EP0171514B1 - Centrifugal pump with an isolating tubular air gap cap - Google Patents

Centrifugal pump with an isolating tubular air gap cap Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0171514B1
EP0171514B1 EP85105625A EP85105625A EP0171514B1 EP 0171514 B1 EP0171514 B1 EP 0171514B1 EP 85105625 A EP85105625 A EP 85105625A EP 85105625 A EP85105625 A EP 85105625A EP 0171514 B1 EP0171514 B1 EP 0171514B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cap
pump
wall
centrifugal pump
pump impeller
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85105625A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0171514A1 (en
Inventor
Ernst Hauenstein
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CP Pumpen AG
Original Assignee
CP Pumpen AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by CP Pumpen AG filed Critical CP Pumpen AG
Priority to AT85105625T priority Critical patent/ATE32931T1/en
Publication of EP0171514A1 publication Critical patent/EP0171514A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0171514B1 publication Critical patent/EP0171514B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D13/00Pumping installations or systems
    • F04D13/02Units comprising pumps and their driving means
    • F04D13/021Units comprising pumps and their driving means containing a coupling
    • F04D13/024Units comprising pumps and their driving means containing a coupling a magnetic coupling
    • F04D13/027Details of the magnetic circuit
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05BINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00Function
    • F05B2260/40Transmission of power
    • F05B2260/404Transmission of power through magnetic drive coupling
    • F05B2260/4041Transmission of power through magnetic drive coupling the driven magnets encircling the driver magnets

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a centrifugal pump according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • centrifugal pump Such a centrifugal pump is known from DE-A-1453760.
  • This centrifugal pump has a complex, multi-part structure and requires high precision.
  • the canned pot is loaded by an auxiliary bearing and a floating operating bearing of the external rotor together with the pump impeller; he must be strong enough to do this. This is countered by the need for a small magnetic pole spacing, which requires metal as the wall material. As a result, eddy current losses are inevitable. Chemical resistance is also problematic.
  • the invention has for its object to produce an economically advantageously producible (i.e. uncomplicated, with few parts and not requiring excessive precision) centrifugal pump with canned pot, which has a better efficiency (i.e. avoids eddy current losses and despite moderate precision requirements a favorable magnetic pole distance, as well as a low-friction bearing) Pump wheel), which centrifugal pump should be particularly suitable as a chemical process pump (i.e., inert to chemicals and resistant to abrasion from pumped solids).
  • the pump impeller including the external rotor attached to it, is mounted on an axis fastened in the intake port of the pump housing.
  • the canned pot connected only at its rim to other pump parts therefore only needs to absorb forces that originate from the pumped medium, the pumped medium generating at least predominantly compressive stresses in the pot wall during operation of the pump.
  • the canned pot can thus be optimized with regard to its function as a sealing component, with the least possible impairment of the magnetic force transmission between the rotors.
  • the canned pot consists of electrically non-conductive ceramic material. This reliably prevents eddy current losses.
  • the canned pot can nevertheless have such a small pot wall thickness that a favorable magnetic pole distance is possible.
  • Such electrically non-conductive ceramic materials can be chemically inert even against hot pumped media and they can have high abrasion resistance against pumped-in solids.
  • the tensile stresses occurring in the bottom of the pot and / or in the rim of the pot can be absorbed there cheaply with a simple construction.
  • the wall thicknesses can safely be considerably larger than in the pot wall.
  • the bottom of the pot is shaped inwards, starting from the pump impeller to the motor, not only can the occurrence of tensile forces in the pot wall be at least largely avoided, but it is possible thanks to the definition of the bearing of the impeller and its external rotor, the impeller including the to better balance the associated outrunner.
  • a canned pot 2 is inserted in a sealing manner, as a result of which the pump housing is tightly divided into a pump chamber 3 and a motor chamber 4, without the need for moving seals.
  • the canned pot 2 has a pot wall 20 made of electrically non-conductive material and, in the example shown, consists of a piece of ceramic material.
  • the pot wall 20 must be electrically non-conductive, while this is not a condition for the pot bottom and possibly also for the pot rim, but should often be the case with one-piece production.
  • the pot wall 20 is practically only exposed to compressive stresses from the pumped medium, which is conducive to its thin-walled configuration despite the use of electrically non-conductive material. Together with the training from electrically non-conductive material, this results in an optimization of the efficiency.
  • a radial pump impeller 5 Provided in the pump chamber 3 is a radial pump impeller 5, the suction opening 50 of which is opposite the suction nozzle 8 of the pump housing 1, while its radial channels 51 convey to the pressure nozzle 11 of the pump housing 1. No other openings are provided on the pump impeller and it is only supported radially on the axis 7.
  • the space portion of the pump chamber 3 located on the front side 52 of the pump impeller is connected to the intake port 8 and, on the other hand, to the pressure port 11 via the gap between the throttle rings 520 and 521 (the latter is held by a retaining ring 522).
  • the space portion of the pump chamber 3 arranged on the rear side 53 of the pump impeller 5 is connected around the outer rotor 6 to the pressure port 11 and through the compensating channel 71 in the axis 7 to the intake port 8.
  • a throttle ring 530 is attached by means of retaining ring 531 to the rear 53 of the pump impeller.
  • the pump impeller 5 is mechanically firmly connected to the outer rotor 6, the inner rotor 9, which carries permanent magnets 90, is connected to the motor 10, which is equivalent to a reversal of the conventional design.
  • the pot base 21 is arched towards the motor 10, which, in addition to favorable static properties, also permits particularly good balancing of the impeller / external rotor complex.
  • the construction according to the invention permits the attachment of an external lubrication channel 75 for the ceramic slide bearing 70.

Abstract

Inside the sealing shroud of the centrifugal pump there is located an inner rotor driven by a drive motor, while an outer rotor which is connected to the pump impeller is located outside of the sealing shroud wall. At least the sealing shroud wall is formed of a material which is electrically non-conductive. The efficiency is improved. Materials not normally used in sealing shrouds, such as ceramics, can be used for the same and this increases the usefulness or fields of application of the pump.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Kreiselpumpe nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruch 1.The invention relates to a centrifugal pump according to the preamble of claim 1.

Eine derartige Kreiselpumpe ist aus der DE-A-1453760 bekannt. Diese Kreiselpumpe hat einen komplizierten vielteiligen und hohe Präzision erfordernden Aufbau. Der Spaltrohrtopf wird durch ein Hilfslager und eine schwebende Betriebslagerung des Aussenläufers samt Pumpenlaufrad belastet; er muss dazu ausreichend kräftig sein. Dem steht die Notwendigkeit eines kleinen Magnetpolabstandes entgegen, was Metall als Wandmaterial bedingt. Dadurch sind Wirbelstromverluste unvermeidlich. Auch die chemische Beständigkeit ist problematisch.Such a centrifugal pump is known from DE-A-1453760. This centrifugal pump has a complex, multi-part structure and requires high precision. The canned pot is loaded by an auxiliary bearing and a floating operating bearing of the external rotor together with the pump impeller; he must be strong enough to do this. This is countered by the need for a small magnetic pole spacing, which requires metal as the wall material. As a result, eddy current losses are inevitable. Chemical resistance is also problematic.

Bei anderen bekannten Spaltrohrtopf-Pumpen ist eine umgekehrte Läuferzuordnung vorhanden, was sowohl zu einer ungünstigeren Belastung des Spaltrohrtopfes durch das gepumpte Medium als auch zu grundverschiedener Lastaufnahme- und Lastübertragungs-Funktion des Topfes und somit auch des Topfbodens und der Topfwand führt. Man muss also andere Nachteile in Kauf nehmen, ohne die Summe der genannten Nachteile vermeiden zu können.In other known canned pot pumps, there is a reversed rotor assignment, which leads to an unfavorable load on the canned pot due to the pumped medium as well as to fundamentally different load-carrying and load-transfer functions of the pot and thus also of the pot base and the pot wall. So you have to accept other disadvantages without being able to avoid the sum of the disadvantages mentioned.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde eine wirtschaftlich vorteilhaft herstellbare (also unkomplizierte, mit wenigen Teilen auskommende und nicht übermässige Präzision verlangende) Kreiselpumpe mit Spaltrohrtopf herzustellen, welche einen besseren Wirkungsgrad aufweist (also Wirbelstromverluste vermeidet und trotz mässiger Präzisionsanforderungen einen günstigen Magnetpolabstand, sowie ein reibungsarm gelagertes Pumpenrad aufweist), welche Kreiselpumpe sich besonders als Chemieprozesspumpe eignen soll (also, inert gegen Chemikalien und widerstandsfähig gegen Abrieb durch mitgepumpte Feststoffe ist).The invention has for its object to produce an economically advantageously producible (i.e. uncomplicated, with few parts and not requiring excessive precision) centrifugal pump with canned pot, which has a better efficiency (i.e. avoids eddy current losses and despite moderate precision requirements a favorable magnetic pole distance, as well as a low-friction bearing) Pump wheel), which centrifugal pump should be particularly suitable as a chemical process pump (i.e., inert to chemicals and resistant to abrasion from pumped solids).

Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird die im Anspruch 1 definierte Kreiselpumpe vorgeschlagen.To achieve this object, the centrifugal pump defined in claim 1 is proposed.

Die Lagerung des Pumpenlaufrades samt des daran befestigten Aussenläufers erfolgt auf einer im Ansaugstutzen des Pumpengehäuses befestigten Achse. Der nur an seinem Topfrand mit anderen Pumpenteilen verbundene Spaltrohrtopf braucht also höchstens solche Kräfte aufzunehmen, welche vom gepumpten Medium her stammen, wobei während des Betriebs der Pumpe, das gepumpte Medium in der Topfwand wenigstens überwiegend Druckspannungen erzeugt.The pump impeller, including the external rotor attached to it, is mounted on an axis fastened in the intake port of the pump housing. The canned pot connected only at its rim to other pump parts therefore only needs to absorb forces that originate from the pumped medium, the pumped medium generating at least predominantly compressive stresses in the pot wall during operation of the pump.

Der Spaltrohrtopf kann somit im Hinblick auf seine Funktion als dichtendes Bauteil, mit möglichst geringer Beeinträchtigung der magnetischen Kraftübertragung zwischen den Läufern, optimiert werden.The canned pot can thus be optimized with regard to its function as a sealing component, with the least possible impairment of the magnetic force transmission between the rotors.

Der Spaltrohrtopf besteht dazu definitionsgemäss aus elektrisch nichtleitendem keramischen Material. Dadurch werden Wirbelstromverluste sicher vermieden.For this purpose, the canned pot consists of electrically non-conductive ceramic material. This reliably prevents eddy current losses.

Der Spaltrohrtopf kann dabei trotzdem eine so geringe Topfwandstärke aufweisen, dass ein günstiger Magnetpolabstand möglich ist.The canned pot can nevertheless have such a small pot wall thickness that a favorable magnetic pole distance is possible.

Solche elektrisch nichtleitende keramische Materialien können selbst gegen heisse gepumpte Medien chemisch inert sein und sie können hohe Abriebsbeständigkeit gegen mitgepumpte Feststoffe haben.Such electrically non-conductive ceramic materials can be chemically inert even against hot pumped media and they can have high abrasion resistance against pumped-in solids.

Die im Topfboden und/oder im Topfrand auftretenden Zugspannungen lassen sich dort bei einfacher Konstruktion günstig aufnehmen. Die Wandstärken können dazu dort unbedenklich erheblich grösser als in der Topfwandung sein.The tensile stresses occurring in the bottom of the pot and / or in the rim of the pot can be absorbed there cheaply with a simple construction. For this purpose, the wall thicknesses can safely be considerably larger than in the pot wall.

Wenn der Topfboden, an der Topfwandung beginnend vom Pumpenlaufrad zum Motor hin einwärts geformt ist, kann nicht nur das Entstehen von Zugkräften in der Topfwand wenigstens überwiegend vermieden werden, sondern es ist dank der definitionsgemässen Lagerung des Laufrades samt seines Aussenläufers möglich, das Laufrad samt des zugehörigen Aussenläufers besser auszubalancieren.If the bottom of the pot is shaped inwards, starting from the pump impeller to the motor, not only can the occurrence of tensile forces in the pot wall be at least largely avoided, but it is possible thanks to the definition of the bearing of the impeller and its external rotor, the impeller including the to better balance the associated outrunner.

Die Erfindung wird nachstehend anhand der rein schematischen Zeichnung beispielsweise besprochen. Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 eine Ansicht einer erfindungsgemässen Pumpe von der Ansaugstutzen-Seite her gesehen, und
  • Fig. 2 einen Längsschnitt durch diese Pumpe.
The invention is discussed below with reference to the purely schematic drawing, for example. Show it:
  • Fig. 1 is a view of a pump according to the invention seen from the intake port side, and
  • Fig. 2 shows a longitudinal section through this pump.

In einem Pumpengehäuse 1 ist ein Spaltrohrtopf 2 dichtend eingesetzt, wodurch das Pumpengehäuse in einen Pumpenraum 3 und einen Motorraum 4 dicht unterteilt ist, ohne dass bewegte Dichtungen nötig sind.In a pump housing 1, a canned pot 2 is inserted in a sealing manner, as a result of which the pump housing is tightly divided into a pump chamber 3 and a motor chamber 4, without the need for moving seals.

Der Spaltrohrtopf 2 hat eine aus elektrisch nicht leitendem Material bestehende Topfwand 20 und besteht im gezeichneten Beispiel aus einem Stück aus Keramikmaterial. Die Topfwand 20 muss elektrisch nichtleitend sein, während dies für den Topfboden und allenfalls auch für den Topfrand nicht Bedingung ist, aber bei einstückiger Fertigung oft der Fall sein dürfte.The canned pot 2 has a pot wall 20 made of electrically non-conductive material and, in the example shown, consists of a piece of ceramic material. The pot wall 20 must be electrically non-conductive, while this is not a condition for the pot bottom and possibly also for the pot rim, but should often be the case with one-piece production.

Durch die Anordnung und Gestaltung des Spaltrohrtopfes 2 ist die Topfwand 20 praktisch nur Druckspannungen vom gepumpten Medium her ausgesetzt, was seiner dünnwandigen Ausgestaltung trotz Verwendung elektrisch nichtleitenden Materials förderlich ist. Das ergibt zusammen mit der Ausbildung aus elektrisch nichtleitendem Material eine Optimierung des Wirkungsgrades.Due to the arrangement and design of the canned pot 2, the pot wall 20 is practically only exposed to compressive stresses from the pumped medium, which is conducive to its thin-walled configuration despite the use of electrically non-conductive material. Together with the training from electrically non-conductive material, this results in an optimization of the efficiency.

Im Pumpenraum 3 ist ein Radial-Pumpenlaufrad 5 vorgesehen, dessen Ansaugöffnung 50 dem Ansaugstutzen 8 des Pumpengehäuses 1 gegenüberliegt, während seine Radialkanäle 51 zum Druckstutzen 11 des Pumpengehäuses 1 hin fördern. Andere Öffnungen sind am Pumpenlaufrad nicht vorgesehen und es ist auch nur radial auf der Achse 7 gelagert.Provided in the pump chamber 3 is a radial pump impeller 5, the suction opening 50 of which is opposite the suction nozzle 8 of the pump housing 1, while its radial channels 51 convey to the pressure nozzle 11 of the pump housing 1. No other openings are provided on the pump impeller and it is only supported radially on the axis 7.

Der auf der Vorderseite 52 des Pumpenlaufrades befindliche Raumanteil des Pumpenraumes 3 ist über den Spalt zwischen den Drosselringen 520 und 521 (letzterer ist durch einen Haltering 522 gehaltert) mit dem Ansaugstutzen 8 und andererseits auch mit dem Druckstutzen 11 mediumleitend verbunden. Der an der Rückseite 53 des Pumpenlaufrades 5 angeordnete Raumanteil des Pumpenraumes 3 ist um den Aussenläufer 6 herum mit dem Druckstutzen 11 und durch den Ausgleichskanal 71 in der Achse 7 mit dem Ansaugstutzen 8 verbunden. Ein Drosselring 530 ist mittels Haltering 531 an der Rückseite 53 des Pumpenlaufrades befestigt.The space portion of the pump chamber 3 located on the front side 52 of the pump impeller is connected to the intake port 8 and, on the other hand, to the pressure port 11 via the gap between the throttle rings 520 and 521 (the latter is held by a retaining ring 522). The space portion of the pump chamber 3 arranged on the rear side 53 of the pump impeller 5 is connected around the outer rotor 6 to the pressure port 11 and through the compensating channel 71 in the axis 7 to the intake port 8. A throttle ring 530 is attached by means of retaining ring 531 to the rear 53 of the pump impeller.

Diese Ausgestaltungsmerkmale zusammen mit den Kanalöffnungen 72 und 73 und der in einer Tragrippe 80 des Ansaugstutzens für die Achse 7 vorgesehenen Drosselschraube 74 bestimmen die Axiallage des Pumpenlaufrades 5 zusammen mit dem angebauten, Permanentmagnete 60 tragenden Aussenläufer.These design features together with the channel openings 72 and 73 and the throttle screw 74 provided for the axis 7 in a support rib 80 of the intake connector determine the Axial position of the pump impeller 5 together with the attached external rotor which carries permanent magnets 60.

Während, wie schon beschrieben, das Pumpenlaufrad 5 mit dem Aussenläufer 6 mechanisch fest verbunden ist, ist der Innenläufer 9, der Permanentmagnete 90 trägt, mit dem Motor 10 verbunden, was einer Umkehrung der üblichen Bauweise gleich kommt.While, as already described, the pump impeller 5 is mechanically firmly connected to the outer rotor 6, the inner rotor 9, which carries permanent magnets 90, is connected to the motor 10, which is equivalent to a reversal of the conventional design.

Dies, zusammen mit den genannten Merkmalen des Spaltrohrtopfes erbringt nicht nur eine Steigerung des Wirkungsgrades, sondern auch eine so erhebliche Temperatursenkung, dass auf besondere Kühlmassnahmen verzichtet werden kann.This, together with the mentioned features of the canned pot, not only results in an increase in efficiency, but also in a temperature reduction that is so great that special cooling measures can be dispensed with.

Dazu trägt auch bei, dass der Spaltrohrtopf 2 nur an seinem Rand 22 mit dem Pumpengehäuse verbunden ist und sonst von Verbindungen frei ist, während sonst der Topfboden zumindest mittragend ausgebildet ist, was naturgemäss Kräfteberücksichtigungen erfordert, die hier vernachlässigbar sind.This also contributes to the fact that the canned pot 2 is only connected to the pump housing at its edge 22 and is otherwise free of connections, while the bottom of the pot is at least designed to be load-bearing, which naturally requires force considerations which are negligible here.

Der Topfboden 21 ist zum Motor 10 hin eingewölbt, was neben günstigen statischen Eigenschaften hier auch eine besonders gute Ausbalancierung des Laufrad/Aussenläufer-Komplexes erlaubt.The pot base 21 is arched towards the motor 10, which, in addition to favorable static properties, also permits particularly good balancing of the impeller / external rotor complex.

Zusätzlich gestattet die erfindungsgemässe Konstruktion die Anbringung eines Fremdschmierkanals 75 für das Keramik-Gleitlager 70.In addition, the construction according to the invention permits the attachment of an external lubrication channel 75 for the ceramic slide bearing 70.

Claims (4)

1. A centrifugal pump having a tubular cap (2) sealing off its drive (10) from a pumped medium, the bottom (21) of the cap being disposed adjacent to a pump impeller (5) and the wall (20) of the cap, originating from the bottom (21) of the cap in the direction away from the pump impeller (5) engaging concentrically between an inner and an outer rotor each equipped with permanent magnets (60, 90), wherein the outer rotor (6), which is mechanically connected to the pump impeller (5), is disposed outside the cap wall (20) and the inner rotor (9), which is connected to a motor (10), is inside the cap wall (20) and wherein the cap (2) is mounted overhung on the pump casing (1) at its cup edge (22), characterised in that the cap (2) is connected to other parts of the pump only at its cup edge (22), the cap wall (20) consists of ceramic material which is not an electrical conductor and the pump impeller (5) with the outer rotor (6) secured thereto is mounted for rotation on a spindle (7) secured in an intake connection (8) of the pump casing (1), at least predominantly compressive strains being produced in the cap wall (20) by the pumped medium in operation.
2. A centrifugal pump as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that the cap bottom (21), beginning at the cap wall (20), is shaped inwards from the pump impeller (5) towards the motor (10).
3. A centrifugal pump as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the cap wall (20) is made thinner than the cap bottom (21) which also receives tensile stresses from the pumped medium.
4. A centrifugal pump as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the cap edge (22), which also receives tensile stresses from the pumped medium, is made thicker than the cap wall (20).
EP85105625A 1984-07-16 1985-05-08 Centrifugal pump with an isolating tubular air gap cap Expired EP0171514B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85105625T ATE32931T1 (en) 1984-07-16 1985-05-08 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP WITH A CANNED TUBE.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH345084 1984-07-16
CH3450/84 1984-07-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0171514A1 EP0171514A1 (en) 1986-02-19
EP0171514B1 true EP0171514B1 (en) 1988-03-09

Family

ID=4256204

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85105625A Expired EP0171514B1 (en) 1984-07-16 1985-05-08 Centrifugal pump with an isolating tubular air gap cap

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4648808A (en)
EP (1) EP0171514B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS6134391A (en)
AT (1) ATE32931T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3561834D1 (en)

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FR2311201A1 (en) * 1975-05-12 1976-12-10 Siebec Filtres Rotor support stub in magnetic pump - is retainable allowing stable seal fitment between stub and dividing wall
US4120018A (en) * 1977-01-27 1978-10-10 Dominion Auto Accessories Limited Stop, tail and signal lamp
DE2745818A1 (en) * 1977-10-12 1979-04-26 Bosch Gmbh Robert FUEL FEED PUMP
US4207485A (en) * 1978-04-24 1980-06-10 The Garrett Corporation Magnetic coupling
JPS58138294A (en) * 1982-02-10 1983-08-17 Ngk Insulators Ltd Bearing section cooling water feeding device for magnet pump

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8162630B2 (en) 2006-03-31 2012-04-24 H. Wernert & Co. Ohg Rotary pump with coaxial magnetic coupling

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH0551079B2 (en) 1993-07-30
ATE32931T1 (en) 1988-03-15
EP0171514A1 (en) 1986-02-19
US4648808A (en) 1987-03-10
DE3561834D1 (en) 1988-04-14
JPS6134391A (en) 1986-02-18

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