadrant of the hysteresis characteristic as the saturation point g, the core operates entirely within a single quadrant making it unnecessary to use a forcing current of reversel polarity to reset the core as is required in the prior art circuit of Fig. 1.
- control circuit 136 will be understood from the voltage curves of Fig. 6.
- the curve V 1 represents the voltage V 1 from secondary winding N 2 as indicated on Fig. 3. From this curve, it is seen that Vi has a positive magnitude V F during the forward conduction period of winding N 2 and a negative magnitude V R during the recovery period of transformer T 2 .
- the voltage magnitudes V F and V R are usually, but not necessarily, equal.
- V 1 is held at magnitude V F for a time D 1 t cyc , where D 1 represents the duty cycle of the main output voltage V 01 and tcyc represents the period of the switching inverter-regulator - that is, the time for one switch cycle of transistor Q.
- t o y c is equal to the inverse of the switching frequency fsw
- Curve V 2 represents the voltage V 2 appearing at the output side of reactor winding 122 and is thus also the input voltage supplied to rectifier 116.
- Voltage V 2 has a magnitude V' F for a time D 2 t cyc where D 2 at a value of the control loop is to maintain duty cycle D 2 at a value which will keep output voltage D o2 at its desired value.
- the main control is effected by the delay td 2 , the delay between the onset of the posi- five pulses of voltage waves V 1 and V 2 . This delay results from the operation of saturable core 124. At the time of the onset of positive pulse V F of input voltage wave V 1 , the core is at its reset point e and is not saturated.
- Winding 122 therefore presents a high impedance to the applied voltage blocking the start of the corresponding positive pulse V' F of voltage V 2 on the output side of the reactor winding.
- the core reaches point g on its hysteresis loop, the core saturates and the impedance of reactor winding 122 becomes low permitting the reactor winding to apply the pulse V' F of voltage wave V 2 to the output side of the reactor.
- Delay td 2 is a direct function of the clamp delay td 1 as shown by the relationship:
- control circuit 136 The desired relationship between delay td 1 and V e is obtained by control circuit 136.
- Resistor R and capacitor C form integrater 140 which provides voltage V 3 . If this circuit is treated as an ideal integrator, the slopes of the curve for V 3 will be as seen in Fig. 6.
- Diode D 1 acts as a baseline clipper to keep the triangular wave signal positive.
- the generated triangular wave is compared in comparator 138 with error voltage V e . Whenever the triangular wave voltage V 3 is less than the error voltage Ve, comparator 138 provides positive output signal on output lead 139. This output signal is applied to the base electrode of clamping transistor 02 causing transistor Q 2 to become conductive.
- diode 134 is poled to block conduction through clamping circuit 130.
- diode 134 no longer blocks conduction through circuit 130.
- transistor Q 2 becomes conductive and clamping curcuit 130 applies a short circuit clamp across reactor winding 122.
- the short circuit current circulates in the loop formed by inductor winding 122, transistor Q 2 and diode 134; and core 124 is held at reset points.
- the delay td 1 is governed by the equation: where N 2 and N F represent the number of turns of windings N 2 and N F , respectively, and ⁇ is the constant of integrator 40, being equal to the product of the resistance of resistor R and the capacitance of capacitor C.
- the rising slope of the triangular wave of voltage V 3 is defined by the expression and the declining slope by the expression
- integrator 40 is treated as an ideal integrator. Some error is introduced by the approximate nature of the assumed integrator operation. This error may be held to an acceptable value by keeping ⁇ equal to or greater than tcyc.
- Fig. 7 incorporates two modifications of the circuit of Fig. 3.
- the clamping circuit is no longer connected directly across the reactor winding, but is, instead, connected across a secondary winding inductively coupled to the reactor winding.
- the adjustment range of the circuit is increased by providing biasing means to shift the hysteresis characteristic of the core to the right.
- a self-excited, inverter 200 As seen in Fig. 7, a self-excited, inverter 200, as shown, for example, in the aforementioned Hiramatsu et al article, generates a square wave to drive primary winding 202 of a transformer Ts. It is to be understood, however, that a switching inverter as shown in the prior art circuit of Fig. 1 or the embodiment of Fig. 3 could be used to drive the transformer.
- a square wave voltage is induced in secondary winding 204 of transformer Ts.
- a saturable reactor L s3 which is used to regulate the output voltage Vo3, in- dudes a reactor winding 222, a reactor core 224, a secondary winding 226 and a bias winding 228.
- Reactor winding 222 connects secondary winding 204 to a rectifier 214 and a low pass filter 220.
- Rectifier 214 includes series and shunt diodes 216 and 218, and filter 220 includes series inductor L 3 and shunt capacitor Cs.
- Output voltage V o3 appears across output terminals 221 on the output side of filter 220.
- An error circuit 240 which may correspond to the circuit of Fig. 4, develops error voltage V e and applies it to one input of comparator 238.
- the other input of comparator 238 is received from an integrator and clipper circuit 250, identical to the integrator 140 and diode dipper D 1 of the embodiment of Fig. 3.
- An auxiliary winding 206 on transformer T 3 provides a sample of the input voltage from transformer T 3 to integrator 250, but this sample could also be taken from across another winding, such as winding 204, of the transformer.
- Comparator 238 provides an output signal on lead 239 whenever the magnitude of the triangular wave from integrator and clipper 250 is less than the error voltage V e . This output signal is applied on lead 239 to the base electrode of clamping transistor 0 3 of clamping circuit 230 causing the transistor to become conductive.
- diode 234 blocks the clamping circuit from applying a short circuit across a reactor secondary winding 226 inductively coupled to reactor winding 222.
- Diode 234 is poled to permit conduction through transistor Q 3 on the reverse wave appearing in winding 204; a short circuit is then clamped across secondary winding 226, effectively clamping a short circuit across reactor winding 222 as a current induced from reactor winding 222 circulates in the loop including winding 226, diode 234 and transistor Qs.
- Core 224 of saturable reactor L s3 may be identical to the core 124 of the embodiment of Fig. 3. As explained above, the core may be made of magnetically soft material and be formed with small gaps. Such cores are relatively inexpensive and have hysteresis characteristics which are poor in squareness.
- the effective B-H loop of core 224 is shifted to the right to increase the available flux swing. This is accomplished through the use of bias winding 228 connected across output voltage V o3 through inductor L 4 and resistor R 4 . Because the reset point e may be adjusted as far as remanent flux density B' R over an available range of adjustment B'A which is much larger than the available range of adjustment B A for the embodiment of Fig. 3 (see Fig. 5), the use of bias winding 228 permits a wider range of voltage control.
- the circuit of Fig. 7 otherwise operates in the same manner as the circuit as Fig. 3.
- the output voltage Vo3 is regulated by adjusting the position of reset point e of the hysteresis characteristic of core 224 in response to the magnitude of error voltage V e .
- Core 224 is reset during the reverse wave when clamping transistor Q 3 becomes conductive. The core is then clamped at its reset point e. The reset point e, in turn determines the duty cycle of voltage V 2 and thus the magnitude of output voltage V o3 .
Description
- This invention relates to power supplies and, more particularly, to power supplies of the switching converter type using magnetic amplifier or saturable reactor voltage regulating means.
- Switching power supplies are frequently used to provide a plurality of separate outputs, and independent control of the outputs is often required. This has usually been done in the past by packaging multiple power stages in one unit and using a separate control loop for each output. A separate switching power stage and transformer are needed for each controlled output. This solution works well but is expensive.
- Another solution, involving the use of a magnetic amplifier, which is described in the article "Switch Mode Converter Using High-Frequency Magnetic Amplifier" by Hiramatsu, Harada and Ninomiya appearing in Power Conversion Intemational for March - April 1980 at pages 75 - 82, allows control on the secondary side of the transformer. Thus, one transformer delivers multiple, independently controlled, outputs with large cost and size savings.
- As will be explained more fully below in connection with Fig. 1, prior art converters of this type use a switch transistor to drive the primary of a transformer which has two output windings. One of the output windings feeds a rectifier and filter to supply a first output voltage which is sensed by a control circuit which adjusts the operating duty cycle of the switch to maintain the output voltage at a preset value. The second output winding is connected to a rectifier and filter through a saturable reactor having a core with a square B-H loop. When the core is not saturated, the reactor exhibits a high impedance and prevents the voltage in the second output winding from reaching the rectifier and filter. The voltage will cause the core to saturate after a period of time determined by the starting point on the B-H loop and the applied voltage. When the core saturates, the reactor switches to a low impedance value permitting the voltage to be applied to the rectifier and filter. Between pulses, a control circuit forces the reactor to reset with a current which is poled in a direction opposite to the direction of the current during the active conduction period. The reset point is adjusted in response to the output voltage to maintain the output voltage at a preset value.
- In the article of Hiramatsu the reset current flows through the load and is superimposed by the persisting current through the filter inductance. This makes control difficult. Furthermore, there are cost problems associated with the construction of the saturable reactor. A square loop material with a high degree of squareness is required. This is usually obtained by using metal tapewound cores of permalloy which are expensive. Square loop ferrites may also be used, but the available ferrite materials are quite lossy, leading to heat problems. To maintain squareness, an ungapped magnetic structure, usually a toroidal core, is required. These are expensive to wind and difficult to mount.
- It has been suggested in US patent No. 2 753 518 that a magnetic amplifier voltage control system use relatively inexpensive substantially zero remanent, moderately low permeability cores with a B-H characteristic having poor squareness. In order to control the direct current power to a load, the reset point of the core is controlled by adjusting a current supplied during a control half-cycle in a control circuit including a variable resistance, a rectifier and a control winding for the saturable reactor.
- It is also known from US patent nos. 2 054 496, 2 638 571 and 3 182 249 to control the current through a reactor by controlling the application of a short circuit across the reactor or across a winding coupled magnetically with the reactor.
- EP-A 123 098 relates to a switching power supply regulated by means of a saturable reactor. An additional winding of the reactor is provided which may be short-circuited by means of a clamping circuit including a series connection of a transistor switch and a diode. The transistor is controlled by an error voltage generated by comparing the DC output voltage of the power supply to a reference voltage. This results in a substantially continuous electrical biasing of the additional winding, whereby the hysteresis- loop and saturation characteristic of the reactor is effectively shifted such that controllable longer or shorter times are required for applied power pulses to bring the core to saturation, thereby achieving the desired regulation of the output voltage. Thus, the times to bring the core to saturation are controlled by the amount of unidirectional biasing current induced in and allowed to flow through the additional winding. A plurality of secondary windings of the transformer of the power supply are provided. One of the secondary windings may be used to control a pulse width modulator for the generation of pulses for the primary winding of the transformer of the power supply. A plurality of output voltages may be derived from the remaining secondary windings.
- DE-A 3 209 975 also relates to a switching power supply regulated by means of a saturable reactor. An additional winding of the reactor may be short-circuited by means of a clamping circuit with a transistor and a diode in series. In one embodiment, the transistor is directly controlled by an error voltage derived from a reference voltage and the DC output voltage of the power supply voltage. In a second embodiment, the error voltage controls a pulse width modulator (for which no details are shown in the figures) whose output controls the transistor. A triangular voltage whose frequency is preferably equal to the frequency of the pulse generator controlling the primary switching transistor of the voltage supply may be superimposed on the reference voltage. The pulse generator has a fixed 1:1 duty cycle. By the described means the demagnetisation of the saturable reactor is selectively controllable.
- It is the object of the present invention to provide a switching power supply using a saturable reactor and having improved control circuitry for the operation of the reactor to provide precise and fast voltage regulation.
- This object is achieved by a regulated power supply as claimed in
claim 1. - In summary, the reset point of the core of the saturable reactor is established by clamping means, including a transistor switch and diode in series, effectively to clamp a short circuit across the reactor winding when the core reaches a desired reset point on its B-H loop. In order to select the proper time of actuation of the clamping means, a control circuit includes a comparator for generating a control signal for actuating the switch whenever an error voltage derived from the output voltage of the power supply and a reference voltage exceeds the voltage level of a triangular wave developed by integrating a replica of the input pulsations of the power supply.
- The power supply of the invention includes a source of alternating positive and negative voltage pulsations, such as square pulses of the type typically provided by a switching inverter, which are applied through a transformer to a secondary winding. The saturable reactor winding, which is connected between the secondary winding and rectifier and filter means providing the direct current output voltage, is driven to saturation at a time during the positive pulsations related to the position of the reset point. By controlling the position of the reset point, the control circuit controls the duty cycle of the voltage applied to the rectifier means. Since the operation of the control circuit depends on the magnitude of the error voltage, the circuit operates to maintain the output voltage at a preset value.
- In order to insure that the short circuit is applied only during negative pulsations when the core is being reset, the diode in series with the transistor switch is poled to block current during positive pulsations.
- The control circuit includes an integrator and a baseline clipper diode which prevents the generated triangular wave from becoming negative. The error voltage is generated by an error circuit comprising a differential amplifier, the inputs of which receive the output voltage and a reference voltage.
- The above-described technique for controlling voltage may be used in a switching converter having a plurality of secondary windings each feeding a rectifier-filter. The output of one of the rectifier filters may be controlled as described above, while another output may be used to control a pulse width modulator controlling the duty cycle of the switching transistor driving the transformer primary winding.
- The clamping switch may be connected directly across the reactor winding or may be effectively connected across the reactor winding by being connected across a secondary reactor winding coupled to the reactor winding. A bias winding may also be provided to apply a bias signal for shifting the B-H characteristic of the core to the right to increase the range of adjustment.
- The comparison of the error voltage generated at the output of the power supply to a triangular wave generated from a voltage at the secondary side of the transformer of the power supply allows a sharp definition of the instant in time when the transistor in the short circuit loop should become conductive. In combination therewith, any changes at the transformer have an immediate effect on the triangular wave and therefore on the control of the short circuit loop. This effect takes place in each cycle of the alternative voltage transmitted by the transformer, so that a very fast and precise regulation is achieved. The inventive measures also allow the use of inexpensive magnetic material of poor squareness of its B-H characteristic for the core of the saturable reactor.
- These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be more fully appreciated with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:
- Fig. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of a power converter of the prior art using a magnetic amplifier voltage regulator;
- Fig. 2 is a hysteresis characteristic of the core member of the magnetic amplifier of the circuit of Fig. 1;
- Fig. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of an embodiment of the power supply circuit of the present invention;
- Fig. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of the error circuit used in the circuit of Fig. 3;
- Fig. 5 is a hysteresis characteristic of the core member of the magnetic amplifier used in the circuit of Fig. 3;
- Fig. 6 includes a set of voltage curves illustrating the operation of the circuit of Fig. 3;
- Fig. 7 is a schematic circuit diagram of a second embodiment of a power supply circuit of the present invention; and
- Fig. 8 is a hysteresis characteristic of the core member of the magnetic amplifier used in the circuit of Fig. 7.
- A prior art converter circuit is shown in Fig. 1. In this circuit a switching
inverter 10 includes a directcurrent supply 11, which drives a primary winding 12 of power transformer T1 through a transistor switch Q1. The transformer has two secondary windings Ns1 and Ns2. The voltage appearing across winding Nsi is rectified and filtered in the conventional manner. Therectifier 14, includes aseries diode 16 and ashunt diode 18; and alow pass filter 20 includes a series inductor Li and a shunt capacitor C1 to remove alternating current ripple components to provide a first output direct current voltage Vol.A control circuit 21 is a conventional pulse width modulator error circuit providing a control pulse onoutput 22. The control pulse, the width of which is a function of the difference between the magnitude of output voltage V01 and a reference voltage, controls the switching of transistor switch Q1 and thus adjusts the duty cy- de ofinverter 10. This adjustment maintains output voltage V01 at a preset value, voltage V01 being proportional to the duty cycle ofinverter 10. - The second output winding Ns2 of transformer T1 is connected to an identical rectifier 14' and low pass filter 20' through a saturable reactor Ls1 which comprises a reactor winding 22 and a saturable core 24 formed of a material, such as tape wound permalloy, and an ungapped toroidal structure providing a highly square characteristic. The square B-H hysteresis loop of core 24 is shown in Fig. 2 in which, in the usual manner, B represents magnetic flux density and H signifies magnetizing force. At the start of a pulse, the core is reset to a point a in the left hand plane, which consists of the upper left and lower left quadrants, of the characteristic. When transistor Q1 becomes conductive, a positive voltage appears across winding Ns2. At this time saturble reactor Lsi is not saturated, and reactor winding 22 exhibits a high impedance preventing the voltage across winding Ns2 from being applied to rectifier 14' and filter 20'. The voltage applied to reactor Ls1 will cause core 24 to saturate after a period of time determined by the starting point a and the magnitude of the applied voltage. Core 24 will move along the hysteresis loop from point a to point Q and then to point C in the upper right quadrant of the characteristic. The core will then be saturated, and the reactor will be switched to a low impedance value. The voltage across winding Ns2 will now be applied to rectifier 14' and low pass filter 20' supplying direct current output voltage Vo2 to
output terminals 26. Whentransistor switch 01 turns off, the positive voltage on secondary winding Ns2 is removed; and core 24 returns to point d on its B-H loop. Between pulses, areset control circuit 28 senses output voltage Vo2 and generates a control current which is a function of the difference between output voltage Vo2 and a reference voltage. The reset control current, which is opposite in polarity to the current through reactor winding 22 during the period of conduction of transistor switch Q1, forces reactor core 24 to reset to point a of the characteristic so that the reactor will be ready for the next pulse. The controlled range of adjustment of the flux density is shown as AB in Fig. 2. Saturable reactor Lsi acts to shrink the pulse from transistor Q1 by an amount controlled by the location of the reset point a to maintain output voltage Vo2 at a preset value. - Although the prior art circuit of Fig. 1 is effective, it requires a saturable reactor core made of a square loop material having a high degree of squareness. Expensive metal tape-wound cores using permalloy or lossy square loop ferrites may be used, and ungapped toroidal structures which are expensive to wind and difficult to mount are needed.
- An embodiment of the present invention, which avoids the use of expensive high squareness reactor cores, is shown in Fig. 3. As in the circuit of Fig. 1, an
inverter 110 includes a direct current supply 111 which drives a primary winding 112 of a transformer T2 through a transistor switch Q1. Transistor Q1 is turned on (becomes conductive) in response to a signal applied to its base electrode onlead 22 frompulse width control 21.Inverter 110 thus operates as a switching inverter, generating a square wave, the pulse width of which is responsive to the pulsewidth control circuit 21. - On the secondary side of transformer T2, a first output winding N1 developes a voltage whenever transistor Q1 is conducting. This voltage is rectified in
rectifier 14 which includes aseries diode 16 and ashunt diode 18. The rectified voltage is then passed through alow pass filter 20, which includes a series inductor Li and a shunt capacitor C1, to remove the A.C. ripple component and apply a direct current output voltage Vo1 acrossoutput terminals 23. The output voltage V01 is applied to pulsewidth control circuit 21 which compares it to a reference voltage to develop a pulse width control signal in a manner known in the art. This pulse width control signal, as explained above, is connected to the base electrode of transistor Q1 to control the duty cycle ofinverter 110 and maintain output voltage V01 at a preset value. - A second output winding N2 of transformer T2 develops a voltage V1 in response to current conducted through primary winding 112. A saturable reactor Ls2 includes a reactor winding 122 and a
saturable reactor core 124. Winding N2 is connected to arectifier 114, again comprising aseries diode 116 and ashunt diode 118, through reactor winding 122. The rectified voltage is then applied throughlow pass filter 120, which includes series inductor L2 and shunt capacitor C2, to provide a direct current output voltage Vo2 acrossoutput terminals 126. - In accordance with the present invention, a damping
circuit 130 is connected across reactor winding 122 and includes a clamping transistor Q2 and adiode 134. As will be explained below, clamping transistor Q2 is actuated to clamp a short circuit across reactor winding 122 at a desired reset point on the B-H hysteresis characteristic ofsaturable core 124. The control signal applied to the base electrode of transistor Q2 is obtained from acontrol circuit 136 and specifically from acomparator 138 of the control circuit. One input ofcomparator 138 is derived from an auxiliary winding NF of transformer T2. The voltage appearing across winding NF includes information on the timing and voltage of the input pulse wave applied through the transformer. Winding NF typically may be the same winding used for feed-forward compensation (not shown). If no feed forward compensation is provided, the voltage provided by winding NF might instead be obtained from any other winding, such as windings N1 or N2 of the transformer. The voltage from winding NF is applied to aninteger 140 including a series resistor R and a shunt capacitor C. The capacitor is shunted by a diode Di, which functions as a baseline clipper to keep the signal Vs, which is applied to one input terminal ofcomparator 138, positive. - An
error circuit 150, shown in detail in Fig. 4, develops an error signal Ve from output voltage Vo2 and applies it to the other input terminal ofcomparator 138. As seen in Fig. 4,error circuit 150 includes adifferential amplifier 42. A reference voltage Vref is applied to afirst input terminal 43 ofamplifier 42. Output voltage Vo2 is applied acrossinput terminals Terminal 44 connects voltage Vo2 through a series resistor R1 to a second input terminal 46 ofdifferential amplifier 42. Resistor R1 is shunter by a resistor R2 and a capacitor C3 in series, and a resistor Rs and capacitor C4 in series form a feedback circuit foramplifier 42. Impedances Ri, R2 and Cs and Rs and C4 are frequency shaping and compensation networks. The reference voltage Vret is preferably selected to be of such magnitude that the error voltage Ve wil always be of positive polarity. - Because it is not necessary for the
saturable core 124 to have a square hysteresis characteristic, it may be formed of a wide variety of low cost, magnetically soft materials and may be formed in physical shapes which have small gaps. Low remanenent core materials, such as Stackpole 24B or Ferroxcube 3C8 )a ferrite material) may be used. Such materials provide a B-H hysteresis characteristic which is poor in squareness as illustrated by the B-H characteristic shown in Fig. 5. Saturable reactor Ls2 is thus much less expensive than saturable reactor Ls1 of the prior art circuit of Fig. 1. - In the operation of the power supply circuit of Fig. 3,
saturable core 124 will be at reset point e of the hysteresis loop when transistor Q1 switches on. The core then travels the path e-f-a and saturates. At the end of the pulse, transistor 01 turns off. The voltage on secondary winding N2 then reverses during the reset period of transformer T2. This reverse voltage brings the core from point g back toward the remanent flux density Br along the upper branch of the loop. When the core reaches point e, transistor Q2 switches on to clamp a short circuit across reactor winding 122. The current in winding 122 now circulates throughtransistor 02 andcore 124 stays at reset point e waiting for the next pulse. The magnetic flux density falls an amount designated as △B in Fig. 5. The available range of adjustment is designated by △BA, the distance between the saturation point g and the remanent flux density BR. Since reset point e is in the same (upper right) quadrant of the hysteresis characteristic as the saturation point g, the core operates entirely within a single quadrant making it unnecessary to use a forcing current of reversel polarity to reset the core as is required in the prior art circuit of Fig. 1. - The operation of
control circuit 136 will be understood from the voltage curves of Fig. 6. The curve V1 represents the voltage V1 from secondary winding N2 as indicated on Fig. 3. From this curve, it is seen that Vi has a positive magnitude VF during the forward conduction period of winding N2 and a negative magnitude VR during the recovery period of transformer T2. The voltage magnitudes VF and VR are usually, but not necessarily, equal. V1 is held at magnitude VF for a time D1tcyc, where D1 represents the duty cycle of the main output voltage V01 and tcyc represents the period of the switching inverter-regulator - that is, the time for one switch cycle of transistor Q. Thus, toyc is equal to the inverse of the switching frequency fsw - Curve V2 represents the voltage V2 appearing at the output side of reactor winding 122 and is thus also the input voltage supplied to
rectifier 116. Voltage V2 has a magnitude V'F for a time D2tcyc where D2 at a value of the control loop is to maintain duty cycle D2 at a value which will keep output voltage Do2 at its desired value. The main control is effected by the delay td2, the delay between the onset of the posi- five pulses of voltage waves V1 and V2. This delay results from the operation ofsaturable core 124. At the time of the onset of positive pulse VF of input voltage wave V1, the core is at its reset point e and is not saturated. Winding 122 therefore presents a high impedance to the applied voltage blocking the start of the corresponding positive pulse V'F of voltage V2 on the output side of the reactor winding. When the core reaches point g on its hysteresis loop, the core saturates and the impedance of reactor winding 122 becomes low permitting the reactor winding to apply the pulse V'F of voltage wave V2 to the output side of the reactor. -
-
- The desired relationship between delay td1 and Ve is obtained by
control circuit 136. Resistor R and capacitorC form integrater 140 which provides voltage V3. If this circuit is treated as an ideal integrator, the slopes of the curve for V3 will be as seen in Fig. 6. Diode D1 acts as a baseline clipper to keep the triangular wave signal positive. The generated triangular wave is compared incomparator 138 with error voltage Ve. Whenever the triangular wave voltage V3 is less than the error voltage Ve,comparator 138 provides positive output signal onoutput lead 139. This output signal is applied to the base electrode of clamping transistor 02 causing transistor Q2 to become conductive. During the forward conduction period V'F,diode 134 is poled to block conduction through clampingcircuit 130. However, when the forward conduction period V'F ends at a time coinciding with the maximum point M of the triangular wave of voltage Vs,diode 134 no longer blocks conduction throughcircuit 130. Thus, when the falling triangular wave of voltage V3 crosses the value of error voltage Ve at point P, transistor Q2 becomes conductive and clampingcurcuit 130 applies a short circuit clamp across reactor winding 122. The short circuit current circulates in the loop formed by inductor winding 122, transistor Q2 anddiode 134; andcore 124 is held at reset points. -
-
- It is to be noted from equation (4) that output voltage Vo2 is now a function of a single variable, the error voltage Ve; all of the other parameters of equation (4) are fixed.
-
- In the above analysis, integrator 40 is treated as an ideal integrator. Some error is introduced by the approximate nature of the assumed integrator operation. This error may be held to an acceptable value by keeping τ equal to or greater than tcyc.
- When the positive pulse VF of applied voltage wave Vi ceases, the triangular wave Vs has reached its apex M and the positive pulse V'F of voltage wave V2 also cases. Because the fall of positive pulse VF of applied voltage V1 brings
core 124 back from saturation, reactor Ls2 again presents a high impedance, blocking the negative pulse V'R of voltage wave V2. When, however, Vs falls below error voltage Ve, the clamping circuit is again actuated by causing transistor Q2 to become conductive.Diode 134 does not block the reverse pulse V'R. and the clamp effectively short circuits reactor winding 122. This permits the reverse pulse V'R to appear at the output side of the reactor. - As the reverse pulse VR of voltage wave V1 is applied,
core 124 is driven along its characteristic from saturation point g toward its remanent point BR. When the core reaches reset point e, triangular wave V3 crosses the value of error voltage Ve. Comparator 138 provides an actuating signal on thelead 139 to the base electrode of clamping transistor Q2. Claping transistor Q2 is therefore actuated, and the short circuit across winding 122clamps core 124 at reset point e until the next positive pulse VF is applied as the current in the reactor winding circulates throughdiode 134 and transistor Q2. - The embodimentof Fig. 7 incorporates two modifications of the circuit of Fig. 3. First, the clamping circuit is no longer connected directly across the reactor winding, but is, instead, connected across a secondary winding inductively coupled to the reactor winding. Second, the adjustment range of the circuit is increased by providing biasing means to shift the hysteresis characteristic of the core to the right.
- As seen in Fig. 7, a self-excited,
inverter 200, as shown, for example, in the aforementioned Hiramatsu et al article, generates a square wave to drive primary winding 202 of a transformer Ts. It is to be understood, however, that a switching inverter as shown in the prior art circuit of Fig. 1 or the embodiment of Fig. 3 could be used to drive the transformer. A square wave voltage is induced in secondary winding 204 of transformer Ts. A saturable reactor Ls3, which is used to regulate the output voltage Vo3, in- dudes a reactor winding 222, areactor core 224, a secondary winding 226 and a bias winding 228. Reactor winding 222 connects secondary winding 204 to arectifier 214 and alow pass filter 220.Rectifier 214 includes series and shuntdiodes output terminals 221 on the output side offilter 220. Anerror circuit 240, which may correspond to the circuit of Fig. 4, develops error voltage Ve and applies it to one input ofcomparator 238. The other input ofcomparator 238 is received from an integrator andclipper circuit 250, identical to theintegrator 140 and diode dipper D1 of the embodiment of Fig. 3. An auxiliary winding 206 on transformer T3 provides a sample of the input voltage from transformer T3 tointegrator 250, but this sample could also be taken from across another winding, such as winding 204, of the transformer. -
Comparator 238 provides an output signal onlead 239 whenever the magnitude of the triangular wave from integrator andclipper 250 is less than the error voltage Ve. This output signal is applied onlead 239 to the base electrode of clampingtransistor 03 of clampingcircuit 230 causing the transistor to become conductive. During the positive pulse in winding 204,diode 234 blocks the clamping circuit from applying a short circuit across a reactor secondary winding 226 inductively coupled to reactor winding 222.Diode 234 is poled to permit conduction through transistor Q3 on the reverse wave appearing in winding 204; a short circuit is then clamped across secondary winding 226, effectively clamping a short circuit across reactor winding 222 as a current induced from reactor winding 222 circulates in the loop including winding 226,diode 234 and transistor Qs. -
Core 224 of saturable reactor Ls3 may be identical to thecore 124 of the embodiment of Fig. 3. As explained above, the core may be made of magnetically soft material and be formed with small gaps. Such cores are relatively inexpensive and have hysteresis characteristics which are poor in squareness. - As shown in Fig. 8, the effective B-H loop of
core 224 is shifted to the right to increase the available flux swing. This is accomplished through the use of bias winding 228 connected across output voltage Vo3 through inductor L4 and resistor R4. Because the reset point e may be adjusted as far as remanent flux density B'R over an available range of adjustment B'A which is much larger than the available range of adjustment BA for the embodiment of Fig. 3 (see Fig. 5), the use of bias winding 228 permits a wider range of voltage control. - The circuit of Fig. 7 otherwise operates in the same manner as the circuit as Fig. 3. The output voltage Vo3 is regulated by adjusting the position of reset point e of the hysteresis characteristic of
core 224 in response to the magnitude of error voltage Ve. Core 224 is reset during the reverse wave when clamping transistor Q3 becomes conductive. The core is then clamped at its reset point e. The reset point e, in turn determines the duty cycle of voltage V2 and thus the magnitude of output voltage Vo3.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/762,648 US4642743A (en) | 1985-08-05 | 1985-08-05 | Power supplies with magnetic amplifier voltage regulation |
DE8686110982T DE3671553D1 (en) | 1986-08-08 | 1986-08-08 | POWER SUPPLIES WITH MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS FOR VOLTAGE CONTROL. |
EP19860110982 EP0255844B1 (en) | 1986-08-08 | 1986-08-08 | Power supplies with magnetic amplifier voltage regulation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP19860110982 EP0255844B1 (en) | 1986-08-08 | 1986-08-08 | Power supplies with magnetic amplifier voltage regulation |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP0255844A1 EP0255844A1 (en) | 1988-02-17 |
EP0255844B1 true EP0255844B1 (en) | 1990-05-23 |
Family
ID=8195328
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19860110982 Expired EP0255844B1 (en) | 1985-08-05 | 1986-08-08 | Power supplies with magnetic amplifier voltage regulation |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0255844B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3671553D1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0357411A3 (en) * | 1988-08-31 | 1990-10-31 | Zytec Corporation | Controlled-inductance regulator for switching power supplies |
DE3903763A1 (en) * | 1989-02-09 | 1990-08-16 | Philips Patentverwaltung | CLOCKED POWER SUPPLY |
GB8915128D0 (en) * | 1989-06-30 | 1989-08-23 | Digital Equipment Int | Power supply |
DE3943027A1 (en) * | 1989-12-27 | 1991-07-04 | Ant Nachrichtentech | Saturation controllable choke coil with rectifier - has extra potential source coupled to adjuster for its control with rectifier blocked |
ES2094773T3 (en) * | 1990-07-13 | 1997-02-01 | Andre Bonnet | MAGNETIC PROCEDURE FOR CONTROLLING THE ENERGY TRANSFER OF A STATIC CONVERTER. |
US5712589A (en) * | 1995-05-30 | 1998-01-27 | Motorola Inc. | Apparatus and method for performing adaptive power regulation for an integrated circuit |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL7811969A (en) * | 1978-12-08 | 1980-06-10 | Philips Nv | SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY WITH MULTIPLE OUTPUTS. |
JPS58112110A (en) * | 1981-12-25 | 1983-07-04 | Fanuc Ltd | Stabilized power supply device |
DE3209975A1 (en) * | 1982-03-18 | 1983-09-29 | Nixdorf Computer Ag, 4790 Paderborn | Circuit arrangement for controlling the magnitude of a pulsating voltage which is to be emitted, especially in a DC converter |
EP0123098A3 (en) * | 1983-03-28 | 1986-01-29 | Intronics, Inc. | Switching power supply regulation |
EP0150797B1 (en) * | 1984-01-23 | 1988-09-07 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Switch mode power supply having magnetically controlled output |
-
1986
- 1986-08-08 EP EP19860110982 patent/EP0255844B1/en not_active Expired
- 1986-08-08 DE DE8686110982T patent/DE3671553D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Publication number | Publication date |
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DE3671553D1 (en) | 1990-06-28 |
EP0255844A1 (en) | 1988-02-17 |
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